YEARBOOK
A New Dawn For Kenya
K e n y a
Y e a r B o o k
2 0 1 0 0 9
2OO 1
1047
Copyright 2010 Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board
Minister for Information and Communication: The Hon. Samuel Poghisio, EGH., PM Permanent Secretary for Information and Communication: Dr. Bitange Ndemo, CBS Board Chairman: Esther Kamweru KYEB Board Members Chief Executive Officer: Denis Chebitwey Consulting Editor: Prof. M.D. Kagombe Editorial Manager: Munyori Buku Production Manager: Edward Mwasi Photography Coordination: Image Hunters
Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board P.O.Box 34045 00100 NHIF Building 4th Floor Nairobi Tel 020 2715390 0711 944 538
[email protected] ISBN: 978-9966-1517-0-4 All Rights Reserved Copyright 2010 Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged
Content Foreword
vi-viii
1. Our History
1-38
2. Land and its people
39-84
3. Oral traditions
85-108
4. Art and culture
109-162
5. Governance
163-184
6. Finance
185-236
7. ICT
237-288
8. Agriculture
289-334
9. Education
335-374
10. Health
375-400
11. Security
401-450
12. Labour
451-484
13. Environment
485-510
14. Water and Forestry
551-566
15. Roads and Transport
567-640
16. Public Works and Housing
641-662
17. Energy
663-692
18. Foreign Relations
693-716
19. Cooperatives
717-732
20. Disaster Management
733-754
21. Trade
755-804
22. Justice
805-834
23. Nairobi Metropolitan
835-852
24. Local Authorities
853-876
25. Immigration
877-888
26. Science and Research
889-926
27. Gender and Child Affairs
927-940
28. Regional Development
941-952
29. Tourism
953-1068
30. Sport
1069-1146
Index
1147-1150
This Constitution will fundamentally transform our nation politically, economically and socially. Some of the changes will be immediate and we must be ready to support them. Other changes will take time. We must remain resilient and focused as we work towards their fulfillment. The changes envisaged in the new Constitution will present some challenges along the way. However, the new Constitution gives us better structures of governance to address the challenges more efficiently. Our resolve to complete the journey of our nation’s transformation must remain firm. As we embark on the journey of national renewal, I ask all of us to keep in mind the vision of the NEW KENYA. A New Kenya, where we will no longer have people living in absolute poverty, or facing unemployment. A New Kenya where food insecurity will be a thing of the past.
His Excellency Hon. Mwai Kibaki CGH. MP President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya
vi
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreword
I
am pleased to present to you the first-ever annual Kenya Yearbook. This is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking information about our beautiful country. It covers a wide range of topics on our social, political, economic and cultural affairs. This edition, Kenya Yearbook 2010, begins by chronicling Kenya’s early history and political developments. It also gives details of our
geographical and demographical diversity as well as our rich cultural heritage. Our governance system is discussed in detail, particularly in light of our new constitutional dispensation. The Yearbook then gives an account of Government programmes and policies as well as key milestones achieved
A key feature of this Yearbook is that it celebrates the achievements of Kenyans across various sectors. These include musicians, businessmen, researchers as well as sportsmen and women. Moreover, it recognises institutions that have made significant contributions to the lives our people. 2010 has been a remarkable year for Kenya. On August 27 2010, we promulgated a new Constitution that had been ratified at a peaceful referendum on August 4, 2010. This
Y E A R B O O K
social services, trade and investment.
K E N Y A
Special emphasis is placed on infrastructure development,
2 0 1 0
in our development agenda as guided by our Vision 2030.
vii
landmark achievement marked the end of a 20-year search for a new Constitution. The new constitutional order provides a firm foundation for Kenya’s economic, political and social transformation. Indeed, the future is bright for our beloved nation and I am certain that we will be able to achieve the ambitious plans we have put in place to develop into a middle-income country by the year 2030. In conclusion, I would like to recommend this Yearbook to both Kenyans and our friends from across the world. May it help us appreciate the progress we have made so far and inspire us to
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
work hard to build a better Kenya.
viii
H.E. Hon. Mwai Kibaki,
C.G.H., M.P President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya
ix
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
1
humankind, the home of the ancestry of the human race. The fossils recovered in the Rift Valley show that primates were in the region 23 million years ago
K E N Y A
History studies have shown that Kenya is the cradle of
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Our history
1
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Our History
2
3
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Our History
Introduction
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
K
4
enya, a land that once awed explorers, historical adventurers and colonialists alike, is the ‘cradle of humankind’, the home of the ancestry of the human race. The number, kind and spectacle of fossils recovered on the floor and in the sediments of the Rift Valley portray Kenya as the habitat for species (some extinct) that traversed the region as far back as 200 million years ago. Primates were in the region as early as 23 million years ago, apes 18 million, chimpanzees seven million and hominids five million years ago. Although European settlers who came to Kenya in the late 1800s found a region without the written word, the country had documented its past. It has a history written in the rocks that form the hills and the mountains; it is written in the strata forming the sides and eroded by water and wind; it is evident in tools left behind by early humans at their sites of habitation and in fossilised fauna and flora. Louis Leakey (1903-1972), a pioneer paleontologist, referred to the Rift Valley as the “backbone” of Africa, as the most amazing feature
of Kenya, a picturesque valley that runs from the north to the south . The movement, the so-called great faulting of the earth’s crust that created the Rift Valley, claimed in its wake species of animals and plants, not to mention lakes that dot the valley (including Nakuru, Naivasha, Baringo and Elementaita) and those in the proximity such as Lake Victoria. Paleontologists and archaeologists have been excavating the remains within the Rift Valley to give humanity a sense of time and belonging. It is in this valley that patriarch Leakey, alongside his family (including son Richard, daughter-in-law Meave and daughter Louise), crafted his name and fame from excavating fossils. Today, local and international paleoanthropologists continue to find interesting and important discoveries related to the story of human evolution. In a 1936 publication, Leakey observes: “In various parts of Africa today, rivers and lakes are laying down deposits of silts and gravels, which contain the bones of animals such as giraffes, rhinoceros and elephants, archaic animals which have succeeded in persisting to the present day. “The rivers and lakes are also bury-
BY NUMBERS
5
Number of years in millions when humans traversed the Rift Valley in Kenya as indicated by the number, kind and spectacle of fossils recovered in the region showing this was a habitat
See more information below
2 0 1 0
Leakey, who was the head of the East African Archaeological Expedition (1926), recovered remains of animals that are since extinct, among them a short-necked variance of the modern giraffe, which he named Sivatherium. The direct ancestor of modern humans (homo erectus or homo habilis) has also been discovered in Kenya. Life notwithstanding, the floor of the Rift Valley had numerous lakes (extensive, deeper and fresh) now extinct. Most of the fossils and archaeological materials have been found along the northern and central Rift and are preserved at the National Museums of Kenya headquarters in Nairobi and in others in the country. The headquarters of NMK is within walking distance of Nairobi city centre on Museum Hill Road. Many discoveries relating to the story of human evolution, including hominids and other faunal remains, early evidence of archaeological tools, discoveries of human-controlled fire and footprints of different animals and the early humans, have put Kenya in the world map. Proconsul heseloni is a
Y E A R B O O K
Our past
fossil that was excavated during Louis Leakey’s 1947-1948 expeditions in Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. The fossil, dated about 18 million years, has morphological characteristics similar to those of a primitive ape. Another important fossil discovery was that of paranthropus boisei (KNMER 406) skull discovered by Richard Leakey in 1969 at Koobi Fora, East of Lake Turkana. This fossil has enabled paleontologists to study sexual dimorphism in hominids. There is a clear morphological definition between males and females.
K E N Y A
ing in the same deposits the bones of sheep and cattle, and it is obviously these which in future will be used in assessing the age of the deposits.”
5
Our History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Evolution: Out of Africa hypothesis
6
Scientists have estimated that humans branched from their common ancestor with chimpanzees about five to seven million years ago. Several species of homo evolved and are extinct — homo erectus (Asia) and homo neanderthalensis (Europe). Archaic homo sapiens evolved between 250,000 and 400,000 years ago. Some scientists hold the ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis that homo sapiens arose in Africa and migrated 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, replacing populations of erectus in Asia and neanderthalensis in Europe. But scientists of the alternative multiregional hypothesis say homo sapiens evolved as geographically separate but interbreeding populations from migration of homo erectus out of Africa 2.5 million years ago.
Turkana Boy
Another fossil that has been instrumental in the study of human origins is the famous skeleton of homo erectus, known as ‘Turkana Boy’ (KNM-WT 15000). The hominid was discovered at Nariokotome, West Lake Turkana, in 1984 by Mr Kamoya Kimeu. Kimeu received the LeGorge medal from then US President Ronald Reagan in 1985 for the discovery of the fossil. It is the most complete skeleton of an early human ancestor. He was 11 or 12 years old, and stood at 1.6m tall. He roamed the harsh landscape in search of higher quality food than what earlier hominids such as australopithecines ate.
is represented by a partial skeleton. Homo erectus and homo habilis
Another find in 2000 is a homo erectus skull at Ileret east of Lake Turkana and dated 1.56 million years old. A jawbone attributed to homo habilis was also found in the same area. These are clear indications that the two species co-existed for about 500,000 years. This contrasts with the long-held belief that homo erectus evolved from homo habilis6.
Man, chimps and gorilla
In the volcanic mudflow deposits on the eastern shoulder of the central Rift Valley in Nakali, about 40km from Maralal town, a fossil jaw of Nakalipithecus Nakayamai, which is about 10 million years old, was recovered in 2006. According to scientists, the fossil was probably the last link between humans (the way we know them today) and gorillas and chimpanzees, and gives an insight into
Y E A R B O O K
Although the early discoveries are important in human evolution, other recent finds have significantly enhanced knowledge of the evolutionary history of early humans. Some of the most recent and important finds include the skull of Kenyanthropus platyops. Popularly known as the ‘Flat-Faced Man from Kenya’, the skull was found at Lomekwi in northern Kenya by a team led by Meave Leakey (19981999). It is dated about 3.5 million years ago. The fossil is similar in a number of aspects to Austrapithecus afarensis from Ethiopia, which
K E N Y A
Flat-faced man
Though fossil evidence is not restricted to the Lake Turkana region and extends to other areas along the Rift Valley, scientists believe that the area surrounding the lake was populated because it had lush green, was wetter and inhabited by wildlife — factors that may have attracted the early humans. All manner of wildlife, including elephants, hippos, rhino and buffaloes, lived there.
2 0 1 0
Lake Turkana
7
Our History
the close link between humans and apes. National Museums of Kenya paleontologist Fredrick Manthi says: “Based on this discovery, we can now almost reliably say we are approaching the point at which we can pin down the so-called missing link.” 7 The fossil derives the name ‘Nakalipithecus’ from the site of discovery, while ‘Nakayamai’ is the name of the Japanese geologist who died while doing the research.
Stone tools
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Allidina Visram
8
He left India for Bagamoyo, Tanzania, and in 1863 went to Zanzibar for business. When railway building started, he supplied goods and opened shops. He even acted as a paymaster-general. When the railway reached Uganda, he went into cotton buying, ginning and export. The First World War difficulties hit Visram hard and he sought business in Congo. He failed and died in 1916.
www.ismaili.net
Other important discoveries in Kenya include materials that tell about the cultures and social structures of our ancestors. To the west of Lake Turkana (Lokalalei) are stone tools dated 2.3 million (the second oldest so far in the world). The oldest, dated 2.5 million years ago, was found in Hadar in the Omo Valley, Ethiopia). The tools are classified as the Oldowan industry. Sites of the tools’ evidence are found in Koobi Fora (east of Lake Turkana). Other stone tools include the Oldowan Developed Industry such as the Karari Scraper dated about 1.4 million -1.6 million years. There is also evidence of human-controlled fire at Koobi Fora (Karari) as well as footprints of humans and animals (aquatic and terrestrial) at Koobi Fora and Ileret8. Other sites with evidence of past human cultures include Kariandusi (near Gilgil) and Olorgesaile (about 60km west of Nairobi). Stone Age
The period known as Middle Stone Age (beginning about 300,000 years ago) and Late Stone Age (beginning about 50,000 years ago) has plenty of evidence related to human origins. During the Middle Stone Age, humans known as Homo sapiens sapiens
Iron Age
The Late Stone Age led to the Iron Age, a period in which iron was widely used, revolutionising farming and the communities that practised it. They drove out hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded into the savannah. They initiated technologies and economies similar to what we see today. It is thus clear that Kenya has a rich history that can only be ignored by those who do so conveniently and purposefully. Scientists have empirically documented and collected the evidence. The col-
Kenyan communities as we know them today travelled from different regions between 2000 BC and 1500 BC to settle here. They were attracted to the country by good climatic conditions. Bantu
They are the largest group in Kenya and entered the country from the east and south. The Agikuyu, Chuka, Mbeere, Ndia and Aembu migrated from West Africa, probably Nigeria. The Abaluhya are said to have come from Asia and travelled through Egypt, Congo and Uganda into South Nyanza. The Akamba believe they travelled northwards from Tanganyika although some historians are of the view that they branched off from the coastal Bantu. By 100AD, the Bantu had intermarried with Arab traders who had set base at the Coast. Kiswahili, which was to become the lingua franca of the Coast and eastern Africa, was the result of the union. Towns such as Mombasa and Malindi also emerged. With the coming of colonialists and subsequent control of the region in the early 1900s, some groups were displaced. The Bukusu, a sub-group of the Luhya, were separated from their cousins, the Bagishu, now in Uganda. The
2 0 1 0
During the Late Stone Age, Homo sapiens came to be and lived in complex societies and had social networking. Archaeological records during the period depict an explosion of new technological, artistic and symbolic innovations. At the time, there was diversification and specialisation in the use of resources, including hunting, gathering and domestication of wild animals and plants. In Kenya, evidence of this has been found in Central Rift Valley at Songor, Prolonged Drift, Muguruk, Prospect Farm, Gambles Cave and Lukenya Hills, among others9.
The Great Migration
Y E A R B O O K
Technological innovation
lections and sites are accessible to Kenyans and visitors alike.
K E N Y A
were in existence. They developed more diverse and specialised tools, including arrows and bone harpoons, which were used for hunting and fishing.
9
Our History
Kenya-Tanzania boundary separated the Maasai who today live in the two countries. Cushites
Cushitic communities in northern Kenya migrated southwards from the Ethiopian highlands. One group remained in Turkana (El Molo), while another (comprising the Boni and Somali) travelled southwards and occupied Marsabit and all the way to the Coast. They lived off camel and cattle.
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Missionaries and explorers
They include the Luo and Kalenjin and were pushed out of the Sahel region in the Sudan about 4000 years ago and trekked southwards. This was a time when rainfall had decreased and climate changed. The conditions sparked conflicts among communities over control of resources, especially pastures. The weak were forced out. The Nilotes (both lake and highland) followed the shores of Lake Turkana and the hills bordering the Kerio River. The tsetse fly menace may have made it difficult for them to settle in Turkana and Kerio. The Kalenjin may have split from the River-Lake Nilotes near the Sudan-Ethiopia border 2000 years ago “or more”.
Missionaries Ludwig Krapf and Johann Rebman came to the Coast and started a church in 1844. By the 1880s, explorers Joseph Thomson, Count Samuel Teleki and Ludwig von Hohnel had crisscrossed the country, from the Coast to Mt Elgon in the west, assisted by the Swahili and Miji Kenda. They were on an intelligence-gathering mission. They drew maps of areas they passed through, assessing the strength of the local people and potential for agriculture. In 1891, George Whitehouse, an engineer, started survey work for a railway line to Uganda. Much earlier, in 1497, a Portuguese, Vasco da Gama, who was on his way to India, stopped in Mombasa and built a protective landmark called Fort Jesus, whose ruins at the coastal town is a stark reminder of the trip.
Colonialism
Land
If there was a period so epochal for Kenya, it was the coming of the Europeans. As early as the 1850s, African prophets had predicted the
The British opened up Kenya to commercial estate farming. Settlers seized the so-called ‘White Highlands’, exclusive fertile agricultural
Nilotes
10
invasion of their land by Europeans. The prophets included Masaku of the Akamba, Kiariga of the Imenti in Meru, Mugo wa Kibiru of the Agikuyu, Mbatian of the Maasai and Kimnyole of the Kipsisgis. They foresaw “the coming of a white man and his iron train that would belch smoke and traverse the lands from east to west”.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
land in the southern half of the country. Africans were isolated in small reserves that were pools of labour for the European farmers. Later, the loss of land and population explosion in the reserves brewed discontent among Africans. By the early 1950s, the clamour for freedom that had started in the 1920s hit a new pitch. Africans formed political parties and later under a liberation movement, Mau Mau, stood up against British rule. The ensuing conflict was bloody. It claimed thousands of lives. Come the 1960s, the colonial regime grudgingly agreed to hand over the country to majority rule. On December 12, 1963, Kenya’s new national flag replaced
2 0 1 0
History of Fort Jesus The fort was built in 1593 by order of King Philip II of Spain to guard Mombasa. It was given the name Jesus after Shaikh Isa bin Tarif Al Bin Ali Al Utbi who conquered the fort in 1837. In Arabic, ‘Jesus’ means Isa. The fort was designed by an Italian architect, Jao Batisto Cairato. The fort became a vital for anyone seeking to control Mombasa or trade. The British used it as a prison until 1958 when they converted it into a historical monument. It is a fine example of 16th century Portuguese military architecture influenced by Omani Arabs and the British.
11
Our History
The Evil Empire In The Evil Empire, Steven A. Grasse exposes the secret history of England’s global misdeeds. He asks what few have dared to ask: Whose land grabbing ways put the Palestinians and Israelis at each other’s throats? Who invented machine guns, wage slavery and concentration camps? Who fed the Chinese with opium in the 18391842 War? The closer you look at English history, the more you realise they are in no position to point fingers. It is an indictment.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.evilempirebook.com
12
the Union Jack. Since then, Kenya has had successive three administrations — Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978), Daniel Moi (1978-2002) and President Mwai Kibaki (2002- the present). For the first in Kenya’s history, a coalition government was formed in 2008 following an election dispute over the 2007 General Election results. Indeed, Kenya’s history is dramatic. Independence President Kenyatta called Kenya “a country on the run”. Louis Leakey, the famed archaeologist who broke new grounds in the study of human ancestry through his findings in Turkana and other parts of East Africa,
called it “a land of contrast”. JF Lipscomb, pre-Independence colonial agricultural officer, called it a “land of the future”.
Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA) To the British, the East African Coast had stakes of “perhaps higher political importance than that of the West Coast” . It had a splendid coastline, had missionary bases and economic interests in the hinterland. Already, the Coast had Arab
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
IBEA Chairman William Mackinnon (Mackinnon Road, a dusty stretch in Taveta is named after him) owned the largest shares in the company, worth £25,000 (Sh3.07 million in the current exchange rate), 10 per cent of capital shareholding). Six months after incorporation, IBEA signed an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Barghash, to acquire land between Kipini and Wanga kingdom (land between the Tana River Delta and Western Province). On August 4, 1889, IBEA signed a treaty with M’boli, Chief of Ivati, Ukambani. The treaty was in Arabic and English and stated in part: “Hereby declares that he has placed himself and all his territories, countries, peoples and subjects under the protection, rule and government of IBEA, and has ceded all his sovereign rights and rights of government over his territories … and extending to them the benefit of the rule and government of the company. And he undertakes to hoist and recognise the flag of the company.” The chief was illiterate, but was asked to place ‘X’ on the dotted line. All witnesses were IBEA staff. About 18 months later, Witu fell to IBEA. Intransigent chiefs were coerced into ceding their land to the Europeans. IBEA officials, aided by local porters and raiders, would ransack villages, kill and steal livestock and other property of communities that resisted the brutality. In one of his
K E N Y A
power bases: “Any argument founded on our position on the West Coast and ignoring our status on the East Coast will be liable to tell with injurious effect on our position on the latter. The geographical position of the East Coast lies more within the general area of our foreign policy than that of the West Coast.” The Germans in present day Tanzania and the British entered into an agreement, the so-called Anglo-German Treaty of 1886, through which they partitioned the region among themselves. For corporate interests, German East African Company and IBEA, formed on April 18, 1888, struck deals with the Sultan of Zanzibar and other local leaders over spheres of influence. As much as they purported to recognise the Sultan’s control and power, the deals were a precursor to the invasion of the mainland. The deal gave what is now Kenya to the British and Tanzania, in the south, to the Germans. The scramble for a region that would later be called Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania had begun in earnest. The IBEA acquired tracts of land (through coercion or bilateral agreements with chiefs and community elders) and exercised control over them. One objective was “to levy taxes, Customs, imports and other dues of any sort or kind” over the land. It undertook to set up administrative control over the regions and to trade.
13
Our History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Colonial brunt
14
Before colonialism, the Maasai were wealthy. 1906 colonial reports show they had 64,000 cattle and 1.7 million sheep. Two years later, livestock numbers were estimated at 80,000 cattle and two million sheep. Explorers who ‘discovered’ the highlands and plains teeming with wild game assumed they were unoccupied. In 1899, the British claimed possession of forests and uncultivated land and confined Africans to designated areas. Veteran politician John Keen says the British were unfair and unjust when they coerced the Maasai into the 1904 and 1911 agreements. “There was no monetary consideration to a community that lost more than 10,000sq miles of their prime land”. But in the pact between the Sultan of Zanzibar and the British, the former was entitled to 16,000 pounds a year for a “mere 10 mile coastal strip”. www.ms.dk
accounts on October 22, 1893, Francis Hall, the IBEA Superintendent at Kikuyu, wrote of an encounter with Agikuyu warriors: “Major S fired at a group of five men at 1,500 yards and killed one and wounded two. This was the last chance they had for not a nigger dared show his face for miles. The next day, the chiefs sued for peace. They said the white men’s rifles carried too far and shot straight for them.”
The railway For purely commercial and strategic reasons, the British government built a railway line from Mombasa to Uganda. The railway
2 0 1 0
British adventurers sought new lands to conquer and subdue. In Kenya, they found perfect climate and weather for both settlement and farming. J.F Lipscomb, who called himself “a leading advocate of the settler community”, called Kenya a “land of the future”. One of the pioneer settlers was Lord Delamere (who died in 1931), a man who is credited as the father of commercial farming. He chanced into Kenya during a hunting trip that took him to the highlands where he eventually owned tens of thousands
Y E A R B O O K
‘White’ Highlands
of acres — still held by his descendants in Naivasha and Gilgil. Delamare’s quest was to send a message out that Kenya was a “white man’s country”. He experimented with crops that had never been tried on Kenyan soil. By 1908, Delamere had planted wheat on 300 acres in Njoro. “This wheat is altering everything here,” he boasted. Delamere (who once served as the spokesman of the settler community) and his European settler colleagues divided the Protectorate into two: The arid north and the highly potential south (running from the Coast through central Kenya, the Rift Valley and western Kenya to the border with Tanzania in the south). They met few obstacles in the adventure because the Rift Valley was hardly inhabited. Kenya’s hinterland was remote, inaccessible and lacked roads. Tracks made by ox-wagons, which carried goods and chattels of earlier settlers were what could pass as roads. It was only after the Second World War that roads were visible. But two issues troubled the settlers: Lack of knowledge of the local climate and farming technology. They experimented with some crops and failed miserably, but they did not seek the knowledge of the local people. The likes of Delamere spent resources in trying to identify suitable crops and livestock in the climatic conditions. The colonialists changed farming:
K E N Y A
was also intended to help conquer and control the territory. Called the ‘Lunatic Express’, its construction started in Mombasa in 1896 and took about five years to reach Kisumu at £5 million (Sh615 million at the current exchange rate). The railway started operating in 1903. Indian labourers, called coolies, were key in the construction. But many woes afflicted the construction — wildlife attacks and resistance from Kenyans who were unhappy with the invasion of their land, and without consultation. In Tsavo, lions killed many construction workers. They were nicknamed the man-eating lions of Tsavo. In Kedong, Maasai warriors attacked a railway workers’ caravan after two of their girls were raped. They killed 500 people. In Nandi, Koitalel arap Samoei led his people to resist the construction.
15
Our History
They commercialised it. Indeed, Europeans changed agricultural and pastoral production, but not the fact that agriculture was the sole basis of wealth.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Department of Agriculture
16
In 1903, the settlers set up the department. Its priority was to draw a map of ecological zones and isolate regions that were of high potential. The settlers had noted that local farming did not yield as much as it could have. The department set up two farms as demonstration centres and to provide better quality seeds. It then crafted a policy to improve what it described as “native African agriculture”. The policy was to produce many local agricultural instructors. The department envisaged a time when Kenya’s agriculture would yield enough for export. Although the Europeans started appropriating land by 1906, the First World War marked a turning point in agricultural production in Kenya. Indeed, the colonial government gave returning European troops farms. The administration set up an organisation, Production Board, whose responsibility was to ensure that the country produced enough to feed soldiers fighting on the sides of the British in the First World War, hundreds of thousands of Italian prisoners of war, evacuees from Ethiopia and an expanding population of Kenyans.
Major Cavendish-Bentinck, who later became the first Minister for Agriculture, was the chairman of the board. It created an agricultural machinery pool from which European farmers leased machinery when it was in short supply. Italian prisoners of war (POWs) were used to repair the machinery and build roads. When the war ended, the colonial government decided to acquire land in the so-called White Highlands to settle hundreds of British exservicemen. Land grabbing
The land grab that followed was epochal in many respects. First, it heightened the interest in land among Europeans. Two, it heralded new thinking about agriculture in Kenya, which made the settler community turn to estate farming. The rationale was that capital (or plantation) farming was cheaper, but productive. Three, the administration in London pressurised the settler community to establish a market economy on which the future of Kenya would survive and for the colony to create wealth to be repatriated to Britain to pay for the expenses of building the railway. To the British government and the settler administration, commercial farming could achieve the objective. However, the quest for this disregarded one fundamental thing: Kenya did not have skilled labour, technology and finances. As
White Highlands
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
www.time.com
2 0 1 0
They refer to the central uplands of Kenya socalled because white immigrants settled in many numbers to take advantage of the good soils and cool climate. When Kenya became a colony in 1920, about 10,000 British had settled in the area. Settlers got 999-year leases over 25 per cent of the good land in Kenya. The original occupants of the land were Kalenjin, Maasai and Agikuyu. Between 1939 and 1960, only 60,000 European colonialists were allowed to lease farms, an affront to Kenya’s then six million Africans. When Africans were allowed to own land in the socalled White Highlands, they were required to get financing, find a European farmer who was willing to sell the lease and demonstrate agricultural know-how.
17
Our History
Where is the land?
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
In colonial Kenya, less than 1,000 Europeans held over eight million acres of the best land. At independence, resettlement was top on the agenda. Hence the 1962 launch of the £20 million resettlement fund in the ‘millionacre scheme’ financed by Britain, with West Germany and the World Bank providing the balance. A little over one million acres owned by 780 white farmers were bought. The scheme ended in 1971 and 35,000 families were settled on 1.2 million acres. After 1965, squatters were registered and settled on 10-acre plots. By the 1980s, 71,000 families had been settled on two million acres, 17 per cent of the land Europeans had originally taken.
18
www.opendemocracy.net
a result, many farms could not even use half of the available land. By 1939, when the Second World War began, thousands of acres of land lay fallow. At no time in this period was more than 10 per cent of the alienated land under cultivation. In fact, less than half of the so-called White Highlands was under crop by 1932. Yet in the 1930s, the highlands were owned by a mere 2,000 settlers. Most of them had seized land for speculation and acquisition of capital.
Maize The major headache for European farmers was to identify the most suitable crops and livestock. By 1939, they had identified coffee, maize, tea, sisal and pyrethrum. But Kenyans were asked to plant beans and maize, and rear livestock. Maize became the crop of choice chiefly because it took little time to mature and demanded less skill and finances. The Europeans embraced it as a stop-gap measure to earn them money as they waited for sisal, tea and sisal to mature. At one point, half of the estates were under maize cultivation. Once the crops had been identified, another problem arose: Whether to maintain estate farming or give room to small-holder farming. Agriculture was highly subsidised following a recommendation of the Bowring Committee of 1922 . It is instructive to note that subsides and tax rebates only disenfranchised Kenyan farmers. They could not access credit because it was earmarked for large-scale farming that demanded heavy capital. Kenyan farmers, therefore, resorted to beans, maize and livestock that hardly demanded skills and heavy finances. Indeed,
England away from England Elspeth Huxley, the settler who wrote on race and agriculture, called Kenya “the white man’s country” in one of her many titles. European settlers believed Kenya belonged to them. Delamere cast for himself the role of capitalist-experimentor. To him, East Africa was a dominion of the British, like New Zealand,
2 0 1 0
As early as the mid 1920s, the settlers had formed cooperatives where they sought farm inputs and sold their produce. Interestingly, some of the organisations, including the Kenya Farmers Association (KFA), went beyond that objective. They were political vehicles that linked the settlers and the colonial administration. In 1936, Kenyans’ maize farming surpassed that of the settlers, earned more money and maize export prices were higher than ever. The colonial government moved to suppress Kenyan farmers. A marketing law was introduced, forcing the Kenyan farmers to market their produce through KFA. In essence, this prevented Africans from exporting their produce and be paid high prices. This legislation also directed that maize from Kenyan farmers be graded so that the business could tilt in favour of the settlers. This illustrates the length to which European producers were ready to go discriminate against Kenyans. Both Kenyan and European producers grew the same maize crop, but the latter ensured that their produce
Y E A R B O O K
Marketing
was exported in the 1920s and still be sold in the local market in the 1930s. This discrimination was possible because the settlers had direct access to the political machinery. But this was not limited to maize. The discrimination was used to give European production an edge. Consequently, the malpractice pushed Kenyans out of cash crop production and reduced them to wage labour. By 1938, the colonial government had decided that Kenyans be discouraged from commercial farming and instead encouraged to grow only food crops. The Director of Agriculture had directed that “natives should be encouraged to grow food crops and not commercial crops”. Earlier, in 1934, the DC in Keiyo had directed: “It is useless, I think, at the present stage, to try to introduce cash crops except among the few progressive (natives). What we have to aim at for the present is to introduce gradually alternative food crops in order to do away with these periodic famines”.
K E N Y A
small-scale farms did not benefit from any formal credit system. Take the 1920s for example. The beneficiaries of government expenditure were Europeans, whose population was just 15,000 against three million Kenyans who paid taxes.
19
Our History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Lord Delamere
20
A pioneer European farmer in Kenya, he believed the extension of European civilisation was desirable. In 1927, he wrote: “The British race is superior to heterogeneous African races only now emerging from centuries of relative barbarism.” He founded the so-called Happy Valley set, a clique of well-off colonials whose pleasure-seeking habits degenerated into drug-taking and wifeswapping. Delamere was the colonialists’ unofficial leader and spokesman for 30 years. He was a member of the Legislative Council, the Executive Council and in 1907, president of the Colonists’ Association He made his first trip to Africa in 1891 to hunt in Somaliland, and returned yearly. In 1897, he arrived in central Kenya. Delamere applied for a land grant and received a 99-year lease on 100,000 acres. In 1906, he acquired more than 200,000 acres between the Molo River and Njoro town. Delamere pioneered the dairy industry, wheat farming and animal crossbreeding.
“tucked away between deserts and tropics and lakes, where yet another cutting from the British parent stock could be planted and would grow and flourish. This was his ultimate ideal — this and nothing else. He wanted to prove to the world that East Africa was a white man’s country. He wanted it to become a true British colony in the sense that Australia had been — places where people settled for good and tried to build a replica of England that would endure so long as the British persisted, places that modelled for themselves an independent economic life and evolved a tradition of their own, and eventually won the award for which they had been contending: The privilege of self-government.” Delamere called it a “land scramble”. At one time, Ewart Scott Grogan, a confronta-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
highlands included Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kericho, Ravine, Nakuru, Naivasha, parts of Kiambu and Murang’a, parts of Nyeri and Laikipia, parts of Machakos and Sultan Hamud and parts of Kisumu and Londiani. Only Europeans could hold title deeds for agricultural land. Other groups competed for township titles. To circumvent this rule, Asians opened dukas on their farms. They also married European wives so that they could acquire land in the highlands. When an Indian lawyer, Malik, applied for land on behalf of Mona Goodwin (his European wife), the Attorney-General annulled the deal and the deposit was returned. And his argument: “If a person be induced by means of personation or any other fraud to sign a contract for sale of land to ‘B’ under the impression that he is contracting with ‘C’ there is no real consent, no true agreement between the parties and the contract is void” . Crown Lands Ordinance 1915 barred non-Europeans from owning or occupying land in the highlands without the consent of the government. As of July 21 1926, the largest land holding by one individual European in Kenya was 175,859 acres and an Indian’s 4,491 acres. By 1952, the size of a European settler’s land ranged between 500 acres and 100,000 acres, while an African family of five had 3.3. The Carter Commission on Land estimated that there were about 150,000 squatters
K E N Y A
tional settler who eventually owned nearly three in every four acres of Taita Taveta District in addition to many pieces in the Rift Valley, seized a loophole in the colonial land acquisition legislation and claimed thousands of acres in Nairobi. He went out at midnight and pegged claim all round Nairobi to draw attention to an oversight in the mining ordinance. It had included clay in the list of minerals and thus forbidden the use of clay in one’s land. The government had to release a gazette notice at midnight to stop Grogan from claiming the whole of Nairobi. The scramble for land began in earnest in 1903. The consequent land taken by Europeans was called ‘White Highlands’ whose definition, eventually, became a thorny issue. In 1925, the Commissioner of Lands defined it as “any area suitable for white settlement”. A year earlier, the Colonial Secretary had asked the commissioner not to define it and to refer to the government “in regard to any land about which you may have doubt whether it is in the highlands or not”. This was because some settlers did not want Indians to own land in the highlands and had claimed that Indians were infiltrating the highlands. But the Commissioner of Lands explained that nobody was sure where “they began and ended”. By 1927, the colonial office was still unable to define the highlands. But areas considered to be in the
21
Our History
JOMO KENYATTA
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
He was born Kamau wa Ngengi in Gatundu, Kiambu, in the late 1880s or early 1890s. Kenyatta received preliminary and elementary technical education at the Scottish Mission Centre at Thogoto, Kikuyu. He was baptised and acquired the name John Peter, which he changed to Johnstone. He became Jomo in 1938. He lived among Maasai relatives in Narok during World War I and worked as a clerk to an Asian trader. He began wearing his beaded belt kinyatta then. He married Grace Wahu in 1920 and worked for Nairobi City Council’s Water Department between 1921 and 1926 for a salary of Sh250. Though he owned a farm and a house at Dagoretti, he lived in Kilimani and cycled home on weekends. By 1925, he was one of the leaders of the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), which chose him to represent Gikuyu land problems before the Hilton Young Commission in Nairobi. In 1928, he edited a newspaper, Muigwithania (reconciler) that dealt with Agikuyu culture and new farming methods. KCA sent him to England in 1929 to influence British opinion on land. He
22
by 1939. Squatters were labourers. By 1960, Europeans had seized about 7.5 million acres of land. When President Kenyatta took over, the government bought 1.2 million acres at £12 million (Sh15 million) provided by the British government. It set up settlement schemes for Kenyans.
Nationalism The publication of Devonshire Paper (which declared Kenya an African country, but still gave the
returned to Kenya in 1930. In 1931, he again went to England to present a petition to the House of Commons. After giving evidence before the Morris Carter Commission in 1932, he visited Moscow. During the gold rush in Kakamega in the early 1930s, land was distributed to settlers. Kenyatta spoke against it, but the British labelled him a communist. He studied anthropology at the London School of Economics and in 1938, his book, ‘Facing Mount Kenya’ on Gikuyu culture, was published. He married Edna Clarke, the mother of his son, Peter Magana, in 1942. Along with other African leaders, including Nkrumah of Ghana, he took part in the Fifth Pan-African Congress of 1945 in Manchester. When he returned to Kenya in 1946, he married Wanjiku, Senior Chief Koinange’s daughter, who died as she gave birth. His youngest wife is Ngina, the mother of Uhuru Kenyatta. In 1947, he took over the leadership of KAU from James Gichuru. On October 20, 1952, a State of emergency was declared. Jomo Kenyatta and
colonial office imperial powers) and the occupation of the so-called White Highlands angered Kenyans. Western, Rift Valley and the central parts became the hotbed of militant political activity. The early chiefs and community leaders — from Luhyaland, Maasailand, Gikuyuland, Meruland, Ukambani and Nandi — fought the invading Europeans but were repulsed. Kenyans were opposed to the British spirited take-over of their land and the disruption of their social,
Political organisation In 1920, Kenya became a colony of the British. With Kenyans barred from direct participation in politics of the colony, they formed political organisations cloaked as welfare associations. They included the
Y E A R B O O K
economic and political life. The militancy would go a notch higher with the return of Kenyans who had fought in the First World War. With the exposure they had in foreign lands, they brought together groups that rebelled against authority. But Governor Edward Northey, the man who replaced the rupee with the shilling, discouraged Kenyans from growing cash crops and directed that wages for farm workers be slashed. This angered Kenyans more and placed them on
K E N Y A
www.africawithin.com/kenyatta
collision course with the colonial administration. Reserves to which Kenyans had been cornered to were overcrowded, and this led to the clamour for more land. The enforcement of kipande (the earlier form of an identity card), forced female labour and heavy tax made the situation even worse.
2 0 1 0
other prominent leaders were arrested. Their trial at Kapenguria in 1953 for managing Mau Mau was a mockery of justice. They were jailed for seven. He was taken to Lokitaung until 1959, but was restricted at Lodwar and later, Maralal until 1961. On August 14, 1961, he returned to his Gatundu home. On August 21, 1961, nine years after his arrest, he was freed from all restrictions. On October 28, 1961, Kenyatta became the president of KANU and a month later led a delegation to Lancaster, London, for independence constitutional talks. On June 1, 1963, he became the Prime Minister of self-governing Kenya and at midnight on December 12, 1963, at Uhuru Stadium, a new nation was born. A year later, Kenya became a republic with Kenyatta as President. Under him, Kenya enjoyed political stability and agricultural, industrial and educational advances. He died on August 22, 1978 in Mombasa. He was in his eighties.
23
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Our History
24
Young Kikuyu Association, led by Harry Thuku, and Young Kavirondo Association, launched by Jonathan Okwiri in 1921. In Ukambani, Ndonye wa Kauti used the pulpit to preach politics. Thuku’s role is widely documented. In his 20s and working as a telephone operator, he proposed to change the organisation’s name to East African Association because “if we sent anything coming from the Kikuyu alone, we would carry no weight. But if we could show that it came from all tribes … then we should have a great voice”. In 1922, Thuku was detained for eight years, an act that provoked widespread protests that sled to the killing of a number of Kenyans during a confrontation with the police. His organisation was outlawed. But another organisation, Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), was started. Jomo Kenyatta, then Johnstone Kamau, quit as a clerk of the Nairobi Municipal Council to become its secretary-general in 1926. Similar organisations, including the Kavirondo Taxpayers’ Welfare Association, were formed at the same time to crusade for African representation in the Legislative Council (the equivalent of Parliament). The crusade for freedom also took the form of independent schools and churches built in Gikuyuland in the 1930s. For instance, Mbiyu Koinange, upon his return from overseas in 1938, helped set up
Kenya Teachers Training College for independent schools in Githunguri, Kiambu. The same year, Kenyatta, who had gone to Britain in 1929-1930 and then 1931-1946, wrote Facing Mt Kenya, an anthropological work on the life of the Agikuyu life.
Asian role It is important to point out that Asians in Kenya also piled pressure on the colonial administration, complicating the colonialists’ clampdown on dissent. Unlike Kenyans of African descent, Asians were not necessarily keen on independence. Rather, they were opposed to the settlers’ attempt to deny them their rights, including land ownership in the so-called White Highlands. Nonetheless, protests led to the balkanisation of the country as the settlers moved to secure land and to make it apparent they were here for the long haul. Kenyans were bundled into reserves that also served as reservoirs for cheap labour on colonial farms. Apartheid was legitimised as schools, hospitals and other institutions were created exclusively for Europeans and Asians. As the settlers built ‘little England’ in towns and the so-called White highlands, Asians created a ‘little India’ in places such as Parklands in Nairobi. They created exclusive sports centres, schools and institutes (such as the Goan Institute). Following pressure from the Asians, the Brit-
OGINGA ODINGA
Y E A R B O O K
the European community in the highlands. It stated: “Obviously, the interests of other communities, European, Indian or Arab, must severally be safeguarded. Whatever the circumstances in which members of these communities have entered, there will be no drastic action or reversal of measures already introduced …” By 1932, an average European farmer had 2,400 acres, but the Kenyan’s 3.3 acres. This essentially
K E N Y A
ish government came up with the 1933 White Paper, a policy that outlawed segregation in townships and promised the involvement of all races (apart from Kenyan Africans) in the LEGCO. Europeans had 11 members in the council, Asians five and Arabs one. For Kenyans, a ‘native’ would serve as an unofficial member. But even though the policy pretended to disband segregation, it safeguarded the interests of
2 0 1 0
Odinga (right) was prominent in Kenya’s struggle for independence. Odinga’s son, Raila, is the Prime Minister, and another son, Oburu, an Assistant minister. Odinga was born in Bondo, Nyanza. In his autobiography, Not Yet Uhuru, he estimates 1911 as the year of his birth. He was a student at Maseno and Alliance schools and joined Makerere University College in 1940. He later taught at Maseno. In 1948, he joined the Kenya African Union and was elected to the Legislative Council for Central Nyanza in 1957. When Kenya became independent in 1963, he was named Home Affairs minister and Vice-President in 1964. Due to party differences, he quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People’s Union. In 1969, he differed publicly with President Kenyatta, leading to chaos in Kisumu where people died. He was detained for two years, and consigned to political limbo until after Kenyatta’s death in August 1978. His plan to register a political party in 1982 was foiled and a law to make Kenya a one party state. In 1991, the law was repealed and opposition parties were allowed. In 1992, Odinga vied for the presidency opposition Ford-Kenya ticket. He finished fourth, but won the Bondo constituency seat after 26 years in political limbo. He died in January, 1994.
25
Our History
meant one thing: Kenyans were to work and slave for European settlers. To make this possible, laws that compelled Kenyans to work for the Europeans were enacted.
Legislative Council
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Joseph Murumbi
26
Joseph Murumbi was born in 1911 and became Kenya’s second Vice-President in 1967 after Oginga Odinga’s resignation. He was the child of a Goan father and a Maasai mother and spent his first 16 years in India. The state of emergency on October 20, 1952, led to the detention of top leaders in the Kenya African Union, and Murumbi was thrust into the centre of the party leadership as acting secretary-general. He played a key role in securing legal counsel for Kenyatta and other detainees. He made the world aware of British brutality through Indian newspapers. He was an art collector and left behind over 50,000 books and official correspondence. Murumbi co-founded African Heritage with Alan Donovan, and it became the largest Pan-African art gallery in Africa. He died in 1990.
The year 1944 was epochal. First, the first Kenyan, Eliud Mathu, was nominated to the LEGCO. Second, the first meaningful political outfit for Kenyans, Kenya African Study Union (KASU), was formed. It was later renamed Kenya African Union (KAU) and later KANU, which ultimately won the 1963 General Elections. KASU was countered by the Electors Union, an organisation for Europeans, set up to pursue unity among their lot. Five years later, in 1949, the Electors Union developed a paper, Kenya Plan, that affirmed the settlers’ strategy to continue dominating and holding onto the colony. In effect, the policy sought security of tenure for the settlers. By 1960, Kenya had 61,000 Europeans, 169,000 Asians and 7.8 million Kenyans. Yet, 40 per cent of remuneration went to Europeans who controlled top positions in the Civil Service and earned the highest salaries. Four thousand settlers controlled 83 per cent of agricultural export revenue.
Kenyatta returns The sad state of affairs was appalling to the Kenyan elite. It struck Kenyatta when he returned from London in 1946. Fresh from meetings in Britain and Russia where like-minded people talked about Africa’s independence and unity, his return added the much-needed impetus to the freedom struggle. He declared that the tree of freedom had to be watered by blood. Kenyatta took over the running of Githun-
Liberation war Racial segregation, land grabbing, political intolerance at the hands of European settlers, poverty and punitive taxes brewed a revolt that later changed the course of Kenya and hastened Independence. As settlers
State of Emergency In declaring the Emergency, Secretary of State Oliver Lyttleton said:
2 0 1 0
Religious and cultural leaders in the reserves established their own denominations (including Dini Ya Msambwa and Dini ya Maria Ragot) that preached against European rule. Businessmen such as Oginga Odinga used his Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation to lobby against the colonial government. As a sign of contempt of British rule, some Kenyans named their dogs after the European settlers. The pressure intensified and the administration increased the number of Kenyans in LEGCO. In 1948, they were four: Mathu, Apolo Ohanga, … Odede and … Awori. Kenyatta was deliberately left out.
Y E A R B O O K
Religion, culture and business
grabbed more land, the number of squatters increased and brewed resistance, leading to agitation for land. By 1947, groups of youths were taking oaths at the time that the word ‘Mau Mau’ appeared for the first time. Initially, the objective of the liberation movement was to reclaim land the settlers had grabbed. But later it took became political agitation for Kenya’s freedom. The colonial government responded with a State of Emergency on October 20, 1952. On the day, Kenyatta and 100 prominent Kenyans were arrested in a clampdown on Mau Mau adherents. Kenyatta and freedom heroes Paul Ngei, Achieng’ Oneko, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai and Kung’u Karumba were tried in Kapenguria, West Pokot, and found guilty of fanning hatred against Europeans through oaths and supporting an extremist group. They were jailed for seven years in harsh conditions in Lokitaung, Turkana District. The unfairness of the trial has been well documented. The prosecution and the Bench were bent on nailing the accused. The colonial government even bribed the key witness, Rawson Macharia, to lie against Kenyatta. The ignominy of the whole charade became evident when Macharia later disowned his false evidence.
K E N Y A
guri Teachers College from Koinange and the presidency of KAU from James Gichuru. The old and the young embraced Kenyatta’s message against European oppression. They decided to rebel against the colonisers. In one instance, Kenyatta asked women in Murang’a to revolt against forced labour. Yet those at the forefront in the struggle were not just politicians.
27
Our History
KAPENGURIA SIX
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
On October 20, 1952, Jomo Kenyatta and 100 prominent Kenyans were arrested in a clampdown on Mau Mau. Kenyatta and freedom heroes Paul Ngei, Achieng’ Oneko, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai and Kung’u Karumba were tried in Kapenguria, West Pokot, and found guilty of fanning hatred against Europeans through oaths and supporting an extremist group. They were jailed for seven years in harsh conditions in Lokitaung, Turkana District. The trial was unfair and the prosecution and the Bench were bent on nailing the accused. The colonial government bribed key witness Rawson Macharia to lie against Kenyatta. Macharia later disowned the evidence.
28
“Mau Mau terrorism is carefully planned, centrally directed and its object is to destroy all authority.” The war lasted close to eight years, but it was costly and bloody. Nobody knows exactly how many people were killed. But tens of thousands of detainees — possibly 100,000 if not more — died . For instance, in ‘Operation Anvil’ on April 24, 1954, many Kenyans were killed and thousands detained. University of Nairobi scholars have placed the death toll at 13,500 . In a draconian move, the colonialists enacted the Forfeiture of Lands Act to confiscate land owned
by alleged ‘terrorists’. By 1956, at least 3,510 people had lost land and moved to villages built through colonialists’ force.
Gains of liberation war The liberation war paved way for change. The colonial regime implemented a few changes: The Swynnerton Plan, the Lyttelton Constitution, the Carpenter Committee Report and the Lidbury Report. Swynnerton Plan, 1954
The plan (named after the author, RJM Swynnerton, assistant director of agriculture) was a turning
point for farming. The five-year plan envisaged an investment of £5 million (Sh615 million at the current exchange rate) in Kenyans’ land units to help boost harvests. The plan targeted irrigation schemes, ranches, veterinary services and rural water supply, training of Kenyan manpower (agriculturalists, land surveyors), agricultural marketing (especially for livestock). This was intended to boost agriculture in the so-called native lands. Irrigation schemes were set up and boreholes drilled in Taveta, Kaloleni, Shimba Hills, Baringo, Pokot and Keiyo. In Nyanza, swamplands were reclaimed. The Swynnerton Plan aimed to raise the income of 600,000 families from £10 (Sh1,230) to £100 (Sh12,300) at the current exchange rate.
the people and won some concessions from the colonial administration.
Lyttelton Constitution, 1954
Too little too late
It attempted to introduce racial parity in the government, allowing the appointment of ministers from European, Asian and African communities. As a result, Kenyans for the first time directly elected their leaders in 1957. Leaders such as Daniel Moi (Rift Valley), Tom Mboya (Nairobi), Odinga (Nyanza), Masinde Muliro (Western), Ronald Ngala (Coast), Bernard Mate (Central) and J Muimi (Ukambani) were elected to the LEGCO. They preached African unity, universal suffrage and education for all. They had the support of
However, the colonial policy shift failed to smother Kenyan nationalism. Freedom fighters in detention continued to be tortured in camps, while those who had been forced into villages and slums were forced to do hard labour and segregated against in public places, including hotels. Dedan Kimathi, the Mau Mau leader who symbolized the people’s struggle was shot by colonial forces, wounded and arrested in the forest on October 21, 1956. He was taken through a rushed trial and hanged on February 17, 1957.
Carpenter Committee, 1954
It addressed wages for Kenyan employees. It introduced the minimum wage and paved way for the growth of the Kenyan middle-class. This led to the emergence of trade unionists, among them Mboya, emerged and negotiation of wages between the Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE), Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL) and the government. Lidbury Commission, 1954
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
It recommended equal pay for equal work in the Civil Service, irrespective of the race. The recommendation was critical in addressing racial apartheid.
29
Our History
In fact, Mau Mau marked the peak of Kenyan nationalism – the middle class became stronger and many Kenyans went to school and those who were well-educated appointed as DOs.
The Somali, Maasai and some coastal people contemplated secession. It was a fluid time that threatened to scuttle all effort towards self-rule.
Lancaster conferences
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Political parties
30
But without political parties, which were banned at the height of the Emergency in the early 1950s, trade unions flourished, among them Mboya’s KFL. When the colonial government lifted the ban on political parties in 1955, many emerged. However, they differed on their agitation for freedom. On November 10, 1959, the State of Emergency was lifted. This sparked a flurry of events. KAU, which had been banned in 1952, was revived and transformed into KANU in 1960. Differences among leaders eventually led to the emergence of two key parties, KANU (which had the support of the two largest communities, Gikuyu and Luo) and KADU led by Ngala, Muliro, Moi and Justus ole Tipis). KADU, which was essentially a coalition of small tribes, advocated majimbo (regionalism, a loose form of federalism) to counter the Gikuyu-Luo dominance. The phobia for dominance was so perverse that some parties which drew support from regions were formed, including those that claimed to take care of the interests of the Akamba, Kalenjin, Abaluhya, Maasai and the people of the Coast.
The release of Kenyatta on August 14, 1961 from detention was a special event in Kenya’s history. To prepare for independence, the colonial regime arranged a series of meetings at Lancaster House in London. The meetings were called Lancaster House conferences (1960, 1962 and 1963) and discussed a constitutional framework that would guide independence and after. A new constitution was agreed on in 1963 and Independence plans were finalised. The new law entrenched human rights, citizenship and the composition of the Legislature: bicameral Parliament.
Majimbo government In the February 1961 elections, KANU won 18 seats and KADU 11. Twenty seats were reserved by quota for Europeans, Asians and Arabs. Under the Lancaster Constitutional Conference agreement, KANU and KADU entered a coalition headed by Kenyatta and Ngala. A bicameral legislature, comprising 117 members of the House of Representatives and 41 of the Senate, was established. Kenya was divided into seven jimbos, each with an assembly. But in the May 1963
elections, KANU controlled Central, Eastern and Nyanza and won a majority in the Senate and House of Representatives. KADU controlled Coast, Rift Valley and Western regions.
Self-government
For a country that had been balkanised for close to 70 years and governed at the whim of colonial fiat and the perfection of divide-andrule, Kenya was sharply divided. Kenyatta’s first task was to bring down the walls of ethnic hegemony. Selecting the Cabinet was an act of balancing regional interests. Odinga was appointed Minister for Home Affairs, Koinange (Pan-African Affairs), and Mboya (Justice and Constitutional Affairs). Other ministers were Oneko, Samuel Ayodo, Lawrence Sagini, Njoroge Mungai, Gikonyo Kiano, Ngala Mwendwa, Joseph Otiende (Education), Danson Mwanyumba, Bruce Mackenzie (Agriculture) and Gichuru
2 0 1 0
First Cabinet
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya’s independence was negotiated at Lancaster House, UK. It is a mansion in the St James’ District in the West End of London and Iclose to St James’s Palace. Much of the site was once part of the palace complex. The building is managed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Construction started in 1825 for the Duke of York, King George III’s second son, and it was known as York House. In 2007, it was used in the film, National Treasure: The Book of Secrets, as the interior for Buckingham Palace. The House was also used in the movie, The Young Victoria, released in 2009.
K E N Y A
Lancaster House talks
Kenya’s struggle for self-governance bore fruit when Kenyans went to the polls in May 1963. It was a historical moment. For decades they could not exercise their democratic rights. In the 1963 elections, more than 2.6 million people registered as voters. At least 93 per cent and 80 per cent of the electors cast their votes in Kiambu and Central Nyanza respectively. Ten KANU and eight KADU MPs were elected to Parliament unopposed. Moi was one of them. KANU, led by Kenyatta, won 66 seats (after teaming up with three members from Northern Province United Alliance), while the Opposition KADU had 31 seats. Kenyatta became the Prime Minister and Leader of Government Business. His next task was to pick members of the Cabinet.
31
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Our History
32
(Finance and National Development). Kenyatta toured the country in one truck with Mboya, Odinga and Joseph Murumbi. The message was clear: Kenya is one despite cultural and ethnic differences.
Independence On December 12, 1963, after 43 years as a colony and many more under subjugation at the hands of colonialists, the Union Jack (British flag) was lowered and replaced by the true Kenyan flag. A new national anthem, based on a Pokomo tune, was played to the ecstatic crowd. Music greats, Miriam Makeba of South
Independence and after The Kenyatta Government got down to work with gusto: Land resettlement, Kenyanisation of the economy, expanding schools, hospitals and infrastructure, and establishing Kenya as a strong voice in Africa and the world. The foundation of the Kenyan nation was laid during Kenyatta’s reign. Many current institutions — parastatals, local banks, colleges, schools and cooperatives, among others — were set up at the time.
Multi-partyism Kenya was a multi-party democracy in law before independence and up to 1969 when Odinga’s Kenya
2 0 1 0
KANU, which formed the government, was later joined by KADU when the opposition party dissolved itself voluntarily in November 1964. A year after independence, in December 1964, Kenya became a republic and ceased being a dominion of the Queen England. Kenyatta thus graduated from a prime minister whose Head of State was the Queen to a President only answerable to the people of Kenya. He then appointed Odinga Vice-President.
Kenyatta died on August 22, 1978 and buried nine days later on August 31. The transition was smooth and Vice-President Moi took over as the Constitution decrees. He pledged to continue in Kenyatta’s footsteps and was at the helm for 24 years, between 1978 and 2002. During the period, more gains were made in education, health and other spheres of life. For example, it was during Moi’s reign that more universities were built. Kenya had had one university, Nairobi, since independence. But in 1984, a second university, Moi, opened its doors to students. In 1985, Kenyatta University College, a constituent of the University of Nairobi, became a full-fledged institution. It was followed by Egerton, Maseno and Jomo Kenyatta universities, which were upgraded from college status. In 1985, the Government also changed the education system structure from the 7-4-2-3 to 8-4-4 to meet emerging challenges. The system has undergone many reforms since. In the health sector, Nyayo Wards were the hallmark of the expansion of facilities. These made health services more accessible to the people.
Y E A R B O O K
One party
Moi at the helm
K E N Y A
Africa and Harry Belafonte of US, entertained guests. On the day, Kenya gained full independence. Kenyatta coined Harambee (lets pull together) and then Uhuru na Kazi (Freedom and Hard Work) to rally the people around nationbuilding.
33
Our History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Daniel arap Moi
34
He was born in 1924 in Baringo. In 1934, Moi started school at the African Inland Mission School, Kabartonjo and was transferred to Kapsabet in 1938. In 1945, he was trained as a teacher and taught at Tambach and Kabarnet. Moi married Lena Bommet in 1950. In 1955, he quit teaching to fill a vacancy left by Joseph Tameno in the Legislative Council. In 1960, Moi was a founder of KADU and became its chairman. In 1961, he was appointed Education Parliamentary Secretary and later Minister for Education and Local Government before independence. In the 1963 poll, KADU lost to KANU. It was dissolved in 1964 and Moi joined KANU. In 1967, Kenyatta appointed him VicePresident after Joseph Murumbi resigned. He became President after Kenyatta’s death in 1978. In 2002, Moi handed over power to President Kibaki. www.statehouse.go.ke
People’s Union was banned. However, the law still provided for multi-partyism until 1982 when Section 2A was enacted, making the country a one-party State. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the wind of change blew across the world especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Kenya was not left behind. Many people took issue with the dominance of the one-party rule and demanded liberalisation of politics. A movement led by Odinga, and other leaders such as George Anyona, demanded the repeal of Section 2A that prohibited the formation of other political parties other than the ruling one. As the clamour for this increased, influential politicians such as Kenneth Matiba, Charles Rubia and Raila Odinga (now prime minister), among others, joined the fray. But they were detained in July 1990, but Kenyans’ desire for change was unstoppable. For the next 18 months, pressure mounted on KANU to repeal the law. Young professionals, especially lawyers, joined the fray. They included Kiraitu Murungi and James Orengo (now Cabinet ministers), Martha Karua, a former Cabinet minister, and Paul Muite, a former MP, among others. Veteran politicians such as Masinde Muliro, Martin Shikuku, Michael Wamalwa and George Nthenge also joined forces to see Kenya become more democratic. Their efforts bore fruit in December 1991 when the Government gave in and repealed the law that had made Kenya a one-party state. Many political parties were formed and elections have been multi-party and competitive since the 1992 General Election.
Kibaki takes charge
CDF
In 2002, Mwai Kibaki won the election in a landslide and the transition from Moi was smooth, making Kenya a shining example not only in Africa, but the developing world. President Kibaki immediately declared primary school education free, winning acclaim locally and internationally. In fact, when former US President Bill Clinton was asked the person he would want to meet, he cited the Kenyan leader courtesy of the free education policy. Clinton said the programme had sent one million pupils to school in an instance. In the last seven years under President Kibaki, Kenya has been transformed in many ways. Tax revenues have tripled from Sh200 billion ($2.5 billion) in 2002 to more than Sh600 billion ($7.5 billion) today, making the Government less dependent on foreign aid.
A novel programme, the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), has revolutionised development in rural and urban areas. Each electoral constituency receives funds annually calculated on the basis of population and poverty index. They get close to Sh80 million ($1 million) a year each. Residents are thus able to identify their priorities and fund them. Through CDF, schools and classrooms, hospitals and wards, and roads bridges have been built. The kitty has also been used to drill boreholes, build dams and support other development needs.
Health
Dispensaries, health centres, district and provincial hospitals, too, receive State grants on a quarterly basis. The war on killer diseases — HIV/ Aids, malaria and TB — is on and many gains have been recorded. Drugs for these diseases are free in Government hospitals. Children
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
And with additional revenues, many things that looked impossible in the pre-Kibaki era have become possible. In addition to free primary education, secondary schooling is subsidised and free in day schools. Teacher training colleges, institutes of science and technology, technical colleges and polytechnics receive Government donations. Enrolment in primary, secondary, tertiary and higher education has increased and nearly doubled in some.
Public service has improved with the introduction of performance contracting. As a result, service delivery has improved and lossmaking State corporations now make profits. Salaries for civil servants, doctors, teachers, police and judicial staff have been raised several times in the last seven years. Others that had collapsed have been revived.
K E N Y A
Education
Public service reforms
35
Our History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Tom Mboya
36
He was born in 1930 near Thika. He went to Mangu High and from 1948 to 1950, a sanitary inspectors’ school in Nairobi. He was then hired as an inspector. Later, he became African Employees Union secretary and in 1952 founded the Kenya Local Government Workers Union. In 1953, with the help of the British Labour Party, he brought five prominent labour unions together as the Kenya Federation of Labour. In 1955, the Labour Party arranged a scholarship for him to study industrial management at Ruskin College. In 1957, Mboya formed the People’s Convention Party and was elected to the Legislative Council. In 1959, he helped set up the African-American Students Foundation which raised money to sends students to study in America. In 1960, Mboya was elected KANU secretary-general. After independence, Mboya became a Cabinet minister. On July 5, 1969 he was assassinated.
http://africanhistory.about.com
under five years of age get free medical treatment in public hospitals as do women who seek maternity services.
Infrastructure
This has received unprecedented attention. Road construction is evident in all parts of the country on highways and rural roads. Airports have been expanded and built. Jomo Kenyatta in Nairobi is under a Sh10 billion ($1.25 billion) expansion programme and the Kisumu one at Sh3 billion ($375 million). Wajir Airport was built in 2006. Energy
Homes, schools and shopping centres have received priority in the 150,000-a-year power connections drive. To make Kenya less dependent on hydro sources of power, investments have been made in wind and geothermal sources.
Conclusion Kenya’s history is a clear illustration of a nation whose vision is to improve the lives of its citizens and play its rightful role in the community of nations.
Museums of Kenya excavated remains of fossils at Lokitaung Gorge in Turkana, that date to 200 million years ago, what is called Mesozoi period. Further studies indicate that primates roamed this part of the world 20 million years ago. 2
J.F Lipscomb, We Built A Country, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 1955, page 9
3
L.S. Leakey, Stone Age Africa, Oxford University press, , 1936, page 3
4
KENYA: Contrasts And Problems, Methuen and Company limited, London, 1936
5
Leakey M.G., Spoor F., Brown F., Gathogo P.N., Kiarie C., Leakey L.N. and McDougall I. (2001): New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages. Nature, 410:433-40.
6
Spoor, F., Leakey, M. G., Gathogo, P. N., Brown, F. H., Antón, S. C., McDougall, I., Kiarie, C., Manthi, F. K., Leakey, L. N. (2007). Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 448: 688–691
7
Nation website, www.nationaudio.co.ke, posted to the web 13 November 2007
8
S. M. Cachel & J. W. K. Harris (2006). The behavioral ecology of early Pleistocene hominids in the Koobi Fora Region, East Turkana Basin, Northern Kenya. Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, eds. E.C. Robertson, J.D. Seibert, D.C. Fernandez and M.U. Sender, University of Calgary Press, 49-59.
9
Ambrose, Stanley H. “Chronology of the Later Stone Age and food production in East Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25 (1998): 377-392.
10 Ibid. 11 J.E.G Sutton, The archaeology of the Western Highlands of Kenya, British Institute of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, 1973 (former lecturer, University of dare s Salaam. This was part of his memoirs 12 L.B Leakey, KENYA: Contrasts and Problems, Methuen and Company limited, London, 1936
Delamere and the Making of Kenya, Chatto and Windus, London, 1935 14 J.F Lipscomb, We Built A Country, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 1955 15 G.H Mungeam, Kenya: Select Historical Documents 1884-1923, East African Publishing House, 1978, p1 15 Ibid. p1, cites a memo by IBEA to the West African Conference of Berlin, October 20, 1884 16 Agreement between Great Britain and Germany Respecting Boundaries in East Africa – signed in Berlin, July 25, 1893 17 Accounts of the route to Uganda, and his personal experiences at Kikuyu, October 1892, by Francis Hall, the Company’s Superintendent at Kikuyu 18 J.F Lipscomb, We Built A Country, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 1955 19 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya, Chatto and Windus, London, 1935 20 J.F Lipscomb, We Built A Country, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 1955, page 61 21 Roger van Zwanenberg, The Agricultural History of Kenya, East African Publishing House, 1972 22 E.S Clayton, agrarian development in peasant economies, Pergamon Press, London, 1964 23 E.S Clayton, agrarian development in peasant economies, Pergamon Press, London, 1964, page 6-7 24 J.F Lipscomb, We Built A Country, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 1955 page 79 25 Roger van Zwanenberg, The Agricultural History of Kenya, East African Publishing House, 1972, page 8 26 Roger van Zwanenberg, The Agricultural History of Kenya, East African Publishing House, 1972, page 8 27 Ibid. page 17 28 Ibid. page 22 29 H.B Waters, Director of Agriculture, letter to the Chief Secretary, August 27, 1938 30 DC, Elgeyo District (Tambach) in a letter to the PC Rift Valley (Nakuru) dated May 14,
2 0 1 0
America’s University of Utah and National
13 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord
Y E A R B O O K
1 Five years ago, a joint team of experts from
K E N Y A
References
1934
37
Our History
31 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya, Chatto and Windus, London, volume 1, 1935 page 95 32 Ibid. page 86 33 Ibid. page 185 34 Letter from the office of the colonial secretary signed by W.M Logan, addressed to the commissioner of lands, April 2, 1924 35 Defending White Highlands, East African Standard, February 27, 1926 36 Letter by Attorney General to the Colonial Secretary, March 25, 1925 37 Roger van Zwanenberg, The Agricultural History of Kenya, East African Publishing House, 1972, page 45 38 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya, Chatto and Windus, London, 1935, ix 39 Godfrey Muriuki, The Traditional Social and Political System of Kenya’s People, a background paper to Politics and Nationalism in Kenya, a book edited by Bethuel Ogot, East African Publishing House, Nairobi, 1972, 40 Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, The Story of Kenya: A Nation in the Making, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1986, page29 41 Ibid. page 34
42 Bethwell A. Ogot and William Robert Ochieng’, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 43 Bethwell A. Ogot and William Robert Ochieng’, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 44 BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/ hi/dates/stories/october/21/newsid_3754000/3754366.stm) 45 Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya, Pimlico, London, 2005 46 Prof A.I Salim and Dr K.K Janmohamed writing in the Kenya official Handbook, 19631988 Independence Anniversay, page23 47 Bethwell A. Ogot and William Robert Ochieng’, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, page 50 48 R.J.M Swynnerton, A Plan to Intensify the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya, May 1954 49 Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, The Story of Kenya: A Nation in the Making, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1986, page 47 50 Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, The Story of Kenya: A Nation in the Making, Oxford University Press, Nairobi, 1986, page 53 51 Ibid.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
52. wikipedia.org
38
plains; wet and dry; rural and urban and people of all races — that offers many opportunities to citizens, foreigners and visitors alike.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Kenya is a land of contrast — highlands and
2
KK EE NN Y Y A
Land and its people
39
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Land and its people
40
Introduction
Location Kenya is in eastern Africa and borders Sudan and Ethiopia in the north, Somalia in the east, Uganda in the west and Tanzania in the south. The Indian Ocean is in the
in Kenya, which comprise the Bantu, Nilotes and Cushites
See more information below
KK EE NN Y Y A
42
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
K
enya’s most important natural heritage is her people — they are skilled, educated, experienced and productive. They are the force behind Kenya’s vibrant economy and they have spread to all parts of the world — East Africa, the rest of Africa, Europe and the Americas have felt the impact of Kenyans. They are in business, academia, professions, entertainment and sport, among others. Their diversity, traditions, customs and practices create a totality of the distinct people that are Kenyans. They work together, compete and interact in many ways. Kenya is multiBY NUMBERS cultural, multi-national and multi-ethnic with a many languages, religions and lifestyles. What is more? It is the only country in Africa with the three major linguistic groups — Bantu, Number of communities Nilotes and Cushites.
41
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
south-east. The country lies between five degrees north and five degrees south latitude and between 24 and 31 degrees east longitude. It lies exactly astride the Equator, which bisects the country in an eastwest direction. The breadth from east to east is about 890km, and 1,030km north to south. The Indian Ocean coastline is 536km long, while the total land area is 582,650 sq km. Of this, 569,250 sq km constitute land area and 13,400 sq km is water.
Time Zone Kenya lies in one time zone — three hours ahead of GMT.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Composition
42
The linguistic profile of Kenya is wide and varied. The country has 42 ethnic communities with many common characteristics. This interaction has led to intensive borrowing of cultural traits. Kenya falls into three ethno-linguistic groups: Bantu, Cushites and Nilotes. Nearly two thirds of Kenyans are Bantu. Three per cent of the population is Cushite-speaking although they occupy the largest geographic area. The other section of the population speaks Nilotic languages. The three language groups bind the more than 42 ethnic groups together, with over 70 linguistic variations. The migration of the groups to Kenya took place over many centuries, long before the arrival of the Europeans in the 1800s. Before,
hunter-gatherers who practised a limited form of agriculture inhabited Kenya. They were killed, assimilated or forced out as migration progressed. Traces of their lifestyles are, however, noticeable among the Ogiek of the Mau Forest and the Boni of Tana River District along the Somalia border.
Cushites The Cushites began arriving from Ethiopia and Somalia between 2,000 BC and 1000 BC and migrated south in sporadic waves. They are believed to have been searching for grazing lands for their animals. Today, they are not many and comprise a fragment of the population. The nomads roam and graze their herds in the arid northern lands. Cushites also live near Lake Turkana and remote areas of Tana River District. Among the many groups, only the Somali number more than a few thousand. The Cushites are divided into two: Southern and Eastern. The Southern Cushites include the Boni, Wata, Yaaka and Dahalo communities who live in the coastal hinterland. They once traded ivory and honey, but today cultivate and herd cattle. Eastern Cushites
They include the Somali, Rendille, Borana, Burji, Gabra, Orma, Dassenach, and the El Molo. The Borana are nomadic and occupy the northeast part of Kenya. The Burji are farmers in Moyale and Marsabit
http://howstuffworks.com
districts. They grow maize, beans, pumpkins, coffee, cotton and tobacco. They weave garments, bado and kuta from the cotton they grow. They are good businessmen. The Dassenich farm during the rains and fish on Lake Turkana in dug-out canoes. Their men are known for their elaborate hairstyles and ostrich feather-made head dresses. The El-Molo is one of smallest communities in Kenya and at one time were less than 500. They are fishermen who live on two islands in the south-western part of Lake Turkana. They have close ties with pastoralists such as the Samburu. They fish from their palm rafts on Lake Turkana. Cattle herding,
KK EE NN Y Y A
In human migration, the prevailing and most accepted explanation is the Out of Africa theory. Pre-human hominids developed in Africa and spread to Europe and parts of Asia. The first Homo sapiens appeared in Africa roughly 400,000 years ago. This is supported by genetic and fossil data. About 100,000 years ago, they moved north out of Africa into the Middle East, eventually pushing into Europe and Asia. Homo sapiens coexisted with earlier hominids such as Neanderthals. With greater intelligence, Homo sapiens out-competed prehuman species for resources, enjoyed greater reproductive success and eventually replaced them.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Human migration
43
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Kenyan communities and their sub-groups
44
Tribe/Nationality Kenya Total Kenya (So Stated) Basuba Embu Kamba Kikuyu Kisii Kuria Luo Walwana Masai Mbeere Meru Nubi Samburu Taita Taveta Teso Tharaka Turkana Luhya Luhya (So stated)* Bakhayo Banyala Banyore Batsotso Bukusu
commercial fishing and tourism now supplement their traditional economy. Their main diet is fish. They also eat birds, crocodiles, turtles and hippos. Other Cushite groups are the Sakuye and Galla.
Nilotic speakers They came down the Nile valley, probably Sudan, about 500 BC. They moved southwards and by the 17th and 18th centuries they had reached Tanzania. They are divided into three subcategories: Eastern Plain Nilotes, Southern or Highland Nilotes and Western or River Lake Nilotes.
Total 38,610,097 610,122 139,271 324,092 3,893,157 6,622,576 2,205,669 260,401 4,044,440 16,803 841,622 168,155 1,658,108 15,463 237,179 273,519 20,828 338,833 175,905 988,592 5,338,666 578,583 124,555 273,198 310,894 121,518 1,432,810
Idakho Isukha Kabras Kisa Marachi Maragoli Marama Samia Tachoni Tiriki Tura Wanga Mijikenda Mijikenda (So stated)* Boni Chonyi Dahalo Digo Duruma Giriama Jibana Kambe Kauma Pokomo Rabai Ribe Waata Swahili
170,720 217,327 252,761 137,268 155,341 618,340 152,427 124,952 118,363 209,814 30,388 309,407 1,960,574 6,156 7,602 148,806 2,398 313,288 396,667 751,531 35,216 25,350 52,851 94,965 98,680 14,482 12,582 110,614
Eastern Plain Nilotes
They include the Maa speakers (Maasai, Samburu and Ilchamus) and the Karamonja group, represented in Kenya by the Turkana. They are nomadic herders. The Maasai roam the southern region and Nairobi. The Samburu occupy part of north-eastern Kenya, and the Turkana the northwest. Although their numbers are only a few million, the vibrantly adorned communities are the most famous people in Kenya in culture that has survived the modern age. Southern or Highland Nilotes
They are collectively known as the
Keiyo Kipsigis Marakwet Nandi Ogiek Saboat Samor Senger Sengwer Terik Tugen Pokot Endorois Kenyan Somali Somali (So stated) Ajuran Degodia Gurreh Hawiyah Murile Ogaden Ilchamus Njemps Borana Burji Dasenach Gabra Galla
Kalenjin and include the Kipsigis, Nandi, Tugen, Marakwet, Keiyo, Pokot, Terik and Sabaot. This is a large group predominant in the western edge of the Rift Valley in Baringo, Eldoret, Kericho, Kitale and areas surrounding Mt Elgon. The Kalenjin are a powerful political force. Former President Moi is from the Tugen sub-group. River Lake Nilotes
The Luo, who live on the western side near Lake Victoria, the third largest fresh water lake in the world, are the largest of Kenya’s Nilotes. They are fishermen and farmers. They played a key role in the
313,925 1,916,317 180,149 949,835 78,691 240,886 5,484 11,000 33,187 300,741 109,906 632,557 10,132 2,385,572 141,111 177,855 515,948 693,792 58,160 176,821 621,885 27,288 5,228 161,399 23,735 12,530 89,515 8,146
Gosha Konso Orma Rendile Sakuye Waat Galjeel Kenyan Arabs Kenyan Asians Kenyan Europeans Kenyan Americans Isaak Leysan East Africa Uganda Tanzania Twanda Burundi Other Africans Asians Europe Americans Caribbeans Australians
21,864 1,758 66,275 60,437 26,784 6,900 7,553 40,760 46,782 5,166 2,422 3,160 5,941 75,073 33,002 34,511 3,805 3,755 244,866 35,009 27,172 6,014 112 719
* Refused to be identified by sub-groups Source: Kenya Census 2009, August 2010
struggle for independence as trade unionists and politicians. They are the third largest group in terms of population in the country and have power and influence.
Bantu The word ‘Bantu’ simply means ‘human beings’. They migrated from Central Africa at about 2000 BC. A sedentary agricultural life pressurised them to move in search of more fertile lands. The Bantu are divided into three sub-categories: Highland, inter-lacustrine and North-East Coast groups. The Bantu are industrious farmers. Bantu speakers account for nearly
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
10,783 6,294 69,110 1,088 5,294 1,611 1,471 1,636 1,419 3,829 1,890 2,607 487 172 711 699 299 289 644 281 4,967,328 95,842 25,099 3,704 15,956 35,015 2,844 6,058
KK EE NN Y Y A
Swahili (So Stated)* Amu Bajuni Chitundi Jomvu Munyoyaya Mvita Ngare Pate Siu Vumba Wachangamwe Wafaza Wakatwa Wakilifi Wakilindini Wamtwapa Washaka Watangana Watikuu Kalenjin Kalenjin (So Stated)* Arror Bon’gomek Cherangany Dorobo El Molo Endo
45
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Kenya’s origins
46
Kenya is named after a mountain of the same name. The Agikuyu people who live near Mt Kenya refer to it as Kirinyaga — ‘mountain of whiteness’ because of its snow-capped peak. Mt Kirinyaga became synonymous with the territory the British later claimed as a colony. However, the name Kenya arose out of the inability of the British to pronounce Kirinyaga correctly. The first people to settle in Kenya were indigenous Africans who migrated from other parts of the continent. Other visitors were traders, explorers and tourists who came from Portugal, Arabia, the Roman Empire, India and Greece. They visited the East African coast as early as the first century. Some went back to their countries, but others settled and intermarried with the locals, giving rise to a new Swahili culture along the coast. The civilisation base of craft industries, farming, fishing and international trade gave rise to coastal city states such as Pate, Lamu, Malindi, Gede, Mombasa and Vanga. Islam and Kiswahili were introduced. Foreign traders brought clothes, beads, wines, iron weapons, porcelain and handicraft in exchange for ivory, timber, gold, copper, rhinoceros horns, animal skins and slaves. The first major European presence was the arrival of the Portuguese in 1498.
www.statehousekenya.go.ke
two-thirds of the population although they traditionally occupy less than a third of the national territory. Their land, however, is among the most fertile, and supports agriculture and animal husbandry. North, East Coast Bantu
They include those who live near the Coast and in the plains: Pokomo, Taita, Makonde, Taveta and the ‘nine tribes’ of the Mijikenda (Digo, Chonyi, Kambe, Duruma, Kauma, Ribe, Rabai, Jibana and Giriama). Highland Bantu
They live in the central highlands near Mt Kenya and the Nyandarua (Aberdares) Range: Chuka, Aembu, Mbeere, Kamba, Agikuyu and Ameru. Inter-clusterine Bantu
They live in and to the north of the Lake Victoria basin in the west: Abagusii, Guba, Kuria and Abaluhya. Although each of the communities shares the root language, their own languages, dialects and variations are not necessarily mutually intelligible. The Agikuyu are the largest single group in Kenya. The Luhya are the second largest Bantu speakers. ‘Luhya’ refers to both the people and the languages, and the group has 16 sub-tribes. The dominant are the Maragoli, Abanyore, Isukha, Abakhayo and Abanyala in Busia and Kakamega, and Bukusu in Bungoma. Others are Abamarachi, Abatsosto, Abasamia, Tiriki, Wanga, Marama, Idakho, Kisa and Abatachoni. The Luhya are farmers who grow cassava, tea, maize, wheat, rice and sugarcane. The Bukusu and the Wanga are mainly
cash crop farmers and the Saamia fishermen and traders. The linguistic groupings form the rich cultural diversity that is the basis of Kenya’s development, social cohesion and peace. The diversity is a national driving force linguistically, economically and politically. Groups share many similarities and differences within and among themselves.
Others Kenya’s population is largely African but there are minorities: Asians (Indians, Pakistanis and Goans) and Europeans. National and official languages. After independence in 1963, the Government set policies on languages. Kiswahili was identified as the national language, and English as the official one. Kiswahili has a heavy base in Bantu languages
KK EE NN Y Y A
(Courtesy, National Museums of Kenya)
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Distribution of communities in Kenya
47
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Maasai: Pride in culture
48
The Maasai have preserved their culture despite Western influence. Their ancestors came from North Africa and migrated south along the Nile, arriving in northern Kenya in the 15th century. They moved south to Rift Valley and Tanzania and conquered many groups. The Maasai live in Kajiado and Narok, and practise nomadic pastoralism, and work in various sectors of the economy. The warrior is of great importance and pride in Maasai culture. From boyhood to adulthood, boys learn the responsibilities of manhood. Boys are mentored to become warriors. A ceremony, eunoto, is performed to graduate morans to warriors.
www.kenya-information-guide.com
at the Coast with a mixture of Arabic. Originally spoken at the Coast, the language is now widely spoken throughout Kenya and, indeed, eastern Africa. Kiswahili aims to create national cohesion and understanding based on communication of values through a common language. As Kenyans intermarry, Kiswahili has taken a new shape as it borrows from local languages and English to create a new language, Sheng. The official language, English, is used for international trade, education and jurisprudence. Both languages, however, are used in politics, among other situations.
First languages Kenyans use mother tongue for communication within their respective groups and as a form of identity. Mother tongues are an indispensable mode of communication and learning at regional and family level. Many children only get exposed to other languages when they start formal education. Many adults speak at least two languages: Mother tongue and either English or Kiswahili or both. Mother tongue is a distinctive feature distinguishing community affiliation and identity. Languages, with their implications for identity, communication, social integration, education and development, are of strategic importance. They carry the heritage of various communities with their music and oral traditions.
skirts. Women also often cover their heads with scarves. Muslims have near uniform dressing, with the ‘hijab’ for women and kanzu for men. The kofia (cap) is another characteristic head cover for Muslim men and Swahili people at the Coast. Each cap is recognisable by the patterns on it, and the embroidery design indicates its origins: Lamu, Mombasa or Malindi.
Housing Grass-thatched houses have been replaced by permanent or semipermanent rectangular iron-sheet houses. But Maa speakers and the Swahili at the Coast have retained their traditional architecture: The former have manyatta and the latter houses on narrow streets with elegantly curved wooden doors and windows.
Diversity
Dress Largely, men wear trousers and shirts, and women dresses and
Communities have adopted one another’s food preferences and recipes. With the exception of the Coast and Indian communities for whom food preparation is an elaborate process, nearly all other communities garnish their food by frying it. They also boil, bake in hot ashes and roast. Common foods include: Ugali: It is a sticky mixture of flour
and water and is accompanied by vegetables, meat, milk or milk mixed with blood especially for pastoralist communities. Traditionally, it is made from millet or cassava. But
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Food
KK EE NN Y Y A
Even though there are 42 communities, national identity takes pride of place. The population is approximated at 40 million with a growth rate of 3.8 per cent. Kenya’s diversity is the basis a more fulfilling intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life. Embracing cultural diversity provides a solid basis for the promotion for the nation. Cultural diversity is thus an asset that is indispensable in development and meeting national challenges.
49
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
maize flour has increasingly taken pride of place.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Meat: It is used to prepare sauces and stews. Communities have different ways of preparing meat, but roast meat is widely eaten as a delicacy especially in urban areas. Animals slaughtered for meat depend on the location, with beef and mutton the most common. Camel and game are the preserve of communities with access to the animals.
50
Maize: In the last quarter of the 20th century, maize replaced sorghum as the most important cereal in Kenya. It is roasted and eaten as a snack and sold on the streets and in markets. Green boiled maize, often garnished with salt, is also common. Among the Somali, fresh maize (galeey) is fried in oil and eaten as a snack. Dry maize is also fried to make popcorn, popular with children. Githeri: A mixture of green or dry
maize and beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas or even groundnuts is also popular. It is eaten as a main course or snack. Sometimes, it is pounded with Irish or sweet potatoes, bananas and green vegetables.
Fruits A wide range of traditional and exotic fruits are consumed in Kenya, usually as snacks. Mango, citrus fruits, banana, jackfruit, papaya, melons, guava, passion fruit, custard
Healthy eating Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet, including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat — red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, shellfish, and products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived gelatin and rennet. Vegetarianism may be adopted for ethical, health, environmental, religious, political, cultural, aesthetic, economic or other reasons. Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods, but may include fish, poultry, dairy products, and eggs. With these diets, the word “meat” is often defined as only mammalian flesh.
apple and avocado pear are common. Many traditional fruits such as baobab, wild custard apple, carissa, dialium, flacourtia (Indian plum), marula, vangueria, tamarind, vitex and ‘jujube’ are picked in the wild.
Vegetables They are used as accompaniments for starchy food such as ugali. Common traditional vegetables include baobab, cowpeas, amaranth, vine spinach, Ethiopian kale, pumpkin leaves, spider plant and hibiscus. Kale (sukuma wiki) is now the most common vegetable in Kenya.
Population 3,138,369 4,383,743 3,325,307 5,668,123 2,310,757 5,442,711 10,006,805 4,334,282
Religious Affiliation Religion Catholic Protestant Other Christian Muslim Hindu Traditionalist Other Religion No Religion Don’t Know
Total 9,010,684 18,307,466 4,559,584 4,304,798 53,393 635,352 557,450 922,128 61,233
Population The 2009 census released on August 31, 2010 put Kenya’s population at 38.6 million — 19.41 million women and 19.19 million men. The count of the population was done on the night of August 24 and 25 in 2009. The people were counted according to where they spent the reference night. The method used for data collection was through a questionnaire administered by pre-trained personnel. The Government spent Sh8.4 billion ($105 million) on the census and funded 95 per cent of the cost, with only 5 per cent coming from development partners. Of the money spent on the census, Sh5 billion ($62.5 million) was paid to
Missionaries and education
Missionaries introduced Western education in Kenya. The first missionaries to settle on the East African coast were Portuguese Roman Catholics. By 1557, they had established monasteries at Mombasa and Lamu. The second wave of Christian missionaries included the Lutherans, who were sent to Kenya through the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Among these were Johann Ludwig Krapf, Johann Rebman and Jacob Erhadt. The partition of Africa in 1884 established British rule in Kenya and led to an increase of Christian missionaries. As the missionaries established themselves on the mainland, they started schools as a means of converting Africans to Christianity. The CMS missionaries set up one of the earliest mission schools in the country at Rabai in 1846. Their
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Province Nairobi Central Coast Eastern N/Eastern Nyanza R/Valley Western
the 239,807 census personnel. Field personnel were 5,788 senior supervisors, 22,323 supervisors, 111,697 enumerators and 100,000 village elders. Twelve million questionnaires were used. In matters religion, Kenya has 9.01 million Catholics, 18.3 million Protestants, 4.5 million other Christians, 4.3 million Muslims, 53,393 Hindus and 635,352 traditionalists. People who profess other religions are 557,450, those who profess none are 922,128 and 61,000 responded that they did not know.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Population Numbers in 2009
51
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
52
acceptance was due to the fact that they used schools to rehabilitate slaves who had been returned after capture by Arabs. The Arabs had established themselves earlier on the coast, and introduced some schools where they taught the Koran. Thus, the Christian missionaries had to move further inland, away from the Muslims, where they could easily rehabilitate the returned slaves. With the construc-
Table 1: Population trends (1897 - 2009) Year
Population (million)
1897
2.5
1948
5.4
1962
8.6
1969
10.9
1979
15.3
1989
21.4
1999
28.7
2009
38.6
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
It is the highest mountain in Kenya and the secondhighest in Africa after Kilimanjaro. The highest peak of the mountain is Batian at 5,199m. Mt Kenya is south of the Equator, about 150km northeast of Nairobi. It is a volcano created about three million years. It has 11 small glaciers and the forested slopes are an important source of water for Kenya. There are eight vegetation bands from the base to the summit. Some 715km square is a national park that receives more than 15,000 visitors a year.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Mt Kenya
tion of the railway between Mombasa and Uganda, the missionaries expanded their work into Kenya’s interior. An attempt to set up a school and mission at Yatta in 1894 was resisted by the Akamba. Later, the British colonial government urged missionaries to expand the education system to include a technical focus in the curriculum in addition to religion. Although some were reluctant, for fear of losing the monopoly of schools to the government, some went along and even received funding. The missionaries then moved to western Kenya and set up schools and missions. The first school in the region was established at Kaimosi in 1902. In 1908, the missionaries formed a joint committee on education that later became the Missionary Board of Education, representing the Protestant missions in the British Protectorate. In 1909, the British government established an education board with Henry Scott of the Church of Scotland as the chair. At the same time, Fraser and Giroud Commissions were set up. The recommendations included a push for industrial development, technical education, and the teaching of religion as a moral foundation. The import of expensive labour from India was discouraged. Prof Fraser also recommended the establishment of a Department of Education. After the First World War, a more concerted effort by the British to develop African colonies was established. The British began reexamining and reevaluating education in the African territories. In 1923 the British secretary of state established a committee chaired by the parliamentary under-secretary of state to advise on the educational affairs of the African-Kenyans. This marked the beginning of the first educational policy by
53
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
the British colonial government. This period marked the beginning of the three-tier education system in Kenya — racially segregated schools for Europeans (whites), Asians, and Africans. It was also the start of a venture between the colonial government and missionaries. After independence, the three-tier system developed into three types of schools: Government, private or missionary, and harambee (a grassroot movement of self-help schools). Government schools, formerly reserved for whites, and the private schools were the best equipped. The missionary schools continued to exist although some were converted into Government schools. The quality of harambee schools, which were geared towards increasing education for Africans, depended on the economy of the location.
54
Islam
Islam is the second widely practised religion and the followers include the Sunni, Shi’a and Islamia. Muslims are about 10 per cent of the population. Although Islam has spread throughout Kenya, the largest number of Muslims is found in the coastal region and North-Eastern Province. Other parts of the country also have sizeable number of Muslims. Kadhi’s courts have legal jurisdiction over personal law for the Muslims — marriage, divorce and inheritance.
Education The education system offers eight years of primary education, four years of secondary school and four years of university education. The language of instruction from secondary school onwards is English. In lower primary in rural primary schools, vernacular dominant in a region is the language of instruction. Kenya has close to 25,000 primary schools, 6,000 high schools, 21 teacher training colleges, two diploma teacher training colleges, 66 technical training institutes and colleges of technology, four national polytechnics and seven public universities. It has many private institutions of higher learning. (See chapter on Education)
Physical features The country is divided into four distinct geographical and ecological zones. To the east, the coastal plain borders the Indian Ocean. This is followed by the low plateau that makes up Eastern and NorthEastern provinces. The highlands have Mt Kenya and adjoining areas, which are in Central Province. The Lake Victoria Basin is a bowl-shaped region in the west that borders Uganda and comprises Western and Nyanza provinces. Physical features in Kenya range from desert-like conditions, snow-capped mountains, sandy coastlines, freshwater lakes, savannah grasslands and fertile agricultural plantations to extinct
Mountains Kenya is home to the two of the three highest mountains of the African continent — Mt Kenya and Mt Elgon. It has several mountains and hills. Many of these geographical features are surrounded or have national parks. Mountain climbing, camping and game viewing are among some of the activities organised in the parks. Lodges and campsites accommodate visitors. Mt Kenya
It is 5,199m above sea level. Although located along the Equator, its slopes are permanently covered in snow and ice. The spectacular mountain is the home of hundreds of flora and fauna species and is a major tourist attraction. The park surrounding the moun-
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Those who went for higher education abroad in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s include founding President Jomo Kenyatta (Woodbrooke College and London School of Economics), former AG Charles Njonjo (Grays Inn Law School), President Mwai Kibaki (Makerere University and London School of Economics). Others are Mugo Gatheru (Roosevelt University), former Cabinet Ministers Mbiyu Koinange (Columbia University), Tom Mboya (Ruskin College, Oxford), Masinde Muliro (University of Cape Town) and Gikonyo Kiano (Stanford University). Kiano was the first Kenyan to obtain a PhD. Many more followed in the 1960s during the airlifts to the US and the Soviet Union.
volcanoes. Kenya’s territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles. The fishing zone is 200 nautical miles, and the continental shelf is 200m deep.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Pioneer graduates
55
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
tain hosts varied wildlife and vegetation. There are several lodges and hotels around Mt Kenya. Mt Longonot
It is a volcanic landform that rises to 2,776m above level and lies on the bed of the Great Rift Valley. Thrusting straight out of the Rift Valley floor, the cone of the mountain is composed of soft volcanic deposits that have eroded into deep gulches and narrow ridges. The extinct volcano is home to a variety of birds and wildlife, and is fairly easy to climb. The mountain has hot springs and steam seeps through vents in the solidified lava.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Mt Elgon
56
It is along the Kenya-Uganda border in the west and is 4,300m above sea level. Mt Elgon is an extinct volcano. It is often hidden in the clouds and has a jagged, much-eroded crater with flat-topped peaks that crop up like stumpy fingers of an upturned hand. Part of the eastern side of the mountain is in the Mt Elgon National Park. The fertile volcanic soil in the mountain region is ideal for coffee and maize farming Chyulu Hills
Framing the vast plains of Tsavo, and lying within view of Mt Kilimanjaro, are the Taita and Chyulu Hills. The Chyulu Hills are considered tsome of the youngest volcanic mountains in the world, born out of the earth only 500 years ago. The beautiful hills are bordered by an
expanse of black lava flow known as Sheitani, the source of many local legends. This is a paradise of elephant herds, cheetah and a wonderful view of Mt Kilimanjaro.
They are home to a private game sanctuary, with a wide variety of game, including the lion, cheetah and elephant. Prolific bird life includes the rare Taita falcon, a bird recorded in early Egyptian hieroglyphics. The Taita are three groups of hills — the Dabida, Sagalla and Kasigau. Namanga Hills
They are also known as the Ol Doinyo Orok Mountain. One of the last remaining mist forest ecosystems is here — in the southern end of Kenya. Part of the mountain crosses the border into Tanzania. The peak is at 8,360 feet. The Maasai live in the surrounding lands, and their hunting has had an impact on the wildlife populations. Animals in the Namanga Hills include antelopes, ostriches, hyenas and zebras. There is a national park in the hills, but it is not very popular parks with tourists. Water towers
Kenya has five key water towers: Mau Escarpment, Mt Kenya, Aberdares Ranges, Cherangany Hills and Mt Elgon. The Government has set out programmes to not only rehabilitate, but also protect them. Others
Menengai in Nakuru, Loroghi Hills in Samburu, Cherangany Hills in Trans Nzoia, Shimba Hills, Mt Marsabit and Mt Dukana on the Ethiopia border. Others are North Island Volcano, South Island Volcano, Barrier Volcano and Namarunu all near Lake Turkana. Nyambene Hills in Meru, Ngong Hills, Mt Kilimambogo, Mt Homa in the Winam Gulf and Suswa in Maasailand are some of the many mountains and hills in Kenya.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Flora in Mount Kenya varies with altitude, but not seasons. Lower down the mountain, the air has more moisture and oxygen, and the temperature is warm. As the altitude increases, the plants become specialised, with adaptations to strong sunlight, little oxygen and freezing night temperatures. Plants in the Afro-alpine zone overcome the difficulties. They retain water in the dry air and prevent the water freezing overnight. They also use dead leaves to protect buds from freezing. Another adaptation is to flower simultaneously. By synchronising their flowering, they increase chances of pollination. Plants in the Afro-alpine zone are large, an adaptation against the cold.
Taita Hills
KK EE NN Y Y A
Plants in the mountain
57
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
Kenya’s longest river The 708km Tana River originates in the Aberdare and Mt Kenya and flows to the Indian Ocean. Initially, it runs east before turning south round Mt Kenya. The river then turns into the Masinga Reservoir and the Kiambere Reservoir created by the Kindaruma Dam. Below the dam, the river turns north and flows the north-south boundary between Meru and North Kitui and Bisanadi, Kora and Rabole national reserves. In the reserves, the river turns east, and then southeast. It passes through Garissa, Hola and Garsen towns and then enters the Indian Ocean at Ungwana Bay.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
www.britannica.com/ Tana River
58
Lakes Lake Victoria
It is in western Kenya and the largest freshwater lake on the continent that supports a major fishing industry in the East African region. It is the second largest fresh water mass in the world and shared with Uganda and Tanzania. It covers 68,000 sq km. Lake Naivasha
At more than 2,000m above seal level, it is popular for fishing and boating. It has a few hippos, but no crocodiles. It is renowned for numerous bird species such as marabou storks, doves and fish eagles. The lake is only an hour’s drive from Nairobi and near Mt Longonot. It is the only freshwater body mass in the Rift Valley and has a thriving fishing industry. Lake Turkana
It has saline water and borders Ethiopia. It is 320sq km, the most spectacular of Africa’s lakes. Commonly referred to as the Jade Sea due to its electric blue-green colour, the lake is surrounded by dry desert and hills. Economic activities around the lake include fishing and tourism. It also provides water to the Turkana and Pokot pastoralist communities. Lake Nakuru
Situated on the floor of the Rift Valley, it is surrounded by a beautiful national park of acacia forest. It is a World Heritage Site famous for its more than one million pink flamingo population. It is also home to more than 450 bird species and wildlife, including the leopard, waterbuck, impala, eland, Rothschild’s giraffe, black rhino, zebra and ostrich. The park is also renowned for big pythons.
Lake Bogoria
This is another saline water mass near Lake Baringo. The lake’s
primary attraction is a series of furiously erupting hot springs and flamingoes. The area surrounding the lake has a variety of birdlife: Fish eagles, pelicans, avocets and steppe eagles. Wildlife in the park includes buffaloes, hyenas, dik-dik and warthog. Lake Magadi
It lies in a Rift Valley depression, a vast shallow pool of soda, sludge of alkaline water. It is the world’s second largest source of sodium carbonate.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
The water mass is 60km north of Nakuru town and is surrounded by a scenic rugged semi-desert landscape. Lake Baringo is saline and on the floor of the Rift Valley. The lake is another birdwatchers’ paradise, with more than 450 bird species and home to crocodiles and hippos. Activities at the lake include fishing, skiing, surfing and boat rides.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Lake Baringo
59
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
Lake Elmenteita
It is a small (18sq km) soda lake in the eastern sweep of the Great Rift Valley. It is surrounded by spectacular country that played an important role in the early colonial history of Kenya. This was the estate and stronghold of Lord Delamere.Lake Elmenteita lies in the shadow of a hill locally known as the ‘Sleeping Maasai’. The lake attracts many visiting flamingo, and along the shores graze zebra, gazelle, eland and warthog.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Lake Kamnarok
60
It is a at the base of the Kerio Valley. The name originated from the word ‘narok’, a species of a water plant that was found in the lake in the early stages of its formation. It is The lake 1km2. The 1961 floods enlarged it and residents were evacuated. The lake was gazetted in 1984, leading to the creation of Lake Kamnarok Game Reserve, the home of 500 elephants. Lake Logipi
It is saline and lies at the northern end of the Suguta Valley in Samburu. Lake Logipi is between three and five metres deep, and is 6km wide and 3km long. Flamingoes inhabit the saline waters. It is separated from Lake Turkana by the Barrier volcanic complex, a group of volcanoes that last erupted the late 19th Century or early 20th Century. Hot springs discharge on the northern shoreline of Lake Logipi
Did you know ...? The Kore people of Lamu are near extinct and only a few hundred are left. They were defeated by the Maasai over 100 years ago, and taken into slavery by the Somali. They were freed by the British and returned to Kenya. The Aweer, also called Boni, is a small and isolated group at the Kenyan coast near the Somalia border. They are hunters and gatherers. The Dahalo live among the Swahili and are near extinct. The Bajuni are found along the coast in Somalia and northern Kenya. Indian Ocean islands near Kismayu are populated with the Bajuni. They are fishermen and sailors. Their language is Kibajuni,
www.kenyabook.com/ kenyatribes
and maintain water at times of extreme aridity. During the rainy season, the lake is recharged from the Suguta River, forming a temporary lake, Alablab. Lake Jipe
Located at the south-western tip of the Tsavo National Park, Lake Jipe is framed by tall reeds, with plenty of hippo, elephant and birdlife painting its shallow waters. The lake is one of Kenya’s most important wetlands, providing refuge for numerous water and marsh birds. There is a motor boat for hire at the gate.
Before the formation of the Rift Valley, Kenya’s climate and vegetation could best be characterised as tropical. But geological changes that created the rift valley triggered extreme climatic changes. After millions of years of evolution, the climate ranges from semi-arid to tropical and temperate. Kenya is a country in the equator and there are slight changes in temperatures throughout the year. However, there are major differences in average temperatures
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Climate
Kenya’s biggest rivers are Tana and Athi in the east part of the country. They account for more than 90 per cent of the hydropower generated in the country. In the west part of the country are Mara, Nyando, Nzoia, Yala and Sondu-Miriu rivers, which empty into Lake Victoria. In the north is the Turkwell River, which drains into Lake Turkana. Other rivers include Sabaki, Ewaso Ng’iro, Gucha, Kerio, Mbagathi, Nairobi, Naro Moru, Njoro and Tsavo.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Rivers
61
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
Kenya’s black gold
and rainfall in the regions. This is mainly because of the winds and differences in the height above sea level. The rains come in two seasons: The long rains between March and June, and the short ones between October and November. Generally, temperatures are higher in January, February and March.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Flora
62
The country produced 57,000 metric tonnes of coffee in 2008/09 crop year. Of this, specialty is estimated at 50 per cent. The volume of coffee produced in the country has been on a decline from a high of 128,000 metric tonnes in 1987/88 to 42,000 in 2007/08. According to Eastern Africa Fine Coffees Association, high production costs and limited availability of land, labour and water are key challenges for the coffee industry. In Kenya, hundreds of thousands of smallholder farmers belong to cooperative societies. Efforts have been made to increase productivity. www.eafca.org
The vegetation and animals of Kenya reflect the variety of its topography and climate. At the Coast, mangrove swamps and coconut trees flourish. Rain forests, Arabuko Sokoke, abound about. The hinterland and northern regions are covered with grasslands, low bush and scrub, giving way to the highlands and plains. The highlands are partly forest, full of bamboo and trees. The most common are the African Olive, African camphor, podo, pencil cedar and Meru oak. Beyond the highlands is open savannah dotted with thorn trees. Further north, closer to Lake Turkana in the more arid areas, is bare earth, low lying scrubs and stony land. Kenya’s flora comprises thousands of plant species. During the dry seasons, the grasslands and savannah are covered by lifeless yellow grass, but as soon as the rains start, the grass becomes green and flowers colourful. The plains are covered with acacia and baobab. Kenya has more than 40 acacia varieties, which are valuable for hardwood. They also provide food for wildlife, especially in the Masai Mara where they are found in plenty. Major forests at the Coast, Central and Western highlands support a rich and diverse range of plant and tree species. In western Kenya, equatorial-like forests have massive trees and dense undergrowth. This creates perfect sanctuaries for smaller mammals and plants.
Fauna Kenya has a variety of wildlife not only in national parks and game reserves, but also in the open grasslands where game has co-exists with
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
communities for hundreds of years. The zebra, hippopotamus, wildebeest, rhinoceros and elephant are some of the wildlife Kenya is famous for the world over. The Big Five, too — lion, elephant, rhino, leopard and buffalo. Birds, too, the big and small, are prominent, including flamingoes, vultures and ostriches. Birds are special in helping identify rich biodiversity and Kenya has more than 1,000 species. It has at least 60 Important Bird Areas (IBAs). These are places of global importance for bird con-
KK EE NN Y Y A
As the altitude gets higher — on Mt Kenya and Mt Elgon — the forests give way to bamboo, moorland and plains. They are covered with evergreen forests in the lower levels. The third largest range of mountains is the Aberdares, whose highest point reaches 4,000m above sea level.
63
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
servation. They have threatened and special species. Today, there are many animal varieties, but some have become extinct. Wildlife is a leading tourist attraction. The areas hosting game are protected in 33 national parks and reserves. Kenya’s fauna comprises more than 80 major species of animals. Rain forests are home to Kenya’s unique species of animals — chameleons, squirrels, bats, frogs, monkeys and birds. Forests in the central highlands are mostly mountainous and have afro-alpine vegetation. (See chapter on Tourism and Wildlife)
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Tea
64
Tea and coffee are gold of the country. It is ranked Kenya’s leading export and the country the third largest producer in the world after India and Sri Lanka. There are many varieties of tea, but Kericho’s black tea is believed to be the world’s best. The UK, Pakistan and Egypt are the leading markets.
and mowed without the use of agricultural chemicals.
Coffee Kenya’s brands are among the worlds’ best. As with tea, Kenya has a fantastic climate and soil for coffee production. The high plateaus near Mt Kenya and in the west and east are covered with coffee plantations. The Kenyan brand has gained more international prominence as it is organically grown, mulched, pruned
Administrative units Before the enactment of the new Constitution on August 4, 2010, Kenya was divided into provinces, districts, divisions, locations and sub-locations. The new laws have created the county as the level of devolution. Though the new Constitution does
Gedi Ruins They are in the north coast of Mombasa towards Malindi. Gedi was a small town built from rocks and stones. It was inhabited by a few thousand Swahili people and ruled by a rich Sultan. The ruins date back to the 15th century, and due to preservation most of the original foundation is intact. A well-informed guide gives a tour of the ruins. They are national museum by law, and their preservation is a reflection of the Government’s commitment to uphold the country’s cultural and historical background.
Nairobi Province
The word ‘Nairobi’, derived from Maasai enkare nyirobi, means ‘place of cool waters’. Though close to the equator, the city’s climate is cool. Temperatures rarely fall below 5 degrees Fahrenheit (convert to centigrade) or rise above 12 degrees.
Nairobi is a busy city, with high skyscrapers and whose population stands at more than three million. A similar number of people commute to the city every day. It has a thriving industrial business where clothes, beverages and cigarettes are manufactured. Chemical and plastic industries too boom. The city is the country’s leading agricultural market and hosts a bustling wholesale market —Waku-
KK EE NN Y Y A
not scrap the provincial Administration system, it will be restructured in five years.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
www.mombasainfo.com
65
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Ngong Hills
66
They are in a ridge along the Great Rift Valley in southern Kenya. The word ‘Ngong’ is Maasai meaning ‘knuckles’ due to the four-hill peaks of the ridge. The Ngong Hills overlook the Nairobi National Park. From the west side slopes, they overlook the Great Rift Valley, dropping more than 4,000 feet where Maasai villages have been developed. The peak of the Ngong Hills is 8070 feet above sea level. During British colonial rule, the surrounding area was a settler farming region, and colonial houses still exist. In the 1985 film Out of Africa, the four peaks of the Ngong Hills appear in the background of several scenes near Karen Blixen’s house. In the 1990s, residents reported seeing lions in the hills. The solitary grave of Denys Finch Hatton, marked by an obelisk and garden, is located on the eastern slopes of the Ngong Hills, overlooking the vast game reserve.
lima — which receives fresh produce from the highlands and other parts of the country daily. It is also home to the National Museums of Kenya, the country’s prestigious collection of natural history. Nairobi hosts two of the largest public universities, Nairobi and Kenyatta, in addition to many private ones. All the seven public universities have campuses in the city. Nairobi is linked to Mombasa, the biggest port in the region, and Uganda by railway. There is also a good road network to Tanzania and Sudan. (See also chapter on Local Authorities)
Central Province The region is the ancestral home of the Agikuyu. The province covers an area of 13,191 km2 and, according to the 1999 census, had a population of about four million, making it the most densely populated region in Kenya. The province borders Nairobi, Rift Valley and Eastern provinces. The climate is cooler than that of the rest of Kenya due to the region’s high altitude. As a result, it is one of the most agriculturally productive. It is the leading producer of coffee. Dairy farming is also widely practised. Rainfall is fairly reliable, falling between March and May (long rains) and October and November (short rains). Nyeri town is the provincial headquarters. During the colonial period, the region was part of the so-called ‘White Highlands’. The residents rose up against the colonisers in the Mau Mau liberation war to reclaim their land. The region is part of Kenya’s political history and the home of first President Jomo Kenyatta and President Kibaki, the current Head of State.
Coast The region is 480km long along the Indian Ocean from the Tanzanian border to the south and the Somali border in the north. The region is world famous for mangrove swamps, rocky inlets and palm trees. The beaches are protected from ocean waves by a wide coral fringe and barrier reefs. Throughout the centuries, the reefs supplied building materials for coastal cit-
ies. They also shelter hundreds of aquatic species and are home to three marine national parks: Kisite, Watumu and Malindi. The coastal climate is hot and humid with little variation in annual temperature (87 F during the day, rarely below 68 F in the evening). The strip along the ocean is fertile and ideal for sugar cane and sisal plantations. Further north towards the Somalia border is the Lamu World Heritage Site, a pristine coastal town honoured for its preservation of Swahili culture and unique architecture. Mombasa
This the second largest town in Kenya, about 500km to the southeast of Nairobi. It has for long been referred to as the gateway to East Africa. Mombasa, the provincial headquarters of Coast Province, stands on a coral reef. Kilindini harbour is the best in East Africa with modern facilities for large vessels and warehouses. The old port is still used by dhows and smaller vessels. Mombasa is an island separated from the mainland by two creeks, Tudor and Kilindini. It is connected to the mainland by the Nyali Bridge to the north, Likoni Ferry to the south and Makupa Causeway to the west. Moi International Airport is in the town. Fort Jesus, now a museum, was built by the Portuguese between 1594 and 1610. The town was originally known as ‘Kisiwa cha Mvita’, the island of war, epitomising
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
It is the headquarters of Central Province and is about 150km from Nairobi. It is between the Aberdares Range and the western slopes of Mt Kenya. Due to its location in the fertile central highlands where food and water are readily available, the cost of living is lower than many other towns. Lord Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the scouting movement, was buried in Nyeri. It is the home town of famous Kenyans, including Dedan Kimathi, the Mau Mau liberation movement hero, Kenya and Africa’s only female Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, top athlete Catherine Ndereba and President Kibaki. Nyeri has a few light industries, a Coca Cola plant and the New Kenya Cooperative Creameries factory. The national police training college is at Kiganjo. Other towns in the region include Thika, Kerugoya, Murang’a, Kiambu, Nyahururu, Maragua and Karatina.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Nyeri
67
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
UN in Nairobi The United Nations Office at Nairobi is the UN’s African headquarters. The office complex is also the headquarters of the UN Environment Programme and UN-HABITAT. The Gigiri Complex is a potent symbol of the UN’s commitment to equitable social and economic development, and to breaking the shackles of poverty in Africa. It also serves other UN agencies in Kenya and provides world-class conference and information facilities. UNON is headed by a DirectorGeneral at Under-SecretaryGeneral level, who reports to the UN Secretary-General. After 40 years in Kenya, the UN is not only a fundamental nucleus for UN operations, but also a key player in the regional economy. It has 75 regional and employs about 800 international and 2,000 local staff.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
www.unon.org
68
its troubled history before the end of the 19th century. The date when Mombasa was built is unknown, but it is the oldest town in Kenya and is mentioned by Arab geographer Al Idrisi in his 1151AD chronicles. Mombasa has always been an important trading centre with the rest of the world. Other key towns in Coast Province are Malindi, Lamu, Watamu (East Africa’s first marine national park), Voi and in Diani.
North Eastern Province It has a population of 962,143 (in 1999) and the land area is 126,902 km2. The province is
Garissa
Garissa, the provincial headquarters, is built on the banks of the Tana River, the only natural water source in the province. The town is the gateway to the north-east and the road from Thika to Garissa is in good condition. The town centre has modern business and hotel blocks and the main streets are attractive. The town’s source of power is diesel-generated power. Other towns in the province are Wajir, Mandera and Ijara.
It borders Uganda and is west of the Rift Valley. In 1999, the population was 3,358,776 inhabitants in 8,361 km2. This is the home of the Abaluhya people. The province has sixteen districts and Kakamega town is the provincial headquarters. The province has diverse physical features, from the hills of northern Bungoma to the plains bordering Lake Victoria in Busia, the lowest altitude in the province. The highest point in the region is the peak of Mt Elgon, the second highest mountain in Kenya. The province receives heavy rainfall all year round. Farming is the main economic activity and the key crops are maize, pearl millet and sorghum. Dairy farming and poultry rearing are also widely practised. The climate is tropical. Kakamega District is hot and wet most of the year. Sugar is the region’s main cash
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Western Province
KK EE NN Y Y A
the traditional home of the Somali of Kenya. The province hosts the largest refugee camp in Africa, Daadab, dominated by refugees from Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan. The province is the third largest in Kenya. Other significant towns in the region are Mandera and Wajir. The Somali, though the most homogenous in Africa, is divided along clan lines, with the Gugudhabe, Degodia, Ogaden, Hawadle, Marhan, Garre, Ajuran, Shekhaal and Isaaq dominating the province. The climate is semi-arid and hot. Rain falls infrequently, usually in April or October, and quite sporadically from year to year. Due to high temperatures and evaporation, the residents are nomadic pastoralists and their livelihood is dependent on the camels and goats. The pastoralists rely solely on wells to water their animals and for domestic use as there are no rivers except the tributaries of the Juba River near the border with Somalia. However, they are seasonal. The area produces nearly 70 per cent of Kenya’s livestock. It is also home of the rare and endangered Hirola antelope and giraffes and gazelles. The only airport in the province is in Wajir (previously a military airport) and an airstrip in the Dadaab Refugee Camp that serves international NGOs and UN staff, who provide humanitarian aid.
69
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Mt Kilimambogo
70
Also called Ol Donyo Sabuk (big mountain) by the Maasai, Mt Kilimambogo is 7,037 feet in height. The Agikuyu call it Kianjahi (mountain of the long rains). The mountain peak is in a game park 65km north of Nairobi. It has an excellent and clear view of the city and other lowland areas. Wildlife species include buffalo, colobus monkeys, baboons, bushbuck, impala, duiker and abundant birdlife. The mountain is the highest peak in the park. The mountain’s attraction is its beauty and views of Mt Kenya and Mt Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Near the summit lie the graves of Sir William Northrup McMillan (1872-1925) and his wife Lady Lucie and their house helper. At the foot of the mountain, Macmillan entertained Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill when they paid him a courtesy call. At the mountain base sits Donyo Sabuk town.
crop. The Kakamega rain forest, now the Kakamega National Forest Reserve, attracts of tourists and researchers. It is home to Africa’s most aggressive cobra, Kakamega Forest cobra, black mamba and forest adder. It is also one of Kenya’s well-known bird sanctuaries. Bungoma District is colder but also wet. Busia is the warmest and experiences flooding when River Nzioa bursts its banks. Vihiga is the coldest and most densely populated. Tea is the district’s economic mainstay. Dairy farming is also a major economic activity. Western Province has many factories, including sugar-processing plants (four factories). The largest is Mumias Sugar Company. It produces Kenya’s best-known sugar brand and is one of the economic success stories in the western region. The largest paper factory in Africa, the Pan Paper Mills (recently reopened), is also in the province. Kakamega
It is Western’s provincial headquarters and is 52km north of Kisumu, Kenya’s third largest town. It is a farming and sugar industry town that lies 30km north of the Equator. Kakamega Forest is the main attraction near the town. Through a German-funded project, BIOTA, inventories of all sorts of forest life have been recorded since 2001. The town also attracts many tourists interested in the forest’s 400 bird species. Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology was established in the region in 2006 as the town’s maiden institution of higher learning. It is named after an illustrious politician from the region, Masinde Muliro. In the 1930s, Kakamega attracted a lot of attention when gold was discovered. Other
It is not only Kenya’s largest of the eight provinces, but also one of the most vibrant economically. The province has 19 districts and 49 MPs. It is the traditional home of the Kalenjin and Maasai communities although it is cosmopolitan with nearly all communities in Kenya living in the region.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Rift Valley Province
The region got its name from the Great Rift Valley, which passes through the province. The East African Rift Valley is a huge spectacular scar in the earth’s crust, running from the Red Sea to Mozambique. The Keiyo Escarpment is an outstanding view of the valley and is an unparalleled geographical feature. Agriculture is Rift Valley’s mainstay because rainfall is adequate and soils fertile. In Kericho, tea is the main cash crop. Horticulture is widely practised near Nakuru and Naivasha. Cattle rearing and ranch-
KK EE NN Y Y A
towns in Western Province include Mumias, Bungoma, Busia and Malaba border towns, Webuye and Luanda.
71
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Kit-Mikayi
72
ing are also practised and some of the largest remnants of ‘white farms’ are in the region. Many athletes who have dominated world athletics in the middle and long distance are from the Rift Valley. They have invested their earnings in Eldoret town and boosted the region’s economy. The region has many geographical features that attracts many tourists. The region has extinct volcanoes such as Mt Longonot and Suswa and lakes Bogoria, Magadi, Nakuru, Naivasha and Turkana. Nakuru
It is Rift Valley’s provincial headquarters and the fourth largest town in Kenya. Nakuru started was the capital of settlers during the hey day of the so-called White Highlands during the colonial era. Tourism is Nakuru’s economic activity and the town is well endowed with natural
It is a large rock formation on the Kisumu-Bondo road in western Kenya, 29km west of Kisumu. It means ‘stones of the first wife’ in Dholuo. The rock is about 70 to 80ft tall. The legendary story behind Kit Mikayi goes thus: A long time ago, an old man, Ngeso, was in love with the stone. When he woke up, he could walk into the cave inside the stone and stay the whole day. His wife brought him breakfast and lunch everyday. When the wife was asked of his whereabouts, she answered: He has gone to his first wife (mikayi). KitMikayi is a regional sightseeing point and a popular local pilgrimage site for followers of the Legio Maria sect who pray and fast at the rock for weeks.
The region is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, North-Eastern and Coast provinces to the east and south and Central to the west. It is the traditional home of the Akamba, Ameru, Aembu, Borana and Rendille, among others. It is the second largest province after the Rift Valley with an area of 159,891 km2. Five of the seven forks hydroelectric power generating dams are in the province: Kindaruma, Kamburu, Gitaru, Masinga and Kiambere. Part of Lake Turkana and the Meru National Park, home of the white rhino, are also in the province. The region has outstanding geographical features: The Yatta Plateau, the River Tana (the largest and longest river in Kenya, whose source is the Aberdares Ranges and Mt Kenya) runs through the province. Kenya’s only desert, Chalbi, and Marsabit Mountain, often referred to as an “island in the desert”, are in in the province. The River Ewaso Ng’iro is in the province, but goes underground and emerges in Somalia.
It is the headquarters of the province, about 120km northeast of Nairobi on the south-eastern slopes of Mt Kenya. Embu is a centre for services and trade in the province. It has a small airstrip, a few kilometres south-east of the town. Other towns in Eastern Province include Meru, Machakos, Kitui, Kibwezi, Marsabit, Isiolo and Marsabit.
Nyanza Province It is 385km north of Nairobi and in the south West corner of Kenya. It is 32912km2, 15,979km of which is under water, as it hosts the largest part of Lake Victoria. It is the home of the Luo, Nilotes, although there are Bantu speakers such as the Abagusii and the Kuria and a few Abaluhya. Interestingly, the province derives its name, Nyanza, from the Sukuma, a Bantu-speaking community in Tanzania, meaning a large mass of water. The climate is tropical humid and the average population distribution is 300 people for a square kilometre. The highland areas of Kisii, Nyamira and Gucha, which receive more rainfall than the lowlands, are more densely populated. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and tobacco are the region’s cash crops. Economically, Nyanza is diverse, vibrant and endowed with human and natural resources. The rich soils of the Kisii highlands support agriculture and live-
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Eastern Province
Embu
KK EE NN Y Y A
resources. Lake Nakuru National Park, famous for its pink flamingoes, has many wild animals that attract tourists. Other important towns in the Rift Valley include Eldoret, Kapsabet, Naivasha, Kitale and Nanyuki. (See also chapter on Local Authorities)
73
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
stock rearing. The region produces bananas, sugarcane and sweet potatoes, which are sold to markets in Nairobi and other towns. Lake Victoria has a thriving fishing industry that supports close to 60,000 fishermen. About 80 per cent of Kenya’s fish and fish products are from the province. Rivers Nyando, Sondu Miriu and Yala traverse the province and drain into the lake. River Nyando supports a rice-growing belt and Sondo Miriu supports a hydroelectric power dam. Tourism destinations include historical sites such as Thimlich Ohinga, an ancient stone-dwelling similar to the great ruins of Zimbabwe, the Ruma National Park and Rusinga, Migingo and Mfangano islands. Kit Mikayi (Dholuo for the ‘first wife’s weeping rock’), a large rock formation, is also in the province.
74
Kisumu
It is the provincial headquarters of Nyanza Province. It became an administrative centre after the completion of the railway line from Mombasa in 1901. Before the breakup of the East African Community in 1977, Kisumu was an important transport hub among Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. In the Lake Victoria basin, Kisumu is the second most important city after Kampala. It is surrounded by agriculturally rich area supporting large-scale sugar farming and
HOLIDAYS In Kenya, certain days have been set aside as public and national holidays. The new Constitution, however, provides for only three national days — Madaraka Day, Mashujaa Day (Kenyatta Day) and Jamhuri Day. Religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter and Idd-Ul-Fitr remain.
January 1: New Years Day
Celebrated internationally. It marks the beginning of the calendar year and is often celebrated with fireworks, music and dance at the stroke of midnight. Kenya marks the beginning of preparations for return to school and work after the December and Christmas holidays.
Good Friday (March or April)
A Christian holiday celebrated as the anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ and is marked on the Friday before Easter.
Easter Monday
It is the Christian celebration of the resurrection of Christ.
Labour Day (May 1)
It celebrates the labour union movement that protects and advances the interests of workers.
rice irrigation. Tourists visit the town’s destinations such as Kisumu Museum and the Impala Sanctuary. The museum hosts ethnographical and natural history collections of the western region. The sanctuary has impala and several caged animals. On the shores of Lake Victoria is a spectacular sunset view in Dunga known as hippo point. Kisumu is the hometown of many nationalists, including Prime Minister Raila Odinga, his father Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, Achieng Oneko and Tom Mboya. Other important towns
Id Ul Fitr
Usually marked in mid-September. The holiday marks the end of Ramadhan, the holy month of fasting for Muslims. Ramadhan is observed in the ninth month of the Muslim calendar.
Moi Day (October 10)
The new Constitution has scrapped it. It marked the day President Daniel Moi, Kenya’s second Head of State, was confirmed as President. No official functions have been held since 2002, with Moi saying Kenyans should visit less fortunate on the day.
Kenyatta Day (October 20)
The new Constitution has renamed it Mashujaa or Heroes Day. It is named after founding President Jomo Kenyatta, who was arrested, among thousands of freedom fighters, in 1952. He later became the first Prime Minister (19631964) and President (1964-1978).
in Nyanza are Kisii, Siaya, Bondo, Migori, Ahero, Kendu Bay, Homa Bay and Mbita Point.
Land reforms When the British colonialists first stepped into East Africa and cobbled up a country later renamed Kenya, they created problems which have lasted more than 100 years and occasionally boil down to armed conflicts which have claimed thousands of people. Illiterate tribal chiefs were duped to sign away their
Jamhuri Day (December 12)
Kenya celebrates the attainment of independence from the British colonialists. The British flag was lowered and Kenya’s was hoisted for the first time at Uhuru Gardens in Nairobi at midnight.
Christmas Day (December 25) Christians all over the world remember the birth of Jesus Christ. It is the climax of the December festivities.
Boxing Day (December 26)
The day after Christmas is a holiday. Internationally, it is the day for opening presents and boxes received on Christmas Day, hence the name ‘boxing’.
www.travelguide.net/kenya
land for minor gifts such as blankets. And this marked the genesis of a complex land problem, which has on several occasions threatened to tear the country apart. Land theft had prompted Kenyans to pick up arms against the colonialists to get it back and liberate their people who had been reduced to squatters in their own country. The colonialists eventually relinquished power, but the land question has not been conclusively resolved. The country measures approximately 582,645km square.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
It marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule from the British colonialists in 1963.
Heroes and heroines of the struggle for independence are remembered for the sacrifice they made at concentration camps. They include the Kapenguria Six who were tried and jailed for seven years: Kenyatta, Achieng Oneko, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai, Kungu Karumba and Paul Ngei.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Madaraka Day (June 1)
75
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Chalbi Desert
76
It is a small desert in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia east of Lake Turkana, the largest permanent desert lake in the world. Marsabit is the closest town. Chalbi, which in Gabbra means ‘bare and salty’, is Kenya’s only true desert and is surrounded by volcanoes and ancient lava flows. It is home to the Rendille and Gabbra. It is the harshest of the entire northwestern section and only the toughest of species survive. Stretching up to Huri Hills towards the Ethiopian border, Chalbi pretends to be a simmering lake, but it is an ocean of hot and dry volcanic sand, with no shelter or oasis. When the rains come, the desert turns into a non-navigable shallow lake. The discovery of fossilised fish vertebrae and snail shells is an indication that there existed a large lake 10,000 years ago. The lake is an expanse of clay and white salt, where the horizon dissolves into a mirage and where can be found herds of oryx, ostrich or even Grevys zebra galloping across this great whiteness.
www.enchanted-landscape.com/ chalbi
Of the total area, 97.8 per cent is land, while 2.2 per cent is covered by water. But only 20 per cent of it is suitable for agriculture. The rest is arid and semi-arid. The pressure on the land is high as more than 75 per cent of the population lives in the arable parts. Even after independence in 1963, colonial settlers continued to hold large swathes of land as they had 999-year leases. The colonial government established two systems of land ownership: Customary and statutory under 17 statutes.
New Constitution With the enactment of the new Constitution and the adoption of the National Land Policy, most of the problems associated with land will begin to be resolved. The new Constitution (Chapter 5 Sections 60-68) classifies into public, private and community and points out that all land in Kenya belongs to the people collectively as a nation, communities and individuals. Public land
It refers to land unalienated by the Government, used or occupied by a State organ, which no individual or community ownership can be established, minerals and mineral oils, Government forests, and game reserves. Other lands that fall into this category are water catchment areas, national parks, Government animal sanctuaries, roads, rivers, lakes and other water bodies, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the sea bed. The continental shelf, land between the high and low water marks and any land not classified as private or community land also fall in this category. In the county, public land will be held in trust for the people by a county government and administered on their behalf
Community land
Private land
It will be held by communities on the basis of ethnicity, culture or similar interest. It comprises land registered in the name of group representatives, transferred to a specific community and land held, managed or used by communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines.
It consists of land held by a person under freehold tenure and leasehold tenure. Non-citizens
A non-citizen can only hold land on leasehold tenure, and the lease cannot exceed 99 years. Any land
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Other pieces of land that fall in this category are ancestral lands and those traditionally occupied by hunter-gatherer communities, held as trust land by the county governments,
KK EE NN Y Y A
by the National Land Commission. Other pieces of land will be held by the national government in trust for the people and administered on their behalf by the National Land Commission.
77
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
whose lease was beyond this — like the 999 leaseholds held by some multinational companies or individuals — the provision will revert to 99-year leaseholds National Land Commission
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Laikipia plateau
78
Laikipia is a vast plateau Kenya on the Equator. It stretches from the Great Rift Valley to the magnificent escarpments which descend into the Northern Frontier District. The Laikipia plains are covered by open grasslands, basalt hills, lonely kopjes and dense cedar forests fed by the Ewaso Nyiro and Ewaso Narok rivers. This spectacular region is often considered the gateway to Kenya’s wild northern frontier. Laikipia is made up of community group and private ranches — commercial cattle ranches, agricultural enterprises, wildlife conservancies and pastoralist grazing lands. www.sunsafaris.com/ laikipia-plateau
It is established by the new Constitution and its functions are to manage public land on behalf of the national and county governments, recommend a national land policy to the national government, advise the national government on a comprehensive programme for the registration of titles in throughout Kenya and to conduct research on land and the use of natural resources. The Commission will also investigate present or historical land injustices, and recommend redress, encourage the application of traditional dispute resolution mechanisms in land conflicts, assess tax on land and premiums on immovable property and have oversight over land use.
Land policy The Cabinet and Parliament approved the new land policy, which recognises land not just as a commodity for trade, but also as a principal source of livelihood. This will correct the injustices against women, children and minority groups. The policy further plans to stop hoarding of land for speculation by introducing taxes to discourage ownership of idle land. It also gives the State power to regulate private land. A classic example is the 117-yearold Married Women’s Property Act of 1882 targeted for repeal to pave way for a more responsive and modern matrimonial Act sympathetic to spouses whose contribution to the matrimonial property cannot be quantified.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Kenya became a colony under the British. Pastoralists will benefit from the repeal of the Group Representatives Act so that individual rights are recognised yet ensure they maintain their unique land use. At the Coast, the Government will make an inventory of its land at the 10-mile strip, and vest it under communities, which will hold it in trust for the residents. Currently, much land at the Coast is in the hands of powerful families, some absent landlords, who charge ground rent.
KK EE NN Y Y A
The current law, which was borrowed from outdated British statutes, discriminates against women while the courts have been inconsistent over disinheritance of women and widows. The new law will protect the rights of widows, widowers and divorcees by providing the right to co-own matrimonial property. The law will further curb the sale of family land without the involvement of spouses. To correct historical injustices, the land policy seeks to go as far back as 1895 when
79
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
Some of the land is idle and thousands of people who live on it are squatters. At the same time, the Government hopes to establish public plots along the coast for recreation, and open up access roads to the beach. The construction of walls along the high water mark will be regulated.
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Land Reform Transformation Unit
80
It will prepare the ground for the reforms in the implementation of the National Land Policy. The unit will oversee the establishment of organs that will drive reform in the ministry. The unit will design an effective vehicle for transformation. The Minister will have an oversight role over the unit and other functions that will drive land reform. The Steering Committee will be appointed by the Permanent Secretary. It will comprise people with knowledge of public sector reform, land policy, administration and management. The members of will be drawn from the public service, civil society, academia and private sector. Informal settlements
The Government has grand plans for informal settlements and slums. Already, slum-upgrading projects in Nairobi and other towns are changing lives of the residents. They have access to clean water, electricity and have more space and thus a clean environment. In Kibera, Nairobi, the first phase of the slum-upgrading
Dressing in Kenya From emblematic Maasai blankets to the Musliminfluenced dress at the Coast, clothing varies widely in Kenya. Though Western dress dominates, many women wear kangas, colourful clothes which are worn as shirts, shawls and headscarves. The Maasai have adhered to traditional clothing. The women wear kanga and bead necklaces. Turkana women wear yorfas, sheep or goatskins dyed red or black and necklaces. Men wear wraps as tunics. The Coast way of dress is Muslim-influenced. Some wear the joho (long robe) and kofia, a hat. Others dress in the kikoi, brightly coloured cloths. The public, Ministry of Culture and the Kenya Tourist Board maintain that a national dress is important for unity and public relations.
www.ehow.com
project is complete and hundreds of families have since moved to their new homes. This has paved way for the start of the phases that will benefit more city residents. To comprehensively deal with the matter, Government policy proposes an inventory of genuine squatters and residents of slums. It also calls for removal of those squatting on unsuitable land and resettling them elsewhere. In the policy, sale and transfer of land meant for squatters will be prohibited to safeguard the rights of the land-
less. In the policy, Government has power to compulsorily acquire land to effects plans for public projects and benefit. The title for the land will be vested on the people of Kenya collectively as a nation, communities and individuals.
Lands ministry The ministry’s responsibilities include fixed boundary procedure, field survey, photo planning and redrawing, maintenance of national and international boundaries, planning and map design and development of physical development. The ministry has dispute resolution mechanisms through physical planning liaison committees, sub-division and amalgamation, acquisition of sustainable agricultural land allocation and verification of beneficiaries and issuance of legal documents. It has more than 50 offices countrywide and four main departments: Lands, Physical Planning, Survey and Land Adjudication and Settlement.
KK EE NN Y Y A
• Policy formulation for management and administration of land • Allocation of Government and Trust land for various purposes • Approval for extensions of lease, change of user and subdivision schemes • Processing and issuing land titles • Registration of land transactions and other legal documents • Arbitration of land and boundary disputes • Valuation of land for various purposes • Generation and collection of land revenue and other charges • Documentation and protection of public utility land • Provision of up-to-date land information
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Land administration and management
81
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
Achievements of the Ministry of Lands
82
The ministry has made many strides in recent years in an effort to offer efficient, effective and fast services to the public, groups and organisations. In the first quarter of 2009/2010, the Ministry of Lands approved 3,800 applications for development in 30 days. In addition, 24,216 title deeds were issued in 30 days, while 47,367 parcels of land were registered. Of 300 boundary disputes reported in the first quarter, 150 were resolved and 250,000 lands records automated. The ministry collects a lot of revenue for the Government, now in the upwards of Sh6 billion annually www.lands.go.ke
Surveying and mapping
• Policy formulation for management and administration of land • Provision of national geodetic control network • Provision of title maps • Provision of updated national topographical base maps • Maintenance of national and international boundaries • Provision of updated national atlas of Kenya • Provision of updated land information • Provision of hydrographic information • Calibrate and maintain survey equipment • Provision of national spatial data infrastructure Physical planning
• Preparation of regional and local physical development plans • Provision of advisory services on
land use and alienation • Execution of physical development controls and preservation orders • Approval for extensions of lease, change of user and sub-division
Technological advances The ministry is computerising its operations and by 2010, it will be possible to search property by the click of a mouse. Land records and development of National Lands Information System will be in digital form. The process is estimated to cost Sh3.8 billion. The ministry has created a strong room where about 200,000 title deeds are stored. Previously, documents were stored in a disjointed manner and files could be misplaced. Once computerisation is complete, Kenyans will access information through mobile Short Message Services (SMS). This will not only ensure that services are quick, but also proper record keeping. Ministry staff has been trained to operate the new system. People who have occupied land on the strength of letters of allotment continue to surrendered the documents. This will help create a private land inventory and a land bank. Land seized from those who acquired it irregularly will be the initial instalment of the bank. The Government is also buying back huge chunks of land, which have been lying idle. Some of it has been used to settle IDPs displaced during the 2008 postelection violence.
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
• Policy formulation for management and administration of land • Ascertainment of customary land rights and interests of individuals and groups over Trust land • Acquisition of agriculturally viable land for settlement of poor landless Kenyans • Arbitration of land and boundary disputes • Administration of the Agricultural Settlement Fund • Provision of basic physical infrastructure in settlement schemes
KK EE NN Y Y A
Land adjudication and settlement
83
Economy, Land and its Finance people and Planning
References
KK EE NN Y Y A
Y Y EE AA RR BB OOOOK K 2 20 01 009
•
84
National Economic Review, 2008. Government Press Printers
•
UNDP, Human Development Report 2004
•
Adamson, J 1967. The People’s of Kenya, London: Collins and Harvil Press
•
Kidane, S 2002. Borana Folktales: A contextual Study. London: HAAN
•
Lagat, K, and Hudson, J (eds.), 2006, Hazina: Traditions, Trade and Transitions in Eastern Africa, Nairobi: Oakland Media Services
•
Maundu, P. et al, 1999. Traditional Food Plants of Kenya, Nairobi
•
Maundu, P and Tengnas, T 2005, Useful trees and shrubs of Kenya. Technical handbook No 35, Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre-East and Central Africa Regional Programme (ICRAF-ECA)
•
Somjee, S, 1993, The Material Culture of Kenya, Nairobi: East Africa Education Publishers
•
Were, S, G, and Olenja, J, (eds.), 1986, Narok District Socio-Cultural Profile, Nairobi: Government Printers
•
Were, S., G., and Osaga, O., (eds.), 1986, Murang’a District Socio-Cultural Profile, Nairobi: Government Printers
•
Were, S., G., and Wandibba, S., (eds.), 1988, Meru District Socio-Cultural Profile, Nairobi: Classic Printers and Stationers Ltd
•
The National Population and Housing Census Report, Ministry of Planning and Vision 2030, 1999
•
National Development Plan 2002-2008, Ministry of Planning, 1999
•
Strategic Plan 2008-2012, Ministry of Lands, 2009
•
www.city-data.com
•
www.lands.go.ke
•
www.experiencekenya.co.ke
•
wikipedia.org/Education in Kenya
•
http://education.stateuniversity.com/ Kenya-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW
3
communities understand themselves and their past. This helps mould better citizens. Kenya has signed and ratified international conventions on culture
K E N Y A
Oral tradition and history help
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Oral tradition and history
85
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Oral Tradition and History
86
Introduction
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
‘68
2 0 1 0 0 9
N
othing illustrates the richness of pre-colonial African thought, indigenous knowledge and understanding of itself better than oral tradition, oral culture, oral history and oral lore. These are cultural material and traditions transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs or chants. They debunk the shameless, biased and racist views of the early nonAfrican scholars, who postulated — and wrongly so — that Africa had no history. This is an argument that is so wrong that it need not be rebutted here. For, has time not proven such scholars and their successors and followers for what they really were: Racists without a cause? Sociologists emphasise that oral tradition material is held in common by a group of people, over several generations, and might distinguish oral tradition from testimony or oral history. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledge across generaBY NUMBERS tions without a writing system. In a general sense, ‘oral tradition’ refers to the transmission of cultural material through vocal utterance. As an academic discipline, it refers to a set of objects The year the United Nations Conference on Trade of study and a method by and Development held a which they are studied — meeting on oral tradition in the method may be called Nairobi. UNESCO organised oral traditional theory or more meetings on the the theory of oral formulaic subject in Cameroon in 1974 and Tanzania in 1979 composition and the ParryLord Theory (after two of its founders).
87
Oral Tradition and History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ part of oral tradition
88
The period when the events of Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey took place is known as the Mycenaean Age. The period when Homer sang the epic stories is known as the Archaic Age, from a Greek word for ‘beginning’. Between the two was a dark age in which the people lost the ability to write. Little is known about what cataclysm put an end to the powerful society see in the Trojan War stories. Homer and Iliad and Odyssey are part of an oral tradition. Though they were written down, they came out of the earlier oral period. It is said the epics are the result of generations of storytellers (a technical term for them is rhapsodes) passing on the material until finally, someone wrote it. This is one of the details that are not known.
ancienthistory.about.com/ Homer/oral tradition
The study of oral tradition is distinct from the academic discipline of oral history, which is the recording of personal memories and histories of those who experienced eras or events. It is also distinct from the study of orality, which is defined as thought and its verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population. Since time immemorial, indigenous communities in Kenya lived by the knowledge that was passed through the oral tradition. The skills for survival such as hunting, building houses, making clothes, tools, medicine and religious practices were taught by telling and showing how to do them. Singing, telling stories and plays are ways of passing knowledge through oral tradition. Elders are keepers of knowledge and pass it on through oral traditions. They are the most knowledgeable because of the lore they have accumulated over time. Elders know a lot about the land they live in. They know where to find animals to hunt or trap because they know the places where animals find food. They know how to find their way around the land because they know the landmarks. Traditional knowledge has many uses today. To maintain traditions, we need to continue to use them so that they can continue to be part of our lives. Field of study
As an academic discipline, oral tradition had its origins in the work of Serb scholar Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864). Vuk pursued similar projects in the traditions of the Southern Slavic regions, which later became Yugoslavia. Later, Vasily Radlov (18371918) studied the songs of what would later
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
there were formulas (mnemonic devices) the bards used that allowed them to create part-improvised partmemorised performances. Parry was appointed to a junior professorship at Harvard, and in two field expeditions, he recorded thousands of songs on aluminum disks. The collection provided the basis for empirical documentation of the dynamics of composition in traditional oral performance. John Miles Foley began a series of papers based on his work on South Slavic oral genres, emphasising the dynamics of performers and audiences. Foley consolidated oral tradition as an academic field when he compiled Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research in 1985. He also estab-
K E N Y A
become the Soviet Union. Shortly after, Milman Parry (19021935), pursuing a degree in Classics at the University of California, Berkeley in the US, grappled with what was then called the Homeric Question usually framed as: “Who was Homer” and “what are Homeric poems?” Homer and his Iliad and Odyssey are said to be part of an oral tradition. Though they were written, they came out of the earlier oral period. The epics we know today are the result of generations of storytellers passing on the material until someone wrote it. The Grimm Brothers and Parry are big names in the study of the oral tradition. Parry discovered
89
Oral Tradition and History
lished the journal Oral Tradition and founded the Centre for Studies in Oral Tradition (1986) at the University of Missouri, United States. International interest in oral tradition began as early as 1968 with the UN Conference on Trade and Development meeting in Nairobi. UNESCO followed with oral tradition conferences in Yaounde, Cameroon, in 1974; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1979. But it was the 1993 agreement between UNESCO and the Organisation of African Unit, the predecessor of the African Union, that was a landmark. It was agreed to collect, promote, preserve and disseminate non-verbal, oral and all forms of cultural expression.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
History of oral traditions
90
To explain the history of oral traditions requires a leap into the past — to the oral art, material culture, practices, beliefs, traditions and events that shaped a community’s process of being and becoming. It also includes the account of the community’s history, traditions passed on to the current generation and efforts to record the history. Every community has its history and oral tradition (culture, beliefs, practices, traditions and art). Kenyans carry their traditions, history and culture wherever they go: To the market, to the farms when they sow or harvest, to the shrines, sacred rivers and ceremonies. Beliefs, folklore, narratives, song
and dance, proverbs and riddles carry the people’s philosophy, which reflects their history and character. Oral tradition is part of the individual, from birth to death. Traditional culture is not primarily for the individual, but the community of which the person is a part. Many scholars have written on the Kenyan oral tradition because it is part of their lives in the community. Oral traditions are sources for reconstructing pre-colonial African life. They emphasise African perspectives, and produce a muchneeded balance to the prevalent Eurocentric accounts. Oral traditions deal with material that dates back at least one generation before the present. The story, for example, should come from a person who did not witness the event or was not born when it happened. In some societies, oral tradition experts are senior elders although it is possible for young people to know a society’s traditions and recount them. Keepers of this information are narrators or performers. They are walking libraries and have the knowledge of the traditions. They are the bank and source from which future generations draw. The transmission of every aspect of people’s lives is almost exclusively through oral traditions. Despite the effects of colonialism, oral traditions have survived and flourished because they are repeatedly recounted at gatherings, feasts, and ceremonies and retelling as part
www.storyarts.org
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
An effective storyteller speaks clearly so that the audience can hear and uses non-verbal communication — the face, body and gesture — to clarify the meaning of the text. The storyteller has eye contact with the audience. If dialogue is used, the characters are believable to the listeners. The storyteller should be relaxed and confident so as to present the story effectively and keep listeners’ interest.
of everyday living and activities. Oral tradition in Kenya continues to attract interest of researchers and scholars because of its value and relevance to society. Myths, legends, parables, proverbs and rituals are embedded in the mouths, hearts and memories of oral artists, traditional healers and community leaders waiting to be reactivated, performed, recorded, studied and spread to the entire society. The more we record, study and learn oral traditions, the more we understand ourselves and the less we are likely to recklessly ape foreign cultures. Intangible cultural heritage can only be protected by the communities that produce and use them. The role of local communities in safeguarding the heritage is well articu-
K E N Y A
Story-telling skills
91
Oral Tradition and History
lated in the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The new approaches of protecting cultural heritage emphasise that indigenous people should record and collect cultural activities in their communities although researchers from outside the communities can help plan the methods for observing, collecting and recording data.
Types
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Parents’ role in the oral tradition
92
Frequently in Africa, it is the father who brings up his son; and the mother her daughter. In some societies, the uterine uncle plays a more important role than the father in the boy’s upbringing. He is more free with him than the father and asks him questions more gladly. The boy who goes with his father or uncle to the farm, hunting or fishing or the girl who helps her mother or goes with her to the well receives not only technical instruction, but also information on the natural habitat or social life from the task that they accomplish.
http://archive.ifla.org
Oral traditions include myths, oral lore, oral culture and oral history. But because each oral tradition is unique, categorisation is misleading. For instance, ‘myth’ has a derogatory connotation and is associated with lies, imagination or fiction. However, the term ‘oral tradition’ can sometimes be misleading. It does not simply refer to verbal aspects. It has features and characteristics that go far beyond simple story telling to include gestures, masks and performance. Normally, oral traditions are communally shared. However, some are treasured family possessions that are not revealed to outsiders, while others are shared at meetings, weddings, funerals, cultural events and gatherings. The sharing of oral traditions depends on the context and situation. Songs, dances, ceremonies and stories are some of the means through which distinct identity of communities is preserved, witnessed and expressed. The most crucial part of safeguarding oral traditions is preserving their social function, role in everyday life and the inter-personal nature of their transmission. Through repeated communication of oral tradition, the listener becomes the holder of the infor-
Myths
The study of oral tradition history cannot be complete without an explanation of the origin of communities. In myths, some things happen in a way human beings have no control over or are beyond their understanding. Certain myths depict the origin of phenomena such as death, creation, thunder and lightning, birth and procreation. Myths have been referred to as ‘religious narratives’ because they have a god or supernatural power as characters. The myth on the origin of the Agikuyu provides a historical base for understanding the community’s oral tradition. According to oral tradition, the original inhabitants of Gikuyuland were the Athi and Gumba. But red-beaked hornbills scared the Gumba and the Athi, who disappeared into the belly of the earth never to be seen again. Another version is that the God of the Agikuyu, Ngai, stood on top of Kirinyaga (Mt Kenya) and showed Gikuyu and Mumbi, the father and
Legends
They recount the achievements of historical figures and their supernatural powers. They tell of a community’s founders and great leaders, warriors, heroes and heroines. The Luo have Lwanda Magere, a warrior who was larger than life, who led them to victory against their enemies. But he eventually fell when the enemies discovered the source of his powers. Famous historical figures such as Gikuyu and Mumbi of the Agikuyu or the Luo hero, Lingo, are the subjects of legends. Aetiological (explanatory) stories
They explain why the environment or nature is the way it is: The origin of death, why the hyena limps and the why the leopard has stripes, why rivers flow in a certain direction. Such stories are attempts to explain the supra-sensible and also satisfy the curiosity of society, especially the young. Many Kenyan cultures have a common explanation why people die. It is said that people were meant to live forever. God, therefore, sent a chameleon to deliver the message. But He changed His mind and
2 0 1 0
They constitute a critical part of a community’s oral tradition. They are several types:
Y E A R B O O K
Narratives
mother of the community, all the land within eyesight and gave it to them. Western Kenya Bantu — the Abaluhya and the Abagusii — claim to have come from Misiri. Historians have indicated that Misiri is not Misr, Egypt, but the region to the north-east of Mt Elgon.
K E N Y A
mation. Sometimes traditions on important events, history, stories and laws are recorded and documented on objects such as totem poles, cloth designs, baskets, jewelry, rock paintings and carved rocks.
93
Oral Tradition and History
The place of songs Songs occupy an important place in the index of the African oral literature. Some people have even defined the song as “the adornment” of the verb. Songs intervene in all moments of life, especially on occasions of ritual ceremonies — birth, planting and harvesting crops, circumcisions, marriage and death. When deciphered, they help ethnologists to locate historical or social events in a special context.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
http://archive.ifla.org
94
sent a bird with a message to the contrary: That human beings would definitely die. But the chameleon was so slow that the bird got to man earlier and delivered the message that men would die. Among the Maasai, a story explains why cattle are central to the community. It is said God drove cattle to them. It was used to justify cattle raids against other communities — the Maasai were only getting back what was rightfully theirs. Tricksters
In many African communities, including Kenya’s, the most common trickster is the hare. The ogre is
another popular, if evil, character in many folktales. Most of such stories are also fables — they have animal characters, but these reflect human behaviour and situations and teach certain lessons.
Riddles They are simple puzzles that have a proposer and a respondent and based on the local environment. Riddles exercise the mind, teach how to reason, enable one to relate
Parables They are short clear narratives designed to teach a moral lesson. It has characteristics of sayings though it is not only a statement, but also a narrative with a message. It also explains a certain situation by using a message that is contained in it.
Music and dance Singing communicates through words in a melody. Songs com-
2 0 1 0
Proverbs are short popular sayings whose words have a message that advises, warns, scolds or praises. A proverb has two situations, but when compared and contrasted they drive the message home. Proverbs are both new and old. New ones are invented all the time and old ones fall into disuse. However, proverbs can contradict one another and thus for every proverb there is another that asserts the opposite view.
Y E A R B O O K
Proverbs
municate advice, praise and condemnation. Singing is one of the oldest forms of communication. In the early days, our ancestors used bones as musical instruments. Dancing as a performing art is an important part of Kenyan culture. Songs can be categorised into groups: Lullabies, initiation, children’s, love, marriage and wedding, dirges, hero worship, preparing the land, planting, harvesting complaint, criticism and condemnation, among others. Musical instruments also accompany singing: Drums, string and wind instruments, among others. Costumes and props are important in traditional dances. Dancers don masks and carry shields, swords and other objects. Kenyan music is polyrhythmic, incorporating different beats. The primary instruments are drums, flutes and thumb pianos. Gikuyu music, for instance is relatively simple: The main instrument is gicandi, a rattle made from a gourd. The Abaluhya have more complex music and dance traditions and a variety of instruments. (Which ones) In urban areas, benga, a fusion of Western and Kenyan music, is popular. It originated among the Luo in the 1950s and two traditional instruments are key accompaniments: Nyatiti and orutu. Taarab music, which is popular at the Coast, has Arabic and Indian influence.
K E N Y A
life to nature and entertain. The respondent answers by equating a phenomenon to daily life. Riddles take their shape from the society’s perception of nature and daily life. Puzzle: I live in a big house that has a big lamp that illuminates it the whole night. Answer: Moon Puzzle: I built a house that has one pillar. Answer: Mushroom
95
Oral Tradition and History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Grandparents’ role
96
It is their responsibility to transmit the tradition to children according to wisdom procured through age. They act as the hyphen between the past and the present. After children are weaned, they live with grandparents and at a time when they begin to notice things and to ask questions. The relationship between a child and grandparents is characterised by complicity, tacit alliance and propensity to joke. The grandmother is the most competent in the oral transmission of knowledge. She is the characteristic of tolerance, and thus a human library to the children. In traditional Africa, the grandmother was the only one openly allowed to talk to children about sex. They took the opportunity to ask all kinds of questions.
Poems http://archive.ifla.org
Poems are creative pieces in verse expressing deep feeling to a person or an issue. Poetry, like other forms of communication, can be performed and dramatised. Poems are about experiences, religion, people, animals, life, death and other things in society.
Oral Literature Is oral literature part of oral traditions? Scholars have asserted that one has to understand the process — performance and its background — to gather meaningful historical knowledge. Oral traditions are part of a community’s
Kenya’s strong oral tradition cannot be dealt with in isolation. The wisdom is passed from generation to another, often in form of songs, narratives or proverbs. African voices have always been part of writing about the continent — from the slave narratives of
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Oral and written forms
K E N Y A
history and not just raw materials as many scholars have portrayed them. Oral literature is a form of art that is verbalised, dramatised and performed. It is also the most popular and common type of literature in Africa. It is a vehicle of communication, conveying cultural values, morality, wisdom, philosophy, history, knowledge and skills. Oral literature cannot be divorced from oral tradition. They are intertwined. Oral literature is not a conservative art, educating and reinforcing in a society appropriate
ways to act, behave and think. It is dynamic because it gives room for expression, renewal, innovation and creativity. Oral literature has many names. It is referred to as orature, oral art, oral history, oral culture, traditional literature, indigenous art and history. If viewed in this sense, oral literature (traditions, beliefs, practices, songs, narratives, poems, riddles and oral poetry) is classified as oral tradition. Cultural practices which constitute oral history or tradition (in the sense of passage from generation to generation orally and through performance) enable the community to have an identity. There is little room for deviation from the norm in traditional societies. The stress is not so much on the individual as on how he perceives himself as a collective being. In Facing Mount Kenya, Kenyatta writes about the individual’s concern for the soil. Among the Agikuyu, there is a ceremonial chart connected with the fertility of the soil, ritual songs performed during sacrifices, songs for cattle and songs in praise of teamwork.
97
Oral Tradition and History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Bukusu circumcision
98
According to Bukusu oral tradition, circumcision was originated centuries ago by Mango, who killed a serpent single-handedly. The serpent had terrorised the Bukusu, killing them and raiding their livestock. Mango killed it with a sword at its cave, now a sacred place, Mwiala wa Mango — Mango’s Cave in Bungoma. Mango was regarded as the bravest Bukusu man that ever lived. When asked what could be done for his commemoration, he demanded his foreskin be removed (sikhebo or circumcision). His demand was fulfilled. Ever since, Mango decreed that in order for a young man to become an adult, he must undergo circumcision.
kenyasaijiki.blogspot.com/ bukusu-circumcision
the 18th and 19th centuries to the colonial commissions of inquiry in the 20th century and contemporary academic studies in history and anthropology. And contemporary Kenyan literature draws extensively from this oral heritage as well as from the Western literary tradition. Jomo Kenyatta’s account of Gikuyu oral traditions is in a historical context. Facing Mount Kenya (1938) depicts the life of the Agikuyu, and has been described as cultural nationalism. It was one of the earliest publications by an African discussing his culture without apology. Kenyatta asserted the rights of Africans to speak for themselves. More importantly, he declared that Africans should be proud of their cultural heritage. Kenyatta explains the history and tradition of the Agikuyu. He defends the traditions and condemns colonialism for killing the people’s culture. The book is clear proof the key role oral tradition, family and clan played in the lives of the Agikuyu. Kenyatta states that oral tradition is an important trait that a child learns from birth. Children were guided through the teachings of parents so that they could carry the tradition to their offspring through folklore, dances and customs. In Traditional Music and Cultures of Kenya, Jens Finke recounts the history of the Ameru. He asserts that the predominant oral tradition on Ameru history is a fable that seems to combine truth and fiction. It recounts that red people once enslaved the Ameru. They later escaped and came across a large water body called Mbwaa or Mbwa, which they crossed through magic. Oral literature and material culture
Oral traditions and material culture enhance the transmission of cultural heritage. In nar-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
In Oral traditions and Material Culture; an East African Experience, Sultan Somjee cites examples from the Maasai, Kalenjin, Rendille and Swahili communities. Among the Kalenjin, for example, the writer notes, mothers partake in rituals that acknowledge the transmission of their thoughts and feelings through visual and oral art. Kalenjin women perform a dance, kut teret, which means ‘beat the pot’. It is a dance performed at night in a plea for rain. Kut teret is sung to rhythmic steps and swaying of the body and cooking sticks that women hold in their hands. An integration of triple art forms — material culture, song and dance — comprises kut teret as a prayer ritual for an to drought. Each art form complements the other and without one of the three, kut teret cannot performed. Together, they comprise the feminine art domain of the power to bring rain. In this prayer ceremony, the women wear no clothes. Among the Rendille, urup, a funnel-shaped milk container made of wild sisal, is held in cupped hands by elders who perform the ceremonies of blessing, peace and prosperity. A Rendille prayer goes thus: Urup muhobobo (may your milking container stay warm). Fresh milk is warm, a sign of plenty. Somjee states that the examples show a combined approach to the study of oral traditions and material culture: Visual and oral traditions are active and living modes of com-
K E N Y A
ratives, proverbs and songs, visual aesthetics of the Maasai are recreated in sounds. In other words, the images derived by looking at or feeling objects of material culture are rearticulated through oral literature. When white clouds appear in the blue sky after the rains, Maasai children come out to play in the freshness that follows a downpour. They hold one another and sing engoitiko. They call their mothers from the houses for the ‘zebra has given birth in the sky’. Among the Akamba, the pot is compared to a mother’s womb. When parents curse a wayward child, they touching the pot to emphasise their feelings or break it to express severance of a parentchild relationship. Among the Marakwet, a mother’s leather belt symbolises the womb and she may stop a fight between two men by placing her belt between them. The Akamba and Marakwet oral literatures refer to the pot and the waist belt to express a mother’s emotions and provoke thought. Both are objects of art and function and children learn art and its uses as they grow up. The Swahili people along the coast have a rich oral tradition that has been influenced by Islam. For example, stories of genies (jinni) were told side-by-side with those of the hare and hyena. There is also a very rich tradition of popular poetry that has been part of Swahili cultural life for more than 400 years.
99
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Oral Tradition and History
100
munication in Africa. They are also domains of the arts and have parallel social and aesthetic material. The oral and visual forms interact with other art forms such as dance, music and the written word. Material culture and oral art are dramatised to audiences and are performed in public and seek the participation of the audience. The two have an old tradition that reflects the human need to express concepts and feelings orally and visually. To some extent, oral traditions and material culture share methodologies derived from literary studies, art, design and ethnography. Personal objects represent a kind of African art, created mostly for practical reasons as opposed to religious, ritual or ceremonial purposes. In large measure, materials available in the local environment dictate what can be made. Such objects represent the history of the maker. Headrests, for example, have a long history in Kenya. Today, they are less common but are still used in the semi-arid plains of northern Kenya where people herd livestock for a living. Headrests appear in a broad range of styles, and often more than one style is used in the same community. Oral tradition and medicine
Indigenous traditional medicine was handed over orally from generation to generation. The medicine lore is based on traditional beliefs, norms and practices based on cen-
turies-old experiences of trials and errors, successes and failures at the household and community level. However, there are cases in which knowledge has been kept secret. In specialised areas for bone-setters, midwives, birth attendants and herbalists, including knowledge of healing techniques and properties of plants and animal substances, access is restricted to certain classes of people (http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs). In Kenya, for instance, a study on herbal medicine showed that most herbalists maintained the secrecy of their knowledge. Among the Agikuyu, indigenous knowledge in some fields was a well-guarded secret. A person who had acquired special skills as a blacksmith would not allow just anybody to walk into his workshop and watch him make spears and diggings hoes. Such a person would only train his son or a close relative. The same case applied to herbalists. An intruder was always heavily fined to deter attempts to steal the knowledge. The problem with this type of system is that important knowledge was owned by and confined to a few family members and rapid development on innovations was hampered by secrecy ((http://apps.who.int/ medicinedocs).
Role of oral tradition Oral traditions have an important role in preserving languages and cultures. In societies where many
2 0 1 0
Even though most communities want to safeguard their oral traditions and indigenous knowledge, many have seen the knowledge begin to disappear. The lifestyle changes have been a key player and hampers transmitting knowledge from the elders to the younger generation. In Kenya, most children’s education is from books. Children go to school to learn new skills — reading, writing and using computers that will help them get a job or earn an income. Over time, less of their knowledge will come from their oral tradition. The elders do not have a role as they used to in passing along knowledge to younger people. In some communities like the
Y E A R B O O K
Oral tradition crisis
Suba, Yaaku and Segeju, the children do not speak the language of their elders, which makes it difficult for elders to teach them. These changes mean that important oral traditions and traditional knowledge are lost. It is thus a crisis. The knowledge that is being lost can provide a sense of identity. By knowing who you are can give you pride in your culture. In a 2003 study by UNESCO, Safeguarding Endangered Oral Traditions in East Africa, the author John Mhando, identifies memory loss as a major challenge to the protection of oral traditions. The Yaaku informants (elders) admitted that they were unable to remember many things because of advancing age. They did not know when most songs were sung, who sang it first, where and in which season. They tried to sing other songs but could only manage one line. They admitted that they had forgotten the rest. When proverbs, stories and poems are not performed regularly, they are stored in the inner chamber of the elder’s memory. They stay in the memory for a given time before they are forgotten. It is, therefore, urgent that oral traditions be revived, performed and preserved in their most natural form. Sometimes, local communities do not see the importance of preserving oral traditions, indigenous knowledge and languages because they consider them hindrances to
K E N Y A
aspects of culture are transmitted orally from generation to generation, oral traditions form an important element of identity for individuals and the community. Local communities now have a sense of how important their culture and want to protect their knowledge. They have identified benefits to be gained from sharing their indigenous knowledge with others. For example, communities have realised that some knowledge can be turned into eco-tourism or cultural tourism for income-generation. Protecting their knowledge, therefore, contributes to the cultural and political goals of self-identity and self-reliance.
101
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Oral Tradition and History
102
accessing modern society and economic wealth. It is essential, therefore, not only to create a political environment that encourages communities to become aware of their cultural treasures and preserve them. Cultural heritage is disappearing from many Kenyan communities due to rapid changes in lifestyle, which hinder the transfer of knowledge from the elders to the younger generation. There are four factors that contribute to the extinction of intangible cultural heritage in Kenya: a )Local communities have not been sensitised of the importance the knowledge they have is and many consider their cultural heritage a hindrance to economic wealth
2 0 1 0
In a 2003 study by UNESCO, Safeguarding Endangered Oral Traditions in East Africa, the author John Mhando, argues that oral traditions are the reservoirs of a community’s culture. It is the granary of the knowledge of the community and there is need to enhance protection of endangered oral traditions. Cultural experts are worried that due to formal education, industrialisation and development of ICT, the future of oral traditions is bleak. Storytelling, poetry recitals and witty proverbs are gradually dwindling. The very last generation of traditional story-tellers and poets is dying and soon there may be no oral narratives, oral poems or proverbs to talk about. With the arrival of colonialists in Kenya, many people learned to write. However, little of the knowledge within their oral traditions was recorded and used to create a
Y E A R B O O K
Preserving oral tradition
written tradition that is meaningful. Over time, communities have realised the importance of a written tradition alongside an oral one. While oral traditions can be protected through recordings in print and electronic media for storage and wider dissemination, they survive best in their original form — performance. Researchers and institutions trusted with protection of cultural heritage should focus on indigenous strategies yet to be fully exploited to protect oral traditions. This includes the use of participatory research methodologies, formation of artistes’ associations, promoting local languages, supporting cultural festivals and strengthening the link between researchers, oral artistes and the community. Language is the most significant vehicle for communicating and preserving intangible heritage and indigenous knowledge. There is a strong link between protection of oral traditions and languages. The loss of language means loss of unique and unusual linguistic features, which inevitably results in uninspiring oral performances. This finally leads to loss of indigenous knowledge. Languages not only carry the historical experience of a people, but they also codify, preserve and express distinctive knowledge. This calls for revitalising and preserving of indigenous languages through recording oral traditions — story
K E N Y A
b) Many communities do not know how to identify and protect their knowledge c) Lack of laws that help communities protect their knowledge in a way that reflects their traditions and customs d) Deterioration in the use of indigenous languages in conversation, destruction of cultural spaces and lack of interest intangible cultural heritage among institutions responsible for protecting cultural heritage.
103
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Oral Tradition and History
104
telling, songs, rituals, daily life. Recording (audio and video) rituals and dances is also a valuable means of preserving cultural activities and expressions and offers an alternative means of passing them on to future generations. Indigenous knowledge is rooted in and transmitted through oral tradition. When recording oral traditions, the cultural knowledge in stories and songs is also recorded. In societies where the loss of indigenous knowledge is imminent, recordings can help to maintain knowledge that has been collected through generations. Oral traditions are threatened by modern life — rapid urbanisation, migration to multi-cultural urban centres, industrialisation and environmental change. Oral traditions take place during leisure moments, but leisure time is increasingly being replaced by other forms of entertainment offered by the media — television and radio, and thus there are fewer opportunities for oral expressions. Poems that were once performed for days rarely get a chance in modern life and if any in rural areas, the hours are few. Courting songs, that were once a prerequisite for marriage, have been replaced by hiphop or digital music. The extended family system has been broken as a result of socio-economic strain in which the custodians of oral traditions have been replaced by the television, which babysits children.
Methodology
Oral history preservation deals with the care and upkeep of materials in whatever format. (See Wikipedia. org/Oral history preservation). It is a method of historical documentation, using interviews with living survivors of the time under investigation. It often touches on topics scarcely touched on by written documents, and by doing so, fills in the gaps of records that make up early historical documents. LSB Leakey used this method effectively when he studied and collected information about the Agikuyu people in the 1930s. The product of the research, The Southern Kikuyu before 1903, is in three massive volumes. It is a study that has not been matched in the study of the community or any other in Kenya. The earliest method of collecting oral history was through memory. With the loss of elders who preserved and passed along the histories, cultural memories began to vanish. With the advent of the written word, it became possible for cultures to preserve their history without the memory of a select few. The spoken word was transcribed, and eyewitness accounts were saved for future generations to study. This method of historical preservation was augmented with the invention of different methods to record sound. The spoken word can now be recorded on audio or video tape, or through newer digital meth-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
preservation today is the battle with digital obsolescence. There is an obvious link between oral history preservation and digital preservation. Oral histories are often recorded on an assortment of tapes which are transferred to computerised or digitised formats to facilitate longevity. Oral history materials are often stored in archival repositories that facilitate preservation and longevity. The repositories are kept at the correct temperature to store materials and professionals ensure that the formats are kept up to date. In Oral literature in Africa, Ruth Finnegan says new studies in art have emerged to save oral literature and traditions. She cites musicologists, who are interested in oral music, songs and poetry and have provided much-needed creativity to emphasise the traditional rather than the new and topical by giving ideas of the great number of ephemeral and popular songs on themes of current interest. In Kenya, for instance, musicologists have taken a step in the right direction during schools and colleges music and drama festivals. They have ensured that oral traditions stay alive. Popular music troupes such as Zangalewa Dancers, Kayamba Afrika, Boys’ Choir, and artistes who sing traditional lyrics are able to keep the fire of oral tradition burning. Further, a increasing number of Kenyans are doing scholarly
K E N Y A
ods. While new media allow for richer histories to be saved, it also comes with greater issues for preservationists, one being copyright and the ethical concerns that go with it. For all intents and purposes, copyright does not exist in oral testimonies, at least not as clearly as in written documents. The early methods of recording sound included phonograph cylinders (a stylus would draw wax grooves on the outside of a cylinder), gramophone records (grooves on the flat side of a disk) and magnetic recordings. Today, reel-to-reel audio tape recordings are still used, but video recordings have become standard. This allows the researcher to take body language and facial expressions (important means of communication) into account. There is also an emerging trend to use the telephone to make audio journals when distance prevents face-to-face contact. To ensure the preservation of oral history, it is important that work is properly transcribed and stored on reliable media. It is important to preserve in digital format to ensure longevity and usability. The simplest and easiest way to record audio history is to on an MP3 player that has recording abilities, and records directly to the flash chip in the player. The files are then uploaded to a central computer server and copies can be burned to optical media, or copied to USB flash drives. A huge challenge of oral history
105
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Oral Tradition and History
106
work on oral literature in their own languages. They have been able to draw attention to many aspects which earlier students overlooked because of theoretical pre-conceptions or because they were strangers to the culture they studied. Scholars such as Okoth Okombo, Henry Chakava, Ezekiel Alembi, Okumba Miruka, Asenath Odaga, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Wanjiku Kabira, Kavesta Adagala, Henry Indangasi and Chris Wanjala have done ethnographic or etymological studies on oral literature and tradition. They are among those who have paid
attention to the role of the poet, the singer and the narrator. Studies in oral traditions have resulted in extensive research to safeguard precious history. Kenyan universities have departments of anthropology and institutes of African studies. Further, traditional African literature has gained more prominence and recognition as a field of academic research in intangible cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage refers to the non-physical components of culture: Performing arts, social practices, cosmology and traditional craftsmanship. Kenya ratified the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in October 2007. According to the convention, intangible cultural heritage is manifested in oral traditions and expressions, performing arts, social practices, rituals and festive events, knowledge on nature and the universe and traditional craftsmanship. The role of local communities in safeguarding the heritage involves the recognition that communities groups and, in some cases, individuals play an important role in the production, safeguarding, maintenance and recreation of the intangible cultural heritage, thus helping to enrich cultural diversity and human creativity. Since 1975, Kenya has regulated folklore through the Copyright Act, which is administered by the Kenya Copyright Board. The board’s man-
Y E A R B O O K
Extensive preliminary surveys should be undertaken in all communities in Kenya to ascertain the status of intangible cultural heritage. A plan for safeguarding it can, therefore, be developed. There is need to develop a national strategy and methodology on the inventory of the heritage in Kenya. In 2007, the country ratified the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003. There is need to enforce the convention in collaboration with the National Museums of Kenya and the Department of Culture. Cultural heritage should be documented and protected for future reference and use in developing programmes such as cultural tourism. The relevant institutions should develop guidelines for research and documentation based on the 2003 UNESCO convention. It is hard to decide who holds the rights to the materials and how they should be handled. But there are ways to combat copyright and ethical concerns. One is through a letter of intent. Users sign the document before listening to an oral history recording to demonstrate that they understand and have agreed to the use restrictions of the institution.
2 0 1 0
The last word
K E N Y A
date is to register the rights of an individual or a company to a claim of a previously unregistered creation. The challenge with this is that a community expression can easily be appropriated to an individual or a group. It can be then traded for the benefit of an individual or a few people and not the owner. For instance, traditional dancers and music bands have made a name and career from traditional songs originally composed and sung by local communities during weddings, circumcision and initiation ceremonies. On May 20, 2008, the United Nations gave its commitment to help preserve Kenya’s heritage. Two people from the Maasai community in Laikipia were trained in documenting and archiving their cultural heritage in a project supported by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). The aim is to help communities preserve and pass on their traditional cultures and safeguard their intellectual property rights and interests.
107
Oral Tradition and History
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
References
108
•
Adagala K & Kabira W (1994). Kenya Oral Narratives: A Selection. Nairobi: EAET.
•
Barra, G (1991). 1000 Kikuyu Proverbs. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau
•
Fadiman, JA 91993). When we began, there were Witchmen: An Oral History of Mount Kenya. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
•
Finnegan, Ruth Oral Literature in Africa
•
Kabira WM (1983). The Oral Artist. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya.
•
Kabira, W M & Karega wa Mutahi (1988). Gikuyu oral Literature: Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya.
•
Kipury, N (1983) Oral literature of the Maasai. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya.
•
Knappert, Jan (1979). Four centuries of Swahili verse. A Literary History and Anthology. London Heinemann.
•
Miruka Okumba, (1994). Encounter with oral literature. Nairobi. East African Educational Publishers
•
Mwangi; Rose (1970) Kikuyu Folktales: Their Meaning and Value. Nairobi: Kenya Literary Bureau.
•
Odaga, A.B (1984). Yesterday’s Today. Kisumu: Lake Publishers and Enterprises.
•
Onyango-Ogutu (B) & Roscoe, AA (1974). Keep my words: Luo oral literature. Nairobi: Heinemann. Kenya.
•
Towett, T (1979). Oral Traditional History of the Kipsigis. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
•
Finke, Jeff (1999). Traditional Music and Cultures in Kenya.
•
Nyaga, Daniel (1997). Customs and Traditions of the Meru: Nairobi: East Africa Educatuional Publishers
•
Sobania, N (2003). Culture and customs of Kenya. West Port, CT: Green word Press.
•
Chana, Cynthia (1999). Nomads without cattle: East African foragers in historical perspective.
•
Beier, Ulli: Ed (1967). Introduction to African Literature. London: Longman.
•
Lo Liyong, Taban (1972). Popular culture in East Africa. Nairobi: Longman publishers.
•
Lusweti B (1984). The Hyena and the Rock. London: Macmillan.
•
Mbiti, JS (1980). African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinemann Publishers.
•
Nandwa, J (1983). Oral literature among the Abaluhya, MA Thesis. University of Nairobi
•
Nguhiah, S (1973). Ngugi’s early writings. In Standpoints on African literature. Ed Chris Wanjala, Nairobi East African Educational Publishers
•
Ordindsom, R (1961). The Kipsigis. Nairobi: East Africa Educational Publishers
•
Wanjala L (1978). The Season of Harvest: A literary discussion: Nairobi: KLB
•
Okot, P’Bitek (1983). African Cultural Revolution. Nairobi: Macmillan Boks
•
Chesaina, C (1991). Oral literature of the Kalenjin. Nairobi: Heinemann
•
Vansina, J (1985). ‘Oral traditions as history’. Nairobi: Heinemann
•
Hoopes, J (1979). ‘Oral History: An introduction for students’. Chape-Hill: the University of North Carolina Press
•
Bukenya, A, Kabira, WM and Okombo, O (Eds) (1994). ‘Understanding Oral Literature’. Nairobi. University of Nairobi Press
•
Henige, David. Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications Oral Tradition, (1988)
•
Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
•
a b Foley, John Miles. The Theory of Oral Composition. Bloomington: IUP, 1991
•
Albert B. Lord. The Singer of Tales. Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1981
•
Francis P. Magoun, Jr. The oral-formulaic character of Anglo-Saxon narrative poetry. Speculum Vol. 28 (1953)
•
Minton, John. The Reverend Lamar Roberts and the Mediation of Oral Tradition The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 108, No. 427 (Winter, 1995), pp. 3-37
•
Worthington, J. (2003). Preservation of oral sources: An analysis of the methods employed by the Sinomlando Project, University of Natal, for the preservation of oral sources. S.A. Archives Journal, 43, 33-41.
4
communities, languages, religions and habits that intimately project the country’s rich and diverse culture.
K E N Y A
The Kenyan lifestyle is a product of different
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art and culture
109
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art and culture
110
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K
occasions
K E N Y A
47
2 0 1 0
K
enya is home to 42 ethnic groups, each with a unique culture although many have practices and languages that are similar. Kenya’s culture is, therefore, a melting pot of thoughts, practices and customs from various communities. Communities can be grouped into three large groups: Bantu-speaking people of the coastal region, BY NUMBERS the central highlands and western Kenya, the Nilotes mainly found in the Rift Valley and the Lake Victoria region and the Cushites comprising pastoralists and nomads in the dry northNumber of counties created by the new Constitution. eastern part of Kenya. The Kenyans of diverse cultures Maasai, who are Nilotes, are live side by side and the best known to the outside interact with one another world for their traditions. at social and cultural
111
Art,and Art Culture Culture and Religion
Department of culture
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Soapstone carving
112
The beautiful soapstone is found in the Tabaka Hills of Kisii. In colour, the stone ranges from deep gold to rich burgundy, pale pink to mauve and black to creamy white. Each piece has its unique combination of colour and patterns. The various colourations are formed as different minerals (particularly iron) leach through the stone as it sits underground. The Abagusii were the first to carve the stone. The raw quarry stones are excavated by hand and carried to workshops that are up to 10km away. They are first worked with a large knife to break the stones into manageable sizes and for a rough shape. A smaller knife is then used for more detailed work. Fine-grained sandpaper is used to polish and finish the piece.
reviews.ebay.com/Kisii soapstones
Due to the Government’s commitment to cultural heritage, the Department of Culture was formed in 1980 through a presidential directive. It is mandated to coordinate cultural policy and promote cultural development. It is also expected to foster cultural co-operation. The department’s vision is to have a vibrant society priding itself on the richness of cultural diversity. Its mandate is to promote the arts, languages, information, education and research and indigenous health, nutrition and environment. Some of its core functions include mobilisation and management of resources for cultural development, promotion and development of cultural and creative industries, preservation and development of indigenous knowledge, including traditional medicine and indigenous foods, and research, documentation and dissemination of cultural information and research findings. And the department has made several strides in recent years: Recognition of heroes and heroines
The Government accorded freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi great honour on February 18, 2007. President Kibaki unveiled a full-size statue of the freedom hero on Kimathi Street behind the Hilton Hotel in Nairobi. This was to pay tribute to Kimathi, whom he described as a dedicated patriot and action-oriented individual who contributed immensely to the liberation of Kenya The Government recognises and honours national heroes and heroines. A task force for data collection on criteria of honouring national heroes and heroines completed work, compiled the recommendation and forwarded a report, including a draft Bill to
Ten of the 76 acres of land idenfied for this have been sub-divided and title deed processed Memorial buildings
Construction of facilities for heroes and heroines at Sh50 million ($625,000) is going on Rehabilitation of fountains and monuments on site at Sh30 million ($375,000) Landscaping of Heroes and Heroines Square and gardens at Sh23 million (287,500) A national policy on heritage and culture
Y E A R B O O K
Heroes and Heroines Square
K E N Y A
akambahandicraftcoop.com
the Government. It will provide guidelines in addressing issues concerning current and past heroes and heroines.
2 0 1 0
Akamba handicraft The Akamba Handicrat Industry in Mombasa has 3,000 cooperative members and 2,000 sub-contracted individuals. It manufactures and exports fine wood carvings, animal sculptures and decorative accessories. The most popular carvings are animal artifacts, especially of the Big Five — lion, elephant, buffalo, rhino and leopard. They also have human sculptures, depicting realistic and abstract African art, and decorated wooden utensils — bowls, spoons, stools and walking sticks The artisans can produce uniquely customised items according to clients’ specifications. It is a favourite destination for tourists. It exports 30 per cent of the products to Europe, Japan, North America and South Africa.
113
Art,and Art Culture Culture and Religion
Fadhili William
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Born in 1938, he was a musician and composer most famous for his song Malaika, (Angel) which he recorded with his band The Jambo Boys in 1963. He started singing while in primary school in Taita. He went to Government African School in Pumwani, Nairobi. He dropped out in Form Three at Shimo la Tewa School where he had transferred to pursue a music career. At Pumwani, he had fallen in love with a girl for whom he composed Malaika to console her when she was given away to an old man. He died in 2001.
114
has been approved and will be launched soon. The policy will streamline the activities in the sector.
Visual art and craft Kenya’s cultural heritage, scenic beauty and abundant wildlife inspire and provide material for visual artists — painters, photographers, sculptors, wood and stone carvers and skilled craftsmen. Visual arts are largely confined to the mass production of wood sculpture and Maasai beadwork. Elimo Njau, Etale Sukuro and Kivuthi Mbuno are noted Kenyan artists employing several media.
Soapstone carving
Kisii soapstone carvers are famous the world over. The rare stones are only found in Tabaka in Kisii. Traditionally, men dig the soapstone and carve the products in various shapes, size and designs. The women’s part involves polishing and washing finished products as well as applying wax cream, popularly known as cobra wax. The Kisii Soapstone Carvers Cooperative Society was formed in 1980 to market products for members. The products are sold in markets in New Zealand, France, Canada, the UK, Holland, the US, Japan and Australia.
with cowrie shells and leatherwork. Each design of bracelets, necklaces and ceremonial adornments has a meaning and purpose. The beadwork is popular with locals and tourists. Painting
Kenyan painters are some of the best in the world and have a distinctive style. The country has many top galleries. Sculptures
Beadwork
The Maasai are famous especially for their beautiful beadwork. It is astonishingly intricate, combining thousands of tiny-coloured beads
The Rahimtulla Museum of Modern Art (RaMoMA) is in a large house with open, well-lit spaces. It has regular exhibitions of art and sculpture and an annual ‘Art Affair’ in October that promotes young and new artists. RaMoMA also runs art workshops for adults and children. The Rahimtulla Trust was founded by Carol Lees and Mary Collis in 2001 with the support of the Ford Foundation. It operates as a charity. It has a salesroom which sells the
2 0 1 0
Ramoma Art Gallery
Y E A R B O O K
The Kamba people of Eastern Province are famous as wood carvers. It is said that artists in Machakos District, the headquarters of wood carving in East Africa, are not trained, but born. This activity is a significant source of income for the local people. They prefer hardwood for their work and the carvings are displayed in major towns in the country.
K E N Y A
Wood carving
Sculpturing has a long history and tradition in Africa. Sculptors express their art using indigenous wood, stone, scrap metal and bronze. This ability by Kenyan artists was displayed when Peter Walala, a young artist, used a new medium when he participated at Canada’s Quebec Winter Carnival in: Snow. He was awarded the Volunteers Prize for his ‘Rhino’ sculptor.
115
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art,and Art Culture Culture and Religion
116
Banana Hill Art Studio
It was started by a group of artists as a venue to display their work. What started as a roadside exhibition has grown to include a gallery. It marked its 17th Anniversary in 2009.
Ray Nestor Art Gallery
Kuona Trust
Ray Nestor was born in India in 1888 and came to Kenya as a surveyor in 1912. He always carried a sketchbook. In his works, he captures African life and experience. The gallery is at Moi University’s Margaret Thatcher Library in
It is one of the oldest organisations in East Africa to provide skills, training and opportunities to visual artists. It hosts workshops and exhibitions of some of the country’s finest artistic talents. Kuona Trust was founded in 1995 at the National
2 0 1 0
It develops independent artists in multiple art forms. Work by household names such as Mary Collis, Beth Kimwele and Otieno Kota is displayed. More than 10,000sq metres of performance, rehearsal, studios and office space comprise The Godown Art Centre. It provides multi-disciplinary space for arts and hosts organisations representing a variety of art-form and residence programmes. It is a focal point for innovation, creativity and performance. It was registered in April 2001 and became fully operational in 2003. The GoDown grew out of a need in the 1990s to provide space for Kenyan and East African artists. It serves as a place where creative ideas can be generated. The GoDown Arts Centre promotes professional development through training workshops, innovation and collaboration among artists.
Y E A R B O O K
Godown Arts Centre
Eldoret. A permanent exhibition of Nestor’s work is on display at the gallery. Between 1932 and 1950, he farmed at Kipkarren where he did most of his painting. His modesty as a printer stood between him and the wider recognition of his work. He never courted publicity and was content to record his impressions of a fascinating country and its diverse peoples for his satisfaction and that of his friends. In his time in Africa, Ray Nestor was seldom without his paints and sketch book to capture: An old woman in her beads and bangles drawing on her long pipe A dhow in full sail beyond the coral reef outside Mombasa harbour The stupendous view from his farm of the forest, rolling away towards Mount Elgon A pair of rhinos threading their way through the bush under the snows of Kilimanjaro
K E N Y A
best of Kenyan artwork, ranging from clothing, postcards, carftwork and paintings. The artwork is by contemporary Kenyan artists.
117
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Fundi Konde
118
He was born in 1924 in Mombasa. In the 1950s, Konde’s career as a music all-rounder began. After school in 1940, he worked for the Department of Health, and played the guitar at weddings and parties. When music conflicted with his job, he was fired. In 1944, he joined the Entertainment Unit of the King’s African Rifles and was posted to India to entertain troops fighting in the Second World War. During the Mau Mau War, he moved to Kampala but returned to Nairobi in 1954 to work at the African Broadcasting Service. He moved on to HMV records as studio engineer, and releasing 30 records such as Jambo Sigara, Kipenzi Wanui-Ua, Mama Sowera and Olivia Leo. Konde moved to the Hi-Fidelity and Jambo labels. In 1963 he retired, but returned to Hi-Fidelity in 1969. In 1994, Konde’s records were compiled. In 1995, Konde was engaged as a special guest of Shikamoo Jazz and contributed to the album Chela Chela. He died in June, 2000. www.retroafric.com
Museum of Kenya to serve visual artists and has worked with more than 1,500 — giving them skills and opportunities and raising the profile of the visual arts in Kenya. It provides artists with studio spaces, art training workshops, exhibitions and organises local and international workshops, and artist projects for local communities.
Kuona Trust has moved to Hurlingham, Nairobi, with studio space for 20 artists. Visitors can meet artists, buy their work and find out about exhibitions, art classes, film showings, outreach projects and international workshops. Gallery Watatu
It was founded in Nairobi in 1968
Paa ya Paa Art Centre
It is on Kiambu Road nestled deep inside natural forest land, not far from the capital, Nairobi. It was set
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
by artists Jony Waite, Robin Anderson and David Hart. It promotes contemporary African art. Gallery Watatu — Kiswahili meaning ‘three people’ — is the reference for collectors, investors, museums, galleries and publishers of works of African paintings and sculptures. In 1984, it was acquired by American-born Ruth Schaffner and
Ivoirian husband Adama Diawara, veteran Africana collectors who had galleries in Santa Barbara, US, and Tokyo, Japan. They took the gallery to new heights, locating it on the mezzanine floor of Lonrho Africa House on Standard Street, Nairobi. Gallery Watatu is home to the largest collection of originals of Tanzanian ES Tingatinga, founder of the international art movement, Tingatinga. It also has an important collection of Lilanga, the Makondeinspired vibrant art form of the Dar es Salaam School. There is an impressive cache of Senoufo, Dioula, Gouro, Baule, Bambara, Dan, and Chokwe masks, relics and other artifacts. Uganda-born Jak Katarikawe remains the most internationally acclaimed and best-selling contemporary artist at the gallery. But old hands like Timothy Brooke, Kivuthi Mbuno, Zacharia Mbutha, Elijah Ooko, Joel Oswaggo, Charles Sekano, Kamal Shah, Wanyu Brush, Mary Naita, Ancen Soi and Jony Waite have had tremendous impact over the decades. About 160 African and Africa-adopted Europeans painters and sculptors showcase through Gallery Watatu. The newcomers include Lonad, Erick Shitawah, Meek Gichugu, Joseph Kartoon, Sekajugo and Yassir Ali.
119
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
up in 1965 by an idealistic group of East African artists and art. It is considered one of the oldest and most important cultural centres in Black Africa. From the time Paa ya Paa was established, the gallery has served as a spiritual oasis for performing artists, craftsmen and intellectuals from Africa and the Diaspora.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
E-Sir
120
Born Issah Mmari in 1981, he was a hip-hop artiste famous for deft lyrical ability. He is regarded as one of the best rappers to emerge on the Kenyan hip hop scene. He came to the limelight in 2001 when he released Jo. His debut album Nimefika in 2003 was a big hit. He won four categories in the 2003 Kisima Music Awards. E-Sir died in a road accident on March 16, 2003 on his way back from a concert in Nakuru. His other hits include Mos Mos, Boomba Train, Hamunitishi and Leo ni Leo. A posthumous collaboration with Nameless is called Maisha.
Others
Other art centres include Ngecha Artists Association, Mazingira Art Studios and Gallery of Contemproary East African Art. Virtual galleries are available online on sites such as www.kenyalogy.com and www.afroart.com. Nairobi’s leading restaurants and meeting places also host regular art exhibitions. Training
Fine art is taught in public and private schools in Kenya and the subject is examinable at secondary school level. Universities and colleges also offer various courses. Kenyatta University has a Department of Fine Art. It is the only institution inKenya that offers degree courses in Fine Art. Academic programmes are at diploma, undergraduate, master’s and PhD levels. The programmes are in three fields of study — Art & Design Appreciation and Drawing, 2-D Design and 3-D Design. The specific disciplines are art and design appreciation, painting, printmaking, weaving, sculpture, ceramics and multi-media crafts. Nairobi Arts Centre also offers training in painting and drawing, landscape painting, botanical drawing and painting and clay pottery. Shang Tao Media Art College teaches computer-aided graphics and animations.
rock art. TARA is working with the National Museums of Kenya to develop rock art awareness and conservation. Kakapel near Mt Elgon is a recently restored rock art site. Another is Mfangano Island in Lake Victoria.
Y E A R B O O K
Engravings and paintings on stone are found throughout Africa and is an important element of cultural heritage. In Kenya, rock art sites are near Lake Turkana. They have varieties of painting and engraving styles that go back 7,000 years. Kenyan rock art is a potential tourism resource for local communities and the country. However, it is not well-known in the country, and this is dangerous because it exposes the sites to vandalism, theft and negligence. Trust Africa Rock Art (TARA), an international organisation based in Kenya, plans to develop a permanent visual archive of Africa’s
K E N Y A
Rock Art
The craft business contributes about Sh6 billion to the economy and has created many jobs for rural women and the urban poor. Most of the craft in the market includes sculptures, wood carvings, jewelry, soapstone, and shields, which depict the traditional facet of Kenyans. The most popular markets include Maasai and City markets in Nairobi. The Maasai Market is a modern display of an indigenous people’s culture. It sells African artefacts and has become a convergence zone for various kinds of people, including tourists, in search of ‘authentic’ African souvenirs. The market is open several days a week at differencr locations in Nairobi. The sector has attracted private individuals to open up shop in various towns, mostly tourist destinations. The Maasai sculpture is one of the most famous art works that depicts the culture of the community. The Maasai Market Empowerment Trust (MMET), an NGO for artisans at the Maasai Market and other parts of the country, seeks to inform, educate and empower artisans and handicraft makers on intellectual property and protect
2 0 1 0
Craft
121
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Daudi Kabaka
122
Although his roots were in Western Province, he was born in Uganda in 1939 and named after Kabaka Daudi Chwa (right), the Buganda king who died the same year. In 1950, his father, a railway worker, was transferred to Nairobi and Kabaka (right) joined him. He went to St Peter Clavers Primary. His voice is heard in Fadhili William’s Malaika and Taxi Driver, Peter Tsoti’s Pole Musa and Gabrile Omolo’s Lunch Time. He worked with them at Equator Sound Studio in Nairobi. His Harambee Harambee was a signature tune after news broadcast on KBC. Helule Helule was another of his hits. In 1954, Kabaka recorded Nie Kabaka Naimba. He died in November 2001. www.eastafricanmusic.com
their creations and inventions through patenting and trademarking. Seminars, campaigns, workshops and other awareness programmes have been used to do this. The trust also hopes to give financial help to members to expand their businesses. The trust organised an intellectual property rights campaign to agitate for the return of the kiondo (basket), kikoi and other Kenyan innovations that have been patented elsewhere, to their rightful owners. Kazuri Beads, which supplies beads and African jewelry in Kenya and internationally, has been at the forefront in helping rural women. It is one of the largest companies in Kenya associated with craft. The Utamaduni Crafts Centre, run by the Kenya Wildlife Service, is an initiative under which local people will benefit. The craft industry has undergone hard times with the identity of some trademarks being ‘stolen’. Such is in the case of the Kenya Art and Craft Traders and a UK company over the kikoi. Due to the unfortunate
Architecture Kenya’s architecture is a mix of cultural and modern style — Portuguese, Islamic and Indian influence at the Coast; and the British colonialists’ and modern style. The traditional architecture can be seen in houses framed with mud and have mud walls. Some of the best examples of Portuguese,
AAK
The Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK) draws its 3,000 members from professionals in the building industry. Its role is to promote professional integrity by establishing and enforcing a code of conduct and educating Government officials, local authorities, NGOs and the public. Architecture is taught at the University of Nairobi and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Diploma and other courses are offered at tertiary institutions.
2 0 1 0
Art and Craft is taught in public and private schools in Kenya. The subject is examinable at seondary school. The Mobile Art School in Kenya (MASK) was established in 2006 to help young people explore their creativity. It organises art workshops in schools, sets up clubs and holds children’s exhibitions locally and internationally. Key events include the KESYDO Art and Craft Exhibition, whose objective is to expose young people’s art and craft talent to the world. It mainly focuses on children and youth from slums. Institutions such as Nairobi’s Buru Buru Institute of Fine Art and Kenyatta University’s Department of Fine Art train professionals in craft. In recent years, art galleries have become popular with shows such as the World Fair Trade Day and numerous companies support the efforts.
Y E A R B O O K
Training
Islamic and Indian influences are found on Lamu Island and Mombasa’s Old Town. The original Kenya Railway houses, whose history dates back to 1899 when Nairobi was chosen as the headquarters of the Uganda Railway that weas then under construction. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as the capital of the British Protectorate. Some buildings have been declared national monuments, including Old Parliament Buildings, the High Court building in Nairobi, Macmillan Library building, the Kenya Commercial Bank building, which now houses the Kenya National Archives, Fort Jesus in Mombasa, Mombasa Old Town and Lamu island. In recent years, the building and construction sector has experienced enormous expansion as more investors go into real estate.
K E N Y A
events, the Government is preparing rules that will protect the craft industry.
123
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Culture
124
Kenya has diverse peoples — the Swahili along the Coast, pastoralist communities mainly in the North, communities in Central and Western regions. It has about 42 ethnic groups, each with its unique culture, but majority of them with intertwining cultural practices due close resemblance in languages, the similar environment and physical proximity of the ethnic groups. The colonial administration, missionaries and formal education dealt a blow to most cultural practices leaving a gap that was filled by Western cultural attitudes and identification, especially by the youth. But recent years have seen a rebound in interest on culture, with many activites showing Kenyans’ desire to understand their culture. This can be seen in the growth of vernacluar radio stations, music, theatre, film, documentaries and drama. Cultural villages and television have boosted the trend. There is a marked contrast between urban and rural culture. The cities and towns are characterised by a more cosmopolitan population whose tastes reflect practices that combine the local with the global. Nairobi’s nightlife, for instance, caters to youth interested in music that varies from American rhythm and blues, hip-hop and rock to Congolese rumba. The city has movie theatres and nightclubs where patrons dance or shoot pool; for children, there are
water parks and family amusement centres. For all the modernisation and urbanisation inKenya, however, traditional practices remain important. Rituals and customs are well documented, owing to the intense anthropological study of Kenya’s peoples during the colonial rule and after. Bomas of Kenya
It is a Government parastatal in the Ministry of Tourism. It was started in 1971 to provide a forum for expressing the rich cultural wealth in various communities. It is the largest cultural menu offered in Kenya. It showcases a diversity of culture through traditional dance, music, craft and rituals. (See more in the Chapter on Tourism pp ...) Enkutoto Cultural Village
It is 120km from Nairobi near the famous Masai Mara Game Reserve. It displays the culture of the Maasai, a community that is internationally recognised. The village offers cultural entertainment and tours. Ngomongo Villages Park
It is the newest and most popular local excursion in Mombasa. It is a collection of nine Kenya ethnic group homesteads, each complete with hut, crops, domestic and wild animals like crocodiles for the El Molo, wild animal traps, charms and fetishes and tinsmiths. Each village has community-specific activities,
Princess Jully
It is in Kiambu, about 25km from Nairobi, and offers tours to African homesteads, performance of African dances, story-telling sessions and traditional cuisine. Riuki (‘hearth’ or the centre of a Gikuyu homestead) is an apt name for the enterprise. It portrays the Agikuyu rural life and culture. The centre’s objectives are to develop awareness of the contribution of Agikuyu cultural practices in the growth of the community through song, dance, drama, stories, proverbs, idioms, riddles and enigmas. It also promotes inter-cultural relations among
Y E A R B O O K
Riuki Cultural Centre
2 0 1 0
including archery, boating, rafting, tasting tribal foods and liquor, forest walk, hook fishing and pounding maize. A walk across the households is like walking throughout rural Kenya in just 90 minutes. The park is in an abandoned murram quarry that has been reclaimed into a lush forest over a 10-year period.
K E N Y A
Her real name is Lilian Auma. She started as a backup vocalist for Jolly Boys Band led by her husband Prince Jully, who died in 1997. Jully took over the band. Under her, the group released the hit, Dunia Mbaya. Her 19th album, Aneno Lek, was released in March 2007 and the next, Wangni Wabiro, in August 2007. She has a production house, Jully Productions, to promote new artistes. In 2010, she released another album, Joluo Migingo to Dhi, on the disputed Migingo Island. Princess Jully was part of the Divas of The Nile that performed at the Festival Mundial in the Netherlands in 2007. In 2003, she won the Benga Artiste of the Year at the Kisima Awards.
125
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
2 0 1 0
Kayamba Afrika It is a vocal-based traditional and ethnic inclined six-member music group. Their rhythm is mainly Kenyan with a mixture of beats that create a fusion called neo-traditional music. Heavily leaning towards a cappella, the group has won admiration at home and abroad. The group was formed in 1998 and took the name, Kayamba, a Kenyan music instrument. Director and lead vocalist Juma Odemba is well-versed in poetry, drama and stage presentation. The members are from different ethnic groups and perform in at least 20 Kenyan languages. In 2001, the group released an album Kayamba Africa. Its second album is called Sherehe. Kayamba Africa has released its third CD, VCD and DVD called Simba. It has 12 songs.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
www.kayambaafrica.com
126
Kenyans, develops national harmony and encourages intercultural relations. Ormakau Maasai Cultural Village
It is an eco-tourism project and the women who operate it charge visitors a fee. The cultural village is half an hour’s drive from Nairobi on the plains of Kitengela. It teems with wildlife as it is near the Nairobi National Park and only separated by a gorge and the Athi River. Ormakau bis the Maasai word for ‘hippo’. The women have built a cluster of homesteads and in the cool, dim interior, lit only by two tiny holes for windows, are the man’s wife’s rooms. The rooms are two partitions with low beds made of sticks and covered
Alliance Française was founded in 1883 in Paris by renowned humanists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Verne to reinforce friendship and solidarity between peoples through
It is the cultural institute of the Federal Republic of Germany. It promotes knowledge of German abroad and fosters international cultural cooperation. Through institutes, centres, cultural societies, reading rooms and language learning centres, it promotes cultural and educational policy abroad. The institute works with public and private cultural bodies, German federal
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
French Cultural Centre
Goethe Institut
K E N Y A
with cow hide. In the middle — between the two sleeping quarters — is the fireplace. There’s a side room for the calves. Towards the river are huge boulders and from there herds of impalas can be seen browsing and as they pass by the sacred fig tree which is used for prayers and sacrifice to the gods.
the promotion of the French language and cultural projects. The international network of Alliance Française comprises 1,062 not-for-profit institutions in 132 countries, which operate under local legislation and are managed by a board of prominent personalities in each country. Alliance Française de Nairobi was founded in 1949 and is the largest on the African continent with more than 4,000 students attending French language courses every year and a wide range of cultural events — exhibitions, concerts, festivals and films — organised in the premises. It is supported by the French Embassy in Kenya to implement cultural, artistic and educational cooperation projects. Alliance Française provides an excellent learning environment for students pursuing higher studies in France and benefit from a high standard of academic education. Foreign students in France also benefit from subsidised education costs as French nationals.
127
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
Esther Wahome In 2001, she was the first Kenyan musician to feature in an international CD. Her song, Furahia, was picked in Europe for the Stars of Afro Pop CD. Her 2004 album, Kuna Dawa, was a mega-hit and topped the charts for two years in Africa, Europe and US. It sold over a million copies. At the 2005 Kisima Awards, Esther won the Highest Selling Artiste Award. She was nominated for the Best Female Gospel Artiste in Africa at the Kora Awards in 2004 and 2005. In 2008, she represented Africa in the C+ Music Festival in South Korea.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.estherwahome.com
128
states, municipalities and the private sector. Goethe-Institut Nairobi organises of events on German culture. It organises workshops and seminars for teachers of German as a second language, and provides an extensive examination programme. The information centre is a resource for people interested in Germany, and teaching and studying German as a foreign language. More than 5,000 books, videos, audio-cassettes, DVDs, CDROMs and computer software are available. Italian Institute of Culture
It was opened in 1971 and housed in the Embassy of Italy which at the time was on the 6th floor of Prudential Building on Wabera Street in Nairobi. Between 1995 and 2003, the Institute was in Westlands on Chiromo Road. The Institute is now on the 5th and 6th floors of Grenadier Tower. It is a place for exchange between Italian artistes and intellectuals and their Kenyan counterparts. The programmes are about co-operation with Kenya’s culture and a centre of teaching Italian. Italian culture dates mainly concern cinema, scenic arts, including dance and visual theatre, music, visual arts and literature. Every year, the Institute programmes about 30 events and collaborates with local cultural institutions institutes on international festivals. Japan Information and Culture Centre
It is the information and cultural section of the Embassy of Japan in Kenya. Its primary role is to promote mutual understanding between Kenya and Japan by providing information, educational services and programmes to the public. It distributes bi-annual information bulle-
Catholic Church Music and Cultural Festival Peace Festival in Mau Mau Massacre Sites
Migwena Cultural Festival Nyaribari Chache Cultural Festival Sango Cultural Festival Seme Cultural Festival Sindo Cultural Festival Ugunja Cultural Festival Rift Valley Province
Coast Province
Lamu Cultural Festival Mombasa Street Cultural Carnival Rabai Cultural Festival Swahili Cultural Festival Eastern Province
Cushitic Cultural Festival Embu Cultural Festival Marsabit Cultural Festival Nairobi Province
All Africa Dance Festival Drum Cafe Peace Festival and
Baringo Cultural Festival Coca Cola Music Festival Dorobo Cultural Festival Gospel Performers Festival Koibatek Cultural Festival Moi University Cultural Festival Olosho-Oibor Cultural Festival Western Province
Tachoni Cultural Festival Vihiga Cultural Festival
2 0 1 0
Central Province
Nyanza Province
Y E A R B O O K
Cultural festivals
Conference Kenya International Puppetry Festival Kenya Polytechnic Cultural Week Kenyatta University Cultural Week Kijani Kenya International Music Festival Maa Festival Mavuno Drama Festival Nairobi International Dance Festival Nairobi Province Cultural Week Nubian Festival Panafric Hotel Cultural Nights Sigana International Storytelling Festival Storymoja Hay Festival
K E N Y A
tin which introduces activities of the embassies concerned — Japan Eco, Nipponia and other related pamphlets on Japan — press release and e-mail news. It responds to written, telephone and personal inquiries about Japan. It offers library services and organises workshops to educate teachers, pupils and secondary, college and university students on Japan. The centre also organises cultural and educational activities such as: karate, origami (paperfolding) and shuji (calligraphy) classes, and screening of Japanese movies. The Japanese centre also helps with Japanese language tests and organises speech contests.
129
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Music
130
Music is part of African life. Songs are sung at childbirth, initiation, marriage, death and with every daily activity such as planting and harvesting. The music of Kenya is as diverse as its people. It is through music that cultures are communicated, passed on and preserved. Contact with oriental and EuroAmerican cultures has given rise to new genres of music such as the Arab influence that led to the development of taarab, chakacha and kaswida. Unique music has sprung in recent years. The new genres include benga, with its characteristic bass-drum beat, omutibo, which has developed from the Luhya culture, and twist credited to music greats such as Daudi Kabaka and Fadhili Williams. Other even more recent genres are ‘kapuka’, ‘genge’ and ‘Afrofusion’. They are popular among the youth and singers and performers have become celebrities. Kenyan music cannot be discussed without mentioning the heavyweights who have ruled the charts. Although most of them are dead, their music still sells well. Their hits have outlived them and are recorded by other stars. The list includes the late Williams, who sang the evergreen Malaika. The hit was later recorded by the late Mama Africa, Miriam Makeba, and Harry Belafonte of the US. The evergreen Gabriel Omolo, popularly known as Omolo Gabby,
released a 1972 hit single, Lunch Time. Others are Kabaka, Ochieng Kabaselleh, John Ndichu, Peter Tsotsi, Fundi Konde, Collela Mazee, D O Misiani and Joseph Kamaru. Benga
This is the oldest form of contemporary music, which traces its origins in Nyanza in the early 1940s. It later spread across East and Central Africa. In Dholuo, ‘benga’ means ‘good’ or ‘nice’. The popular genre is characterised by falsetto guitar riffs and melodic singing that breaks with a chorus. Congolese musicians incorporated ‘benga’ in ‘rhumba’ music, which was then characterised by melodic singing and playing drums. Benga music has in the past been redone by top Congolese bands. D O Misiani and his Shirati Jazz released Kisero in the 1970s and it was re-done into Soukous by Lokassa ya Mbongo-led Soukous Stars (Congolese) into double LP Nairobi Night in 1985. Prince Nico Mbarga’s music style was also copied from benga. Benga is classified into western, central and eastern. In Luo benga, the bass guitar and vocals interweave. The bass pulsates and sometimes mimics a flowing melodic line. Guitars come in at the end of each vocal phrase with some catchy riff. DK, a star of the 1970s, was the first Gikuyu musician to jump onto the benga bandwagon in the late 1960s. These regional groups share
Amkeni ndugu zetu Tufanye zote bidii Nasi tujitoe kwa nguvu Nchi yetu ya Kenya Tunayoipenda Tuwe tayari kuilinda
Let one and all arise With hearts both strong and true Service be our earnest endeavour And our homeland of Kenya Heritage of splendour Firm may we stand to defend
Natujenge taifa letu Ee, ndio wajibu wetu Kenya istahili heshima Tuungane mikono Pamoja kazini Kila siku tuwe na shukrani
Let all with one accord In common bond united Build this our nation together And the glory of Kenya The fruit of our labour Fill every heart with thanksgiving.
common characteristics in instrumentation, rhythms, throbbing kick drum and guitar work. Central Benga
Key musicians are Joseph Kamaru, Queen Jane (who died in June 2010), Kamande wa Kioi, JB Maina, Musaimo, Lady Wanja, John Demethew, John Kariuki, Peter Kigia and CDM Kiratu. Eastern Benga
The stars of the genre are Newton Karish, Ken wa Maria, Mananja Boys Band, Bosco Mulwa and Yatta Boys Band. Western ‘Benga’
The musicians and music groupos
in this group are Princess Jully, Dolla Kabary and Super Haki Haki Band, Ochieng Nelly, Alouch Jamaranda, Sukuma bin Ongaro, Phonetex Band and Victoria B Kings. Others are Sungusia Band, Tubalal Sang and Kalenjin Sisters. Genge
Young musicians from Nairobi’s California Estate in Eastlands have championed this genre. ‘Genge’ means ‘music for the masses’. It was founded by Producer Clement Rapudo and his childhood friends, now well-known musicians Jua Cali (Paul Nunda) and Nonini (Herbert Nakitare). The genre is characterised by heavy beats and rapping. Other top musicians are Pilipili,
Y E A R B O O K
O God of all creation Bless this our land and nation Justice be our shield and defender May we dwell in unity Peace and liberty Plenty be found within our borders
K E N Y A
Ee Mungu nguvu yetu Ilete baraka kwetu Haki iwe ngao na mlinzi Natukae na undugu Amani na uhuru Raha tupate na ustawi.
2 0 1 0
NATIONAL ANTHEM
131
Art, Culture and Religion
P Unit, Mejja, CMB Prezzo, Circute VMC, Jimw@t, Rat-a-tat and Mahatma. Kapuka
This is the fronted by the Ogopa DJs stable. It is characterised by heavy baseline and sweet vocals that rhyme with the beat. The genre was founded by producer Lucas Bikedo. It relegated the popular Congolese Lingala to the musical backwaters by unleashing new homegrown stars. They included the late E-Sir, Nameless, Wahu, Amani, Redsan, Deux Vultures, Mr Googs and Vinny Banton. Others are Kleptomaniacs, Deux Vultures, Big Pin, Kenzo and Avril. Some Ogopa-produced artistes have won continental awards.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Hip-hop
132
This genre is characterised by fast-paced rapping, deejaying, scratching, graffiti writing and beat boxing. Hip-hop has grown from a musical genre into a cultural movement. Kenya’s top rappers are Kalamashaka, Abbas Kubaff, Juliani, Bamboo and Wakamba Wawili. Others are Zakah and Swaleh, Mc Kah, A-star Ukoo Flani Mau Mau, Cannibal and Sharama Afro-fusion and traditional fusion
Afro-fusion blends contemporary music with traditional African rhythms to create a hybrid music style. The music usually tells a story about love and offers socio-cultural
advice. It also praises heroes and heroines. The top stars in this category are Eric Wainaina, Suzzana Owiyo, Achieng’ Abura, Atemi Oyungu and Neema Nt’alel, while the most well-known troupes are Jamnazi Afrika, Kayamba Afrika, Sauti Sol, Yunasi and Cheche Group. Bango
This is music from the coastal region characterised by heady brass sounds and singing. Bango has East African Jazz influence that fuses traditional Portuguese music genres, taarab and music genres of coastal Bantu languages. It resembles Latin America music styles such as Bossa Nova and those of many Indian Ocean Islands such as the Seychelles and Mauritius. Joseph Ngala is a renowned Kenyan Bango musician. The veteran musician is in his 70s. Other bands are Uyoga Band (Them Mushrooms), Msenangu Brass Band, Safari Sounds and Mombasa Roots. Taarab
Also called ‘tarabu’ or ‘tarab’, it is the most popular music along the East African coast. The Coast has been a centre of trade with the Middle East and Asia, and taarab music reflects many cultures. The genre is popularly known as Swahili wedding music, since taarab musicians and music are an essential part of the festivities. Taarab incorporates Swahili, Arabic, Indian and Egyptian
This is traditional Luo music fused with modern instruments. The champions of the genre are many young musicians and a few veterans. Top musicians in this category include Tony Nyadundo, Jack Nyadundo, Onyi Papa Jeyi, Osogo Winyo, Omondi Long Lilo, Lady Maureen, Onyango Alemo, A boy Landlord and Ken Jaraha. Others are Ouma Basement, Atobby Ja Ugenya and Omondi Refa.
Y E A R B O O K
Ohangla
K E N Y A
cultures. The instruments range from Middle Eastern oud and dumbek, Indian tabla, Western keyboards and the Japanese taishokoto (described as a banjo/typewriter-key hybrid). Similarly, taarab rhythms reflect traditional ‘ngoma’ dances like ‘chakacha’. Taarab lyrics radiate with the allusive intricacies of Swahili poetry.
2 0 1 0
Wahome Mutahi Born in 1954, he was a humourist popularly known as ‘Whispers’, the name of the column he wrote for the Nation for close to 20 years. He died in 2003 after surgery. Mutahi (seated) wrote and acted in English and Gikuyu plays that caricatured society and politics. His memorial bust was erected at the Kenya National Theatre. He also wrote humour columns for Ugandan publications, The Monitor and Lugambo. His books are Three days on the Cross, Jail bugs, Doomsday, The Miracle Merchants, Mr Canta, Hassan the Genie, The Ghost of Garba Tula and Just wait and see. The Kenya Publishers Association has started the bi-annual Wahome Mutahi Award for Literature.
133
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
Mugithi
Ngugi wa Thiong’o His first play was The Black Hermit in 1962 written for the celebration of Uganda’s independence. Ngugi then wrote Weep not, Child, in 1964. Among his other novels are The River Between, A Grain of Wheat and Petals of Blood. In the 1970s, the novelist, playwright and essayist published a Gikuyu play, Ngahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want) and in 1980 Maitu Njugira (Mother Speak for Me). When he was in detention, he wrote Caitaani Mutharaba-ini (Devil on the Cross). His recent novel is Murogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of Crow). His essays include Homecoming and Writers in Politics. Ngugi is a professor of literature in the US.
The new genre of one-man guitarists has taken root in Central Province. The singer plays the box guitar and sings. The songs are corruptions of various hits and usuallylaced with obscenities. The op performers are Mike Rua, Mike Murimi, Salim Junior and Man Johnny. Twist and Pachanga
Peter Tsotsi and Nashil Pichen played a critical role in the development of the Equator Sound Band’s twist style, modeled on the South African Kwela rhythm. Swahili rumba
Maroon Commandos and Wanyikas (Simba and Les Wanyika) were behind this oncepopular genre in the 1970s. The top local Rhumba act is Musa Juma and his Limpopo International Band. Gospel music
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.ngugiwathiong’o.com
134
Gospel music rules the Kenyan music industry. Its styles range from classical, African rhythms and choirs. Gospel music has been modernised with the latest instrumentation. The top musicians in this widely-selling genre are Loise Kim, Esther Wahome, Mary Atieno, Hellen Akoth, Jemimah Thiong’o and Rufftone. Others are Daddy Owen, the Kassangas, Jimmy Gait, Kanjii Mbugua, Juliani and Reuben Kigame. The top Gospel music producers are Bruce Odhiambo of Johari Clef, Tedd Josiah, Clement Rapudo aka Clemo of Calif Records, Lucas Bikedo of Ogopa Deejays, Eric Musyoka, Robert Kamanzi and Maich Black. Others are Kassangas Studio, Herbal Records and Bably Omar of Tabasamu Records
The annual Kenya Schools and Colleges Music Festival is organised by the Ministry of Education. It brings together thousands of pupils and students, including those in institutions of higher learning. The event has been held since pre-independence days and has more than 480 categories. Performers compete from the zone to the national level in various categories: From folk and jazz music to Indian classical and rap music. Sawa Sawa festival
This is an annual concert organised by the Sarakasi Trust. The aim is to provide a platform for local and international artistes to showcase
Kijani Music Festival
This is a project of Kijani Kenya Trust. World-famous artistes and performing groups perform at the annual event to raise funds for health care and environmental conservation projects. The festival celebrates art music such as ballet, opera and jazz. Kenya Music Week
Since its inception in 2004, it has become very popular. It is the event that business-savvy musicians who want to transform their trade into professional and profitable businesses cannot afford to miss. Musicians, producers, promoters, media and the Government come together. The annual event features performances, exhibitions and workshops. Arab and Indian music
The Arab community in Kenya has vibrant traditional and annual festivals. The Asian Mosaic of Society and the Arts (SAMOSA) festival celebrates the fusion of Asian and African cultures. The Kenya Bengali Cultural and Welfare Society is active in social welfare and cultural propagation through music fiestas, stage shows and religious and cultural events.
2 0 1 0
Schools and colleges festival
their talents. The festival is a threeday fun-filled affair with contemporary Kenyan music such as ‘kapuka’, ‘genge’ and ‘Afrofusion’ taking the pride of place.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya’s music scene has many events, festivals and award ceremonies. The purpose of the festivals is to promote the study and performance of music, dance, drama, acrobatics, and education for the social and individual development. The festivals are also intended to develop cultural arts and creativity and preserve and promote cultural heritage through performance, information and entertainment. Schools and colleges festivals are encouraged for the promotion of Kiswahili and other indigenous languages, the enhnacement of cultural exchanges among the local and foreign communities and the promotion of useful indigenous traditions.
K E N Y A
Festivals and awards
135
Art, Culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Wahu Kagwi
136
Born in 1980, she is a graduate of mathematics from the University of Nairobi. She started her music career in 2000. Her first three singles were Niangalie, Esha and Liar. Wahu released her first major hit, Sitishiki, in 2005. Her music has been produced by the Ogopa DJ’s. She was the 2008 Best Female MTV Africa Music Awards, 2008 Best femal Artiste (Kenya), Pearl of Africa Music Awards 2008 Best Female Artist (Kenya), 2008 Favourite Female Artist (CHAT Awards) and won the 2008 Best Song, Sweet Love, and Best Reggae Artiste/ Group at the Kisima Awards. She is married to Nameless, an award-winning musician.
International exposure
Kenya’s musicians have had their day at the international stage. The all-male group Boys Choir of Kenya performed during the inauguration of US President Barack Obama. Suzanna Owiyo, the ‘Tracy Chapman of Africa’, beat a host of African artistes to clinch the single berth reserved for a female African artiste to perform at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in 2004. In 2008, she performed at former South African President Nelson Mandela’s 90th birthday concert in London. In 1980, the Kenyan band Them Mush-
rooms (now Uyoga) released a Kiswahili song, Jambo Bwana (Hello Mister), which has the refrain Hakuna matata that is a selling line for the country’s tourism. In 1994, the animated movie, The Lion King, used the refrain and gave it international recognition. The song was written by Elton John and nominated for Best Original Song at the 1995 Academy Awards.
2010 Groove Awards Male Artist of the Year
Daddy Owen Female Artist of the Year
Emmy Kosgei Group of the Year
Wernono Family New Artist/Group of the Year
Eko Dydda Song of the Year
Kiriro - Daddy Owen Allan Aaron Worship Song of the Year
Awards
Wewe Pekee - Alice Kamande
Musicians have won top honours locally, regionally and internationally. During the first ever MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMA) in 2008, Kenya’s songbird Wahu won in the Best Female category. Other Kenyans were nominated — Jua Cali for Best Male Artiste and P-Unit for the Listeners Choice category. In 2009, during the MAMA Awrads, Nameless, Wahu’s husband, scooped the Best African Male and Africa’s Listeners Choice Awards. It was held in Nairobi. Amani won the Best Female Award during the awards. Kisima Music Awards recognises music talent in East Africa. The categories that are recognised include Afro fusion, benga, Asian music, hiphop, boomba and traditional. The Annual Groove Award is the top gospel music ceremony in Kenya. It started in 2004. It has honoured artistes such as Daddy Owen and Kanjii Mbugua, who revolutionised the gospel music scene.
Album of the Year
System Ya Kapungala - Daddy Owen Hip-Hop Song of the Year
Niko Na Reason - Holy Dave & Eko Dydda Audio Producer of the Year
Dr Eddie Video Producer of the Year
Mike Olome (Sakata) Song Writer of the Year
Juliani
Kiriro - Daddy Owen, Allan Aaron, Kerah Dance Group of the Year
Ignitaz Worship Team / Choir of the Year
AFLEWO Live Band Of The Year
Zidi The Band Gospel Radio Show of the Year
Shangilia - Hope FM Gospel TV Show of the Year
Y E A R B O O K
Collabo of the Year
K E N Y A
Kiriro - Daddy Owen, Allan Aaron, Kerah
2 0 1 0
Video of the Year
One Voice - NTV
137
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
Radio Presenter of the Year
Central Song of the Year
Lucy wa Ngunjiri - Kameme FM DJ of the Year
Kiriro - Daddy Owen, Allan Aaron, Keraho
DJ Mo
Artist of the Year (Uganda)
Pwani Song of the Year
Exodus
Jina La Yesu - Marion Shako
Artist of the Year (Rwanda)
Rift Valley Song of the Year
The Sisters
Taunet Nalel - Emmy Kosgei
Artist of the Year (TZ)
Western Song of the Year
Rose Muhando
Bana Befwe - Hey-Z& K-Zee ft. Rufftone
East Africa Diaspora Artist (UG)
Eastern Song of the Year
Artist of the Year (BUR)
Mutui Museo - Victor Mbuvi
Fabrice Nzeyimana
Nyanza Song of the Year
Outstanding Contributor to the Industry
Yesu Malo - Paul Odour
Kiki Mutungi - Atlanta (KE)
Japheth Kassanga
138
Young people vote for their favourite artistes in the annual Chaguo la Teenieez (CHAT) Awards. Teeniez’ Male Artist
Redsan Teeniez’ Female Artist
STL Teeniez’ Group or Collaboration
M.O.G Teeniez’ Brand New Artist
Eko Dydda Teeniez’ DJ(s)
DJ Kalonje Teeniez’ Gospel Artist
Juliani Teeniez’ Gospel Group
M.O.G Teeniez’ Gospel Song
Pages za Bible - Sadic & Alemba feat Juliani Teeniez’ Hottest Track
Niko na Reason - Eko Dydda & Holy Dave Teeniez’ Buzzin’ Ringtone with Skiza
Niko Poa - Mejja Sunshine – Nameless & Habida Teeniez’ Most Hype Show
Rush Hour - Kiss 100 FM Teeniez’ Blazin’ FM Station
KISS 100 Teeniez’ TV Actress
Tanya (Sarah Hussein) - Tahidi High Teeniez’ TV actor
OJ (Dennis Mugo) - Tahidi High Teeniez’ TV Drama or Soap Show
Tahidi High (Citizen TV) Teeniez’ VJ & Presenter in a Music Show
VJ Kaytrixx and Tero (Straight Up) - KTN Teeniez’ Role Model
2 0 1 0
Teeniez’ Sizzlin’ Music Video
Y E A R B O O K
She is the author of The River and the Source and I Swear by Apollo. The former won the Africa Region Commonwealth Award for Literature and the Jomo Kenyatta Literature Award in 1995. It has been translated into Italian, Lithuanian and Spanish. She has also written A Biography: A Gift of Grace — about the life of the first Catholic Cardinal in Kenya Maurice Otunga. Her other books are Educating in Human Love and Place of Destiny, a novel on cancer. She is a pediatrician and the medical director of Cottolengo Hospice, a hospice for HIV orphans. Ogola was born in 1958 and is married with four children and two foster ones. She studied at Thompson’s Falls and Alliance Girls schools. Her undergraduate and postgraduate studies were at the University of Nairobi.
CHAT Awards
K E N Y A
Margaret Ogola
Daniel Ndambuki (Churchill)
139
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
Teeniez’ Facebook Fan Page
Tahidi High Schools categories Teeniez’ Most Entertaining Performer
Wilson Ngare - Aquinas Boys Teeniez’ Male Team of the Year
St Marys School - Rugby (7’s) Teeniez’ Most Exciting School Play, Dance or Verse Omweri (Dance) -Aquinas Teeniez’ Female Team of the Year
Kenya High School - Swimming Teeniez’ Athlete of the Year
David Ambunya (St Marys) - Rugby Teeniez’ Artist/Group
Verbal - Highway Teeniez’ Dance Group
Al-Shabaab - Parklands Secondary Music Composers Association Awards
is another forum that recognises Kenyan musicians.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Theatre
140
Kenya holds one of the biggest annual drama events, the Kenya schools and colleges drama festival, in the south of Sahara. In 2009, the Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival marked its 50th anniversary. This event showcases plays, dances and narratives from primary school pupils and secondary and college students. The drama, song, dance and verse are in Kenyan indigenous languages, Kiswahili and English. Five years ago, the festival has introduced a category of drama in French. Notable theatre performing groups include Festival of Creative Arts that stages regular stage perfor-
mances at the Kenya National Theatre and Alliance Francaise, Phoenix Players at the Professional Centre, Mbalamwezi Players Heartsrings Ensemble and Mombasa Little Theatre Club. Notable names on the theatre scene include the late actresses Stella Awinja Muka and Anne Wanjugu. Renowned director Tirus Gathwe cut a niche for himself and is perhaps the most well-known theatre directors in Kenya today.In the late 1990s through the early 2000s, the late Wahome Mutahi followed in the footsteps of the legendary Ngugi wa Thiong’o when, through Igiza Productions, teamed up with Gathwe and embarked on a project, Taking Theatre to the People, through which they staged numerous productions, mainly political satires, at nightspots throughout the country. Other celebrated playwrights are Francis Imbuga, Ngugi wa Thiong’o and the late Wahome Mutahi. Some of the groups behind theatre events are Heartstrings Kenya, Phoenix Players and Mbalamwezi Players. Kenya has several theatre houses. Kenya National Theatre
It is in Nairobi, opposite the Norfolk Hotel and next to the University of Nairobi and the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. It is part of the Kenya Cultural Centre, a semi-autonomous Government agency under the Ministry of National Heritage and Culture. It is mandated to offer
Braeburn Theatres
They are at Braeburn School in Nairobi and host various plays and musical renditions throughout the year. They are popular for their large seating capacity and are hired by theatre groups and orchestras.
Y E A R B O O K
It is the largest and oldest repertory theatre company in East and Central Africa. It was registered in 1983. Phoenix Players mount, on average, a new play every three weeks throughout the year. Their intimate 120-seat auditorium at the Professional Centre on Parliament Road, Nairobi. Its productions vary from comedy to drama, farces to classics, pantomimes to musicals. The theatre relies on membership subscriptions, box-office tickets and donations. The play programme is varied to appeal to tastes. While professionals of great experience and versatility are the core cast, they are supplemented with the amateur talent available in Nairobi. Phoenix Players are always on the look out for new faces. It hosts monthly shows in Nairobi. Apart from the plays by Phoenix Players, 16 a year, visiting groups use the auditorium. The Phoenix tradition is unique — no other theatre in Africa presents continuous repertory.
2 0 1 0
Phoenix Theatre
K E N Y A
space for rehearsal and staging of productions to local and international repertoire. The theatre hosts amateur and professional groups who stage musicals and plays throughout the year. Some of the best Kenyan thespians — such as Daniel Ndambuki (‘Churchill’) who, like many others, has crossed over to the film industry — have emerged from KNT. Kenya National Theatre has been a basis for formulating a cultural policy. In 2004, Kenya Cultural Centre Ltd contracted Millicon’s Ltd for a three-phase renovation of the facility. The Kenya National Theatre hosted the 2005 Unesco Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. In 2007, it was handed over and renamed National Theatre with a notable interior design of the first floor Wasanii Restaurant by Terry Tabor. The most notable performance at the theatre has been Conrad Makeni’s I Will Marry When I Want by Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Ngugi wa Mirii, a play which landed Ngugi in trouble with authorities in the 1970s. In 2003, the South African musical Sarafina! was produced at the Kenya National Theatre by Sterling Quality Entertainment Company. The producers of the show, Peter J Oyier and Paul J Oyier, also hosted Mbongeni Ngema and Leleti Khumalo for the premiere of the show, which had an all-Kenyan cast.
141
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
Others
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Albert Wandago
142
He started as a playwright and actor in 1973 in high school. By the time he joined the University of Nairobi in 1976, he was a short story writer, playwright, actor and theatre director. He graduated in 1979 with a degree in theatre arts. He enrolled for a postgraduate film production course at the Kenya Institute of Mass Communications and graduated in 1981. Between 1982 and 1990, he was a producer/director with the Ministry of Information and rose to senior lecturer. In 1990, he started Alwan Communications and produced and directed many films. www.alwanfilms.com
They include the Courtyard Theatre on Ngong Road, Nairobi, and the Little Theatre Club in Mombasa. Other towns have small theatres. Popular theatre
It is hosted in hotels and has grown in recent years and is part of weekend entertainment in urban Kenya. It is so popular that it has been turned into commercial videos that are shown at hotels, bars and other public places. It is also part of the repertoire in many homes and are shown on television. Citizen TV pioneered this, but Radio Africa Group has followed.
Education and training Traditionally, music was passed on orally and only later was African music documented. Music is offered as an optional subject in
Others
There are several informal music schools and tutorial centres in Nairobi. Piano Services on Ngong Road offers part-time piano lessons to seven-year olds and above and church members. Others are Music School of Eastern Africa in Kisumu, Fun & Joy School of Music in Mombasa, and Nairobi’s The Music Academy for Performing Arts, Step Promotions and Wynton House of Music, among others. Homeboyz DJ Academy in Nairobi, the first ever professional DJ school in Africa, trains music spinners. It opened its doors
2 0 1 0
It was founded in 1944 as The East Africa Conservatoire of Music. From a purely expatriate teaching staff and clientele, it has more than 400 students in Nairobi. It has 15 highly qualified and committed teachers (local and expatriate). The lessons are given at its premises at the Kenya Cultural Centre, and at various schools that teachers visit weekly. It offers offer training to more than 300 students in Nairobi. The curriculum — music theory and ensemble/band training — caters for the musical needs of individuals and ensures that the skills acquired meet international standards through examinations of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. The school also
Y E A R B O O K
The Kenya Conservatoire of Music
covers all aspects of the IGCSE music curriculum. The study period is divided into three school terms a year of 12 weeks each (January to March, mid-April to mid-July, September to November. Students are expected to have their instruments and to bring them to class (except for piano and double bass). Pianists are required to have a practice instrument at home or to practise at least five days a week at the school, the Kenya Cultural Centre or The GoDown Arts Centre. The Kenya Conservatoire of Music has opened another teaching and learning facility at The GoDown Arts Centre in South B, Nairobi. It offers music instruction in singing, guitar, piano and drums and practice facilities at subsidised rates.
K E N Y A
some public high schools and most private schools. Students are taught African music, Western music theory, composition and playing instruments. Institutions of higher learning such as Maseno and Kenyatta universitiesoffer music at undergraduate, master’s and doctorate levels. Institutions of higher learning teach drama and other forms of theatre. Kenyatta University, for example, has a Theatre Arts and Film Technology Department that offers a degree programme in theatre arts. The University of Nairobi teaches theatre arts and drama, while Moi University offers a BA degree course in creative arts.
143
Art,and Art Culture culture and Religion
State publishers
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The Kenya Literature Bureau and Jomo Kenyatta Foundation are parastatals. KLB originated from the East African Literature Bureau established in 1947. It became a department in the Ministry of Education in 1977 and a parastatal in 1980. KLB has published over 900 titles for local and international markets. JKF is a parastatal established in 1966 in the wake of Kenya’s determination to control educational publishing and prevent capital flight. It awards scholarships to bright, but needy students in secondary schools. It provides educational materials that complement national development goals of self-reliance and industrialisation.
144
www.kenyaliteraturebureau. com www.jkf.co.ke
in 2003. In 2004, the group launched the HomeBoyz Music Technology Academy that focuses on developing studio engineers and music producers. This is a certificate course in audio production. The group has also launched the ‘Live Sound’ course that focuses on live and big sound. Plans are on course to start the HomeBoyz Video Academy.
Film Kenya is a popular destination for film production and Hollywood has a long-standing affair with the country dating to the 1930s. From The Snows of Kilimanjaro, starring Gregory Peck, to King Solomon’s Mines with Stewart Granger and Mogambo featuring Clark Gable and Ava Gardner are some of the classic films shot in the country. Kenya has mostly produced documentary films on the conditions of the people in urban areas. Since 2000, feature films have increased — Dangerous Affair, Project Daddy and Money & the Cross by Njeri Karago, Babu’s Babies by Christine Bala, Naliaka is going by Albert Wandago, The price of a Daughter and Behind closed doors by Jane Murago-Munene, The Green Card by Brutus Sirucha, Malooned by Bob Nyanja, All Girls Together by Cajetan Boy, Help by Robert Bresson and From a Whisper by Wanuri Kahiu. Numerous short fictions are also on the increase such as Ras Star by Kahiu, Subira by Kenya-based Indian film director Ravneet Sippy Chadha, Life in D Major by Angelo Kinyua and Extracts of Me by William Owusu. Other low-budget filmmakers using digital technology have spawned the Riverwood industry. Mburu Kimani’s The Race earned an award at the inaugural Kalasha Awards
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
the lives of the reserves predators. The third series of the hit international game show Survivor Africa was filmed in the Shaba Reserve in Kenya. For the producers, Kenya offered a perfect combination of beautiful locale, stunning wildlife and opportunity for adventure. In the past decade, Nairobi’s River Road, famous for its music industry, has given birth to a filmmaking niche similar to Nigeria’s Nollywood, now referred to as Riverwood. Riverwood has churned out Kibaara Kaugi’s Enough is Enough, The Race and Dawa Ya Deni. Simiyu Barasa and Robby Bresson joined the fray with Toto Millionaire and Help respectively. Riverwood has caught the attention of many broadcasters. So far, about five movies — Toto Millionaire, Help, Enough is Enough, Dawa Ya Deni and The Race — have been screened on M-Net’s Africa Magic channel. Locally, Citizen TV screens movies shot in Riverwood by local producers. The Government has made efforts to develop the industry. In 2005, it established the Kenya Film Commission to promote the industry and raise international interest from nvestors. It provides facilities for screening and filming and organises workshops to educate local film-makers. It advises on licensing and facilitates the filming process. The Commission has established a database for film directors, producers, agents, local talent, stake-
K E N Y A
(Kenya’s TV and Film Awards) for Best Riverwood Film. Other films in this genre include Simiyu Barasa’s Toto Millionaire and numerous vernacular films by actors such as Kihenjo and Machang’i Films such as Kibera Kid directed by Nathan Collett is a 12-minute shot covering crime and poverty in the slums of Kibera. The film received seven international awards and attention at various film festivals, including the Berlin Film Festival, and a Student EMMY in Hollywood. It has been profiled by BBC, Reuters and Al Jazeera. It is, however, the 1985 film, Out of Africa, adapted from Karen Blixen’s classic book that cemented the country’s place as the foremost film destination in Africa. Starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford, the film won seven Academy Award awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Cinematography and Best Music, Original Score. Other films include Born Free, Nowhere in Africa — a German film about Jewish refugees struggling to create a new life in wartime Kenya that won 14 international awards, including the 2003 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film — and The Constant Gardener. Many award-winning wildlife television series have also been shot on location in Kenya by BBC Natural History, Discovery, Survival and other production houses. The Masai Mara is the backdrop for BBC’s popular Big Cat Diary, following
145
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art and culture
146
Best Talk Show
Capital Talk (K24) Best TV Host
Jeff Koinange’s Capital Talk Best Documentary
Headlines in History Best Student Film
KIMC’s Lumbasi Best Student Documentary
KIMC’s Forgotten Best Feature Film
Ndoto za Elibidi Best Short Film
Soul Boy Best Local Language Film
Mwanake Don’t Care Best Documentary Film
A history of Film Best Lead Actor
Samson Odhiambo- Soul Boy Best Supporting Actor
Geoffery Jefferson Ong’ongo (Togetherness Supreme) Lead Actress
Lucy Nyaga
Best Cinematography Best TV Drama Overall
Andrew Mungai (Togetherness Supreme)
Changing Times (KTN)
Best Director
Best Comedy
Wanuri Kahiu (Pumzi)
Papa Shirandula (Citizen)
Editing
Best Actor in TV
Charles Bukeko (Papa Shirandula)
Carole Gikandi Omondi (Ndoto za Elibidi)
Best Actress in TV
Scriptwriter
Elizabeth Wanjiru (Mother in Law)
Billy Kahora (Soul boy)
2010 Kalasha Awards
Best Performance in Comedy
Kenneth Gichoya (Njoro) (Papa Shirandula)
Y E A R B O O K
Ummul Rajab (Ndoto za Elibidi)
2 0 1 0
Best Supporting Actress
K E N Y A
holders and service providers. In Nairobi, the Hot Sun Foundation was established to tap talent and train young people in filmmaking, acting, script writing, camerawork. The foundation was responsible for producing films such as Kibera Kid. (See more in the Communication chapter) The inaugural Kalasha Kenya Film and TV Awards in 2009, organised by the Kenya Film Commission and the Ministry of Information, was the first time local producers, actors, writers, directors and crew were honoured. This came fast on the heels of another breakthrough for the industry when Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance Uhuru Kenyatta zero rated filming equipment in the June 2009 Budget speech. This was an indicator of the signs heralding a bright future for the industry long dominated by Hollywood films, Mexican soaps on TV and poor quality local productions.
147
Art, Culture and Religion
Kenya International Film Festival
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The inaugural event was held in October 2006 in Nairobi. It is an event with a mix of cultural and artistic expression through film and seminars on the development of a vibrant film industry. It aims at showcasing the creative and artistic talent in Africa and is held in October at the French Cultural Centre and the Kenyatta International Conference Centre. The festival gives local and regional film makers a platform to premier their work to a local and international audience, and to improve their skill. The second edition was held on September 25, 2010 in Nairobi. It transcends regional borders and international films compete with those from Africa The event organisers invite acclaimed film makers to conduct workshops and share experiences with local film makers.
148
Television Acting for television is popular with the Kenyan audience. The genre has been around from the 1960s when actors like Mzee Pembe graced the television screen. Others, like Benson Wanjau (Ojwang’ Hatari) and Mary Khavere (Mama Kayai), followed later with their comedies presented in Kiswahili, reaching millions of households courtesy of the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation television station. Serious television drama was
witnessed for the first time in the early 1990s, with the entry of popular actors like Packson Ngugi, BMJ Muriithi and Betty Achieng’, alongside other thespians who featured in TV shows following the Government’s liberalisation of the airwaves. However, Tushauriane, a Swahili TV series featuring fine actors such as Dennis Kashero and Tony Msalame had premiered in the 1980s, becoming arguably one of the most popular productions to ever hit the Kenyan TV screens. A new genre, stand-up comedy, followed when the late actor Joni Nderitu entered the scene. The new style was later perfected by the Redykyulass, comprising the trio of Walter Mong’are, Tony Njuguna and John Kiare, who specialised in political satire. Other stations that promote theatre are Citizen TV, Nation TV, KTN and K24.
Literature Kenya has a long oral and written literary tradition, primarily in English and Swahili, the two official languages of the country. The Swahili literary tradition, oral and written, dates to the 18th century and is represented by authors such as Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy and Kupona Mwana. One of the best known pieces of Kenyan literature is Utendi wa Tambuka, (The Story of Tambuka). Written by Mwengo at the court of the Sultan of Pate, the epic poem is one of the earliest known documents in Kiswahili, and
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
recently restricted to utilitarian purposes. However, the traditional art of oral expression in poetry has produced valuable works. It is characterised by heroic songs, folklore ballads and humorous dialogues which depict Swahili life, cultural beliefs and traditions. Key Swahili literary writers are Abdilatif Abdalla, Prof Ali Alamin Mazrui and Katama Mkangi. Kiswashili writers of children’s literature include Nyambura Mpesha, Pamela Kola, Zachariah M. Zani and Masera Lewela. The authors of riwaya (novel) are Kyalo Wadi Wamitila, Ken Walibora, Kitula King’ei, B Muthusi and Mwenda Mbatiah, while for tamthilia (plays) writers include Chacha Nyaigoti Chacha, Kithaka wa Mberia, Khaemba Ongeti and Alamin Mazrui. Kiswahili poets include Kithaka wa Mberia, Hassan M. Mbega, Abdulatif Abdalla, Ahmed Nassir and Alamin Mazrui During the colonial era, writers of European origin in Kenya — Elspeth Huxley (The Flame Trees of Thika) and Isak Dinesen (Out of Africa) — introduced indigenous themes and settings to broad audiences. Key Kenyan writers include Grace Ogot, Meja Mwangi, Margaret Ogola, Mugo Gatheru, Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye and Binyavanga Wainaina. The most well known author is Ngugi wa Thiong’o. His first novel, Weep Not, Child, was the first novel in English to be published by an East
K E N Y A
was written in 1141 of the Islamic calendar or 1728 AD. One key characteristic of Swahili literature is the relative heterogeneity of the language. There are works written in Kiamu, Kimvita, Kipemba, Kiunguja, Kimrima, Kimtang’ata, Ki-Dar-es-salaam and Ki-Nairobi and they are considered varieties of Swahili. The literature has sometimes been characterised as Islamic by some Western scholars, including Jan Knappert. This has, however, been criticised by some experts such as Alamin Mazrui and Ibrahim Noor Shariff. Swahili literature is classified into three genres: Riwaya (novel), tamthilia (drama/play) and ushairi (poetry). Fiction in Swahili literature mainly consisted of oral narrative traditions. It was not until the 1940s that Swahili started to have a written fiction. Generally, Swahili poetry is derived from Arabic poetry. It began in the northern coastal towns of Lamu and Pate before spreading to Tanga, Zanzibar and other nearby areas. However, there are a few fundamental differences between Swahili and Arabic poetry. Traditional poetry can be classified into different groups according to form and content. It can be epic, lyrical or didactic, as well as religious or secular. Examples of narrative poetry, known as utenzi, include Utendi wa Tambuka by Bwana Mwengo and Utenzi wa Shufaka. Use of Swahili prose was until
149
Art, Culture and Religion
African. The River Between has been on the secondary school syllabus. Undoubtedly, Thiong’o is best known for his novel, A Grain of Wheat. The novelists address problems in colonial and post-colonial society. Many publish in English although Thiong’o has insisted on publishing first in his native Gikuyu. Kenya has many award-winning writers — including Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Binyavanga Wainaina and. Others are Meja Mwangi, Grace Ogot, and Margaret Ogola, among many others. Children’s category
Authors in this category include Nyambura Mpesha, Pamela Kola, Ezekiel Alembi, Valerie Cuthbert and Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Adolescent category
150
Authors include Emmanuel Kariuki, David G Maillu, Meja Mwangi, Kingwa Kamencu and Ngumi Kibera Adult category (Novel)
Writers in this field are Charles Mangua, John Kiriamiti, Meja Mwangi, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, Binyavanga Wainaina, Margaret Ogola, David Maillu and Grace Ogot Drama
Renowned Kenyan dramatists include Francis Imbuga, Chris
Wanjala, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Jimmi Makotsi Poetry
Some the major poets are Jonathan Kariara, Arthur Luvai, Otieno Amisi and Micere Githae Mugo. Grace Ogot
She published short stories in English and Dholuo in the early 1960s. Her first novel, The Promised Land, was published in 1966. Land without Thunder, a collection of short stories about traditional life in rural western Kenya, was published in 1968. Two other short story collections, The Other Woman and Other Stories (1976) and The Island of Tears (1980), as well as a second novel, The Graduate (1980) were also widely read. Ogot’s short stories often weave old and new material together by presenting traditional curses and mysteries puzzling modern Kenyans in new urban settings. A series of historical novels went back several centuries to reconstruct Luo history. A number of her stories has been dramatised. In 1983, she joined politics and was elected MP and appointed Assistant Minister. Meja Mwangi
His works can be divided into three: Mau Mau novels (Carcass for Hounds and Taste of Death), thrillers and the urban trilogy (Kill Me Quick, Going Down River Road and
The Cockroach Dance), which dealt with the rapid urbanisation. He has published 11 novels, including short stories, children’s books and work with a variety of projects in film. His books have been translated into six languages and two acted as films. The author has received awards in Kenya and abroad.
writers. Kwani Trust releases an annual journal, Kwani, that features writing from Kenya, Kwani Novel series and Kwani Short Story series. Kenya has a robust poetry scene with big names such as Betty Muragori and award-winning poet Shailja Patel. The spoken word has also gained prominence with young people such as Dissi Obanda and Oballa Dan at the forefront.
Odaga Asenath Bole
2 0 1 0
Well-known publishers are Longhorn, Kenya Literature Bureau, Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, East African Educational Publishers, Macmillan Kenya, Longman and Oxford University Press. Sasa Sema, Mvule and Storymoja are other publishers in Kenya. Organisations such as Kwani Trust promote young writers. The Trust, founded by editor Binyavanga Wainaina in 2003, is a literary hub for writers committed to the growth of the region’s creative industry through publishing and contemporary African literature. It offers training, organises literary events and establishes global literary networks. It has published more than 30 new
African literature had long been an exclusively oral tradition, and the writing of stories only began with European colonisation. In precolonial Africa, performance held an important role. Oral literature was one of the primary forms of literature as Kenya did not have a script culture. Orature (that is based on performance) or oral narratives holds an important position in the life of indigenous communities. Kenyan literature is tremendously influenced by its oral culture and community life. It includes a large body of oral and written folklore, much of the latter collected by local and foreign anthropologists. Oral Literature has pride of place especially because of its link with the written word. It is taught in schools and institutions of higher learning. Research has been done on narratives, song,s dance, riddles, proverbs and other art forms in many communities in Kenya.
Y E A R B O O K
Publishers
Oral Literature
K E N Y A
She is a prolific writer of children’s literature. Between 1988 and1993, she was the chairperson of the Children’s Literature Association of Kenya. She has published books in English and Dholuo. Her fiction for younger children focuses on daily activities.
151
Art, Culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Photography
152
Kenya’s photography is vibrant, with frequent exhibitions and competitions. The Kenya National Archives, Film and Information departments, State broadcaster Kenya Broadcasting Corporation and media houses, especially Nation and Standard, are sources of old and modern photographs. Camerapix, established in 1963 by the late Mohamed Amin, is one of the oldest studios in the country. It has offices in Nairobiand London, and prides itself as an “international force with the ability of telling stories that make a difference in people’s lives”. Freelance photographers are many and specialise on weddings, portraits and social events. After the 2008 post-election turmoil, a photo exhibition, Kenya Burning, ran for months in Nairobi at the Godown Arts Centre and Ramoma Art Gallery. Wildlife and scenic photography is also well developed in Kenya.
Cartoons Kenya’s cartoons are as old as newspapers if not older. Cartoons such as ‘Juha Kalulu’ and ‘Bogi Benda’ were later published. Godfrey Mwampembwa (Gado), Paul Kelemba (Maddo) and Patrick Gathara are the names behind newspaper cartoons and are household names in Kenya. Gathara is a self-taught cartoonist who covers local and international politics and current affairs. His
cartoons have been published in local newspapers and exhibited in Europe and Asia. In 2004, he won the Special Award for Caricature during the 6th World Cartoon Conference. Gathara is the General Secretary of the Association of East African Cartoonists (KATUNI). The Internet is changing the way cartoonists communicate. They have gone online and their satirical blogs comment on various issues in society. Some of the blogs are Gathara’s World, Foot in Mouth and Scarycature. ‘Maddo’ describes himself as a natural artist. He has drawn for newspapers such as Nation and The Standard and in the latter his flagship is It’s a Mad Madd World. He has received several awards for his work: Outstanding Contribution in Humorous and Satirical Cartoon Drawings by the Giant Group of Nairobi in 1990, Special Recognition and Merit by Kisima Awards and Sober Drive and Infrastructure Award from the Kenya Union of Journalists. KATUNI has a blog for cartoonists. It organises events that publicise cartoonists’ work. The Shikwekwes is a blog run by Litu since March 2008. His short comic, The Watchdog, was featured in Africa Award for Best Unpublished Comic Strips by African authors.
National dress Kenya’s cultural diversity has been a major factor in the long search for
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
by two designers, Christine Ndambuki and Wacu of Wacu Designs, for their ‘his’ and ‘hers’ designs. Wacu won in the Best Female category with her cream and brown threepiece kikoi outfit. Christine’s was a fiery red Nigerian-inspired gown. Other designers have made efforts to Kenyanise the fashion industry. For instance, Zinduka Africa, a group of young and upcoming designers, had dedicated itself to helping get an accepted dress, but also to make Kenyans appreciate and buy the designs and fabrics. Zinduka held several fashion shows, including a street show, where they brought their designs on Kenyan fabrics right onto the pavements in the city centre. In September 2004, after six months of research, senior politicians, including then Vice-President Moody Awori, walked the catwalk at the Kenya National Theatre to showcase the new design — colourful African outfits. The search began in early 2004, a few months after three MPs were barred from Parliament for wearing brightly-coloured Nigerian robes. Rules dating back to the colonial era stated that male MPs must wear suits and ties in the chamber. Following this dispute, the Government and consumer goods company Unilever Kenya set up a National Dress Design Team. It launched a competition among Kenyan designers to come up with a design for a national dress and
K E N Y A
national attire. Kenya has 42 ethnic groups who have different traditional dress styles. The majority of Kenyans dress more or less Western style. Along the Coast where a big part of the population is Muslim, some dress in Arabic style. Some communities have largely kept their traditional dress and lifestyle. The Maasai, Samburu and the Turkana, who live in the north are some of the examples. However, even among them, Western dress is making its way, with traditionally dressed warriors carrying digital watches and mobile phones. Many of the other communities have adopted Western dress. The red Maasai dress is also a trademark traditional landmark of Kenya. It is adorned with beads and metallic sequins that make it conspicuous. The colour represents Maasai love for Mother Earth and is used to ward off attacks by wild animals. There have been several attempts to create a national dress. Designers Mary Kadenge and Margaret Akumu Gould worked on this for decades. Gould organised the first ever National Dress Competition in the 1980s in Nairobi. In the 1990s, she teamed up with the Kenya Tourism Foundation and the Ministry of Culture and Social Services in the search for a national dress for national unity. They organised a National Dress Competition in which 20 designers took part. The competition was won
153
Art, Culture and Religion
asked the public to choose their favourite.
National symbols National Anthem
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The National Anthem is a symbol of unity, peace and nationhood. On the eve of independence in 1963, a five-member commission was set up to compose a National Anthem that truly represented the people of Kenya. The team was headed by Mr Graham Hyslop, then music advisor, and comprised GW Senoga-Zake of Uganda (who died in 2009), the Rev Thomas Kalume, Peter Kibukosya, and Washington Omondi. They settled on the melody of a Pokomo lullaby, a small ehtnic group at the Coast. The anthem was to have characteristics of traditional Kenyan music — right length and quality yet dignified. After several changes, the final version was recorded in Kiswahili and English on September 25 and 26, 1963.
154
Flag
The national flag was adopted on Independence Day, December 12, 1963. It is based on the flag of the Kenya African National Union (Kanu), the party that led the fight for freedom and independence of Kenya. The flag is a horizontal tricolour of black, red and green, with white fimbriation that was added at independence. It also has a shield with two crossed white spears behind a red, white and black traditional Maasai shield.
Black represents the people of Kenya; red the blood that was shed during the struggle for freedom and green the country’s natural wealth. The white fimbriation symbolises peace. The Maasai shield symbolises the defence for things represented by the colours. The flag is displayed horizontally. National Coat of Arms
It was granted on October 15, 1963, and consists of two lions, interpreted as symbols of protection, holding spears and a traditional shield. The shield and spears represent unity and the defence of freedom. The shield’s colours are identical to those of the national flag. The middle red strip has a rooster holding an axe, which traditionally denotes a prosperous new life. The shield and lions stand on a silhouette of Mt Kenya. In the foreground are some of Kenya’s agricultural produce. This is supported by a scroll on the word Harambee. Harambee is the motto that founding President Jomo Kenyatta used to rally Kenyans together. National Orders
They are the highest awards given by the President to individuals for exemplary service to the nation. The orders were created and ordained by Kenyatta in 1966. They are divided into three classes. They include: Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart (CGH), which comprises a full length collar chain with
State corporations Permanent Presidential Music Commission
Its role is to document, develop and promote music and dance in Kenya. It provides policy and legislative framework for the preservation of music and dance. The Commission has helped preserve indigenous music. It has recorded traditional songs and dances of many communities in audio-visual format. It has developed documentaries, including Ngoma za Kenya, a series of five DVDs on dances from all communities in Kenya. It also has an impressive collection of traditional music instruments. The commission hosts biannual symposia for ethnomusicologists. It is also responsible for the preparation and presentation of entertainment programmes on national days, State and other major public functions.
2 0 1 0
It stands at the place where the Kenyan flag was raised on December 12, 1963 in Nairobi. It was built in commemoration of the 20th independence anniversary in 1983.
The NMK is a State corporation established by the Museums and Heritage Act 2006. It is a multidisciplinary institution whose role is to collect, preserve, study, document and present Kenya’s past and present cultural and natural heritage. The purpose is to enhance knowledge, appreciation, respect and use of the resources for the benefit of Kenya and the world. NMK manages many regional museums, sites and monuments of national and international importance alongside priceless collections of Kenya’s living cultural and natural heritage. Each regional museum has its identity and develops programmes. NMK’s history dates back to 1910 when a museum was established in Nairobi by the then East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society (now the East African Natural History Society). The group consisted of colonial settlers and naturalists who needed a place to preserve collections of various specimens. Its first site was at the present Nyayo House. The site soon became small and a larger building wasbuilt in 1922 where the Nairobi Serena Hotel stands. It was not until 1929 that the colonial government set aside land at Museum Hill and construction started. It was opened on September 22, 1930 and named Coryndon Museum in honour of Sir Robert Coryndon, a one-time Governor of Kenya and a staunch supporter
Y E A R B O O K
Independence Monument
National Museums of Kenya
K E N Y A
24 emblems; Elder of the Golden Heart (EGH); Moran of the Golden Heart (MGH); Chief of the Burning Spear (CBS); Elder of the Burning Spear (EBS); Order of the Grand Warrior (OGW) and Head of State Commendation
155
Art, Culture and Religion
of Uganda Natural History Society. At independence in 1963, it was renamed NMK. The museum has established collaboration, research and development programmes — for instance, the Institute of Primate Research and RISSEA. To keep abreast with changes, NMK redefined its operations. This meant developing museums as places where people from all walks of life meet and discuss socioeconomic issues. Towards the end of 1990s, NMK received funding from the European Union for the ‘Museum in Change’ programme to make NMK an outward-looking institution that responds to visitors’ needs while providing quality services and products.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Nairobi National Museum
156
It is the NMK’s flagship, housing some of the most celebrated collections of history, culture and art from Kenya and East Africa. The Nairobi National Museum was established in 1910. It is at the Museum Hill, about five minutes’ drive from the city centre. The museum aims to interpret heritage of Kenya to stimulate appreciation and learning. The museum is open daily, including public holidays, between 0930hrs and 1800hrs. In 2005, the museum closed its doors for an extensive modernisation and expansion project that has since been completed. The outcome is impressive — the museum has
been transformed into a magnificent piece of architecture that competes with other world-class museums. The artworks, the materials used in the fabrication of outdoor sculptures, the landscaping and botanic gardens link to the three pillars of Kenya’s national heritage — nature, culture and history. Under nature, there are 5 exhibitions — Human origins, Mammalian Radiation, Ecology of Kenya, Natural Diversity and Geology. Under culture, the exhibitions include Cycles of Life, Cultural Dynamism and Creativity. The history pillar has two exhibitions: Kenya Before 1850 and History of Kenya. Nairobi Snake Park
It is adjacent to Nairobi National Museum. On display are cobras, puff adders, mambas and the large African-Rock python (non-poisonous) found only in Kenya. Several species of crocodile found in Africa, the American alligator, fresh water terrapins and tortoises are also on display aquariums holding coral fish from the East African lakes and rivers are a main feature of the park. Nairobi Gallery
It is in the heart of Nairobi next to Nyayo House in the Old Provincial Commissioner’s building. Buit in 1913, the museum holds temporary exhibitions.
Karen Blixen Museum
It is a historical house museum dedicated to the Danish settler and author Karen Blixen. The old farmhouse belonged to Blixen, who became famous with the publication of the book and release of the Oscar-winning film, Out of Africa. Her bed and living rooms and some of the her things are on display.
Kenya, showing all the provinces. Two other monuments, laid by President Daniel Moi, commemorate 20 and 25 years of independence. Other sites include Mnarani (Coast) and the Koobi Fora Site Museum (Turkana) where Richard Leakey found the first Australopithecus skull. Research
• • • • • • • • • •
Kisumu Museum (1926) Loiyangalani Museum (1960) Gede Museum (1927) Kariandusi Museum (1928) Kapenguria Museum (1993) Meru Museum (1974) Hyrax Hill (1943) Kabarnet Museums (1996) Narok or Maa Museum Rabai Museum (1846)
Sites and monuments
The NMK also takes care of important sites such as Uhuru Gardens in Nairobi that hosts the Uhuru Monument — Ihara Tree — buit in 1973 to commemorate 10 years of independence. The tree marks the spot where the national flag was first hoisted on December 12, 1963. The tree is surrounded by a map of
Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service It is a department in the Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, whose responsibility is to house, control and preserve all public records. It provides archival services for records, data for research and education and is a focal point for the efficient management of operational records in the public service. The archives offers services to all arms of the Government. The public can access the records at a fee. Its head office is in Nairobi and it has five record centres in the country. The diverse nature of the NDS collection makes it a unique library with old and current records, including some collections and books published in the 16th century. The
2 0 1 0
Other museums
NMK also runs two institutes, the Research Institute of Swahili Studies of East Africa (Rissea) and the Institute of Primate Research (IPR), which is recognised as a WHO centre in human reproduction and tropical disease research.
Y E A R B O O K
It was built by the Portuguese in 1593. The museum exhibits finds from archaeological excavations at Fort Jesus, Gede, Manda, Ungwana and other sites. Other museums are in Lamu, Malindi and Gede.
K E N Y A
Fort Jesus Museum
157
Art, Culture and Religion
library has the following collections: Government, Africana, legal deposit and staff collections, periodicals and dissertations.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Library services
158
A public library is not restricted. Its role is to open up opportunities to all members of the community who wish to use them. Public libraries existed in Kenya as early as the beginning of 18th century. But they were mainly subscription libraries that relied heavily on endowments, members’ subscription and grants from local and central government. The libraries were exclusively for Europeans and Asians. The first public library in Kenya was opened in 1903. This was the Seif Bin Salim public library and free reading room in Mombasa. The Seif Bin Salim family financed the library. Today, the building hosts the KNLS Mombasa Provincial Library. The Macmillan Memorial Library in Nairobi was built through funds from the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1931. Although initially meant for Europeans and Asians, attempts were made from the mid-1950s to serve Africans. The Macmillan library was taken over by the Nairobi City Council in 1962. The Desai Memorial library was established by the Desai Memorial Foundation in 1944. It was exclusively for Asians until the 1960s. It was closed in the 1970s when the Desai Memorial building was sold
and brought down. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the British Council and the American Cultural Centre provided limited public library services across racial lines. These did not cater for the information needs of the Africans until after independence. The return of war veterans from the Second World War (1944 – 46) had tremendous impact on the soci0-economic, educational and political lives of Kenyans. The period saw the revival of political agitation for African rights to land, better education opportunities and social welfare benefits. It was in the light of this that provision of public library services to Africans as part of education and social welfare was mooted. In 1944, the Governors of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika appointed a commission under Elspeth Huxley to investigate and report on book production and library facilities for Africans. The report recommended the establishment of the East African Literature Bureau to handle publications and encourage African authorship and establishment of Central Lending Libraries for Africans with regional branches. But the recommendations could not be implemented because of shortage of funds. As a result, it was agreed that book boxes for school and community centres be started and a postal service to individuals be started. In 1960, the Governors of Kenya,
Kisumu Embu Nyeri Kakamega Headquarters Nakuru Mombasa Garissa
1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1976 1976 1980
District libraries
Eldoret Kericho Thika Kisii Meru Wundanyi Kabarnet
1976 1981 1981 1982 1982 1987 1987
Community libraries
1. Karatina 2. Laikipia 3. Mutyambua 4. Kinyambu 5. Kithasyu 6. Naivasha 7. Wajir 8. Nyilima 9. Rambula 10. Mwingi 11. Kapsabet 12. Ol Kalou 13. Silibwet 14. Kilifi 15. Malindi 16. Habaswein
1991 1991 1995 1995 1995 1996 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2002 2002 2002
2 0 1 0
The Kenya National Library Services (KNLS) is a Government department. It is a depository centre for all publications of interest to Kenya. With an initial bookstock of 40,000 (25,000 inherited from the former East African Literature Bureau), the KNLS opened its doors to the public in February 1969. The headquarters was opened in 1974. The library service is intended to aid education besides providing an opportunity for wananchi to spend their leisure in purposeful recreation. The aims of KNLS is to: To make available a national collection of library and information resources Provide quality, equitable and accessible library and information services countrywide. It has 46 branches — a national
Provincial libraries
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya National Library Service
service in Nairobi, eight provincial, seven district, 31 community, and in Garissa and Wajir, five motorised and two non-motorised camel libraries.
K E N Y A
Uganda and Tanganyika again commissioned a study under S W Hockey, a library organiser with the British Council in East Africa. The report was released in 1960. The major recommendation was for a library board to be created in each of the countries to start, expand and develop library services. In 1964, Tanzania and Uganda created their public library boards. In 1965, the Kenya National Library Services Act (Cap 225) was enacted and became operational in 1967, with Hockey as the first chief librarian.
159
Art, Culture and Religion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
160
Ukwala Dzitsoni Mikumbune Mbalambala Lagam Kimilili Moyale Rumuruti Mandera Munyu Chinga Bute Awendo Kwale Werugha
2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008
The KNLS has a bookstock of about 800,000 volumes in its 46 branch libraries. The number of registered library members is about 500,000 although more than two million Kenyans use the library annually. The KNLS receives books from local and international donors, the major contributor being Book Aid International in London. The organisation appointed the KNLS a distributor in 1972. The books are distributed to schools, colleges and institutions of higher learning to improve library stocks. The KNLS has extended library services to prisons. This is part of the Government’s prison reforms programme. The KNLS has library services at Naivasha, Lang’ata and Nanyuki prisons. It also offers equal opportunities to visually impaired persons through partnerships with organisations such as Sight Sav-
ers, African Braille Services, Kenya Society for the Blind and Lions Club International. As a result, the KNLS has transcribed books into Braille and received audio navigators and laptops with books in electronic format. The clients range from primary school pupils to university students and other readers. Other services include reading stories and newspapers to people with visual impairment and the provision of ‘talking books’. The government is funding the construction of two ultra-modern public libraries in Nairobi’s Buru Buru and Nakuru. This is a major milestone in the promotion of a reading culture in the nation. For achievement of the Vision 2030, relevant and timely information must be accessible to Kenyans so that they make informed decisions and participate in individual and national development.
Music Copyright Society of Kenya The Music Copyright Society of Kenya administers the Copyright Act. It was established in 1983 to protect intellectual property rights of composers and authors, and to ensure that their talent is credited locally and internationally for music use. The organisation is the primary representative of music performing rights in Kenya. The organisation functions as a collective administra-
societies. To apply you will need to fill in both an Application for Membership of as well as Notification of Works Forms to be affiliated to MCSK- the latter forms are required to be filled in with each new work composed. Membership forms are available from our Customers Services Department. Ensure that you fill in each step of the Membership Application properly and once you have completed your form, you must send it to MCSK’s Customer Services Department at our Main office or any other Branch office.
Y E A R B O O K
It was established by an Act of Parliament in 1990 and started operations on June 15, 1992. It was formed in recognition of the important role NGOs play in development. By then, it had become apparent to the Government that an organisation with powers to register and coordinate their activities was necessary. Prior to the Board, NGOs were registered under different Government organs, making it difficult to effectively co-ordinate their activities — Society’s Act and under the ministries of Culture and Social Services or Foreign Affairs. The Board’s main task is to provide a one-stop office for registration and coordination of NGOs and to harmonise their activities with Government policies and programmes This is to avoid unnecessary con-
2 0 1 0
NGOs Co-ordination Board
K E N Y A
tion society that negotiates music user licenses. Its main role is to administer the ‘non-dramatic’ performing, transmission and broadcasting rights in the musical works of members and affiliated societies. It is a member of the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers, which gives the organisation access to represent the interests of Kenyan composers, authors and publishers internationally. The association is affiliated to more than 200 global collecting societies for public performance or mechanical reproduction rights. MCSK has more than 3000 composers and authors locally. It plays a vital role in adding value to the music industry and the livelihoods of composers and authors. To be a member is easy — a Sh1,000 joining fee. Individual composers and lyricists can join if they have works that are active - that is the music must have been broadcast, or performed in public in a significant way, for at least the two years prior to joining. It must also have been transmitted through a diffusion service (music that is, for example, played in a shopping mall). * Publishers can join MCSK if the publishing entity has a catalogue of several works of which at least two thirds must have been commercially published. Some or all of the writers represented by the publisher must be members of MCSK or its affiliated
161
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Art, Culture and Religion
162
flicts and duplication of services between NGOs, Government and the communities the NGOs serve. The Board’s functions oare to: Register, coordinate and facilitate the work of national and international NGOs operating in Kenya Maintain a register of national and international NGOs operating in Kenya, their sectors, affiliation and location of activities Receive, analyse and evaluate NGOs’ annual reports Advise the Government on the activities of NGOs and their role in development Regulary review the register and determine its consistency with NGOs’ reports and the council of NGOs Povide policy guidelines for NGOs for harmonising their activities with the National Development Plan to avoid activities which contradict State programmes Receive, discuss and approve the council of NGOs’ regular reports and to advise on strategies for efficient planning and coordination of NGO activities Receive, discuss and approve the code of conduct prepared by the Council for self-regulation of NGOs.
References •
Wacango Kimani, KENYA: A Brief Summary of the Position of Public Libraries in Kenya
•
Speech by the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of National Heritage and Culture. Nairobi, May 2010 Nairobi
•
www.mcsk.or.ke
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/Cinema of Kenya
•
www.safariweb.com/natdress
•
www.museums.or.ke
•
www.knls.or.ke
•
www.kenyarchives.go.ke
•
www.nationalheritage.go.ke
•
www.kenyafilmcommission.com
•
www.kadmusarts.com/kenya
•
www.ambafrance-ke.org
•
www.iicnairobi.esteri.it
•
www.ke.emb-japan.go.jp
•
www.goethe.de
•
www.unon.org/karibukenya
•
www.kuonatrust.org
•
www.gallerywatatu.com
•
www.shangtaomediacollege.com
•
www.nairobi.arts.org
•
www.ku.ac.ke/schools/art
•
www.mymusicacademy.com
•
www.reto-o-reto.org
•
www.kifftrust.org
•
www.conservatoire.co.ke
•
www.brittanica.com/kenya
•
www.africanbookscollective.com/understanding oral literature
•
wikipedia.org
5
better than the overwhelming endorsement of the new Constitution on August 4, 2010. Elections are competitive and civil society and the media vibrant
K E N Y A
Kenya is a democracy and nothing illustrates this
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Governance system
163
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Government System
164
INTRODUCTION
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
15
2 0 1 0
K
enya got independence from Britain in 1963. The country is in the third Presidency since independence 47 years ago. The need to change the independence Constitution to be in line with current global trends bore fruit on August 4, 2010. Finally, Kenya ended a 20-year BY NUMBERS search for a replacement of the Lancaster Constitution that was negotiated between the country’s nationalists and colonialists. In the 2009-2010, the Government spent in excess of Sh8 billion ($100 Billions of shillings the million) on constitutional Government spent on review and in 2010, Sh7 bilconstitutional review lion ($87.5 million)was alloand the referendum in the 2009-2010 and cated for civic education and 2010-11 financial years. the referendum. Kenyans ratified the new With the new law, the govConstitution on August 4, ernance structure will change 2010 fundamentally. Beginning
165
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
Cabinet portfolios
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Internal Security Defence Home Affairs Immigration National Heritage Planning Public Service Trade Local Government East African Community Foreign Affairs Finance Justice, National Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs • Nairobi Metropolitan Development • Roads • Public Works • Transport • Water and Irrigation • Regional Development • Information and Communications • Energy • Lands • Environment and Mineral Resources • Forestry and Wildlife • Tourism • Agriculture • Livestock Development • Fisheries • Development of Northern Kenya • Cooperatives • Industrialisation • Housing • Special Programmes • Gender and Children’s Affairs • Public Health • Medical Services • Labour • Youth and Sports • Education • Higher Education
www.kenya.go.ke
166
2012, Kenya will adopt a fully presidential system of government, with county government, county assemblies, governors and senators. The Executive and the Legislature will be delinked, unlike the current situation where Cabinet ministers are drawn from Parliament.
Government structure Power is divided among three main organs: The Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. In the old Constitution, the Legislature, which makes laws, has members of the Executive — President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Cabinet ministers, the Attorney-General and assistant ministers.
Executive In 2008, following the disputed 2007 General Election, the National Accord and Reconciliation Act was signed and a Grand Coalition Government was formed by the two dominant parties — the Party of National Unity (PNU) Coalition and the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The Accord created the position of Prime Minister, the leader of the largest party in Parliament. In the new Constitution (Sections 129158), however, the national executive comprises the President, the Deputy President and the rest of the Cabinet. The Vice-President has been renamed Deputy President and the PM’s and assistant ministers’ positions have been scrapped. Cabinet Ministers will be called Cabinet Secretaries.
Presidency In the new Constitution, like in the old, the President is the Head of State and Government and exercises executive authority with the help of the Deputy President (Vice-
President Kibaki
Functions of the President
Like in the old Constitution, the
President swill address the opening of each newly-elected Parliament. But unlike in the old law, he must address a special session of Parliament once a year or at any other time. The country’s chief executive will also, once every year report, in an address to the nation, on measures taken and progress made in the realisation of the national values
Y E A R B O O K
President) and Cabinet Secretaries (Cabinet ministers). He is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces and the chairperson of the National Security Council. The President shall not hold any other State or public office.
K E N Y A
www.statehousekenya.go.ke
2 0 1 0 0 9
Born in 1931, he is Kenya’s third President. After university studies in Makerere and the London School of Economics, he became Kanu executive officer in 1960. In 1963, Kibaki won the Donholm (Makadara) seat and was made Finance Parliamentary Secretary (assistant minister) from 1963 to 1965 when he was appointed Minister for Commerce and Industry. From 1969 to 1982, he was the Minister Finance. He moved his political base from Nairobi to Othaya in 1974. In 1978, he became vice-president when Daniel Moi took over after Kenyatta’s death. He quit Kanu and founded DP in 1991 and unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997. He won in 2002 and was reelected in 2007.
167
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
168
and submit a report for debate to the National Assembly on the progress made in fulfilling the international obligations. It is also the role of the President to nominate and, with the approval of the National Assembly, appoint the Cabinet Secretaries, the Attorney-General, the Secretary to the Cabinet, Principal Secretaries (Permanent Secretaries), high commissioners, ambassadors and diplomatic and consular representatives. The President will chair Cabinet meetings, direct functions of minis-
tries and Government departments. The President also has powers to establish offices in the Public Service with the recommendation of the Public Service Commission, receive foreign diplomatic and consular representatives, confer honours, declare a state of emergency; and with the approval of Parliament, declare war. If petitioned, the Head of State can exercise the power of mercy with the advice of the Advisory Committee by granting free or conditional pardon to a convict, postpone the
www.cabinetoffice.go.ke
2 0 1 0 0 9
It will be held on the same day as a General Election of Members of Parliament on the second Tuesday in August of every fifth year. Qualifications for nomination as a presidential candidate are: A citizen by birth, qualified to stand for election as MP, nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate and is nominated by not fewer than 2,000 voters from each of majority (24 of the 47) counties. A candidate is declared elected as President if he or she receives more than half of all the votes cast and at least 25 per cent of the votes cast in more than half of the counties. If no candidate is elected, a fresh election is held within 30 days. In the second election, the candidates will be those who received the greatest and the second greatest number of votes. If the President-elect dies before assuming office, the Deputy President-elect (who was the President’s running mate in the election) will be sworn in as acting President and a fresh election held within 60 days of the death of the President-elect. If the Deputy President-elect dies before assuming office, the office of the Deputy President will be declared vacant when the President takes office. If the President-elect and the Deputy President-elect die before assuming office,
It is in the Office of the President and its role is to: Facilitate the appointment of ministers, assistant ministers, ambassadors, judges and State corporation boards. Facilitate the swearing-in of ministers and assistant ministers Advise the Cabinet on interventions for boosting the economy Communicate Government policies and programmes to the public Declare public holidays Clear ministers, assistant ministers, permanent secretaries and other public servants for travel abroad Government Vehicle Check Unit surcharge payment Administer honours and awards Clear local research It is the custodian of the Kenya Seal Advise on State corporations Kenya Southern Sudan Liaison Office is under it Coordinate e-Government Facilitate operations of commissions of enquiries and taskforces
Y E A R B O O K
Election of the President
Cabinet Office
K E N Y A
carrying out of a punishment, substitute a less severe form of punishment; or remit all or part of the punishment. The Advisory Committee on the Power of Mercy will comprise the Attorney-General, the Cabinet Secretary (Minister) responsible for correctional services (Home Affairs) and at least five other members.
169
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
Constituencies in Kenya Nairobi • • • • • • • •
Dagoretti Embakasi Kamukunji Kasarani Langata Makadara Westlands Starehe
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Central
170
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Kinangop Kipipiri Ndaragwa Ol Kalou Kieni Mathira Mukurweini Nyeri Town Othaya Tetu Gichugu Kirinyaga Central Ndia Mwea Kandara Kigumo Maragua Kangema Kiharu Mathioya Gatanga Gatundu South Gatundu North Juja Githunguri Kiambaa Kikuyu Limuru Lari
Coast • • • • • • •
Bahari Ganze Kaloleni Kinango Matuga Msambweni Lamu East
• Lamu West • Magarini • Malindi • Changamwe • Kisauni • Likoni • Mvita • Mwatate • Taveta • Voi • Wundanyi • Bura • Galole • Garsen
Eastern • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Province Manyatta Runyenjes Isiolo North Isiolo South Kitui Central Kitui South Kitui West Mutito Kangundo Kathiani Machakos Town Masinga Mwala Yatta Kaiti Kibwezi Kilome Makueni Mbooni Laisamis North Horr Saku Gachoka Siakago Central Imenti North Imenti South Imenti Igembe South Igembe North Tigania East Tigania West Nithi Moyale
• Mwingi North • Mwingi South • Tharaka
North Eastern • • • • • • • • • • •
Dujis Fafi Lagdera Ijara Wajir East Wajir North Wajir South Wajir West Mandera Central Mandera East Mandera West
Nyanza • • • • • • • •
Province Bondo Rarieda Bobasi Bomachoge South Mugirango Ndhiwa Rangwe
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Baringo Central Baringo East Baringo North Bomet Chepalungu Sotik Bureti Konoin Kajiado Central Kajiado North Kajiado South Keiyo North Keiyo South Ainamoi Belgut Kipkelion Eldama Ravine Mogotio Laikipia East Laikipia West Marakwet East Marakwet West Kuresoi Molo
Western • Bumula • Kanduyi • Kimilili • Sirisia • Webuye • Budalang’i • Butula • Funyula • Nambale • Butere • Khwisero • Matungu • Mumias • Malava • Lurambi • Shinyalu • Ikolomani • Lugari • Mt Elgon • Amagoro • Emuhaya • Hamisi • Sabatia
2 0 1 0 0 9
Rift Valley
Y E A R B O O K
Bonchari Kitutu Chache Nyaribari Chache Nyaribari Masaba Kisumu Rural Kisumu Town East Kisumu Town West Kuria Migori Nyatike Rongo Uriri Kitutu Masaba North Mugirango West Mugirango Muhoroni Nyakach Nyando Karachuonyo Kasipul Kabondo Alego Gem Ugenya Gwassi Mbita
K E N Y A
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Naivasha Nakuru Town Rongai Subukia Aldai Emgwen Mosop Tinderet Narok North Narok South Samburu East Samburu West Kilgoris Cherangany Kwanza Saboti Turkana Central Turkana North Turkana South Eldoret East Eldoret North Eldoret South Kacheliba Kapenguria Sigor
171
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Francis Muthaura
172
the Speaker of the National Assembly will act as President and a fresh presidential election conducted within 60 days of the deaths. The swearing in of the President-elect must be in public before the Chief Justice or, in the absence of the Chief Justice, the Deputy Chief Justice. This will be on the first Tuesday 14 days after the announcement of presidential election results if no petition has been filed . If a petition is filed, the swearing in will be seven days after the court declares the election valid. Term of office of President
The President shall hold office for a term beginning on the swearing in date and ending when another President is elected and sworn in. A President can hold for more than two terms.
Born in 1946, he has been the Secretary to the Cabinet and Head of Civil Service since 2003. He has a BA in economics and political science and a diploma in international relations from the University of Nairobi. He has worked as a DO and Assistant Secretary and Under Secretary in Foreign Affairs, at diplomatic missions in New York and Brussels, envoy to Belgium, Luxemburg and the European Community, Permanent Representative to the UN and SecretaryGeneral of the East African Cooperation. He was PS in the ministries of Transport, Environment and Provincial Administration and National Security.
www.cabinetoffice.go.ke
Vacancy in the Presidency
This happens if the President dies, resigns and in a letter addressed to the Speaker of the National Assembly or is impeached. When this happens, the Deputy President assumes office as President for the remainder of the term of the President. But if the office of Deputy President is vacant, the Speaker of the National Assembly acts in that capacity and
2 0 1 0 0 9
supported by at least a third of the members can move a Motion on the grounds that the President has violated the Constitution, committed a crime under national or international law or for gross misconduct. If the Motion is supported by at least two-thirds of the members, the Speaker inform his or her Senate counterpart within two days. Within seven days, the Senate Speaker convenes the Senate to hear charges against the President. The Senate then appoints an 11-member committee to investigate the matter and report within 10 days whether the allegations have been substantiated. The President has a right to appear before the committee. If the allegations have not been substantiated, the matter ends there. But if they are, the Senate vote on the impeachment charges after giving the President an opportunity to be heard. If at least two-thirds of Senate members uphold any impeachment charge, the President ceases to hold office.
Y E A R B O O K
A member of the National Assembly, supported by at least 25 per cent of all members, can move a motion for the investigation of the President’s physical or mental capacity to perform the functions of office. If it is supported by a majority of all the members, the Speaker informs the Chief Justice of the resolution within two days. Within seven days after receiving the notice, the Chief Justice appoints a tribunal (three persons nominated by the body responsible for regulating the professional practice of doctors, an advocate of the High Court nominated by the body which regulates the practice of advocates and one person nominated by the President). If the Chief Justice is unable to appoint the tribunal, the Deputy Chief Justice does so. The tribunal inquires into the matter and, within 14 days of the appointment, report to the Chief Justice and to the Speaker of the National Assembly. Its report is then tabled before the National Assembly within seven days. The report of the tribunal is not subject to appeal and if the tribunal reports that the President is capable of performing the functions of the office, the Speaker informs the National Assembly. If the tribunal reports that the President is incapable, the National Assembly votes and if the majority of all MPs ratify it, the President cease to hold office. In regard to impeachment, an MP
K E N Y A
Removal of President
173
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Ex-President’s perks
174
Pension equal to year’s salary for each term served 80 per cent of sitting President’s monthly pay Sh200,000 entertainment fee Sh300,000 house allowance Sh200,000 fuel allowance Sh300,000 for electricity, water and telephone Well-equipped office Two new cars of 3,000 cc engine capacity Two four-wheel drive vehicles of 3,400 cc engine capacity Local and foreign medical cover for him, spouse and children under 18 Two PAs, four secretaries, messengers, house cleaners and drivers, two cooks, housekeepers, gardeners and two laundry persons, not more than six guards Security at urban, rural homes Allowance of four trips abroad a year Access to VIP lounges at local airports Diplomatic passport
Presidential Retirement Benefits Act
an election is held within 60 days. If the Deputy President assumes office in this manner, the President will be deemed to have served a full term if more than two and a half years remain before the next election. If this is not the case, he will not be deemed to have served a term. Permanent Secretary to OP
Chapter 2 of the former Constitution gives the President power to appoint permanent secretaries. But the only PS who the Constitution establishes is that of the Office of the President. The OP Permanent Secretary exercises general direction and control over a department under the Vice-President or any other minister. The Permanent Secretary to the Office of the President is Mr Francis Muthaura, who is also the Secretary to the Cabinet. In the new Constitution, the administrative arrangements of the Cabinet will be the responsibility of the Secretary to the Cabinet. Today, ministries have permanent secretaries. But in the new Constitution, Government departments will be headed by a Principal Secretary. The appointments will be approved by the National Assembly. Cabinet Secretariat
The Cabinet Secretariat has been in existence since the colonial days when it was headed by an Administrative Secretary. He was responsible for taking minutes of the Legislative Council and Legislative Committees. The Administrative Secretary also doubled up as the Estimates Clerk and had the added responsibility of receiving for discussion and printing, the Annual Budget Estimates. When a full time Clerk to the Legislative
Office of Public Communications
Its functions are to: a) Research on public opinion on Government b) Communicate Government policies and programmes to the public c) Anticipate public concerns and respond pro-actively d) Ensure good working relationship among the Government, media and the public
2 0 1 0 0 9
It was originally known as Government House. It was built in 1907 as the official residence of the Governor when Kenya was a British colony. But the Governor conducted official functions at the old Provincial Commissioner’s office (now a national monument) next to Nyayo House, Nairobi. After independence, Government House was renamed State House. Although it remained the official residence of the Head of State, in practice it became an administrative and operational office. It also occa-
Y E A R B O O K
State House
sionally provided accommodation to visiting State guests and receptions on national days. This scenario has prevailed and first President Jomo Kenyatta and his successor, President Daniel Moi, preferred private residence as opposed to living in State House. But President Mwai Kibaki made State House his residence. He has also largely worked from there although he also works from the Office of the President at Harambee House in Nairobi. State House Nairobi stands on a 300-hectare piece of land and is a 10-minute drive from the city centre. Other than the Nairobi one, there are other State Houses and Lodges scattered in the country to provide accommodation to the Head of State when he tours various parts of the country. State Houses are in Mombasa and Nakuru, and Lodges in Sagana, Eldoret, Kisumu and Kakamega. The accounting officer at State House is the Comptroller of the House.
K E N Y A
Council was appointed in 1952, the Administrative Secretary’s responsibility was to manage the affairs of the Executive Council and later the Council of Ministers. This office later evolved into the Cabinet Office, which has 11 departments. The Secretariat’s functions are to: a) Store and maintain Cabinet documents b) Prepare the agenda for Cabinet meetings c) Prepare Executive Briefs of Cabinet memoranda d) Monitor Cabinet committee meetings e) Disseminate Cabinet documents to ministers and permanent secretaries. f) Disseminate Cabinet decisions to ministers g) Monitor implementation of Cabinet decisions
175
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
e) Publish journals to improve the Government image f) Coordinate international and local marketing of the country Directorate of e-Government
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
The Vice-President
176
Born in 1953, Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka is a graduate of law from the University of Nairobi and has postgraduate diplomas in law and management from Kenya School of Law and Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus. He was elected to Parliament in now Mwingi North in 1985 and was appointed Assistant minister. Between 1988 and 1992, he was the Deputy Speaker. He was appointed to the Cabinet in 1993 and held various dockets — Foreign Affairs, Education, Information and Environment. In Foreign Affairs, he played a major role in peace talks in Southern Sudan and Somalia. In 2005, he was among Cabinet ministers who opposed the 2005 draft constitution. In 2007, he vied for the presidency and came third.
kalonzomusyokafoundation.org
a) Facilitates access to online, e-mail, web services and Government domain name administration b) Promotes infrastructure, technical interoperations and secures networks across ministerial or departmental jurisdiction c) Provides technological advice for Government electronic service delivery d) Coordinates the development of ICT to ensure that the Government obtains value for money National Economic and Social Council
It is the thinktank that identifies opportunities for the country and the Government. It takes advantage of opportunities and minimises threats to the performance of the Government. Government Vehicle Check Unit
It deals with the control and inspection of Government vehicles to ensure that they are used for the purpose for which they are intended. It releases Government vehicles impounded by the Check Unit after consulting the surcharge handling office at the Office of the President. If a vehicle is impounded, expenses are added on to the surcharge and included in the payment voucher. Kenya Southern Sudan Liaison Office
It was established in 2005 and mandated to: Coordinate Kenya’s support and participation in the reconstruction of Southern Sudan Coordinate development activities between
Policy Analysis Unit
Its functions are to: a) Analyse reports from the public and private sectors b) Prepare briefs for the Secretary to the Cabinet Office and Head of the Public Service c) Prepare papers and briefs on public policy d) Monitor the implementation of presidential directives, pronouncements and Cabinet Office decisions e) Initiate policy research and analysis Aids Control Unit
Its mandate is to mainstream HIV/ Aids into Cabinet Office policies and programmes. Its aim is for Kenya to have a vibrant society free from HIV/Aids and to combat the scourge through promotion of behaviour change, education, information dissemination and to
Vice-presidency In the new Constitution, the holder of this position has been renamed Deputy President. Like in the old Constitution, the Deputy President is the principal assistant of the President and deputises in the execution of presidential functions. The Deputy President performs the functions conferred by the Constitution and as the President may assign. When the President is absent or temporarily incapacitated, the Deputy President acts as the President. Election of Deputy President
Each candidate in a presidential election nominates a person as a
2 0 1 0 0 9
It was established by an Act of Parliament in 2003 after independent party Kanu was defeated and President Kibaki’s Narc assumed office. The former President’s office has 26 professional staff. They include a private secretary and press secretary
Y E A R B O O K
Former President’s Office
empower communities to participate in social cultural and economic development. Since its formation, the Cabinet Office Aids Control Unit has conducted several activities to combat HIV/Aids in line with the Kenya National AIDS Strategic Plan. They include behaviour change programmes for staff, procurement of IEC and ICT materials such as T-shirts and caps, and TV, VCD, video cassettes and female and male condom dispensers. The unit has trained counsellors courtesy of NASCOP. The unit is to launch VCT services. The following ministries are under the Office of the President: Internal Security and Provincial Administration, Defence, Special Programmes and Information and Communications
K E N Y A
Sudan and Kenya Support Kenyan investors by providing vital information on opportunities, requirements, risks and security in Southern Sudan
177
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
Within 14 days after a vacancy arises, the President nominates a person to fill it and the National Assembly votes on it within 60 days. The person picked will be deemed to have served a full term if more than two and a half years remain before the next election.
created after the disputed 2007 elections. The holder of the post — Raila Odinga — is the leader of the biggest party in Parliament, the Orange Democratic Movement, that joined President Kibaki’s Party of National Unity to form a coalition Government in April, 2008. The two parties share Cabinet portfolios equally. The President and the Prime Minister also consult on key matters of Government, including major appointments. The deal was internationally-mediated between President Kibaki and Prime Minister Odinga. The Prime Minister’s key functions are to coordinate and supervise the execution of Government affairs, including those of ministries, chair Cabinet committees — he presides over five and President Kibaki one (security).
Removal of Deputy President
Efficiency Monitoring Unit
This can be on the ground of physical or mental incapacity or impeachment for gross violation of the Constitution, committing a crime under national or international law or gross misconduct. The procedure in the removal of the President applies.
It was established in 1991 with the mandate to enhance efficiency in the implementation of Government development programmes and projects, and promoting accountability and transparency. Over time, EMU has also addressed corruption in the Public Service. The unit has been transformed into a rapid deployment service of Government.
candidate for Deputy President. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission will declare the candidate nominated by the President to be elected as the Deputy President. The swearing in of the Deputy President-elect will be in public and before the Chief Justice or the Deputy Chief Justice. He or she cannot hold office for more than two terms. If the Deputy President resigns,it should be in writing in a letter addressed to the President.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Vacancy in Deputy President’s office
178
Prime Minister’s office In the new Constitution, this position and that of the two Deputy Ministers have been scrapped. Though Kenya had this position in 1963, it was abolished in 1964 and replaced with the President. It was
Inspectorate of State Corporations
Its mandate is to: ■ Advise the Government on State corporations’ management matters
Office of Deputy Prime Minister
The law that created the prime minister’s office — National Accord and Reconciliation Act — also established the offices of deputy Prime Ministers. The two deputies are appointed by the president. The positions were created in the coalition Government following the disputed 2007 election. Each of the coalition partners — PNU and ODM — pro-
It consists of the President, VicePresident, Prime Minister, the two deputy prime ministers and other ministers. But in the new Constitution and beginning 2012, the Cabinet will comprise the President, Deputy President, the AttorneyGeneral and not less than 14 and not more than 22 Cabinet Secretaries. The President will nominate and, with the approval of the National Assembly, appoint Cabinet Secretaries, who will not be MPs.
Legislature The old Constitution had a onechamber Parliament, the National Assembly. But the new Constitution has created a two-chamber Parliament — the National Assembly (Lower House) and the Senate (the Upper House). But the new Constitution fundamentally changes the way Kenyans are represented in governance. But Beginning 2012, Parliament will have two chambers. The National Assembly will have 290 members elected from constituencies, 47 women each elected from the counties, 12 members nominated by parliamentary political parties according to their strength in the National Assembly (Article 90) to represent special interests — the
2 0 1 0 0 9
It supports, coordinates and facilitates public sector reforms. Its objectives are to: ■ Increase responsiveness, public trust and confidence in Government ■ Facilitate improvement in access to and satisfaction with public services ■ Enhance efficiency and effectiveness in delivery of services ■ Enhance compliance with regulations and laws in public service delivery ■ Entrench accountability, transparency and ethics in public service Promote innovation and creativity in the public sector
Cabinet
Y E A R B O O K
Public Sector Reforms and Performance Contracting
vides a deputy premier. PNU has Uhuru Kenyatta and ODM Musalia Mudavadi. The new Constitution abolishes the positions.
K E N Y A
■ Report misappropriation of State corporations’ funds to the Controller and Auditor-General ■ Investigate State corporations on behalf of the State Corporations Advisory Committee or the Controller and Auditor-General
179
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Prime Minister
180
Born in 1945, Raila Odinga is the Prime Minister in the coalition Government. He has been an MP since 1992. He was the Minister for Energy from 2001 to 2002 and Roads, Public Works and Housing from 2003 to 2004 and without the Housing docket up to 2005. He was the main opposition candidate in the disputed 2007 election. He is the son of first Vice-President Oginga Odinga. Raila was a presidential contender in 1997, coming third after President Moi and Mwai Kibaki. He went to Maranda Primary and High School until 1962. He then went to Herder Institute, a high school in East Germany. In 1965, he received a scholarship to the Technical University, Magdeburg in East Germany. In 1970, he graduated with a diploma-degree in mechanical engineering and returned to Kenya to lecture at the University of Nairobi. In 1971, he started the East African Spectre, a company manufacturing gas cylinders. In 1974, he was appointed standards manager at the Kenya Bureau of Standards and promoted to deputy director in 1978. He held the post until his detention in 1982.
youth, people with disabilities and workers. The other member of the National Assembly is the Speaker, an ex-officio member. The Senate will comprise 47 members each elected from a county, 16 women members nominated by political parties according to their strength in the Senate (Article 90), two members representing the youth (a man and a woman, two members representing people with disabilities (a man and an woman) and the Speaker, an ex-officio member. The role of the National Assembly will be to enact legislation, determine the allocation of national revenue between the levels of government, oversee national revenue, expenditure and State organs and approve declaration of war and extensions of states of emergency.The Senate represents the counties, and protects their interests. It participates in law-making, debates and approves Bills concerning counties (Articles 109 to 113.) It determines the allocation of national revenue among counties (Article 217), and exercises oversight over national revenue allocated to the county governments. The Senate participates in the oversight of State officers by determining resolutions to remove the President or Deputy President from office (Article 145).
Devolution In the new Constitution, the Provincial Administration that comprised the province, district, division, location and the sublocation has been restructured. They were headed by the provincial commissioner, district commissioner, district officer, chief and sub-chief respectively. A new structure is being worked out to fit in the new two-level devolution of governance — the national
Mr Kenneth Marende is the sixth Speaker of Parliament. He chairs the Standing Orders, Powers and Privileges, Speakers and Pensions committees. He has spearheaded reforms in Parliament — revision of the Standing Orders, introduction of live broadcast of proceedings, refurbishment of the Chamber, establishment of the Media Centre and the Parliamentary Training Centre. Marende is the president of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Marende was first elected to Parliament in 2002 and re-elected in 2007. He began his career as a clerk at Barclays Bank in 1975. He became an advocate of the High Court of Kenya in 1979. He has a law degree from the University of Nairobi and a diploma from the Kenya School of Law.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mr Speaker, Sir
County Assembly
It will consist of members elected by voters of the wards — each ward being a single member constituency — representatives of people with disabilities and the youth nominated by political parties depending on their strength in the assembly and the Speaker, an ex officio member. A county assembly is elected
K E N Y A
government and the county. Devolution is provided for in chapter 10 Sections 174-200. However, the eight provinces — Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley and Western — have been replaced by the 47 counties that will be second level of governance after the national government.
Y E A R B O O K
www.bunge.go.ke
181
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
for a term of five years. The Speaker will be elected by the county assembly from among people who are not members of the assembly. The Speaker presides or in his or her absence, a member of elected by the assembly. A county assembly may make laws necessary for the effective performance of the county government. The assembly, also exercises oversight over the executive committee and other county organs.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
County executive committees
182
The executive authority of the county is exercised by a county executive committee comprising the governor, deputy governor and members appointed by the county governor, with the approval of the assembly. The number of executive committee members should not exceed a third of the county assembly members if it has less than 30 members or 10 if the assembly has 30 or more members. The county governor and the deputy county governor are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county. When the governor is absent, the deputy governor acts as governor. A person cannot hold office of governor or deputy governor for more than two terms. Removal of a county governor
A governor can be removed for violating the Constitution, committing a crime under national or inter-
national law, abuse of office, gross misconduct or physical or mental incapacity to perform the functions of the office. Vacancy in the office of county governor
It becomes vacant if the holder dies, resigns and writes a letter to the Speaker of the county assembly or ceases to be eligible to be elected governor. The office also becomes vacant if the governor is convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for at least 12 months or is removed from office. If a vacancy occurs, the deputy governor assumes office as governor for the remainder of the term. In such a case, the deputy governor is deemed to have served a full term as county governor if more than two and a half years remain before the next election. If a vacancy occurs in the offices of the governor and deputy governor, the speaker of the county assembly acts as the governor. An election of governor is then held within 60 days. Functions of county executive committees
It implements county legislation, national legislation that applies to counties, manage sand coordinates the county administration. The executive committee can also prepare legislation for consideration by the county assembly. It must also provide regular reports to the county assembly .
Suspension of a county government
The President may suspend a county government due to internal conflict, war or other exceptional circumstances. The suspension cannot be for more than 90 days and when it is over, elections are held. A county government cannot be suspended unless an independent commission of inquiry has investigated allegations against the county, the President is satisfied the allegations are justified and the Senate has authorised the suspension. During suspension, arrangements must be made for the performance of the functions of a county government and the Senate can time terminate the suspension.
Local government (See chapter on Local Government)
Judiciary (See Chapter on Justice)
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya is a multi-party system and by the 2007 elections had more than 160 registered political parties. But with the enactment and implementation of the Political Parties Act in 2008, the number fell to 38. Several others received partial recognition until they comply with the law. The big parties are ODM, PNU, ODMKenya, Kanu, Safina and Narc-Kenya Many small parties have also emerged. But a majoe concern is that many parties are weak. The enactment of the Political Parties Act in 2008 has provided muchneeded State support for political parties. Financial support for political parties now comes from the taxpayers. Parties are also supposed to be better managed, maintain a members’ register and keep other records and books of accounts. In the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 financial years, the State allocated political parties Sh200 million ($2.5 million) for each year. Until 1991, Kenya was a de jure one-party state. Faced with internal protests from civil society, the Church and international pressure, the KANU government repealed Section 2A of the Constitution to reopen the doors to multi-party democracy. The third multi-party elections since the country’s independence in 1963 were held in 1992. The 1997 elections were also characterised by more compromises between KANU and the opposition in the form of minimum reforms —
Y E A R B O O K
Political parties
They can be altered only by a resolution recommended by an independent commission set up by Parliament and passed by two-thirds support of the National Assembly and the same number of the Senate. The boundaries can also be altered due to population density and demographic trends, physical and human infrastructure, historical and cultural ties, the cost of administration, views of the communities affected and geographical features.
K E N Y A
County boundaries
183
Economy, Finance Government System and Planning
amendment to the laws restricting assembly, coverage of opposition in the public media and nomination of 12 special interest seats based on party representation. In 2002, the opposition united under the National Alliance of Rainbow Coalition party against Kanu and won the elections, bringing to an end the 40-year Kanu era. In the new constitution (Article 91), every political party must have a national character, a democratically elected governing body and should promote national unity, human rights, fundamental freedoms and gender equality and equity and subscribe to and observe the code of conduct for political parties.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Elections
184
Presidential, parliamentary and civic elections are held together every five years. This is why they are called the General Election. Polls are organised and supervised by an independent electoral body. Only registered political parties take part in the polls by sponsoring candidates for presidential, parliamentary and civic elections. In the new Constitution, the most far reaching provision is on independent candidates during election (Article 85) if the person is not a member of a registered political party and has not been for at least three month before the date of the election. The new law (Article 81) also provides that not more than two-thirds of the members of elec-
tive public bodies shall be of the same gender. It also provides for fair representation of people with disabilities, universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of vote, free and fair elections by secret ballot free from violence, intimidation or corruption.
References •
The Constitution of Kenya
•
www.kenya.go.ke
•
www.primeminister.go.ke
•
www.judiciary.go.ke
•
www.bunge.go.ke
•
www.mirp.go.ke
•
www.kacc.go.ke
•
www.cabinetoffice.go.ke
•
www.kas.de/wfw
•
www.statehousekenya.go.ke
6
K E N Y A
economic
In recent years, Kenya’s growth has been unprecedented — revenue collection has grown four-fold, the 2010-211 Budget was a whopping Sh1 trillion and the effect of the Sh22 billion stimulus package has been felt all over Kenya
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, finance and planning
185
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
186
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
2.6
2 0 1 0
K
enya’s economy is the biggest in eastern Africa with a Sh2.6 trillion ($32.5 billion) Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Its financial system and capital markets are not only strong, but also very vibrant. The 2010-2011 Budget was a whopping Sh998.8 billion ($12.475 billion), just Sh1.2 billion ($15 million) short of Sh1 trillion ($12.5 billion). In the 2009/2010, the Budget was Sh887 billion ($11.5 billion), with about 85 per cent funded from local revenues. In the last seven years, revenue collections have more than tripled and this has given the country the much-needed independence to implement BY NUMBERS projects without interference. Nairobi Stock Exchange is a vibrant bourse with local and international investors. The market capitalisation is a massive Sh1.1 trillion ($13.3 Number in trillions of billion) and the 20-Share shillings that’s Kenya’s Index has gone past the 4,600 GDP point mark. In 2007, the index had hit the 6,000 mark. The bond market has grown www.gfmag.com from strength to strength and has become a source of funds
187
Economy, Finance and Planning
Statistics on banks In 2009, Kenyan banks total assets were worth Sh1.37 trillion ($17.8 billion). Profit before tax was a whopping Sh48.7 billion ($600 million). Kenya Commercial Bank is the biggest, with assets worth Sh191 billion ($2.5 billion) in 2008. The country has 8.66 million bank accounts, up from 2.6 million in 2005. At the Nairobi Stock Exchange, banks and their holding companies are worth Sh270 billion ($3.6 billion). Other major banks are Barclays, Equity, Standard Chartered, Cooperative, National and Family. The latest foreign bank to pitch tent in Kenya is Nigeria’s United Bank of Africa.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.centralbank.go.ke
188
for Government, State corporations and the private sector. Banking, insurance and forex sectors are vibrant, and the figures speak for themselves: 43 banks — local and international — 42 insurance companies, 2,665 insurance agents, 201 insurance brokers, 44 underwriters, two reinsurance companies and 126 forex bureaus. And the pension sector, too, is trailblazing: 15 fund managers, 21 individual pension providers, 21 pension administrators and six pension custodians. Mobile phone telephony has grown by leaps and bounds. Kenya has four mobile phone companies — Safaricom, Zain, Orange and Yu — with close to 20 million subscribers. The country was the first to use mobile phone money transfer in the world, which now has 12 million members. By July 2010, Sh525 billion ($6.56 billion) had been transacted in the three-year old innovation. Kenya’s economy has weathered the political and economic crisis two years ago, recovered and is on its way to the growth recorded in 2007.
Kenya Vision 2030 Kenya has ushered in a national vision that is touching the lives of all citizens. For the first time, a long-term plan to transform the lives of Kenyans has been launched. This is Kenya Vision 2030: Transforming National Development. In the past, Kenya has had two long-term policies and several five-year development plans that have guided planning and investment: Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965: African Socialism and its Application to Kenya, and the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986: Economic Management for Renewed Growth. They
5.1
2.9
2.6 1.7
Y E A R B O O K
6.1 5.7
confronted the country’s most entrenched problems by charting a vision how development would tackle them. Whereas the country grew by about 6 per cent between 1964 and 1980 and 4.1 per cent between 1980 and 1990, the period between 19902002 was one of declining per capita income with GDP growth of 1.9 per cent against a population growth of 2.9 per cent. However, since 2003 there have been tremendous effort to get the economy back on track through
K E N Y A
7.0
2 0 1 0
Table 1: Real GDP growth (2002 to 2009 in %)
189
Economy, Finance and Planning
Joseph Kinyua He is the Finance ministry PS. He began his career as an assistant lecturer at the University of Nairobi in 1978. He joined the Central Bank in 1980 and rose to Director of Research. He worked with the IMF between 1985 and 1990. Kinyua was appointed Financial Secretary in 1995, and in 1999 he rejoined CBK as Director of Financial Markets and Chief Economist in 2000. He was appointed Finance PS in 2002, PS in Planning in 2003 and later Agriculture. In 2004, he returned to Finance. He has a bachelor’s and master’s degrees in economics from the University of Nairobi.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.nesc.go.ke
190
the Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) with the GDP growth rate hitting an all-time high of 7.1 per cent in 2007. To do even better, the socio-economic structure should be transformed from a situation where agriculture still accounts for 23 per cent of GDP and 56 per cent of employment, while manufacturing accounts for barely 10 per cent and less than 2 per cent of employment. Services account for the bulk of economic activity at 51.6 per cent of GDP constituted mainly by informal sector activities. To remain competitive regionally and globally, Kenya must plan for the future. It must chart a new road map that
learns from past failures, builds on strengths and confronts the realities of globalisation. The need for a vision is, therefore, apparent. Kenya Vision 2030 lays the foundation for an economic revolution for the present and future. Through maximum exploitation of science, technology and innovation, Kenya can initiate focused interventions targeting the elimination of absolute poverty; improvement of equity and access to social services; promotion of private sector development through a regulatory framework that reduces the cost of doing business; a sound legal system that protects property rights and dis-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
penses justice. This path constitutes the basis for the development of Kenya’s longterm vision for sustained economic and social development. The launch of Kenya Vision 2030 was an ideal starting point to focus attention on what should be done to realise a prosperous Kenya. The vision will be anchored on three pillars: Economic aspirations — to sustain economic growth of 10 per cent a year ■ Social aspirations — a just and cohesive society enjoying equitable social development in a clean and secure environment ■ Political aspirations — issue-
based, people-centred, resultsoriented and accountable democratic political system The pillars are anchored on six foundations: Infrastructure; science, technology and innovation; land reform; human resource development; security and public service reform. Six priority sectors — with the highest potential for growth — have been identified: Tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, business processing outsourcing and financial services. Kenya Vision 2030 is long term and should have broad public support and ownership. It has been developed in three phases: Phase I will be diagnostic and benchmarking. Phase II will involve the development of high level strategies and Phase III the development of a master plan and communication. It will be implemented in stages to deliver short-term, medium-term and longterm economic and social targets. Economic and social development is dependent on the implementation of good policies and building of strong and effective institutions. Poor, predominantly agricultural countries have transformed into newly industrialised status in a generation. Chile, Malaysia, Mauritius, Thailand and South Korea achieved spectacular economic and social progress from the 1960s. They had several things in common, the most significant of which are the strategic visions they formulated and implemented. These
191
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT)
192
Women professionals met in 1981 to set up a woman-serving, womanled bank. Those who had big incomes contributed Sh2,000 ($25) and became ‘founder members’. Those with moderate incomes paid Sh500 ($6.25) and became associate members. Ordinary members paid Sh250 ($3.125). But they set up a trust because of prohibitive banking regulations. KWFT was born. It is the largest and only micro-finance institution exclusively for women. It has more than 100,000 members from seven of Kenya’s eight provinces. www.kwft.org
defined long and short-term agenda on development priorities. They developed institutional structures to implement short-term and medium-term actions, making it possible to reorder priorities to achieve the long-term vision. Kenya Vision 2030 is the Government’s economic, social and political strategy for the next 20 years. It is being implemented in successful five-year Medium-Term Plans (MTP), with the first covering the period 2008–2012. Through the development plans, the country has set out to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), whose deadline is 2015. Key flagship projects are in the pipeline to help achieve Vision 2030, whose adoption followed the implementation of the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employ-
2 0 1 0
The functions of the ministry are strategic in several ways. It formulates financial and economic policies and develops and maintains fiscal and monetary policies that facilitate socio-economic development. This responsibility makes the ministry strategic and central to economic management and all sectors look upon the ministry to create an environment in which they can operate effectively and efficiently. The ministry regulates the financial sector on which others depend for investment resources. Another responsibility is the management of revenues, expenditures and borrowing by Government. It mobilises resources to support Government programmes and activities. Consequently, the ministry develops fiscal policies that ensure sustainable budget deficits. In addition, it ensures that Government expenditure is within the revenue collected to reduce domestic borrowing, which tends to cause negative ripples in economic management. The ministry is also strategic in bilateral and multi-lateral development financing and technical assistance. The ministry, therefore, provides direction
1. Family Bank Ltd 2. Kenya Industrial Estates 3. Kenya Women Finance Trust 4. K-REP Dev. Agency 5. (BIMAS) Business Initiatives and Management Assistance Services 6. Nyamira Tea Farmers Sacco 7. Taifa Sacco 8. Nomads Welfare Development Group 9. Masaku Traders Sacco 10. Marsabit Teachers Sacco 11. Kenya Entrepreneurship Empowerment Foundation 12. K-REP Bank Ltd 13. Small and Micro Enterprise Programme (SMEP) 14. Adok Timo 15. Elgon Teachers Sacco 16. Taita Taveta Teachers Sacco 17. Baringo Farmers Sacco 18. Equity Bank Ltd 19. Lokichoggio MultiPurpose Sacco 20. Lamu Teachers Sacco 21. Marafiki Sacco 22. Tana Teachers Sacco 23. Kuria Teachers Sacco 24. Kena Roscas 25. Songa Mbele Women Organisation 26. Silver Ray Ltd 27. Copper Group 28. Emmanuel Consulting Services 29. First Community Bank 30. Necco Fosa 31. South Imenti Credit Company 32. Kenya Commercial Bank
Y E A R B O O K
Ministry of Finance
Funding the youth
K E N Y A
ment Creation (ERS). The ERS, launched in June 2003 and ended in December 2007, was anchored on three pillars: Restoration of economic growth and maintaining a stable macro-economic environment, enhancing equity and poverty reduction and improving governance. The National Economic and Social Council (NESC) under the President has set out develop the vision for Kenya: “A globally competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life by 2030”.
193
Economy, Finance and Planning
in the identification, planning and management of donor support to ensure that it is targeted to areas of the economy that need it most. The Finance docket coordinates Government ministries and departments in the preparation of the annual national Budget. It is its responsibility to initiate and guide ministries and departments to prepare their budgets. The ministry also provides accounting, auditing, IT, insurance, pensions, procurement, clearing and forwarding and divestiture services, among others, to other ministries and departments. It has an elaborate network through its departments and sector institutions to deliver on its mandate. In the new Constitution, many changes will affect the operations of the ministry, especially in regard to revenue collection, revenue allocation and devolution.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy and public finance
194
The economy emerged from a 0.6 per cent real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in 2002 to 7.1 per cent in 2007 (see graph above). This growth was supported by improved performance in the key sectors — tourism, agriculture and manufacturing. There was an unprecedented growth in telecommunications sector. A stable and relatively low-interest rate regime underwrote the economic expansion. However, following the post-election violence in early 2008 and a severe drought, growth fell to 1.7 per cent and agriculture slipped
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
per cent in 2007 (3.8 per cent in 2008), while agriculture exports doubled. International hard currency reserves rose from $1.1 billion (Sh82.5 billion) 2002 to $3.6 billion (Sh270 billion) in 2007. After successful implementation of ERS, the Integrated Household Budget Survey showed poverty declined from 56.8 per cent in 2000 to 46 per cent in 2006, a 20 per cent decline. Rural poverty fell from 51.5 per cent in 2000 to 33.7 per cent in 2006. However, the post-election crisis, high crude oil prices and prolonged drought have had a negative impact on this success. In public finance, the central Government expenditure was expected to expand by 31.9 per cent to stand at Sh887 billion in 2009/10. The development expenditure accounted for 28.5 per cent compared to 23.1 per cent in 2008/09. The central Government revenue (including grants) is expected to record a 15.3 per cent increase to Sh612.6 billion in 2009/10. The fiscal deficit is expected to widen, necessitating increased short-term and long-term domestic financing by 30.3 per cent and 53.2 per cent, respectively. The balance of payments position recorded a surplus Sh75.2 billion ($940 million) in 2009 compared to a Sh33.2 billion ($415 million) deficit in 2008. This was due to increased net capital inflows and improved current account balance from a deficit of Sh137.1 billion
K E N Y A
too. But the economy rebounded in 2009 to grow at 2.6 per cent. The growth was driven by resurgence of activities in the tourism sector, resilience in the building and construction industry and the transport and communication sector. The Government also supported growth through an enabling environment and the economic stimulus package in the 2009-2010 Budget. In 2009, the hotels and restaurants sector recorded a 42.8 per cent growth, a huge leap from -36.1 per cent in 2008. Construction, too, registered high growth of 14.1 per cent, up from 8.2 per cent in 2008. The growth in transport and communication stood at 6.4 per cent, up from 3.1 per cent in the previous year. Financial intermediation grew 4.6 per cent compared to 2.7 per cent in 2008, while fishing returned a 7.4 per cent growth in 2009, up from -13.2 per cent the previous year. But other sectors performed poorly. Agriculture and forestry declined 2.6 per cent in 2009, lower than -4.1 in 2008. Mining and quarrying declined 4.2 per cent, down from a growth of 2.9 per cent, while electricity and water supply recorded a negative 3.1 per cent growth compared to 5.4 per cent in 2008. Growth in 2003-2007 was the best-sustained performance of the economy in more than 30 years. Manufacturing, which in 2002 grew by 0.2 per cent, registered 8.3
195
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Commercial banks
196
1. African Banking Corporation 2. Bank of Africa 3. Bank of Baroda 4. Bank of India 5. Barclays Bank of Kenya 6. CFC Stanbic Bank *7. Charterhouse Bank 8. Chase Bank 9. Citibank, N.A. 10. Commercial Bank of Africa 11. Consolidated Bank of Kenya 12. Cooperative Bank of Kenya 13. Credit Bank 14. Development Bank of Kenya 15. Diamond Trust Bank Kenya 16. Dubai Bank 17. Eco-bank 18. Equatorial Commercial Bank 19. Equity Bank 20. Family Bank 21. Fidelity Commercial Bank 22. Fina Bank 23. First Community 24. Giro Commercial Bank 25. Guardian Bank 26. Gulf African bank 27. Habib AG Zurich 28. Habib Bank 29. Imperial Bank 30. Investment & Mortgages Bank 31. Jamii Bora Bank 32. Kenya Commercial Bank 33. K-REP BANK 34. Middle East Bank of Kenya 35. National Bank of Kenya 36. National Industrial Credit Bank 37. Oriental Commercial Bank 38. Paramount-Universal Bank
($1.71 billion) in 2008 to a deficit of Sh124.4 billion ($1.55 billion) in 2009. The shilling depreciated against the US dollar to record Sh77.35 in 2009 compared to Sh69.18 in 2008. In 2010, it hit the Sh80 mark to the dollar. Remittances from the Diaspora declined from $611.4 million (Sh48.9 billion) in 2008 to $609.2 million (Sh48.7 billion) in 2009.
Devolved Funds This is a key intervention in the Government’s development strategy. Three notable ones are meant to foster social and economic equity in the population and regions —Constituency Development Fund (CDF), the Women Enterprise Fund and Youth Enterprise Fund. Women Enterprise Fund
It was first budgeted for in 2007/08. Its objectives are to promote women’s empowerment, poverty reduction and national development. Women have been targeted for their pivotal role in families. Various studies show such interventions have fundamental impact on poverty reduction and economic betterment globally. The fund was started with a Sh2 billion ($25 million) kitty, with an initial Sh1 billion ($12.5 million) allocation. Women entrepreneurs borrow through contracted banks and financial institutions after presenting their business plans to the Women Enterprise Fund. (See chapter on Gender and Children). Youth Fund
The Youth Enterprise Development Fund was started in 2007 with an initial capital Sh1 billion ($13.3 million). Treasury increased it by Sh500 million ($6.7 million) in 2008/09 and allocated another Sh250 million ($3.33
Under statutory management
Mortgage financial institutions 1. Housing Finance Company of Kenya
www.elistofbanks.com
Constituency Development Fund (CDF)
CDF has been hailed as one of the most innovative creations of the Narc administration (2003-2007). It was taken to Parliament through a private member’s Motion and given legal force through the Constituency Development Fund Act of 2003. Unlike other State funding, CDF is sent directly to the constituency, thus avoid-
Y E A R B O O K
*
million) for youth empowerment support centres countrywide. It has been growing yearly and has become a crucial tool enabling the youth to participate in economic development. The Fund has many success stories in rural and urban Kenya.
K E N Y A
39. Prime Bank 40. Standard Chartered Bank 41. Transnational Bank 42. Victoria Commercial Bank 43 UBA
2 0 1 0
Commercial banks
197
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Bank and broker
198
Cooperative Development Minister Joe Nyagah (centre) launched the trading of Cooperative Bank shares after an IPO in 2009. The bank has entered the stock broking business after acquiring 60 per cent in Bob Mathews Stockbrokers. It trades as Kingdom Securities. The company had more than 12,000 CDS account holders. www.co-opbank.co.ke/ Kingdom-Securities
ing delays associated with bureaucracy. Spending is decided upon at each of the 210 constituencies through local committees. It has created local consumer demand through various projects, and funding other local needs, including education, health and infrastructure. CDF allocation takes 2.5 per cent of ordinary revenues. Kazi kwa Vijana
In the 2009/10 Budget, the Treasury introduced the Kazi Kwa Vijana programme that provides youth with income through public works projects and thus tackle unemployment among the young people. The programme is critical in engaging the
The Sh22 billion ($275 million) economic stimulus package was launched in July 2009 to spur economy growth and cushion the population against the vagaries of weather and the after-effects of the post-election violence. The two had impacted negatively on the country’s agriculture-dependent economy, resulting in a decline in food production. The funds were
Taxation The Government has reformed the tax system in order to streamline revenue administration systems and improve efficiency in tax collection and taxpayer services. This boosted
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Economic stimulus
K E N Y A
youth in positive productive activities and improving security by keeping them occupied. (See chapter on Sports and Youth).
set aside in the 2009-2010 financial year for the construction of model secondary and primary schools, horticultural markets, jua kali sheds and public health centres in all the 210 constituencies. It was expanded to include the construction of computer centres, and recruitment of key staff such as teachers, nurses and community health officers in each constituency. Tenders were awarded for the construction of public health centres, horticultural markets and jua kali sheds in 170 constituencies. This cost the Treasury about Sh5.6 billion ($70 million). The ESP has been extended into the 2010-2011 financial year. The stimulus package has helped reduce the maize production deficit in 2010 from six million bags to four million. The stimulus package money was also used to feed the hungry and subsidise the prices of fertiliser. Implementation of the programme, which was expected end in December 2009, took longer than expected due to consultation with relevant stakeholders. Selection of projects was carefully done to ensure they have a rapid impact on the targeted population.
199
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economic stimulus
200
compliance, broadened the tax net and increased revenue to finance expenditure programmes. In the 2009/2010 financial year, the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) introduced a range of online services that boosted its ability to monitor revenue more effectively. Taxpayers were thus relieved of the burden of physically visiting KRA’s offices. Taxpayers have in recent years benefited from several tax incentives initiated by the Government: Amnesty for remittances from Kenyans in the Diaspora Removal of advance tax for PSVs drivers and conductors before acquiring licences Poultry exempted from import duty ■ Zero-rated VAT on motorcycles with engine capacity of up to 250cc ■ Exempted import duty on gymnasium equipment for the hotel industry ■ Zero-rated cost of import duty on hot-
The Sh22 billion ($275 million) was launched in July 2009. It is aimed at boosting economic growth and cushioning the population against the vagaries of weather and effects of postelection violence The money funds the construction in all the 210 constituencies of: Model secondary and primary schools Horticultural markets Jua kali sheds Public health centres Computer centres Recruitment of teachers Recruitment of nurses Recruitment of community health workers Tenders of the construction of schools, markets and sheds have been awarded
www.nation.co.ke
■ ■ ■ ■
■
■
■
■
Banking, money and finance Kenya has 43 banks and one mortgage finance institution, Housing Finance. (See table above). The financial sector expanded by 4.6 per cent in 2009 compared to 2.7 per cent in 2008. This was mainly caused by increased profitability by
2 0 1 0
■
Y E A R B O O K
■
banks. But expansion in domestic credit slowed to 18.2 per cent compared to a growth of 23.3 per cent in 2008. The minimum cash ratio requirement was reduced from 6 per cent in December 2008 to 4.5 per cent by July 2009. The volume of shares traded at the Nairobi Stock Exchange increased from 855 million in 2008 to 1,124 million in 2009. The NSE 20-Share Index fell by 7.8 per cent to stand at 3,247 points in December 2009 compared to 3,521 in December 2008. The foreign exchange reserves rose by more than 30 per cent to reach $3.8 billion (Sh306 billion) in April 2010 compared to $2.9 billion (Sh232 billion) in the same period 2009. Outstanding debt as at June 30, 2009 was Sh889.9 billion compared to Sh748.5 billion a year earlier. In 2008, Kenya had 887 bank branches in economically active areas: Nairobi 353, the Rift Valley 137, Coast 111, Central 100, Eastern 75, Nyanza 61, Western 40 and North Eastern 10. The Government has reformed banking to make it internationally competitive. In 2007, the Ministry of Finance proposed to raise bank capital from Sh250 million ($3.1 million) to Sh1 billion ($12.5 million) by 2010. This deadline has since been pushed to 2012. Foreign banks (Nigerian, South African and others) are investing in low-capital institutions. After the profit growth of the
K E N Y A
■
rolled metal (for construction) from 10 per cent Import duty for cans for food packaging reduced from 25 to 10 per cent Import duty on cement reduced from 40 to 25 per cent Import duty on telecommunication equipment reduced Import duty on printers used with computers reduced Trucks built for garbage collection exempted from import duty No VAT on bread and rice Refund on excise duty paid on plastic bags local manufacturers use for packaging Relief of interest on mortgage by the National Housing Corporation up to a maximum of Sh150,000 ($1,875) a year Married women to declare income they have earned from interest and rent, previously declared by their husbands Allowed employers aggrieved by decisions of the Commissioner of Domestic Taxes over PAYE to appeal Restricted interest and penalties for taxes to no more than 100 per cent of the principal tax
201
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
History of the NSE
202
In 1951, estate agent Francis Drummond started the first stockbroking firm. He proposed to then Finance Minister Ernest Vasey the idea of a stock exchange in East Africa. In 1953, they approached the London Stock Exchange and were allowed to set up the NSE. In 1954, NSE was formed as an association of stockbrokers. The first privatisation through the NSE was the sale of a 20 per cent Government stake in KCB in 1988. In 1994, the NSE moved to more spacious premises at the Nation Centre. In 1996, the privatisation of Kenya Airways came to the market. In 2006, live trading on the automated trading systems started.
www.nse.co.ke
first five years of the Kibaki administration, bank expansion has since crossed borders to Tanzania, Rwanda, Southern Sudan and Uganda. Local banks such as Equity, KCB and Cooperative are present in the region. A significant development in banking has been the licensing of two Sharia-compliant commercial banks. First Community and Gulf African were licensed in 2007. Consequently, the sector had 45 institutions — 43 commercial banks, two mortgage finance companies and no non-bank financial institution (NBFI) — by the end of 2008. Of the 45, 33 were local and 12 foreign-owned. In 2009, the banks’ total assets were worth Sh1.37 trillion ($17.1 billion). Profit before tax was a whopping Sh48.7 billion ($608.7 million). The Kenya Commercial Bank is the biggest in Kenya, with assets worth Sh191 billion ($2.38 billion) in 2008. At the Nairobi Stock Exchange, banks and their holding companies are worth Sh270 billion ($3.375 billion). Other major banks are Barclays, Equity, Standard Chartered, Cooperative, National and Family. The latest foreign bank to pitch tent in Kenya is Nigeria’s United Bank of Africa. Banks have 8.66 million accounts, up from 2.6 million in 2005. Bank reforms
Key changes include the operationalisation of the 2006 Finance Act. Banks were allowed to share information on non-performing assets. On its part, the Central Bank was allowed to vet and assess integrity/propriety of key bank shareholders The Banking Act (Amendments) 2006 transferred the role of vetting shareholders holding more than five per cent of the share capital from the Finance Minister to the Central Bank.
Micro-finance institutions In recognition of the critical role played by this financial segment, the Micro-Finance Act was enacted in December 2006 and gazetted in January 2007. It governs the deposit and non-deposit taking micro-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
of information on bad loans. The CBK came up with a licensing and supervision framework for Credit Reference Bureaus (CRB) and started to license them in 2009. The Banking (Credit Reference Bureau) Regulations were published in July 2008, empowering the Central Bank to license and oversee CRBs. Sharing information is meant to reduce loan delinquency and help Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) and informal business to easily access bank credit.
K E N Y A
Kenya, like other developing economies, is preparing to implement Basel II or Basel Accord (second international banking regulations agreed on in Switzerland) with the necessary adjustments made to the domestic supervisory infrastructure. The East African Community is agreed on this and consultations between the Central Bank and banks started in 2007. The process will come up with a roadmap for implementation of the reforms. The National Payments Systems Bill has been drafted. When it becomes law, it will support the legal infrastructure on payment and settlement systems and govern operations of payment systems and settlement instruments. It is set for tabling in Parliament. The Finance Act allowed sharing
203
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Insurance firms
204
1. Africa Merchant 2. AIG (Chartis) 3. APA 4. Appollo 5. Blue Shield 6. British American 7. Cannon 8. Concord 9. Cooperative 10. Corporate 11. CFC Life 12. Directline 13. Fidelity 14. First Assurance 15. Gateway 16. Geminia 17. General Accident 18. Heritage 19. ICEA 20. Intra-Africa 21. Invesco 22. Jubilee 23. Kenindia 24. Kenya Orient 25. Kenyan Alliance 26. Lion 27. Madison 28. Mayfair 29. Mercantile 30. Metropolitan 31. Monarch 32. Occidental 33. Pacis 34. Pioneer 35. Phoenix 36. Real 37. Tausi 38. The Monarch 39. Trident 40. UAP *41. United Insurance *42. Standard Assurance
Reinsurers 1. Kenya Reinsurance 2. East Africa Re *Under receivership www.akinsure.com
finance institutions. Since then, other regulations have been issued. They include Micro-Finance (Categorisation of the Deposit-taking Micro-Finance Institutions) Regulations and the Microfinance (Deposit-Taking Micro-Finance Institutions) Regulations, 2008. Regulations awaiting finalisation include Deposit Protection Regulations, Penalties Regulations, Credit Information Sharing Regulations, and Non-Deposit Taking Business Regulations and Guidelines. The banking industry and Kenya Post Office Savings Bank as at December 31, 2007 had about 4.4 million and 1.3 million savings accounts, respectively. That left an important segment of the population under MFIs and saccos, which had about 1.1 million and 3.3 million savers respectively.
Insurance Kenya has 42 insurance companies — two are under receivership — under an umbrella body, the Association of Kenya Insurers (AKI). It was established in 1987 and registered under the Societies Rules 1968 (Rule) and under Certificate of Exemption for Registration No. 2166 of 1988. Before 1987, the association was called the Insurance Association of Eastern Africa. Membership of the association is open to any registered insurance company. Its main objective is to promote prudent business practices, create awareness among the public and accelerate the growth of insurance business in Kenya. At the apex of the insurance sector are two reinsurance companies, the quasi-public Kenya Reinsurance Corporation (Kenya Re) and East African Reinsurance Company. By 2007, short and long-term underwriters were
www.oldmutualkenya.com
Y E A R B O O K
44, of which 21 provide medical insurance. Others are 2,665 insurance agents, 201 insurance brokers, 213 loss assessors, 30 insurance surveyors, 21 loss adjusters and one claim settling agent. The Insurance Regulatory Authority (IRA), a semi-autonomous regulator, was set up in 2008. IRA is expected to improve regulation and stability of the industry. Previously, a department of the Ministry of Finance administered the insurance industry and it was headed by the Commissioner of Insurance. Insurance penetration in Kenya is at 2.5 per cent. More flexible rules have been formulated. The 2008/09 Budget increased the level of allowable investments by insurance companies in shares, debentures or corporate bonds of financial institutions from five to 10 per cent. The Commissioner of Insurance
K E N Y A
Old Mutual Kenya is owned by Old Mutual plc, an international financial services company, with operations in life assurance, asset management, banking and general insurance. Its operations started in Kenya in the 1920s and were directed from Salisbury (now Harare) until 1930, when a branch was opened in Nairobi. In 1974, lawyer Sam Waruhiu was appointed to the Old Mutual board and chairman in 1974. Old Mutual Asset Management company formed in Kenya in 1997 and Old Mutual Investment Services (Kenya) in 1999. In 2002, Old Mutual Asset Management became the largest private asset management firm in Kenya with assets worth Sh30 billion ($375 million)
2 0 1 0
Old Mutual Kenya
205
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
206
was empowered to levy a five per cent penalty of the amount awarded by courts if claims are not paid after 90 days. The Commissioner was also allowed to initiate the process of winding up an insurance company if it fails to pay awards and penalties in the stipulated period. Besides, a Policy Holders Compensation Fund has been proposed in the Insurance Act to take the penalties. Previously, penalties were remitted to the Finance Permanent Secretary. The same legislation boosted liquidity in the industry by requiring insurance brokers to remit money collected from customers to the underwriter the same day. To enhance risk coverage, the
law allowed expired licences to be in force pending renewal. A key legislation in 2007 requires insurance firms to raise minimum paid up capital for life and general insurance to Sh150 million ($1.875 million) and Sh300 million ($3.75 million), respectively. Ownership and capitalisation changes are thus anticipated to accompany the new capital strength.
Pensions Legislation has been enacted and regulations issued for pension since it was hived off the Treasury in the 1990s. It is regulated by the Retirement Benefits Authority (RBA), which promotes stability and growth. In 2008, RBA licensed
www.pan-africa.com
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
The company started writing life business in Mombasa in 1947. In 1963, it was listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. It opened branches in Nairobi, Dar and Kampala. In 1972, it started writing general insurance business. On August 1, 1982, the head office was moved from Mombasa to Nairobi. In 2002, the company was restructured into three — Pan Africa Insurance Holdings, Pan Africa Life Assurance and Pan Africa General Insurance. Pan Africa General Insurance and Apollo Insurance Company merged in 2003 to form APA Insurance Company.
K E N Y A
Pan Africa Insurance
16 fund managers, six custodians and 23 administrators. In 2007, the sector started full participation in the financial markets when it was allowed that pensions can be used to secure mortgage loans. Pension benefits were also exempted from laws governing estates upon the death of an individual, while a fund for collecting dues of members who cannot be traced was formed. The National Social Security Fund (Registration) (Amendment) Order 2007 opened the NSSF to millions of casual workers and self-employed individuals 16 years of age and above beginning January 1, 2008. The Sh180 billion ($2.25 billion) sector comprises the dominant NSSF, 1,076 registered schemes, 12 individual schemes, the Civil Service pension scheme and 12 fund managers. Fifteen per cent of the working population is covered by the schemes, with NSSF taking 67 per cent, the Civil Service scheme 22 per cent, private schemes 10 per cent and individual schemes one per cent. The Pensions Department at Treasury increases pensioners’ dues for Government retirees who left service on or before June 30, 2005 in July 2006. The minimum pension was increased by 300 per cent from Sh500 ($6.6) a month to Sh2, 000 ($26.6) in 2005. Pension for those earning Sh1, 000 ($13.3) or less a month was raised to Sh2, 000. All other pensions were increased by 3 per cent. However, the initial minimum increase of the monthly pension was set at Sh1, 000. Pension increases for retired officials was paid in July 2006 to their bank accounts together with arrears backdated to July 2005. Increases for dependants, which are
207
Economy, Finance and Planning
calculated manually, were paid in August 2006. Arrears for between July 2005 and June 2006 were also paid. If a pensioner died, leaving more than one spouse, the new pension was divided equally among spouses. Pensioners whose five-year dependant pension ceased between July 2005 and May 2006 were paid increase arrears. Those whose dependant pension ceased in June and July 2006 were also paid the increase. In addition, a pension increase at the average inflation rate capped at a maximum of 3 per cent is granted every two years. Future pension increase is now guaranteed as the Government has set a precedent because the 3 per cent biennial increase is in the law.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Registered Pension Administrators
208
■ Aon Minet Insurance Broker ■ Alexander Forbes Financial Services (East Africa) ■ Apollo Insurance Company ■ British American Insurance Company ■ CFC Life Assurance ■ Chancery Wright Insurance Brokers ■ Cooperative Bank of Kenya Eagle Africa Insurance Brokers Kenya ■ Heritage Insurance Company ■ ICEA Trustee Services ■ Jubilee Insurance ■ Kenindia Assurance Company ■ Kingsland Court Trusts and Benefits Services
■ Liaison Financial Services ■ Madison Insurance Company Kenya ■ Mercantile Insurance Company ■ Octagon Pension Services ■ Pacific Insurance Brokers (EA) ■ Pan Africa Life Assurance Roberts Insurance Brokers ■ Sapon Insurance Brokers ■ UAP Provincial Insurance Company ■ Zimele Asset Management Company Registered pension custodians
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Barclays Bank of Kenya Cooperative Bank of Kenya Equatorial Commercial Bank Kenya Commercial Bank NIC Bank Stanbic Bank Kenya Registered fund managers African Alliance Kenya AIG Global Investment Company (East Africa) Amana Capital British American Asset Managers CFC Financial Services Co-op Trust Investment Services Genesis Kenya Investment Management ICEA Asset Management Jubilee Financial Services Kenindia Asset Management Company Madison Asset Management Services Old Mutual Asset Managers (EA) Old Mutual Asset Managers (Kenya)
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Amana Personal Pension Plan Alexander Forbes Vuna Pension Plan Apollo Insurance Company Individual Pension Arrangement Blue Shield Personal Pension Plan British American Personal Pension Plan British American Provident Fund CFC Life Assurance Individual Provident Fund Scheme CFC Life Individual Pension Plan CIC Pension Plan ICEA Individual Retirement Benefits Scheme Jubilee Insurance Company Personal Pension Plan Kenindia Assurance Company
Inflation The monetary objective of the Treasury and Central Bank is to keep inflation low and stable, with a core inflation target of five per cent. Over the past five years, the Gov-
Table 2: Consumption (Current prices in millions) Private Consumption
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008 704,863
Food & beverages
409,159
443,869
496,673
560,053
615,681
Clothing & footwear
37,200
32,808
35,505
37,432
43,250
44,425
Housing
66,832
74,800
87,623
102,675
111,640
120,376
All other goods
115,264
126,394
124,359
144,428
169,910
192,201
All other services
291,240
342,265
386,450
446,188
529,758
577,555
Direct purchases abroad
3,456
4,609
5,284
8,016
11,170
10,150
Less purchase by nonresidents
-50,330
-62,772
-69,423
-81,157
-95,575
-76,809
Total
872,821
961,974
1,066,471
1,217,635
1,385,833
1,572,761
2 0 1 0
■ ■ ■ ■
Y E A R B O O K
Registered individual pension plan providers
Personal Pension Plan ■ Kenyan Alliance Insurance Company Individual Retirement Benefits Scheme ■ Madison Insurance Personal Pension Plan ■ Octagon Personal Pension Scheme ■ Pan Africa Life Personal Pension Plan ■ Pioneer Assurance Company Personal Pension ■ The Heritage AII Company Individual Retirement Benefits Scheme ■ The Monarch Personal Pension Plan ■ UAP Provincial Insurance Company Ltd ■ Zimele Personal Pension Plan
K E N Y A
■ Sanlam Investment Management Kenya ■ Stanbic Investment Management Services (East Africa) ■ Zimele Asset Managers
209
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
NSE seat holders
210
• Drummond Investment Bank • Dyer & Blair Investment Bank • Ngenye Kariuki & Company (under statutory management) • Suntra Investment Bank • Reliable Securities • Nyaga Stockbrokers (under statutory management) • CFC Stanbic Financial Services • Kingdom Securities • Afrika Investment Bank • ABC Capital Sterling Investment Bank • Apex Africa Investment Bank • Faida Investment Bank • NIC Capital Securities • Standard Investment Bank • Kestrel Capital (EA) • Discount Securities (under statutory management) • African Alliance Kenya • Securities • Renaissance Capital (Kenya) • Genghis Capital
www.nse.co.ke
ernment pursued stringent macro-economic policies that eased inflationary pressure on the economy. Consequently, overall inflation decreased from 14.5 per cent in December 2006 to 9.8 per cent in December 2007. However, inflation rose in 2008 and the first half of 2009 on account of high food and energy costs. But in 2009, inflation eased to 9.2 per cent from 16.2 per cent the previous year. This was occasioned by reduction in fuel and food prices. Annual inflation changed in July 2010 — at 3.6 per cent — compared with a revised 3.5 per cent the month before, following good rains that ended a drought and boosted crop output. The overall inflation rate fell from 14.6 per cent in February 2009 to 5.3 per cent in December 2009 and 3.9 per cent in May 2010. Inflation is expected to remain subdued as fuel prices have stabilised and there is good domestic production of rain-fed foods. The target inflation rate is 5 per cent.
Private consumption In the three years to 2007, private consumption improved, with food consumption falling from 46.6 per cent in 2005 to 44.4 per cent in 2007 in the backdrop of economic growth (table 3). In 2008, the food and beverages component, however, went up by one percentage point. Total consumption in 2008 rose from Sh1.3 trillion ($16.25 billion) to Sh1.5 trillion ($18.75 billion).
Nairobi Stock Exchange The Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) made a technological leap following the September 2006 implementation of the Automated Trading System using a local area network (LAN). In 2007, the system migrated to a wide area network (WAN), allowing brokers
people was introduced with a threeyear transition period for licensees. Stockbrokers, investment banks and fund managers are required to have a professional indemnity cover. In 2007, the equity market rode on the tide of robust economic growth to erase losses suffered in the 1990s and early 2000. Key events included two IPOs and three other share sales — 390 million new shares, as a result, came to the market. Market capitalisation crossed the Sh1 trillion threshold following the Safaricom IPO. Market capitalisation in quarter four slipped to Sh854 billion ($11.4 billion). Now it stands at Sh1.1 trillion ($13.75 billion).
Y E A R B O O K
To further boost the market, the Treasury, the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) and NSE are working on a demutualisation (changing a mutual or cooperative association into a public company by converting the interests of members into shareholdings to be traded at the stock exchange) plan that will see NSE listed at the equity market and new investors invited to buy shares. Previously, stockbrokers owned the NSE. The bourse has determined what percentage brokers will retain in a process steered by the Demutualisation Steering Committee. Pressure for demutualisation has grown after some brokers went under, disrupting smooth trading in shares. Stake-
2 0 1 0
Demutualisation
K E N Y A
and investment banks to trade in their offices. Trading was extended by three hours, between 9am and 3pm, instead of closing at mid-day. But the most fundamental change in the law came through the Capital Markets (Foreign Investors) (Amendment) Regulations. This changed the definition of a foreign investor to exclude East African Community (EAC) members of Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The 2008 Safaricom initial public offering (IPO) was the first market share issue to treat East Africans equally with Kenyan citizens. All countries, with the exception of Tanzania, took part in the highly successful IPO. Shares previously reserved for Kenyans in State share sales were from then going to be available to East Africans. Tax treatment would be equal for EAC citizens. In other changes in 2008, Treasury barred people controlling directly or indirectly 25 per cent of issued share capital from holding a management position in CMA-licensed operators, notably stockbrokers. The paid up share capital for stockbrokers and investment banks was raised from Sh5 million ($62,500) and Sh30 million ($375,000) to Sh50 million ($625,000) and Sh250 million ($3.1 million), respectively. They have to meet the threshold by 2011. A 25 per cent maximum cap in shareholding and control of licensed
211
Economy, Finance and Planning
holders expect the move to boost confidence in the bourse. NSE is the largest stock exchange in East and Central Africa with more than 50 listed companies. It is a limited liability company that has operated a closed shop ownership structure since it opened in 1954. Holders of the 20 ‘seats’ own the bourse.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Bond market
212
The Government dominates the bonds market. But this is expected to change after the success of the 2009 KenGen Sh15 billion ($187.5 million) bond issue. It was the first corporate bond available to small investors with at least Sh100,000 units available. Unlike the KenGen infrastructure bond, previous corporate issues were restricted to institutions like banks and fund managers. In November 2009, the KenGen bond issue became the first to trade on the ATS of the NSE. Previously, only stocks traded on the ATS. The Sh26 billion ($325 million) bond — the firm exercised what is called ‘green shoe’ option to pick more that the Sh15 billion it had set out to net — was followed by the Sh18.5 billion Second Infrastructure Bond, subscribed 238.49 per cent and listed on December 7, 2009. Subsequent Treasury and infrastructure bonds (including the Sh16 billion Third Infrastructure Bond in 2010) traded on the system, boosting the liquidity of bond trade at the NSE.
Safaricom’s Sh12.5 billion bond was listed on December 9, 2009, joining the queue of bonds trading on the ATS. To boost the market, the Government gazetted the Asset Backed Securities Regulations in 2008 to guide the issuance of bonds. CBK and NSE are expected to link their central depository systems (CDS) and ease trading of the bonds. Central Depository and Settlement Corporation (CDSC) handles CDS for the bourse, while CBK has its system. With the lowest denomination for bonds set at Sh50,000 ($625), secondary and primary bond trading is expected to pick up as retail investors seek alternatives to low returns from bank deposits and savings. In 2007, Treasury exempted assetbacked securities or bonds issued through a scheme approved by the CMA from paying stamp duty under the Stamp Duty Act. Consequently, bonds turnover rose by 12.4 per cent to stand at Sh95.4 billion ($1.19 billion) in 2008.
Capital markets The Capital Markets Authority, the regulator, oversees the equity and secondary debt markets. A huge part of its mandate is the operations of the NSE. In 2008, it was empowered to trace and seize assets of market players who caused losses for customers and has cracked the whip on errant players. Amendments to the Capital
Listed companies at the Nairobi Stock Exchange
Industrial and Allied • Athi River Mining Ltd • BOC Kenya • British American Tobacco Kenya • Carbacid Investments • EA Cables • EA Breweries • Sameer Africa • Kenya Oil • Mumias Sugar Company • Unga Group • Bamburi Cement • Crown Berger (K) • EA Portland Cement • Kenya Power & Lighting Company • Total Kenya • Eveready East Africa • KenGen Alternative Market Segment • A Baumann & Company • City Trust • Eaagads • Express • Williamson Tea Kenya • Kapchorua Tea • Kenya Orchards • Limuru Tea Company
www.nse.co.ke
2 0 1 0
Finance and Investment • Barclays Bank of Kenya • CFC StanbicBank • Housing Finance • CentumInvestment • Kenya Commercial Bank • National Bank of Kenya • Pan Africa Insurance Holding • Diamond Trust Bank of Kenya • Jubilee Insurance • Standard Bank • NIC Bank • Equity Bank • Olympia Capital
•
Co-operative Bank of Kenya Kenya Re-Insurance
Y E A R B O O K
Commercial and Services • Access Kenya • Marshalls EA • Car & General • Hutchings Biemer (suspended) • Kenya Airways • CMC Holdings • Uchumi Supermarkets (suspended) • Nation Media Group • TPS (Serena) • ScanGroup • Standard Group • Safaricom
•
K E N Y A
Agriculture • Rea Vipingo Ltd • Sasini Tea & Coffee Ltd • Kakuzi Ltd
213
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
214
Markets Act in 2007 have had fundamental impact. They established the Investor Compensation Fund Board and unclaimed dividends in listed companies for more than seven years qualify as income to the Fund. The measures were aimed at bolstering investor confidence. Other measures were targeted at rogue operators at the stock market. The 2007 Finance Act and the amendments to the Capital Markets Act gave the Finance minister power to prescribe penalties for breach by licensees not exceeding Sh10 million ($125,00) for institutions and Sh5 million ($67,250) for individuals. Penalties for non-compliance are also spelt out for the NSE and listed companies. The penalties are payable to the Investor Compensation Fund, which pays investors for loss of funds at the NSE. The amendments provided for the Appointment of statutory managers to run the affairs of a licensed person for six months (renewable by High Court) ■ Removal of an official who has contravened the law and caused the deterioration of the financial position ■ Appointment of a director to the board who can only be removed by the CMA or an order of the High Court ■ Revocation of power of attorney for licensed operators and vesting it in another person by CMA In 2008, CMA-licensed operators stood at 97, up from 87 in the previous year. Twenty-one firms have been licensed for stockbrokerage business, some of them investment or commercial banks. Since 2009, CMA has applied the annual licence renewal process to safeguard public interest. Licence holders have to first prove
Capital market It brings together lenders and borrowers. The Capital Markets Authority (CMA) regulates the Nairobi Stock Exchange. In 1984, a Central Bank and International Finance Corporation study was commissioned over strengthening of the financial sector. In 1988, the Government set up Capital Markets Development Advisory Council to draft a CMA Bill. The CMA was constituted in 1990. www.cma.or.ke
(REPO/reverse REPO), as the lender of last resort or through buying and selling of foreign currency. Repo is a repurchase agreement through which a seller of securities promises to buy them back at a later date for a mutually agreed interest. The MPC is chaired by the CBK Governor and meets once every two months to determine banks’ lending rate — the Central Bank Rate (CBR) — and make any other decision on the money market. The CBR, first used in 2006, guides banks on where the industry regulator expects interest rates to go. The average interest rate on the 91-day Treasury bills fell from 8.59 per cent in December 2008 to 6.82 per cent in December 2009 and 5.2 per cent in May 2010.
Kenya operates a free interest rate regime driven by demand and supply in the money market. The Central Bank influences the market through its Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) and daily open market operations through repurchase or reverse purchase order security
Y E A R B O O K
Interest rates
It is a paperless short-term borrowing instrument issued by the Government through the Central Bank of Kenya to raise money for a period of up to one year. Treasury bills are issued in maturities of 91 and 182 days. In 2009-2010, 364 days papers were introduced. Treasury bills are sold at a discounted price to reflect investor’s return and redeemed at face (par) value. Individuals and corporate bodies who hold an account with a local commercial bank can invest in the bills. Those who do not have accounts with local commercial banks but invest as nominees of commercial or investment banks
K E N Y A
that they fulfil the legal and financial criteria before getting the licences. Market intermediaries are required to publish half-year and full-year balance sheets in national newspapers and maintain the minimum capital.
2 0 1 0
Treasury bill
215
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
216
Forex Bureaus
Tax services online
1. ABC Place Forex Bureau Ltd 2. Alok Bureau De Change 3. Alpha Forex Bureau Ltd 4. Amal Express Forex Bureau Ltd 5. Amana Forex Bureau Ltd 6. Amazon Forex Bureau 7. Avenue Forex Bureau 8. Amex Forex Bureau Ltd 9. Arcade Forex Bureau Ltd 10. Aristocrats Forex Bureau Ltd 11. Bakaal Express Forex Bureau 12. Bamburi Forex Bureau Ltd 13. Bay Forex Bureau (NBI) Ltd 14. Blue Nile Forex Bureau Ltd 15. Bogani Forex Bureau Limited 16. Cannon Forex Bureau 17. Capital Bureau De Change Ltd 18. Capital Hill Forex Bureau Ltd 19. Cash Africa Bureau De Change Ltd 20. Cashline Forex Bureau Ltd 21. CBD Forex Bureau 22. Central Forex Bureau Ltd 23. Chase Bureau De Change Ltd 24. City Centre Forex Bureau Ltd 25. Classic Forex Bureau Limited 26. Coast Forex Bureau Ltd 27. Commercial Forex Bureau Limited 28. Conference Forex Bureau Limited 29. Connection Forex Bureau Ltd 30. Continental Forex Bureau Ltd 31. Cosmos Forex Bureau Ltd 32. Crater Forex Bureau Ltd *33. Crescent Bureau De Change Limited 34. Crossroads Forex Bureau Limited 35. Crown Bureau De Change Ltd 36. Dahab Shill Forex Bureau Ltd 37. Dale Ventures Forex Bureau Limited 38. Dalmar Exchange Bureau Ltd 39. Dollar Forex Bureau 40. Downtown Cambio Forex Bureau Ltd 41. Euro Dollar Bureau De Change Ltd 42. Fairdeal Forex Bureau Limited 43. Finerate Forex Bureau Ltd 44. Forex Bureau Afro Ltd 45. Fort Jesus Forex Bureau Ltd 46. Fulus Foex De Change 47. Gateway Forex Bureau Ltd 48. Giant Forex Bureau de Change Ltd
The issuance of PIN has been automated since March 30, 2009. The old PIN certificate was replaced with one that specifies tax obligations for which a taxpayer qualifies to be registered. Multiple tax registration numbers have been discontinued and replaced with a generic PIN certificate. www.revenue.go.ke 49. Give and Take Forex Bureau Ltd 50. Gigiri Forex Bureau Ltd 51. Global Forex Bureau Ltd 52. Glory Forex Bureau Ltd 53. GNK Forex Bureau Ltd 54. Goldfield Forex Bureau Ltd 55. Green Exchange Forex Bureau Ltd 56. Greenspan Forex Bureau 57. Hodan Global Forex Bureau Ltd 58. Hurlingham Forex Bureau Ltd 59. Jodeci Bureau De Change Ltd 60. Junction Forex Bureau Limited 61. Industrial Area Forex Bureau Ltd 62. Island Forex Bureau Ltd 63. Kaah Forex Bureau Ltd 64. Karen Bureau De Change Ltd 65. Kenza Exchange Bureau Ltd 66. Lache Forex Bureau Ltd 67. Lavington Forex Bureau 68. Leo Forex Bureau Ltd 69. Link Forex Bureau Ltd 70. Loki Forex Bureau 71. Magnum Forex Bureau 72. Market Forex Bureau 73. Maritime Forex Bureau Ltd 74. Maxfair Forex Bureau Ltd 75. Metropolitan Bureau De Change Ltd 76. Middletown Forex Bureau Ltd 77. Mint Forex de Change 78. Mombasa Forex Bureau 79. Moneypoint Forex Bureau 80. Mona Bureau De Change Ltd 81. Morgan Bureau De Change Ltd 82. Mustaqbal Forex Bureau Ltd
www.centralbank.go.ke
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
83. Muthaiga Forex Bureau Ltd 84. Nairobi Bureau De Change Ltd 85. Nairobi Forex Bureau Ltd 86. Namanga Forex Bureau Ltd 87. Nature Forex Bureau Ltd 88. Nawal Forex Bureau Ltd 89. Net Forex Bureau Ltd 90. Offshore Forex Bureau Limited 91. Overseas Forex Bureau Ltd 92. Pacific Forex Bureau 93. Peaktop Exchange Bureau Ltd 94. Pearl Forex Bureau 95. Pel Forex Bureau 96. Penguin Princess Forex Bureau 97. Pinnacle Forex Bureau Ltd 98. Pwani Forex Bureau Ltd 99. Rainbow Forex Bureau 100. Real Value Forex Bureau Limited 101. Regional Forex Bureau Limited 102. Rift Valley Forex Bureau Ltd 103. Safari Forex Bureau Ltd 104. Satellite Forex Bureau Ltd 105. Sky Forex Bureau 106. Shepherds Forex Bureau Ltd 107. Simba Forex Bureau Limited 108. Solid Exchange Bureau Ltd 109. Speedy Forex Bureau Ltd 110. Sterling Forex Bureau Ltd 111. Sunny Forex Bureau Limited 112. Sunshine Forex Bureau Ltd 113. Taipan Forex Bureau Ltd 114. Tawakal Forex Bureau Ltd 115. Trade Bureau De Change Ltd 116. Travellers Forex Bureau Ltd 117. Travel Point Forex Bureau Limited 118. Ukay Centre Forex Bureau Ltd 119. Union Forex Bureau Ltd 120. Victoria Forex Bureau 121. Village Market Forex Bureau Ltd 122. Wallstreet Bureau De Change Ltd 123. Wanati Forex Bureau 124. Warwick Forex Bureau Ltd 125. Westlands Forex Bureau 126. Yaya Centre Exchange Bureau Ltd * Suspended
217
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
218
also qualify. So do individuals and companies with CDS accounts with Central Bank. An investor must have at least Sh100,000 ($1,250) and any additional amounts must be in multiples of Sh50,000 ($625). Treasury bills are sold weekly, with 91 days and 182 days papers issued in alternate weeks. Each new offer is advertised in the newspapers on Fridays and available online. Completed application forms must be submitted to Central Bank or its branches on or before 2pm on Thursdays. Treasury bills are sold at discounted price (less than par price of Sh100 ($1.25) and the discount is the only return an investor earns. The price is computed per Sh100 depending on the interest rate/yield quoted by investor. The Central Bank remits the face value of maturing bills to the investor’s commercial bank account on due date electronically. The investor’s CDS account is debited by the same value of the security and statements are sent showing new position. Investors may choose to rollover their security into a new issue and have to complete application forms giving rollover instructions. Treasury bonds
They are medium to long-term debt instrument issued by the Government to raise money in local currency for not more than one year. So far, Treasury bonds that have been issued are of maturity ranges of one year to 20 years.
KRA’s tax coup The Kenya Revenue Authority is a success story, increasing collection from Sh167 billion ($2.08 billion) in 19992000 under Commissioner-General John Munge to 2009-2010’s Sh534.4 billion ($6.6 billion) under Commissioner-General Michael Waweru (from 2003). He says: “I have been lucky that the President and the Government have been very supportive.” www.nation.co.ke
The types of bond may be defined by the purpose, interest rate structure, maturity structure and by issuer. So far, the Government has issued Fixed Coupon/Rate Bonds, Zero Coupon, Floating Rate, Infrastructure (project specific), Restructuring/Special bonds and Amortised bonds. The most common bonds are zero coupon and fixed coupon, which have huge investor demand. Treasury bonds are issued monthly. The requirements for investors are similar to those for Treasury bills. But the minimum face value is of Sh50, 000, and additional values must be in multiples of Sh50,000 except for infrastructure bonds whose minimum investible amount is Sh100,000. The price of a bond is determined by the time to maturity, the coupon rate and the quoted yield to maturity. A Treasury bond can be reopened
market deepening strategy.
The Treasury manages domestic and external debt. The Government debt management policy aims at securing borrowing at the lowest cost in the long-term and boosting domestic security markets. This has
Y E A R B O O K
Debt management
K E N Y A
— this is where a bond originally issued in the market is re-offered on any date after the value date. If reopening occurs on interest payment date, the price payable by investors is the clean price. However, if reopening takes place on a date other than an interest payment date, the settlement price is the dirty price which includes accrued interest. Reopening is used as bond
Forex bureaus were established and first licensed in January 1995 to foster competition in the foreign exchange market and to narrow the exchange rate spread in the market. The change was meant to eradicate an inefficient exchange control regime, eliminate price distortions and attract forex inflows. Today, buyers and sellers determine the foreign exchange rate, with the occasional intervention of CBK to influence economic direction. Forex bureaus are regulated under Sections 33A to 33O of the Central Bank of Kenya Act (Cap 491) and Forex Bureau Guidelines. Currently, Kenya has 126 licensed forex bureaus in various towns in the country — Nairobi 101, Mombasa 15, Malindi 2, Nakuru 2, Kisumu 2, Eldoret 2, Lokichoggio 1 and Namanga 1. In 2010, the shilling has stabilised at Sh80 to the US dollar, Sh126 to the Sterling pound and Sh105 to the euro. To the South African rand, it exchanges at Sh10.90. In the region, one shilling exchanges for 27 Ugandan shillings and 19 Tanzanian shillings.
2 0 1 0
Forex market
219
Economy, Finance and Planning
Role of Kenya Re
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Reinsurance Corporation Limited was established in December 1970 under the State Reinsurance Corporation Act Chapter 485. Initially, the corporation was referred to as the State Reinsurance Corporation of Kenya. The name was later changed to Kenya Reinsurance Corporation under the provisions of the 1977 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act. It is also popularly known as Kenya Re. The Corporation was mandated to undertake and transact in any manner reinsurance and insurance business in and out of Kenya . The Government intended Kenya Re to address the then prevailing unsatisfactory conditions in the local insurance sector. In the last seven years, Kenya Re has returned to profitability.
220
www.wazua.co.ke
entailed balancing external and domestic borrowing as attested to by attempts at securing an international sovereign bond. The stock of total outstanding debt as at June 30 2009 amounted to Sh889.9 billion compared to Sh748.5 billion owed one year earlier. In the 2010-2011 Budget Speech, Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta said the Government aim is to contain the stock of debt to a sustainable 40 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The aim is to ensure that the private sector is not crowded out. Domestic borrowing declined from 5.1 per cent of GDP in the 2009-2010 Supplementary Budget to as low as 3.8 per cent in 2010-2011. To reduce domestic debt, the Government aims to increase access to external concessional funds and use part of the proceeds to repay the domestic debt. The savings from this will be used to finance development projects. The domestic debt is dominated by the local financial sector, with banks accounting for half the securities. Under the 2007 Internal Loans (Amendment) Act, the Treasury effected far-reaching reforms in public debt management. The changes to the Act gave the Finance minister powers to manage Government debt papers. The amendments allowed the Finance minister to launch a voluntary participation to repay Government securities prior to the redemption date. Another incentive under the changes was exemption of securities from paying stamp duty. In the changes, Government payment of interest would no longer be restricted to twice a year, but would be in accordance with terms of a debt paper. During the first half of the fiscal year 2007/08, Government expenditure on interest and other charges on
In July 2009, Standard & Poor’s affirmed the Kenya ‘B’ rating. Basically, the rating enables the country to float a sovereign bond for borrowing in the international markets. The interest rates are determined by the country risk, meaning Botswana, whose economy is ‘A’-
Its key mandate is to maintain price stability conducive to economic growth. The monetary policy pursued since 2003 aims at ensuring a stable macroeconomic environment to encourage private investment, growth and employment. In the medium-term, the monetary policy targets five per cent core inflation, while improving policy procedures for managing inflationary pressure. Following the amendment to the Central Bank of Kenya Act, the banking regulator has been granted more powers and independence. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has replaced the Monetary Policy Advisory Committee. MPC makes monetary policy decisions, particularly regarding price stability. The committee has powers to set the CBR and determine the right Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) for commercial banks. In July 2010, the Central Bank cut its benchmark rate by 0.75 percentage points to 6 per cent, sending a signal that lenders should slash the cost of borrowing. The bank has reduced its key lending rate six times since 2009 to
2 0 1 0
Central Bank
Y E A R B O O K
Sovereign credit rating
rated, would be able to borrow more cheaply. In 2009, Kenya put off floating a sovereign bond in the wake of international financial markets volatility. The Government’s infrastructure bond, however, has been a success. It raised Sh18.5 billion ($246.7 million) in 2009.
K E N Y A
domestic debt increased in absolute terms to Sh21.1 billion ($281.33 million) compared with Sh17.6 billion ($234.7 million) in 2006/07. However, the capacity of the Government to repay interest on domestic debt increased. This followed a drop in the percentage of domestic interest payments in ordinary revenue from 10.7 per cent to 10.4 per cent. The external debt is dominated by multilateral and bilateral sources (see Figure 2). External debt service (including repayments to IMF) increased from Sh7.7 billion ($102.7 million) or 4.7 per cent of ordinary revenue in the first half of 2006/07 to Sh9.2 billion ($122.7 million) or 4.5 per cent of ordinary revenue in 2007/08. The rise is attributed to the end of the consolidation period in December 2006 for the Paris Club debt rescheduling under the 2004 agreement. This means the Government is now servicing the debts. The external debt service in the first half of 2007/08 comprised Sh6.4 billion ($85.33 million) in principal repayments and Sh2.8 billion ($37.33) in interest payments
221
Economy, Finance and Planning
help spur growth and boost the expansion of credit. The rate is at its lowest since the central bank began setting the rate in 2006. The average lending rate fell to 14.39 per cent in June 2010 from 14.58 per cent in April 2010. Domestic bank credit grew 27 per cent in 2009 and non-performing loans declined.
Revenue collection
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Banker of banks
222
The Central Bank of Kenya was established in 1966 as a result of the desire among the three East African States (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) to have independent monetary and financial policies. This led to the collapse of the East Africa Currency Board in the mid-1960s. The Central Bank Board has eight members: Governor (chairman) Deputy Governor (deputy chairman) Treasury Permanent Secretary (non-voting member) Five non-executive directors
www.centralbank.go.ke
Following key reforms by the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA), tax collection has been on the upward trend since 2003. Up to 2007, tax revenues increased and KRA surpassed met and even surpassed its targets. However, 2008 and 2009 proved a major challenge following the post-election violence and the global economic meltdown. Though KRA did not meet its overall targets, it collected more revenue than the previous years. The achievements were a result of better tax administration. In 2009-2010, KRA collected Sh534.4 billion ($6.68 billion) against a target of Sh 545.2 billion ($6.81 billion), representing revenue growth of Sh53.8 billion ($6.72 billion) over the previous year. The collection is 11.2 per cent over the Sh480.6 billion collected in 2008-2009 though the overall result translates to a revenue deficit of Sh10.8 billion and a performance rate of 98 per cent. The highest growth was registered by Domestic Taxes Department at 13.2 per cent followed by Customs Services at 8 per cent and Road Transport Department at 3.7 percent. The Domestic Taxes Department collected Sh338.2 billion ($4.22 billion) against a target of Sh339.7 billion, ($4.24 billion) a performance rate of 99.6 per cent. The Customs Services Department collected Sh193.7 billion ($2.42 billion) against a target of Sh201.3 billion ($2.51 billion), a performance rate of 96.2 per cent. The Road Transport Depart-
France 5.2% IDA 46.1%
Japan 10.7%
Other 23.7%
Procurement reforms
EEC/EIB 2.6%
Fig2: Sources of debt
Government procurement has come a long way with the establishment of various oversight agencies since 2002. The latest to be created under the Public Procurement and
2 0 1 0
Germany 3.5%
Y E A R B O O K
ADB 6.8%
Italy 1.4%
Programme (RARMP) implemented between 2004/05 and 2006/07, for instance, tax collector registered 10 per cent annual growth in revenue collection. RARMAP had seven projects — Customs reform and modernisation, domestic taxes reform and modernisation, KRA automation, infrastructure development and training and change management projects. Institutional reforms included the merger of Value-Added Tax (VAT) and Income Tax departments to form the Domestic Taxes Department. Also merged were the investigation and enforcement functions under the Investigation & Enforcement Department. Key measures implemented in this period included the online Simba System 2005 for Customs collection and the Electronic Tax Register (ETR) for VAT. In its third three-year corporate plan in 2006/07, KRA succeeded in modernising technology and systems and exceeding collection. The third plan ending 2008/09 focused on building professional staff with a strong team spirit, enhancing collection and strengthening enforcement, re-engineering business processes and expanding taxpayer services.
K E N Y A
ment collected Sh2.5 billion ($31.2 million) against a target of Sh4.2 billion ($52.5 million), a 59.4 per cent performance rate. The underperformance was partly due to the global financial crisis in 2009, which had a huge impact on revenue collection activities, particularly in Customs services, leading to a decline in import volumes, economic stagnation during the first quarter and subdued profitability by the financial sector dominated by banks and insurance companies. The KRA has a revenue target of Sh641.212 billion for 2010-2011 In 2003/04, ordinary revenue rose from Sh254.7 billion ($3.18 billion) to Sh373.3 billion ($4.66 billion) in 2006/07 and Sh441.5 billion ($5.51 billion) in 2007/08. In 2008/09, revenue was a whopping Sh515.8 billion ($6.44 billion). Under the KRA Revenue Administration Reform and Modernisation
223
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Protecting depositors
224
The Deposit Protection Fund Board was established to provide cover for depositors and act as liquidator of banks which could not be salvaged. Banking crises precipitated amendments to the Banking Act in 1985 to expand the safety net and improve the bank failure resolution. It has dealt with bank failures — 15 between 1994 and 2005 — and 24 institutions under liquidation, four of which have been wound up. But the Fund has grown in financial terms and has assets of more than Sh20.8 billion ($277 million) as at June 30 2009. www.centralbank.go.ke
Disposal Act was the Public Procurement Oversight Authority (PPOA). It is charged with oversight of public procurement, including security. The Procurement Appeals Board supports the authority. Government ministries post all information on procurement on their websites — tendering and bidding, winners and appeals. Firms that are blacklisted are also posted on the sights. Public Procurement Oversight Authority
The public procurement system in Kenya has evolved from one with no regulations to an orderly regulated system. Government procurement was originally contained in the Supplies Manual of 1978, which was supplemented by circulars issued by the Treasury. The Director of Government Supply Services was responsible for ensuring the observance of the manual’s provisions. The
It is mandated to: ■ Ensure that procurement procedures under the Act are complied with ■ Monitor the procurement system and report its functioning ■ Initiate public procurement policy ■ Help implement and operate the public procurement system by: preparing and distributing manuals and tender documents, advising and helping procuring entities and supporting training
Y E A R B O O K
Public Procurement Oversight Authority
2 0 1 0
Public Procurement Directorate (PPD) and the Public Procurement Complaints, Review and Appeals Board (PPCRAB). The Directorate and Board, though largely independent in their activities, were departments in the Ministry of Finance. It was found necessary to create a legal oversight body. The Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 was enacted and became operational on January 1, 2007. The Act created the Public Procurement Oversight Authority (PPOA) and the Public Procurement Advisory Board (PPAB). The Public Procurement Complaints, Review and Appeals Board became the Public Procurement Administrative Review Board (PPARB). The advisory and appeals boards are autonomous.
K E N Y A
manual created tender boards for adjudication of tenders and their awards. A review of public procurement was undertaken in 1999 and it was established that: ■ There was no uniform system for the public sector ■ It did not have penalties against those who breached the regulations in the Supplies Manual, other than internal disciplinary action. Consequently, application of the rules was not strict and many of the norms were not followed ■ The Supplies Manual did not cover procurement of works ■ Dispute settlement on award procedures in the manual were weak and could not ensure fairness and transparency ■ Records of transactions were inaccurate, incomplete or absent, leading to suspicion of dishonest dealings at tender boards. ■ Other institutional weaknesses not only undermined its capacity for carrying out its mandate effectively, but also led to perception that the public sector was not getting value for money on procurement. In view of this, it was found necessary to have a law to govern the procurement system and establish institutions to ensure that procurement entities follow the law and attain an open tender system. The Exchequer and Audit (Public Procurement) Regulations 2001 created the
225
Economy, Finance and Planning
and professional development of staff involved in procurement
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Public Procurement Administrative Review Board (PPARB)
226
The board is a continuation of the Public Procurement Complaints, Review and Appeals Board which had been established under the Exchequer and Audit (Public Procurement) Regulations, 2001. It was established to promote and uphold fairness in public procurement through impartial adjudication of disputed procurement proceedings. The board is autonomous and has six members nominated by various organisations as prescribed in Regulation 68 (1) (a) and three others appointed by the Minister for Finance. After the review of a dispute, the board may: ■ Annul what the procuring entity has done in procurement proceedings ■ Direct the procuring entity to do or redo the procurement proceedings ■ Substitute the decision of the review board Order the payment of costs between parties to the review. A decision of the review board is final and binding on the parties although they have a right to go to court for judicial review. But this must be within 14 days from the date of the board’s decision. Any party aggrieved by the decision of the board may appeal to the High
It has nine members appointed by the Minister for Finance and approved by Parliament from a list nominated by prescribed organisations. Its functions are to advise on exercise of its powers, approve the estimates of the revenue and expenditures of the Authority and recommend the appointment or termination of the Director-General. Monopolies and Prices Commission
It is a department of the Ministry of Finance whose mandate is to enforce Competition Principles and Rules in accordance with the Restrictive Trade Practices, Monopolies and Price Control Act (Cap 504). The Act was enacted in 1988. The role of the Commission is economic regulation and entrenching competition. The Commission encourages competition in the economy and prohibits restrictive trade practices, monopolies, concentration of economic power and related activities. It advises the Government on Competition Policy and Law and its implementation. Its functions are to regulate the market structure by analysing mergers and takeovers and recommends approval or rejection to the Minister for Finance. The Commission controls unwarranted concentration of economic power and recommends for divestiture where necessary. The aim is to reduce monopolists in the economy that could
2 0 1 0
www.finance.go.ke
Public Procurement Oversight Advisory Board
Y E A R B O O K
The department concerned is based at Treasury. It: • Coordinates management of Government investments • Develops financial management policies of State corporations • Manages restructuring of State corporations and public enterprise reforms • Coordinates the privatisation programme • Approves State corporations’ annual budgets • Receives revenue from Government investments — loan redemption, dividends and directors fees • Represents Treasury in negotiation of Public Private Partnership initiatives, fora on Government investments policy and PIC of Parliament • Follows up the implementation of PIC recommendations and prepares the Treasury’s memorandum
Court and the decision of the court is final. If any party disobeys the decision of the board or the High Court, their actions would be null and void. But if judicial review is not declared within 30 days from the date of filing, the decision of the board takes effect
K E N Y A
Government investment
227
Economy, Finance and Planning exploit consumers. It also regulates market conduct by prohibiting price-fixing, cartels, market/territorial allocation, exclusive dealings and trade discrimination. The Commission also has the role of enforcing compliance. It follows up ministerial orders and consent agreements to ensure they are adhered to. This demands site visits and industry studies. The Commission advises the Government on domestic, regional and international trade competition. Government Clearing Agency
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Budgetary supplies
228
The Budget Supply Department at Treasury is headed by the Director of Budget. It prepares annual estimates of revenues and expenditures (Budget) read in Parliament every year. It also prepares Supplementary Estimates. Its functions are to: Develop priorities for allocation of public expenditure Enforce efficient use of budgetary resources. Ensure allocation of resources is consistent with Government policy Reforms introduced over the years are: Programme Review and Forward Budget. Budget Rationalisation Public Investment Programme
www.treasury.go.ke
It is one of the oldest Government departments, having been set up as early as 1907 as the Government Coast Agency. In 1955 a revolving fund, Coast Agency Clearing Fund, was established to cater for booking of passages of Government officers, clearing and forwarding of their personal effects and other vital items for the colonial government. The operations of the department are to clear, forward and facilitate warehousing of Government and parastatals’ goods arriving into or leaving the country.
Ministry of Planning Its core functions are the coordination of Government economic policies, including regional and international cooperation policies. It also coordinates and prepares the planning components of the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), the Fiscal Strategy Paper and requisite budget documents. The ministry also provides leadership and coordination in the preparation of the National Development Plan documents, including District Development Plans and specific socioeconomic programmes and plans. Another key functions of the ministry is to coordinate and manage population, economic
2 0 1 0
A population census is the process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing and disseminating demographic, economic and social data of people in a country or delimited part. The objectives are to collect demographic and socio-economic data required for decision making and to ascertain size, composition, spatial distribution, levels of fertility, mortality and migration status. A census also establishes the rate and pattern of urbanisation, levels of education in the population, deployment of the labour force, types and distribution of persons with disabilities and housing conditions and availability of household amenities. In Kenya, census-taking evolved from a mere head count to serious inquiry as follows: 1897 (2.5 million), 1948 (5.4 million), 1962 (8.6 million), 1969 (10.9 million), 1979 (15.3 million), 1989 (21.4 million), 1999 (28.7 million) and 2009 (38.6 million). The 2009 census was released on August 31, 2010 and it was based on a complete count of the population present on the census reference night — August 24-25, 2009. People were counted according to where they spent the reference night. The canvasser method was used for data collection — a questionnaire admin-
Y E A R B O O K
Census
istered by pre-trained personnel. The unit of enumeration was the individual and the frameworks of identification were the household, institutions, people on transit and out-door sleepers. International standards were observed during the census and guided by UN Principles and Recommendations for 2010 Round of Population and Housing Censuses. Cartographic mapping for the whole country created nearly 100,000 enumeration areas. A pilot census was conducted in August 2008. The budget for the census was Sh8.4 billion ($105 million), with the Government funding 95 per cent. Of the total cost, Sh5 billion ($62.5 million) was paid to census personnel. The field personnel comprised 5,788 senior supervisors, 22,323 supervisors, 111,696 enumerators and 100,000 village elders. The questionnaires used were 12 million The census was compiled in four reports: Vol. IA: Population Distribution by Administrative Units (sub-location, location, division, district, rural/urban); Vol. IB: Population Distribution by Political Units (constituencies and counties); Vol. IC: Population Distribution by Age and Sex and Vol. II: Population & Household Distribution by Socio- Economic Characteristics (education, labour force, disability, livestock types, household assets, housing condition and amenities, ethnic affiliation and religion).
K E N Y A
and national statistical services within Government, and to provide leadership in the national Monitoring and Evaluation framework.
229
Economy, Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat (VDS)
230
To realise Vision 2030 and to ensure timely implementation of the flagship projects, the Government created the secretariat. It is managed by a Director-General of the Vision 2030 Office, under the overall guidance of the Vision 2030 Delivery Board, which plays a policy-making and advisory role. The VDS has eight departments, which correspond to the main project clusters or sectors of the Vision covering the three pillars. Among other things, VDS provides strategic leadership and direction in the realisation of Vision 2030 goals, and closely collaborates with line ministries in developing the Five-Year Medium-Term Plans. The economic, social and political pillars of Kenya Vision 2030 are anchored on macroeconomic stability, governance reforms, enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor, infrastructure and energy. Others are science, technology and innovation, land reform, human resources development, security and public sector reforms. Six key sectors have been given priority in acting as key growth drivers in the journey to 2030. They are tourism, value addition in agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing, business process outsourcing and financial services. And they have their flagship projects. In tourism — three resort cities
(North Coast, South Coast and Isiolo. Little-visited game parks will be better marketed and the premium parks to cater for high-end tourists. This is already in progress. The niche products initiative will provide 3,000 beds in high-cost accommodation for tourists and water-based sports and related activities. In agriculture, a three-tier fertiliser cost reduction programme is part of the 2030 vision. Kenyan farm products will be branded, while four or five Disease Free Zones and livestock processing facilities will be established so that meat, hides and skins meet international standards. For wholesale and retail trade, at least 10 wholesale hubs and 1,0001,500 producer business groups (a pilot project in Maragua) will be established. At least 10 tier 1 retail markets (a pilot project in Athi River) will be built as will a free trade port at the Coast in order to ‘bring Dubai to Kenya’. In manufacturing, a strategy has been developed for the establishment of at least two special economic clusters — related industries located together, and also the creation of at least five small and medium enterprise industrial parks. The flagship BPO project for 2012 is in Nairobi (possibly in Athi River) with world-class infrastructure. Kenya will offer incentives for companies in the park, provide a-one-stop shop for administration and talent and serve as a showcase park to attract top foreign IT com-
Constituency Development Fund Board
It ensures allocation and disbursement of funds to every constituency and prudent management of the funds. The board receives annual
2 0 1 0
It was established through the Statistics Act 2006 and the date of commencement was February 1, 2007. The Act provides for the post of a director-general who is the CEO of the Bureau. The Act gives KNBS autonomy to collect, compile, analyse, publish and disseminate statistical information and coordinate the national statistical system and related purposes. It is a Government agency that collects, analyses and disseminates socio-economic statistics needed for planning and policy formulation. Its functions fall into four categories — data collection, data analysis and official statistics, dissemination of results to users and producers and archiving of survey and census results data. The Bureau maintains the National Sampling Survey and Evaluation Programme (NASSEP), which provides the framework for designing household surveys to generate forms of household data. It maintains a Master File of all
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS)
establishments in the country. The Master File provides a framework of collecting establishment data. KNBS has an elaborate infrastructure for data collection such as District Statistical Officers and enumerators in every district. The Bureau is also the custodian of Government statistical information and maintains a database of national surveys, including National Population and Housing censuses. KNBS has six divisions: Industrial and Labour Statistics; Population and Social Statistics; Data Processing, Research and Publications; Agriculture, Nutrition and Environmental Statistics; Macro-Economic and National Income Accounts Statistics; and National Sample Survey and Evaluation Programme and Field Administration Statistical officers are posted to the ministries of Health, Agriculture, Transport and Communication, Education and Environment to augment data collection and analysis in the institutions. KNBS provides statistics to organisations on request. The information is usually for research or publications of the country’s socioeconomic profiles.
K E N Y A
panies. Financial services will facilitate the transformation of the banking sector to bring in fewer but stronger and larger banks. Key policies include pension reform, a comprehensive remittances strategy, issuing of benchmark sovereign bonds and legal and institutional reforms for a regional financial centre.
231
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
232
reports and returns from constituencies and ensures compilation of proper records, returns and reports from the constituencies. It also receives and addresses complaints and disputes and takes appropriate action, and scrutinises and approves project proposals from the constituencies. It refers disapproved project proposals to the parliamentary Constituency Fund Committee for direction. The board has several committees. The Publicity Committee creates CDF awareness, responds to issues raised by the public, trains and builds capacity for CDF stakeholders. The Projects Committee provides policy guidance on technical aspects of CDF projects and advises the Board on them. It also undertakes technical audit services on projects and guides on projects co-funded by donors. The Finance Committee prepares the budget for the Board and quarterly or annual financial reports and also deals with Board and staff welfare. It is also its responsibility to approve tenders and manage human resource requirements for CDF. The Audit Committee helps the Board fulfil its oversight responsibilities and reports to the Board on committee activities, emerging issues and their recommendations. It also provides an avenue of communication among internal audit, external auditors and the Board. The Complaints Committee
arbitrates on complaints from the public,the media and other stakeholders. It ensures that the CDF Act and its regulations are adhered to and resolves disputes from the constituencies. Poverty Eradication Commission
The Government launched the National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP) in 1999, providing policy direction for forging partnerships and mobilising additional resources from non-State actors in the fight against poverty. The plan was developed in response to global concerns on poverty during the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1995. The summit set the goal of reducing poverty by half by 2015. A key resolution adopted was for participating member States to develop comprehensive planning and budgeting framework for making the goal a reality. The Government established the Poverty Eradication Commission through the Kenya Gazette in April 1999, to spearhead the fight against poverty in and oversee the implementation of the National Poverty Eradication Plan (1999-2015). The Commission had 14 specific mandates to execute, including advocacy for pro-poor policies and programmes; coordination, monitoring and poverty eradication initiatives and identification and piloting of best strategies to alleviate poverty. Since inception, PEC has advo-
Y E A R B O O K
It was established in 1996 to develop an integrated approach in fighting poverty in Kenya. Since then, hundreds of projects addressing social, economic, biodiversity and environment priorities have been financed through the Fund. This has been achieved by addressing the relevant, selected interventions through programmes, thus allowing the fund to focus on different thematic areas separately. The Community Development Programme (CDP) was the first programme and is, therefore, the longest implemented. The first and second phase were implemented between February 1998 and June 2001 and July 2001 and December 2006. The third phase was a threeand-a-half year intervention implemented between 2007 and 2010. Each phase is autonomous, with it’s own portfolio of project interventions. The other programmes are the Community Environmental Facility (CEF) fund and the Environmental Programme Support (EPS). The CEF is a four-year programme running from 2006 to 2010, while the EPS runs for a similar period between 2007 and 2010. The Fund also successfully implemented the Emergency Drought Programme (EDP) and the Biodiversity Conservation Programme (BCP). CDTF has supported projects in
2 0 1 0
Community Development Trust Fund (CDTF)
K E N Y A
cated the provision of grants to districts to enable them fund community poverty reduction initiatives. This and piloting have contributed to the evolution of devolved funds. It has also initiated and piloted Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) strategy to support income-generating activities for the rural poor with no access to credit from the formal financial sector. The Commission supports the establishment of the Anti-Poverty Trust Fund (APTF), which was gazetted in 2001. The Fund was to support social and income-generation projects as well as capacity building. The Commission has piloted and promoted agricultural rapid results initiatives through high value crops to fight poverty. Demonstration of production, processing and use of the Amaranth crop has been done in more than 25 districts. Grain Amaranth flour, famous for its nutritional and medicinal value, is now found in most supermarkets. It has created District Poverty Eradication Committees and promoted partnerships with financial intermediaries and community groups in piloting access to affordable credit and assisting in the disbursement and recovery of pilot revolving loan fund. The Commission has built the capacity of communities, public servants, NGOs and financial intermediaries through District Poverty Eradication Committees) to identify, implement and monitor projects.
233
Economy, Finance and Planning
all districts and by August 2008 had 819 micro-development projects spread all over Kenya.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
KIPPRA
234
The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis is an autonomous public institute whose primary mission is to conduct research and analysis and advise Government and the private sector. KIPPRA produces quality analysis of policy issues and contributes to the achievement of development objectives. KIPPRA is, therefore, a source of information and advice. Its objectives are to conduct policy research in human resource development, social welfare, environment and natural resources, agriculture and rural development, trade and industry, public finance, money and finance and on macroeconomic frameworks. KIPPRA’s programmes fall under broad areas. The Institute’s primary activity is research, and it has five broad primary research divisions: Macroeconomics, Productive Sector, Social Sector, Infrastructure and Economic Services and the Private Sector Development Divisions. Its research projects cover policy modelling , domestic and external debt, private investment and economic growth, public expenditure, the exchange rate and external trade . Others are regional integration issues, land laws and agricultural development, tourism policy, taxation and tax reform, poverty, educa-
tion, health, impact of HIV and Aids, infrastructure finance and privatisation, among others. KIPPRA provides in-service training and short-term training to professionals working in Government ministries and agencies. It works with the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics in designing surveys, preparing data collection instruments, economic surveys and statistical abstracts. KIPPRA is linked to local and international research organisations and has a network of researchers. It publishes policy papers regularly, and comments on economic performance in Kenya. The institution organises seminars and workshops to disseminate research findings and policy analysis. Its Library and Information Documentation Centre enhances research and training of KIPPRA. NEPAD Kenya Secretariat
The New Partnership for African Development is a merger of two plans for the economic regeneration of Africa: The Millennium Partnership for the African Recovery Programme (MAP) and the OMEGA Plan for Africa developed. At a summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Sirte, Libya, in 2001, it was agreed that MAP and OMEGA be merged. NEPAD’s four primary objectives are to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable growth and development, integrate Africa in the world economy and accelerate the
Review Report of 2006 was tabled at the APR Heads of State Forum on in The Gambia. President Mwai Kibaki was reviewed by his peers. Kenya has subsequently tabled progress reports in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Accra, Ghana, on the implementation of the APRM National Programme of Action.
National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD)
To facilitate population management, the Government established the National Council for Population
Y E A R B O O K
It is appointed by the APR Panel and are constituted only for the country review visit period. The APR Focal Point is a national mechanism set up by a participating country to play a communication and coordination role. The National Coordinating Structure is where the implementation of the APRM at the national level happens. The country’s self-assessment is conducted here. It is broadbased and involves consultation of stakeholders in the public and private sectors. With the Focal Point, it develops, coordinates and implements the mechanisms for peer review and hosting the country review team during the review visit’. The APRM process looks at four focus areas: Political and democratic governance, corporate governance, economic governance and management and socio-economic development.
2 0 1 0
APR Country Review Team
K E N Y A
empowerment of women. In July 2002, the Durban AU summit supplemented NEPAD with a Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance. The declaration also committed participating States to establish an African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) to promote adherence to and fulfillment of its commitments. The APRM is a mutually agreed instrument voluntarily acceded to by African Union member States as a self-monitoring mechanism. The mandate of the APRM is to encourage conformity in regard to political, economic and corporate governance values, codes and standards. The APR Forum is the Committee of the Heads of State and Government of the participating States. It is the highest decision-making body and has the final say over the whole process. The APR Panel consists of seven eminent persons of high moral stature and commitment to the ideals of Pan-Africanism. They are experts in political governance, macro-economic management, public financial management and corporate governance. Its composition reflects a regional, gender and cultural balance. The APR Secretariat provides technical, and administrative services for the APRM. It is supervised by the chairperson of the APR Panel. Kenya acceded to the APRM in 2003 alongside Ghana, Rwanda and Mauritius in Abuja Nigeria. In 2008, 29 countries had signed the MOU on the APRM. The Kenya APRM Country
235
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Finance and Planning
236
and Development (NCPD) in 1982 as a department in the Office of the Vice-President and Ministry of Home Affairs. Its role was to advise on population and development. Its mandate was contained in Sessional Paper No. 4 of 1984 on Population Policy Guidelines, which was revised and formed the backbone of Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2000 on National Population Policy for Sustainable Development (NPPSD). NCAPD was established in 2004 as a successor to NCPD. Under NCPD, Kenya’s population programme registered many achievements. NCPD spearheaded the updating of the 1967 National Family Planning Policy and formulated Sessional Paper No. 4 of 1984 and later reviewed it to incorporate the recommendations of the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action and came up with NPPSD. This was to guide the population and development agenda to 2010 and beyond. NCPD also developed the National Plan of Action to implement the NPPSD, district plans to implement and facilitated national policies on adolescent reproductive health, the youth, gender and the elderly. NCAPD attributes the decline of population growth rate from 3.8 per cent a year to 3.3 per cent between 1979 and 1989 and to 2.5 per cent in 1999 to these policies. The decline in fertility rate from 7.7 children in 1979 to 6.7 in 1989, 5.4
in 1993 and 4.9 in 2003, and decline in ideal family size among married women from 4.4 children to 3.8 in 1998 and 3.7 in 2003 to the same developments. The maternal mortality rate declined from 590 in 1998 to 414 in 2000. But the contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 27 per cent in 1989 to 33 per cent in 1993 and 39 per cent in 1998 for married women.
References •
Budget Speech Fiscal Year 2010/2011
•
Budget Speech Fiscal Year 2009-2010
•
Economic Survey 2010
•
Economic Survey 2009
•
Third Corporate Plan (2006/07-2008/09),
•
Mwangi S Kimenyi, Working Paper 2005. Uni-
•
Public Procurement and Disposal Act
•
Public Procurement Administrative Board
•
Public Procurement Advisory Board
•
Kenya Vision 2030
Kenya Revenue Authority
versity of Connecticut
•
www.finance.go.ke
•
www.treasury.go.ke
•
www.centralbank.go.ke
•
www.kra.go.ke
•
www.ppoa.go.ke
•
www.planning.go.ke
•
www.nesc.go.ke
•
www.nepadkenya.org
•
www.pec.go.ke
•
www.kippra.org
•
www.nse.co.ke
•
www.cdf.co.ke
•
www.cdtfkenya.org
•
ww.knbs.or.ke
7
Kenya, with about 20 million mobile phone subscribers, Internet users cruising to four million and the variety of media in its hundreds
K E N Y A
IT and communication are advanced in
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
IT and communication
237
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
IT and Communication
238
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
148
2 0 1 0 0 9
T
he transport and communication sector grew by 6.4 per cent in 2009 compared to 3.1 per cent in 2008. And this was mainly due to strong expansion of the telecommunications sub-sector in 2009. Mobile phone connections expanded by 34.2 per cent from 12.9 million in 2008 to 17.4 million in 2009 and about 20 million in September 2010. But the two key revolutionary pillars in the IT and media sector in Kenya are the arrival of three fibre optic cables BY NUMBERS in 2009 and 2010, and the launch of digital television in December 2009. The benefits of these to communication in the country and the region have been and will continue to be phenomenal. Kenya is Billions in Kenya shillings one of Africa’s largest econoof the revenue the mies and telecommunication telecommunication market is expected to generate in contributes significantly to three years’ time economic growth. The total revenue of Kenya’s telecom market is forecast to grow by 42 per cent from $1.39 billion
239
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
240
to $1.98 billion (Sh148.5 billion) by 2013, with 78 per cent of the revenue generated by mobile telephony. The benefits of these to communication in the country and the region are immense. The international fibre optic links will be the key drivers of growth. Kenya has three fibre optic live international cables — the East African Marine System (TEAMS), SEACOM and EASSy. This has led to cheaper, but higher capacity communication links. Fibre optic links are expected to bring the price per megabyte down from $5,000 (Sh375,000) on satellite connections to $200 (Sh15,000), translating to a big opportunity for more users to access cheaper communications. As a result of fibre optic links with the world, the Internet will revolutionise the way the country communicates. The cable links are expected to replace the current satellite technology. Satellites are expensive and not as stable as fibre. Fibre connectivity will harness the economic benefits of the World Wide Web. And consumers are expected to be the biggest winners as they experience Internet-based products such as e-commerce and multi-media services. The Government started constructing submarine and terrestrial fibre optic cable networks in 2007 to connect Kenya with the rest of world. The East African Marine Cable Systems (TEAMS) and the National Optic Fibre Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI) projects will
ensure access to affordable and reliable international telecommunication connectivity. And this is how it all started. In 2006, an agreement was signed between Telkom Kenya and Etisalat, the fixed network operator in the United Arab Emirates, providing for landing rights at Fujairah, at a cost of $130 million ($1.04 billion). For Kenya to fully use the undersea cable, the Government rolled out the terrestrial fibre optic cable covering 5,500km, connecting major towns under the NOFBI project. The project cost the Government Sh4.5 billion ($56.2 million) and it complements the TEAMS, SeaCom and EASSy by ensuring maximum use of capacity and connecting all districts in Kenya. And it has attracted back office operational work, while medium-sized call centers such as Horizon Call and Ken Tech Data are growing in number. Kencall is the largest of these.
Digital broadcasting Kenya launched digital broadcasting in December 2009 and set 2012 as the year the country fully moves from analogue to digital. This will be three years ahead of the international target of 2015. This means the broadcasting industry must adopt new methods of transmission and introduce consumers to new formats. One benefit of digital broadcasting is the clarity of signals and ability to offer more services — including
1
Report from the Task Force on Migration of Terrestrial Television From Analogue To Digital Broadcasting In Kenya
Y E A R B O O K
Internet content — and to transform a single analogue signal into eight corresponding channels on a digital network. It also means broadcasters must get more content for their stations. Many have heavily invested in analogue transmission equipment. The shift will mean new spending on digital towers. Traditional broadcasters have to channel signals through a single broadcaster — KBC 1. This consolidation will make the industry focus on its core business of providing content, and not
K E N Y A
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first electronic computer. When it was unveiled on February 14, 1946, it boasted speed 1,000 times faster than electro-mechanical machines. The design and construction were financed by the US army. The contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work began at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering. It cost about $500,000 ($6 million in 2008). ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for memory upgrade and transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, in 1947. On July 29, 1947, it was turned on and operated until October 2, 1955. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
2 0 1 0 0 9
The first computer
241
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
Fibre optic cable comes to Kenya On June 12, 2009, the East Africa Marine Systems (TEAMS) fibre optic submarine cable landed in Kenya. President Mwai Kibaki receives it from Mr Samuel Poghisio, the Minister for Information and Communications. At right is Dr Bitange Ndemo, the Permanent Secretary in the ministry. TEAMS is a joint venture between the Government and the Emirates Telecommunication Technology and a consortium of local investors. The 4,500km cable links Mombasa to Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.physog.com
242
infrastructure. KBC will set up an independent company to run signal distribution services to avoid conflict of interest or cross subsidies. Other broadcasters, too, should share infrastructure so that individual television stations no longer own masts. The new format will also allow provision of high-definition television services (HD-TV) or provide non-TV services such as multimedia or interactivity with programming. Digital broadcasts also allow the use of special services such as multiplexing (more than one programme on the same channel), electronic programme guides and
additional languages, spoken or sub-titled. A selling point for digital broadcasts is clarity. Digitised signals resist ghosting or noise. Even if some information is missing or wrong, the decoder computer can reconstruct the complete signal. It can only fail to do so if the decoder does not receive enough information from the antenna — when there is too much interference for the decoder to read numbers and produce the picture. This can render a digital signal completely or partially unwatchable in situations where an analogue signal would still be usable in urban (ghosting due to multipath) and rural (weak signal) areas.
Overview Kenya is one of Africa’s largest economies with a GDP of $32 billion (Sh2.5 trillion) and an average five per cent economic growth rate in the past five years. Telecommunications contribute significantly to growth. The total revenue of the telecom market is forecast to grow by 42 per cent from $1.39 billion
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
By December 2004, the Government had liberalised Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Services and international gateways by awarding another two mobile operators — Orange and YU — licences in 2006. This lowered local and global cost of telephony. The cost of international calls reduced from $0.9 (Sh67.50) a minute in June 2006 to $0.2 (Sh15) minute in June 2007. In February 2007, Safaricom Kenya, Vodacom Tanzania and MTN Uganda introduced a single East African mobile network. In June 2007, Celtel (now Zain) entered a
K E N Y A
Other milestones
one network covering Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, DRC, Congo and Gabon. This has reduced the cost of telecommunication across the region. Mobile telephony providers have introduced Internet access products. Government investment in terrestrial and undersea fibre optic cable will further reduce the cost of these services. The launch of a national ICT policy in 2006 was aimed at making Kenya an ICT hub and a premier location for Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) in Africa. In this regard, the Government launched the Kenya ICT Board in 2007 to oversee the development of ICT and published the ICT Strategy for Business Process Outsourcing. The Government established a Universal Access Fund to subsidise the provision of services to marginalised areas where it is unprofitable for services to be offered commercially. It also lowered or abolished taxes on ICT equipment and services. This has enabled many Kenyans to acquire ICT equipment at low cost.
243
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
244
(Sh104.25 billion) in 2008 to $1.98 billion (Sh148.5 billion) in 2013, with mobile telephony2 generating 78 per cent of revenue. ICT has grown tremendously, registering more than 30 per cent growth since the beginning of 2008. It has contributed 2.5 per cent to GDP. ICT generated more than 20,000 new jobs in the past year, mainly due to liberalisation. The number of Kenyans using new forms of communication has increased rapidly in recent years, with mobile telephony providing the biggest gauge of penetration of new technologies. Ownership of mobile phones has risen from just 40,000 in 2000 to nearly 20 million. Although phenomenal, the mobile sector still has room for growth as just 34 per cent of the population has access to mobile phone services. The percentage of Kenyans using mobile phones is set to rise to 70 per cent in the next five years. Another sector set to experience exponential growth is the Internet, which is expected to grow from the current three million users to nearly 10 million in the next five years. In 2009, the Communications Commission of Kenya (CCK), which regulates telecommunications, radio communications, postal and wireless services, got an even more prominent role as the industry shifts to a more converged and digital future. So far, CCK has given GSM 2 Pyramid Research, Communications Markets in Kenya 2009 Edition
Mobile telephony Kenya has four mobile telephone companies — Safaricom, Zain, Telkom Kenya (Orange) and Yu. Safaricom controls 78 per cent of the mobile telephone market, Zain 13 per cent, Telkom Kenya six per cent and Yu three per cent. Safaricom lays claim to 16 million subscribers, Zain two million, Orange one million and Yu 800,000. It is estimated that Kenya has 10 million potential subscribers who have no allegiance to any company. Safaricom has a revenue market share of 83 per cent though its prices have changed little. Other operators have adjusted tariffs downwards but reversed them upon negative impact on revenue.
www.businessdailyafrica.com
licences to four major telecommunication operators — Safaricom, Zain, Essar and Telkom Kenya. There are two operational Local Loop Operators — Flashcom and EM Communications (branded as Popote Wireless). With twice the GDP per capita of its East African neighbours, Kenya led Uganda and Tanzania with more than 30 per cent mobile penetration and $1 billion (Sh75 billion) in revenue in 2007. Safaricom, the mobile telephony market leader with a 75 per cent market share, was a State-owned operator
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
until 2000 when a 40 per cent stake was sold to Vodafone. Another 25 per cent was sold in an Initial Pubic Offering in 2008. Zain Kenya commands slightly more than 20 per cent market share since 2004. Two other mobile licensees, Essar Kenya and Telkom Kenya, started operating in 2008. Increased competition in Kenya’s comparatively wealthy and urbanised market is expected to drive revenues per user in the mobile industry down from $8.96 (Sh672) in 2007 to $5.51 (Sh413.25) in 2012, but will push mobile penetration to 68 per cent. The advent of better international connectivity is going to be beneficial to Kenya’s telecoms market, and the Internet in particular. It will also see the growth of new industries such as Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), software development and application development. Fibre connectivity has the added benefit of placing Kenya in a prime position to take a share of international offshore outsourcing business. This will provide significant opportunities for economic growth in line with the country’s Vision 2030, which aims at making the nation a new industrialising, middle-income country providing quality life for citizens. The key driver for BPO is the quality of communication services, including the Internet. The BPO plan for Vision 2030 is for Kenya to become one of the top three investment destinations in Africa. Fibre optic connectivity is a key component of this. Kenya’s communication sector is ready to move — and is already moving — into the digital age. New technologies are shaping the economy and changing the way people work, spend their leisure time, access information and communicate.
245
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Origin of Posta, CCK and Telkom Kenya
246
Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) was a parastatal. From 1948 to 1977, postal service in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda was provided by the East African Posts and Telecommunications Corporation. The dissolution of the first East African Community made Kenya establish KPTC. In the 1990s, IMF and World Bank recommended the separation of operations. The KPTC board was wound up in 1999 and the company split into three: Telkom Kenya, Postal Corporation of Kenya and Communications Commission of Kenya (CCK), a regulatory authority.
Telephone services The telephony industry showcases the success of deregulation. It has moved from a monopoly controlled by the State-owned Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) for more than 50 years to a free market. It is now one of the world’s most vibrant. In 1948, Kenya and her neighbours set up the East African Posts and Telecommunications Corporation. It wound up after the collapse of the East African Community in 1977. KPTC was then set up to manage the country’s sole telephone company, postal services and monitor broadcasting. When lib-
www.telcom.co.ke
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Telkom Kenya was established as a public telecommunications operator under the Companies Act in April 1999 after Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation was split into three — Posta, Communications Commission of Kenya and Telkom. It has a wide range of services, easily accessible to many people throughout the country. The wireline market is still dominated by Telkom Kenya though its monopoly ended in 2004 with the entrance of licensed regional telecommunications operator Bell Western, and the start of the process to give a licence for a second national operator (SNO). Bell Western has not launched operations, and the award of a SNO licence has been stopped twice: First in 2004 because only one party (Norwegian Telenor) had met Government criteria, and then in 2006 because the entity awarded the licence (a consortium headed by Dubai-based Vtel) failed to pay licence fees in time. In 2006, CCK awarded a licence to a new second national operator, VTel, but cancelled it the following year. It was initially envisaged that the second player would hold all the licences held by Telkom Kenya and another one for mobile services. Telkom’s privatisation was implemented in 2007, with the Government selling 49 per cent of its stake to France Telecom, which was selected from a field of three players. The firm has since invested more than Sh20 billion ($26.7 million) in Telkom Kenya to boost its network, streamline the workforce of 17,000 workers to an optimal 5,000 and inject modern technology in operations. As a result, Telkom Kenya has evolved and broadened its scope and the services offered are of international standard. Apart from its flagship — fixed telephony business — Telkom Kenya has a range of technologies. In September 2006, it signed a contract with Chinese manufacturer Huawei to set up a CDMA 2000 access network and a microwave backbone to increase access and subscribers on the fixed network, albeit on a fixed wireless basis.
2 0 1 0 0 9
PRIVATISATION OF TELKOM KENYA
247
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Safaricom Ltd It started as a department of the Kenya Posts & Telecommunications Corporation, the former monopoly operator. Safaricom launched operations in 1993 based on an analogue ETACS network and was upgraded to GSM in 1996. Safaricom Ltd was incorporated on April 3, 1997 as a private limited liability company. It was converted into a public company with limited liability on May 16, 2002. By virtue of the 60% shareholding held by the Government, Safaricom was a State corporation. Until December 20, 2007, Government shares were held by Telkom Kenya Ltd, a State corporation. Following the sale to the public of 25 per cent of issued shares held by Government in March 2008, the Government ceased to have a controlling interest in Safaricom. It has about 16 million subscribers and is a onestop shop for integrated and converged data and voice communication. Safaricom can provide broadband high-speed data to customers through the 3G network, Wimax and fibre. Its money transfer product, M-PESA, has been an overwhelming success. www.safaricom.co.ke
eralisation gained momentum, the Government enacted the Kenya Communications Act in 1998, introducing competition in the telephone industry, mainly through wireless communications. Mobile telephone services in Kenya were first introduced in 1992. They were expensive and out of reach for many people. The cost of a mobile handset was as high as Sh250,000 ($3,125). This resulted in a marginal mobile subscriber growth of less than 20,000 between 1993 and 1999. The licensing of Safaricom and KenCell Communications, which later changed its name to Celtel Kenya and now Zain Kenya, brought down the cost of communication by 96 per cent in a year. The mobile network is now more than 20 times the size of the fixed network in subscriber numbers. While Telkom Kenya dominates the fixed line service, Safaricom and Zain have ensured mobile telephony continues its upswing, with subscriber numbers rising from just 40,000 in 2000 to nearly 20 million now. The combined network capacity for the two mobile operators has also grown from 640,000 in June 2001 to 25,964,700 in June 2008. With the recent entry of two more players — Yu and Orange — and the convergence of technologies in ICT, telephony will remain a vibrant and competitive sector. The telephony market in Kenya has a value of about $1 billion (Sh75 billion) — based on the turnover of Telkom Kenya, Safaricom and Zain. Total international traffic to and from Kenya tops 385 million minutes with about 133 million minutes of outgoing traffic3. It is estimated that by 2011, outgoing telephone traffic volumes will increase by 220 per cent to reach just over 290 million minutes. In July 2008, CCK started implementing 3 Africa Alliance Sector Report
248
2 0 1 0 0 9
CCK regulates tariffs in certain market segments to ensure competition thrives. It uses price cap regulation to protect consumers from exploitation in market segments characterised by monopoly. Price cap regulation entails developing a formula to determine the maximum allowable price increases for a regulated operator’s services for a specified number of years. Regulated tariffs are mainly for the public postal licensee, Postal Corporation of Kenya, and the fixed line operator, Telkom Kenya. Though retail tariffs for mobile telephony are strictly regulated, operators are required to file tariff reviews with the CCK as a way of ensuring that charges are priced competitively. Currently, CCK is regulating mobile off-net tariffs.
The Internet first came to Kenya in the early 1990s, when a group educated overseas experimented with e-mail technology they had encountered abroad. They set up functional networks that allowed them to access e-mails from their institutions of learning and to communicate using the Internet. In 1993, the African Regional Centre for Computing (ARCC), an NGO, became the first formal provider of Internet services. But the first commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP) — Formnet — started operation in 1995, primarily offering dialup and content services. Formnet was followed by a number of ISPs, including Africa Online. In months, competition increased with the entry of more ISPs, but the cost of Internet access was still high. Commercial customers included foreign nationals living in Kenya as well as the NGO community, who used the technology to communicate with their offices or relatives abroad. Companies involved in import or export services, industries with overseas operations and clients, and academia soon followed. Majority of the subscribers were in Nairobi. They paid high fees to access the Internet and had to bear with limited capacity and poor fixed line infrastructure. The country then invested in its first Internet backbone, the sole entry point for connectivity. The gateway — Jambonet
Y E A R B O O K
Tariff Regulation
Internet
K E N Y A
the Unified Licensing Framework (ULF) in response to technological convergence. A key feature of ULF is technology neutrality, which means that licensees are at liberty to opt for the technology of their choice. The initiatives and competition have driven the development of new technologies, services and applications. Notable initiatives include mobile financial products such as Safaricom’s M-Pesa and Zain’s Zap, and entry of mobile service providers into Internet provision.
249
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
250
— went live in 1998 and was run by KPTC. More ISPs continued to enter the market, leading to even more competition though rates were still high compared to other parts of the world. In 1999, a group of ISPs created a local Internet exchange point — KIXP — that provided a link for Internet traffic, resulting in cheaper rates for consumers and operators. The Telecommunications Service Providers Association (TESPOK) launched KIXP in 2000. But Telkom Kenya complained to CCK that KIXP had violated the former’s
exclusive monopoly. CCK ruled that KIXP required a licence, which was finally given in 2001. Before KIXP, Internet traffic in Kenya was exchanged internationally. The main users at the time increased to include NGOs, multinational corporations and international organisations — 50 per cent of subscribers in the country. The Government, domestic consumers and academia used less than 5 per cent of bandwidth due to the high cost. The high cost of computers also deterred many from subscribing and cyber cafés became the main access
Fibre optic cables www.itu.int
In 2002, the East Africa Business Community started a process that would see countries
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
A recent survey says Kenya has about 4 million Internet users. More people, especially the youth, are using Government Internet centres and cyber cafes in rural areas. The lower income groups have recorded faster growth in Internet access. However, penetration within middle class is still low, making it the group with the highest growth potential. However, there is big shift — a significant fall in the number of people using cyber cafes and a commensurate rise in the number using mobile telephones. This is bad news for cyber-cafes, but good news for mobile operators if Internet offers can get cheaper and pre-paid.
K E N Y A
Internet use in Kenya
points. By 2003, more than 150 cyber cafes were licensed and the number grew month on month. In 2004, the exclusive clause that gave Telkom Kenya rights to certain facets of telephone and Internet connectivity came to an end, leaving the field open for new players to apply for international gateways and lease line services. Now, 113 such operators and service providers have been licensed, 67 of which are operational. Three million Kenyans have access to Internet services now, up from the handful in the early 1990s. The fibre revolution has had implications for the ISP business as companies that initially offered Internet services have broadened their scope to include infrastructure. An aggressive campaign for domestic users is expected from mobile service providers as they eye new revenues as income from voice services is expected to decline with the saturation of the market. The operators are developing new revenue streams from third generation broadband and mobile banking services. With market penetration rates in Kenya’s broadband and traditional banking sector still low, the mobile networks have an opportunity for a replay of phenomenal growth rates in the voice sector in recent years. However, a few challenges still face the country as international fibre links begin to provide cheaper Internet connectivity. There is still little local content on the Internet to invoke demand from local viewers and most commercial ISPs still focus on Internet access rather than Internet-driven services and applications.
251
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
252
collaborate to bring fibre connectivity to the region. Building a submarine cable on the eastern Africa seaboard was part of the plan But delays and shareholder disagreements compelled Kenya to opt for its own cable. TEAMS was launched as the contingency to guarantee connectivity in the shortest time possible. Connecting Kenya to a hub in Fujeirah, United Arab Emirates, the project brought together players from the private sector and Government and was completed in record time. It became the first cable to land in Kenya in June 2009. It was followed by SEACOM, a privately funded and more than three-quarter African-owned fibre link that aims to help communication carriers in South and East Africa. SEACOM will provide links between South Africa, Kenya and the world via fibre networks that pass through India and Europe. The EASSy fibre optic link landed in March 2010. Undersea fibre optic cable systems will provide African retail carriers with equal and open access to inexpensive bandwidth, removing the international infrastructure bottleneck and supporting east and southern African economic growth. One megabyte of bandwidth on satellite costs about $3,000 (Sh240,000) and operators anticipate prices to be as low as $500 (Sh40,000) in two or three years. Such dramatic drops in rates will
boost adoption and use in business, Government and households, which are constrained by high costs for relatively low speeds.New businesses such as BPOs are expected to become viable revenue earners.
Cybercafés With the liberalisation of the market and establishment of ISPs, access to the Internet is now widespread, but many people still have neither telephones nor electricity. This is a limiting factor to accessing the World Wide Web. Many more cannot afford personal computers. Since many people do not have fixed telephone lines, computers or electricity, Internet shops — cyber cafes — provide access to the Internet and e-mail.
It is the country’s communications regulator established by the Kenya Communications Act (1998) and Kenya Communications Regulations (2001). CCK commenced operations in 1999, taking over the regulatory duties of the defunct Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC), which managed the radio frequency resource and issued radio communication licences. On March 31, 2006, the Government gazetted ICT Sector Policy Guidelines that proposed CCK as the converged regulator for the sector. This was realised when the Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act was enacted in 2008, further broadening the scope of the industry regulator. Like many regulators all over the world, CCK is tasked with several duties — licensing players, managing frequencies, setting interconnection rates, overseeing the numbering
2 0 1 0 0 9
CCK: The regulator
Y E A R B O O K
A submarine communications cable is laid beneath the sea to carry telecommunications. The first submarine communication cables carried telegraphy traffic. Subsequent cables carried first telephony traffic and data traffic. Modern cables use optical fibre technology to carry digital payloads, which are used to carry telephone traffic, Internet and private data traffic. They are 69 millimetres in diameter and weigh about 10kg a metre although thinner and lighter cables are used for deep-water sections. Fibre optic cables were developed in the 1980s. The first transAtlantic telephone cable to use optical fibre was TAT-8 in 1988. TAT-8 had two operational pairs and one backup pair.
All forms of commerce will benefit from fibre optic connectivity as it will lower the cost of communication, which is a vital part of any business. New opportunities for the growth of the data market will emerge as cheaper bandwidth should translate to more users.
K E N Y A
Fibre optic cable
253
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
TV, radio viewership
254
system and ensuring that the country meets communication objectives. Chief among CCK’s duties is the promotion of ‘universal service’ targeting low-income households, users in remote geographical areas or disabled persons. The regulator recently introduced the Universal Access Policy to encourage operators to develop rural areas and reach out to parts that may not necessarily be commercially attractive, but require services. It also protects users, and recently launched a nationwide campaign, Chukua Hatua (Take Charge), aimed at educating consumers on communication rights.
A 2009 media survey shows that the main media in Kenya is radio (87 per cent — 90 per cent in urban and 84 per cent in rural areas). TV has 41 per cent audience — 62 per cent in urban and 29 per cent rural areas). Radio stations were ranked as follows: Citizen (46 per cent), KBC (28 per cent), Inooro (12 per cent), Easy/Nation (11 per cent) and Kiss (10 per cent). Viewership for the top four Kenyan TV stations were ranked by percentage as follows: Station Urban Rural Citizen 59 40 KBC 41 44 KTN 55 26 NTV 49 19
www.intermedia.org/ Audiencescapes_Kenya
Currently, the Postal Corporation of Kenya (PCK) is the public postal licensee responsible for Universal Service Obligation (USO). It was established by the Postal Corporation of Kenya Act (1998) to provide
Kenya hosts scores of national, regional and international courier operators. There are more than 100 postal and courier operators in Kenya, including transporters and freighters, that deal in huge volumes of documents and parcels each day. Among international courier operators are DHL, TNT, FedEx and Skynet Worldwide Express that have extensive international networks that ensure fast and efficient services. Supporting the international companies are vibrant local opera-
2 0 1 0 0 9
Courier services
Y E A R B O O K
Postal services
communications, financial, mail and courier services. Currently, PCK has a monopoly in stamp production and provision of private letter boxes. It competes with private operators in other market segments. The corporation has been re-positioned to provide new products based on new infocommunication technologies with a view to remaining relevant in an increasingly competitive environment. PCK has a wide national network with destinations throughout the world. Its network comprises 61 head post offices, 418 departmental offices, 392 sub-post offices, 888 total outlets, 388 installed private letter boxes and 1,014 private letter bags. The corporation has 1,134 letterposting boxes, 1,356 public-counter positions, 312 stamp-vending machines and 4,061 stamp-vending licences.
K E N Y A
It is under CCK’s tenure that world first mobile money transfers such as M-Pesa and Zap have become popular products. CCK has urged mobile industry players to share infrastructure and maximise on investments, speed up the rollout of new players, reap environmental benefits from fewer base stations and free up investments that allow operators to shift to new areas. This allows more people to receive services. It will also make broadcasting and Internet companies to share resources as they shift to digital broadcasting and fibre networks respectively. CCK is also responsible for regulating tariffs by setting interconnection rates. The Government objective for the sector is to optimise its contribution to the development of the economy by ensuring availability of efficient, reliable and affordable communication services throughout the country. CCK is tasked with improving penetration in rural areas from the present 0.16 lines to one line per 100 people by 2015. It will also improve service penetration in urban areas from four to 20 lines per 100 people by 2015.
255
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
History of postal services in Kenya
256
It dates back to the 17th century. A Portuguese governor was installed in Mombasa in 1592. Early letters from the hinterland date back to 1848 when missionaries sent correspondence through native runners to the Coast for onward transmission. In 1895, mail took a fortnight to reach Machakos from Mombasa. In 1905, it took 28 hours from Mombasa to Nairobi. On July 1, 1933 a postal union of the East African territories was set up and strengthened by the East African Customs and Postal Union established on May 1, 1935. Although the countries became independent between 1961 and 1963, they worked closely, including in common postal services which led to the formation of East African Posts and Telecommunications Corporation. Due to market trends spearheaded by the Universal Postal Union (UPU), efforts to separate postal services from telecommunications were initiated in the late 1980s. They bore fruit in July 1999, when KPTC was split to create the Postal Corporation of Kenya whose mandate is to operate postal services and financial services.
tors such as G4S, Nation Courier and Roy Parcels that have many outlets and extensive reach. Other courier operators with intra-city operations include Data Rush Services. Transporters and freighters, too, help move parcels and other cargo. They include Transami, Jihan Freighters, Mechanised Cargo Services, Akamba, Bus Services, Kenya Railways, Easy Coach and Coast Bus.
Media Kenya’s media landscape is fully liberalised and vibrant. Since the airwaves were liberalised in the 1990s, the number of television and radios stations has grown tremendously. By 2012, broadcasting will undergo major changes as the country migrates to digital broadcasting television. In addition, the industry is being shaped by the convergence of technologies, which has seen new media — the mobile phone and online — emerge as new entertainment formats. A rich field of players in television and radio has created a vibrant communication market that attracts huge advertising. In the print media, Kenya has five mainstream dailies, six weekly newspapers and hundreds of other alternative media publications. Several international dailies are available locally. Broadcasting: TV
Kenya enjoys a more diverse and liberalised media scene than many other African countries, with a large middle class providing a base for substantial advertising revenue. In Kenya today, 108 TV broadcast licences have been issued to 46 companies and close to 20 television stations are on air, while 378 radio broadcast licences have been issued to 80 firms, of which 48 stations are operational.
4 Steadman/ Synovate Media Diaries
satellite platform) are routinely rebroadcast on the local free-to-air stations. By 2008, Kenya’s regular adult TV audience stood at 15.37 million in a population of close to 40 million. About 12 million children have access to TV.
History of broadcasting
In 1954, the Kenya Broadcasting Services (KBS) was established. Regional stations were set up in Mombasa (Sauti ya Mvita), Nyeri (Mt Kenya Station) and Kisumu
Y E A R B O O K
Following the liberalisation of the airwaves in the 1990s, major media houses started radio stations, each targeting a specific demographic and music genre. Citizen Radio, Kiss FM, Easy FM, Classic FM and Family FM (now Radio 316) are some of the stable. More recent ones are Hope FM, Iqra FM, QFM and Milele FM, among others. Vernacular stations, too, have carved a niche of their own. Some of the stations are: Kass FM and Chamgei FM (Kalenjin), Coro, Kameme and Inooro FM (Gikuyu), Ramogi FM (Luo), Mulembe FM, Musyi FM (Kamba) and Egesa FM (Gusii). KBC also broadcasts in vernacular of nearly all communities in Kenya. There are also full-time radio relays of the BBC World Service, Voice of America and Radio France Internationale, among others.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Broadcasting: Radio
K E N Y A
The stations include State-owned Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), Royal Media’s Citizen TV, Standard Group’s Kenya Television Network (KTN), Nation Media Group’s NTV, STV, Radio Africa’s KISS TV, Family TV, Sayare TV and K24. Family and Sayare focus on religious themes. K24 is a 24-hour news and lifestyle channel modelled on America’s CNN. KBC Channel 1 has more than 90 per cent geographical coverage in the country4. KBC also has another channel, which is leased out to a commercial broadcaster and broadcasting as Classic TV. Like Citizen, KTN and NTV, KBC is also on the DStv MultiChoice satellite platform. Free-to-air channels — KBC, KTN, NTV, K24, Family TV, Citizen TV, Kiss TV, Classic TV, STV and Sayare TV — are private. One — East African TV — is a pan-regional African service and broadcasts from Tanzania. An international cable television network, CTN, is a pay-per-view service aimed mainly at the upmarket Asian clientele in Nairobi. Oxygen TV, a pay-TV terrestrial channel, also broadcasts in Nairobi. As many as 40 international channels can be accessed on the MultiChoice satellite pay-TV platform (based in South Africa), with a monthly subscription of about $80 (Sh6,400). In addition, international channels such as the BBC and CNN (also available on the MultiChoice
257
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
258
(Lake Station). In 1961, the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) was formed to take over broadcasting services from the Governmentcontrolled KBS. A year later, television was introduced, mostly targeting the Europeans. On July 1 1964, KBC became Voice of Kenya through an Act of Parliament. The station would relay broadcasts from other parts of the world, including news and features as well as entertainment content. At the time, television was still the preserve of a select few — the white
settler community and privileged Asians and Africans who owned sets. VOK opened a TV station in Mombasa in 1970. It aired local drama, music and cultural programmes. The Government closely monitored radio and television broadcasts, with transmissions focusing on educational features and not entertainment. During the tenure of Kenya’s second President, Daniel Moi, VOK graduated to the more familiar mix of entertainment and informa-
tional content common today. But after the attempted coup on August 1 1982, stricter controls were imposed on broadcasting, and content development lagged behind the rest of the world. VOK became a Government mouthpiece. In 1989, it reverted to its former name, KBC. In the late 1980s, several entrepreneurs, keen to participate in what was becoming a broadcasting revolution around the world, approached the Government for licences of independent television and radio stations.
Capital FM went on air in September 1996. Initially marketed as a radio station targeting the urban elite and which played rock music, it has since undergone a gradual transformation and provides the ‘Best Mix of Music’ with a synthesis of Rock, R&B, Neo Soul, Hip Hop and Oldies. In recent times, the station has become a multi-platform brand — spanning from club nights such as Red Friday, New Jack Swing, Rock Nights and the Internet on
Y E A R B O O K
Capital FM, first private station
K E N Y A
From the mid 1990s, the Government has fully liberalised the airwaves and issued broadcasting permits and licences to many private entities. The Government has also authorised foreign radio stations to operate in Kenya. The liberalisation has resulted in vibrant broadcasting, especially FM sound and TV broadcasting, with the demand for frequencies outstripping supply, especially in urban areas. The first private television stations were licensed in 1990 — KTN in January and Stellagraphics Ltd (STV) in July. In 1995, the Government licensed the country’s first private FM station, Capital FM.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Liberalisation
259
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
www.capitalfm.co.ke to branded CDs. In 1996, KBC established the first entertainment radio station, Metro FM, marking the corporation’s shift to more commercial programming.By 2000, more television stations began to broadcast as State regulations eased.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Off the Press
260
Kenya has more than 100 newspapers and magazines — daily and weekly newspapers, weekly magazines and monthly magazines. But two publishing houses, Nation and Standard media groups, dominate the print media and have the largest market share. The Standard is the oldest mass circulating newspaper, started in 1902 to serve Indian civil servants, the business community in Mombasa and later the colonialists. In 1904, it was bought and renamed East African Standard. It grew to become one of the biggest newspapers in the region. The company also published the first Kiswahili newspaper Baraza. The newspaper was bought by the Lonrho Group in 1967. The company changed hands again in the late 1990s and the current owners have maintained its focus as a newspaper that interrogates social, economic and political issues. It has since been renamed The Standard. Its main competitor — and current market leader — is the Daily Nation. It was founded in 1959 by two English journalists, but was
KBC: STATE BROADCASTER KBC is a State corporation that provides local and international programmes. It enhances development of local cultural values and facilitates the dissemination and preservation of indigenous values. KBC also raises understanding of Government policies and strategies among citizens and imparts knowledge. KBC has a Kiswahili Service in addition to its flagship English Service. It also operates regional services — transmissions in Somali, Borana, Rendille, Burji and Turkana, Meru, Embu, Maasai and Kamba, as well as Luo, Kisii, Kalenjin, Kuria, Teso, Luhya, Suba and Pokot. On both radio and television, KBC has a lead over competitors for it covers the largest geographical area. The broadcaster is spearheading the transition to digital broadcasting before 2012. The project was launched in December, 2009. English Radio Broadcasting for Europeans began in 1928. The first radio broadcasts for Africans came during the Second World War to inform relatives of African soldiers what was happening at the war front. In 1953, the African Broadcasting Services was set up and broadcast
bought a year later by the spiritual leader of the Ismaili community, the Aga Khan. He is the principal shareholder in the listed company. Nation supplemented the Kiswahili daily — Taifa Leo — that the Aga Khan already owned. The two have grown in influence and circulation. The Nation stable now includes a range of publications: Business Daily, the weekly EastAfrican, Saturday Nation and Sunday Nation. It has also expanded into Uganda and Tanzania where it owns newspapers, radio and TV stations. Another
R
in Kiswahili, Dholuo, Kikuyu, Kinandi, Kiluhya, Kikamba and Arabic. In 1954, the Kenya Broadcasting Services was established. Regional stations were set up in Mombasa (Sauti ya Mvita), Nyeri (Mt Kenya Station) and Kisumu (Lake Station). In 1961, KBC was formed and TV introduced in Kenya in 1962. The first transmitting station was set up in Limuru. In 1964, KBC became Voice of Kenya (VOK). In 1970, a new TV station opened in Mombasa. In 1989, VOK changed again to KBC. The same year, KBC signed an agreement with Japan Telecommunications Engineering for improvement and expansion of the national medium wave frequency radio broadcasting network. Another contract was signed in 1991 with Marubeni Corporation of Japan for upgrading medium wave transmitting stations and construction of new ones. In 1996, it commissioned Metro FM as a music radio, and Metro TV (sports and entertainment) and Coro FM (Gikuyu) in 2000. In 2001, Pwani FM went on air to cater for the Coast region.
Magazines
Kenya has many magazines that cover various issues: Politics, business, sports and gender. In the early 1970s, magazines such as Drum and True Love were house-
Y E A R B O O K
the paper was circulated only in Nairobi, but it has now gone national. In August 2009, the Department of Communication and Public Information started a weekly newspaper, Inside Kenya Today.
K E N Y A
newspaper, the People, started as a weekly in 1993, but turned daily in 1998. It is now revamping and the owners have brought in new partners. It is thus going to be a major player in the market. Another newspaper, Kenya Times, was acquired from the owners of the defunct Nairobi Times by then ruling party Kanu in 1983. It has not been doing very well in the market. In 2007, Nairobi Star (now The Star) was launched by Radio Africa, the owners of Kiss and Classic FM radio stations, as a daily. Initially,
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.kbc.co.ke
261
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
262
hold names. They dealt with social issues that were of interest to the emerging middle class. The titles are back after a long while, published by a South African company. But in 2010, the company left Kenya and a local proprietor has taken over. In the 1980s, the Weekly Review was the most popular political analysis magazine. It covered political and business issues without pulling any punches. As one of the magazines with the longest lifespans in the country, the Weekly Review was widely read. It has since folded. In the 1990s, the magazine business grew and many titles, ranging from the professional to the sectorbased, joined the newsstands. Magazines such as Telecoms, PC World, Computer Week, Market Intelligence and Homes Kenya were some of the more known titles. Publications such the Lawyer or the Accountant for the legal and accounting professions emerged and are still going strong. Local publishing houses such as Oakland Media shot to prominence and published a range of titles: Eve on women’s issues, Kenya Farmer, the Marketing Society’s journal Sokoni and The Architect. The company also won several contracts to publish in-house publications for companies and Government agencies. The company later folded up. Media7 Group publishes six specialised magazines: Motor Monthly, Lifestyle, HM, Business Monthly, Mum and Dad and Her. Capital FM also ventured into the
Rural Press It plays an important role in disseminating news and information. The rural Press initiative was born after the realisation that information was not reaching the rural populace. The Rural Press Extension Project was started by the Government and UNESCO in 1974. A pilot project started under the Department of Social Services in Meru and Vihiga. Eleven rural Press stations were started — Sauti ya Pwani (Coast), Sauti ya Kericho (Kericho, Bureti and Bomet), Sauti ya Gusii (Kisii, Nyamira and Gucha), Nyota ya Magharibi (Western), Nyota ya Mashariki (Eastern), Maarifa (Central), Nuru (Upper Eastern), Ngao (Rift Valley), Jicho (Nyanza) and Habari (North Eastern).
www.kenyanewsagency.go.ke
magazine business with the launch of QZ, a publication that focuses on the young generation. Most magazines in the market are monthlies. The weekly editions of the 1980s and early 1990s bowed to the pressure of new competing media such as television, alternative Press, stronger newspapers and the Internet. According to recent Target Group Index (TGI) research, the last two years have seen overall growth in the variety of titles dealing with health, sports, travel, lifestyle, management and financial issues.
Magazine titles in Kenya
Fashion • • • • • • •
African Woman New African Woman Seventeen Instyle Black Hair Hair Styling Black Beauty
Leisure • • • • • • • •
True Love Drum Ebony Oprah Cosmopolitan Vibe Hello OK
• • • • • • •
Essence Women Woman Own Woman Weekly Parents Fortune Forbes
Motoring • • • • • • • • •
Motor Traders Autozine What Car? Ride Landrover TruckTrend CAR Top Gear 4-Wheel
Politics • • • • • • • • •
The Kenyan Diplomat The Focus New Africa Finance Agriculture Farmer Pride Farmers Journal The Nairobi Law Monthly
Technology • • • •
PC World Web Design Computer Age Computer Arts
Foreign titles
Foreign magazines have a strong following in Kenya. Weeklies such as the Economist, Time and Newsweek are popular with the upper and middle classes, foreign nationals living in Nairobi and other parts of Kenya and academia. Popular monthly titles such as O (the Oprah Winfrey magazine), Cosmopolitan and Reader’s Digest, too, have a sizeable following. Two main companies distribute publications in the market — PDS and Nation Marketing Publication (NMP). PDS is associated
2 0 1 0 0 9
Business Post Business Journal Selling Power Business Mirror Investment Time Management Investment News Enterprises BL The Exchange Money $ Market Market Africa Entrepreneur Commerce Harvard Business Review
Y E A R B O O K
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
K E N Y A
Business
263
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
Nation Media Group It was founded by the Aga Khan in 1959 and is the largest media house in East and Central Africa. It has print and electronic media and the Internet which have huge following in the region — daily and weekly newspapers in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, and radio and TV stations in Kenya and Uganda. The media house runs a transport company, Nation Carriers, whose fleet distributes its products. It also owns Nation Courier, which has links with TNT Worldwide Express, to deliver mail and packages. Nation Marketing and Publishing distributes international magazines.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.nationmedia.com
264
with the Standard Group and NMP with the Nation Media Group. The former distributes newspapers, magazines and books from Europe (mainly the United Kingdom, France and Germany), US and Australia. They include French and German newspapers such as Le Monde and Der Spiegel. NMP distributes mainly South African and international titles found at prominent newsstands in the major towns. Both companies have national as well as regional presence and distribute the publications beyond the Kenyan borders to
Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda. ‘Parents’
It is Kenya’s oldest family magazine. It was launched in 1986. Eunice Mathu is the founder and editor. The magazine has grown from a blackand-white 32-page magazine to a full-colour of more than 80 pages today. Its circulation has grown steadily to more than 40,000. Parents tackles family and relationship issues and targets readers with a disposable income, who have secondary school education and above in rural and
www.kenyanewsagency.go.ke
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is one of the oldest departments in Government, having been established in 1954 for propaganda needs of the British colonial administration. Its predecessor was the Kenya Information Services. The department is under the Ministry of Information and Communications and has five sections: Mobile Cinema Unit, Kenya News Agency and Photography, Public Communication and Accreditation, Rural Press and Publications and Central Media Services Its mandate is to give information to citizens so that they can make informed decisions, gather and disseminate information for national development. Its core functions are to gather and disseminate news, publish rural newspapers and other publications, accredit the Press, screen mobile cinema and video shows and research, document and archive information.
At independence, the role played by the information services during the struggle against colonialism in Kenya justified the creation of a domestic news agency to promote national unity, peace and development. Kenya’s founding fathers invited advisors from Ghana and the then Czechoslovakia to help start the Kenya News Agency (KNA). Established on December 5, 1963 it has grown into the most vibrant news agency in the region. It has 24 bureaus and more than 100 provincial, district and sub-district information offices. No news organisation in East Africa has this formidable grassroots representation. At the provincial level, KNA is headed by Provincial Information Officers. The majority of staff are in the information officer cadre. It collects and transmits news and features to subscribers. KNA handles news and features of diverse topics, including political, social, economic and cultural stories.
Y E A R B O O K
Department of Information
Kenya News Agency
K E N Y A
urban areas. Fifty-two per cent of the magazine’s readership is female and 48 per cent male; 68 per cent have secondary school education; 66 percent are in rural areas and 34 per cent in towns. Twenty per cent of the magazine sales are through supermarkets, 30 per cent through agents, another 30 per cent vendors, 10 per cent from subscriptions and 10 percent through salons and other outlets such as beauty parlours, cyber cafés, bookshops, estate agents and shopping malls. Parents has the largest share of Kenya’s magazine market at more than 60 per cent. With changing trends, the market has become more fragmented with the entry of various media channels. But the magazine is very competitive and provides content that is not available on TV, radio and newspapers.
265
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Central Media and Research Unit
266
It was created to enable the Ministry of Information and Communications make informed decisions on media. Its mandate is to: Process and store archival material comprising newspaper cuttings Operate a data bank on the country, economy and key sectors of Kenya’s national life. Gather and disseminate, through the media, information useful for national development. Offer research library services Maintain biographical data of leading personalities Formulate media programmes packaged to promote Kenya. Monitoring local and international electronic media for adverse reports on Kenya To undertake research activities in the Ministry with a view of identifying inherent problems affecting the various departments of the Ministry and possible solutions.
www.kenyanewsagency.go.ke
It also provides public address systems, deploys public communication officers to ministries and other organisations and provides Information Resource Centres. The department plays a critical role in the implementation of strategies aimed at ensuring universal access to information. It informs, educates, communicates and interprets Government policies and vision to the country and Diaspora It also develops information content, digitises and makes it available to the citizenry on the Government information portal. Equally important, the department will by 2012 have developed a monitoring and tracking system of key Government devolved kitties, the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and Local Authorities Transfer Fund. The results of this will be made available online in the ministry portal.
Training The State-owned Kenya Institute of Mass Communications (KIMC) trains mass media professionals and practitioners in specialised skills in electronic and print journalism, radio and television programme production, filmmaking and electronic and telecommunication broadcasting technologies. It also offers postgraduate diploma training. By 2012, plans are underway to have the college offer degree programmes in mass media, produce and disseminate video and radio programmes through its Media Production Centre which offers post-production services in print media, television, film and radio. In 2007, the Ministry of Information and Communications initiated a review of curriculum at KIMC. KIMC was conceived in 1961 as an electronics engineering school in train electron-
Public communication This is the liaison office for public relations officers (PROs) in ministries. PROs are information officers seconded to ministries. Their duties are to: Review public communication programmes Implement internal and external communications Handle media strategies Organise seminars for PROs Research on local and international media for positive and negative publicity and develop counter measures. Prepare media briefs, supplements and press releases Advice on public communication issues.
the Voice of Kenya Training School. It was not only VOK which suffered from an acute shortage of trained manpower. In 1967/68, funds were made available for the construction of a mass communication training institute. A site was acquired at Nairobi South B and the proposed institute called the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication. Construction work commenced in October, 1967 and the first train-
K E N Y A
ics technicians for the then Kenya Broadcasting Service. However, in 1962, KBC was formed. When it became the State broadcaster and changed its name to Voice of Kenya (VOK) in 1964,, many expatriates left. This created the need for qualified manpower to fill the vacant positions. The long-term solution was to establish a training school of electronics technicians. In 1965, VOK got a grant to start
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.communication.go.ke
267
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
268
ees were transferred from the VOK Training School to the new institute in November, 1968. Since then, KIMC has expanded and diversified its training programmes. In 1969, programme production courses were introduced. The following year, an information trainees’ course was launched and in 1975 a film production course. KIMC has proved itself an asset for the Ministry of Information and Communications in producing manpower needs not only for the ministry, but also for the job market.
Multi-Media University of Kenya
The Multi-Media University of Kenya, the former Kenya College of Communications and Technology, is a semi-autonomous institution whose core function is to build human capacity in the ICT sector. The college has two campuses — Mbagathi and Telposta Towers. They offer courses in electronic engineering, information technology and postal studies at certificate, diploma, degree and postgraduate level. By 2012, the institution will have become a fully-fledged university that will offer degree pro-
grammes in IT to build capacity for the business processing outsourcing (BPO) strategy. Many other institutions — public and private universities and colleges —offer training in broadcast and print journalism, film and video production, online studies and public relations, among others. (See chapter on Education)
Y E A R B O O K
The 4500km fibre optic cable links Mombasa and Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates. Its construction began in January 2008 and in June 2009, the cable arrived in Mombasa. The benefits are immense: Kenya, like India, will become a bigger player in business process outsourcing. The call centre business will also grow and signs of this are evident — in 2006, it employed 200 people but in 2009 this had risen to 3,000. Costs of date business and Internet will come down.
K E N Y A
TEAMS
The local film industry generates employment, fosters economic activity and preserves the nation’s culture. It also is an avenue of transferring morals and values and contributes to the evolution of social and democratic processes. It is also a useful tool of tapping artistic energies of creative Kenyans, and a vehicle for diversification of exports as local films can be marketed in other countries. The money spent in the local economy during location filming has been a major boost in creating employment. For example money spent by a production company on catering services creates a multiplier effect when demand rises for food wholesalers, farmers and other auxiliary services. In this way, location filming has led to an increase in job opportunities in the hotel, agriculture, trade, transport and tourism subsectors. The current status of the film industry indicates a nation with big advantages in unmatched filming locations and an abundance of professional filmmakers, artistes and crew. The last five years have seen the emergence of Kenya as the hub of filming activities in the continent as attested by the significant increase in the number of major — 26 — international films shot in Kenya. This has earned the country global recognition
2 0 1 0 0 9
Film industry
269
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Films made in Kenya
270
• Karobaar: The Business of Love (2000) • Donald and Luba: A Family Movie (2000) • Hemingway, the Hunter of Death (2001) • Bad Boy - Rennen am • Company (2002) • Dangerous Affair (2002) • Disease of the Wind (2002) • Grimm Reality (2002) (V) • 14 Million Dreams (2003) • Africa Mashariki Nafsi (2004) Boys of Sudan (2004) • Lessons from the Heart (2004) (TV) • Boys of Baraka, The (2005) • Chokora (2005) • Constant Gardener, The (2005) • In the Shadow of Wings (2006) • Kibera Kid (2006) • Make It Real (to Me) (2005) • Mo & Me (2006) • Oath, The (2005) • Scratching the Surface: A Journey with H.E.A.R.T. (2005) • Shoot Back! Geschichten aus der Unterwelt (2005) • Twins of Mankala (2006) • Weisse Massai, Die (2005) • Winterreise (2006) • Year on Earth, A (2006)
and contributed to the GDP growth. For the industry to become a significant player and develop a major motion picture production business, the sector plans to market Kenya as a preferred filming destination, organise filming festivals and expos and develop a vibrant local industry. The Kenya Film Commission was established in 2005 to market Kenya as a major filming destination and boost the development of the film industry. The Kenya Film Censorship Board was restructured so that it can effectively regulate distribution, exhibition and broadcast of cinematograph film. This will ensure the development of an orderly and sustainable film industry in line with Kenya’s morality, public order and safety. In Kenya ,filming has potential to spur economic growth and help in the realisation of Vision 2030 through tourist attraction, investment and employment creation. Currently, the film industry generates about Sh3 billion ($40 million) annually. However, it can generate more than Sh40 billion and create more than 250,000 jobs a year. Kenya can get many economic benefits with a vibrant film industry. It would position the country at the centre of the world’s technological revolution, attract significant foreign spending on services, provide employment and training opportunities in the audiovisual sector and boost the domestic film and television infrastructure by encouraging film production. Kenya on the screen
www.kenyafilmcommission.com
The Kenyan landscape has graced the silver screen for more than 50 years — from the 1950s King Solomon’s Mines to the 2005 boxoffice hit The Constant Gardener. The lush
It was established in 1982 to formulate, coordinate and administer policy in the development of the film industry in Kenya. The department is responsible for the production of
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Department of Film Services
films on Government development policies and programmes, and promotion of Kenya’s cultural identity, diversity and nationhood. The department has a film archives for reference and posterity. It licenses local and international crews and provides liaison services. Its sections are: theFilm Licensing and Liaison Services, Production Camera/Sound Editing, Dissemination Film Library and Archive Field Services and Engineering. The department also regulates the film industry through licensing. It is also expected to establish a modern film studio and decentralise film services to all regions. Services at the department include licensing local and international film makers, production of newsreels, documentaries, features, TV ads and inserts and mobile cinema services Its goals are to increase filming activities, have a well coordinated and regulated industry, create awareness through films that address socio-cultural and developmental issues, create employment and increase foreign exchange earnings through film productions. More than 50 local and foreign private companies deal in film and video production, including production of features, documentaries and commercials. Some Government ministries also have facilities for film production and dissemination. The department licenses local and foreign crews in the country. To obtain a licence, a copy of the script
K E N Y A
Ngong highlands, seen in Sydney Pollack’s Oscar winning Out of Africa, and the arid Shaba reserves outwitted and outlasted in Survivor 3: Africa show case Kenya’s versatile landscapes that offer great filming locations. The producers know that Kenya offers a perfect combination of beautiful locale, natural light, an array of wildlife and a beautiful people all set in adventurous territory.Kenya has breathtaking and exquisite beauty with abundant wildlife and unmatched scenery and romantic views. From the savannah in the south and the deserts of the north to Lake Victoria — the second largest fresh water lake in the world — in the west, the tropical beaches in the east, metropolitan cities, ancient forts and the snowcapped peaks of Mt Kenya, Kenya has a variety to offer. Kenya offers spectacular backdrops — Caroline Links’ Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa) was the winner of Best Foreign Language Film in the 2003 Academy Awards. The beauty of the country can be seen in the Librarian 2: Return to King Solomon’s Mines directed by Jonathan Frakes.
271
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
272
Shooting locations
■ All national parks ■ More than 40 golf courses
■ International casinos in Mombasa and Nairobi ■ Lakes: Victoria, Nakuru, Naivasha, Magadi, Baringo, Bogoria, Turkana and Jipe ■ Nairobi: Kenyatta International Conference centre, Karen Blixen Museum, Kenya National Archives, Ngong horse racing course ■ Mombasa: Fort Jesus, Old Town and beaches ■ Kakamega: Crying Stone ■ Nyanza: Simbi Nyaima, Thimlich Ohinga ■ Joy Adamson’s Elsamere and Conservation Centre ■ Lamu: Swahili trading port
Y E A R B O O K
Formerly the Kenya Film Censorship Board, it was established in 1930 and an Act of Parliament enacted in 1963 — Films and Stage Plays Act (Cap 222)— to ensure that films screened to the public are in line with national aspirations and culture. The board’s mandate includes classification of films, registration of video businesses and examination of posters, publicity materials and video inspections. The services that the board offers are to: ■ Examine and classify new films as prescribed by the Films and Stage Plays Act and the Kenya Communication (Amendment) Act 2008. ■ Prescribe guidelines in examina-
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Film Classification Board
K E N Y A
and story synopsis must be sent to the Film Licensing Officer. For documentaries, the licences are issued within minutes of application. For feature films and dramas, they are issued in two days of application. A non-refundable import charge of 1 per cent or Sh30,000 ($400), whichever is less, is levied on the quantity of imported items per container. Licence fees are as follows: ■ Documentaries, dramas, short features or ads and stills Sh5,000 ($62.5) ■ Full-length feature films and reality TV shows Sh15,000 ($187.5) ■ Daily filming fees Sh1,000 ($12.5) ■ Registration of agency Sh12,000 ($150) ■ Annual agency renewal Sh12,000 ($150) In Kenya, there are no restrictions on the number of expatriate crew members or artistes who come for a production. An advance notice is more of courtesy than a requirement. Crew members and artistes may come to Kenya on a visitor’s pass before the film work permit is processed. This costs Sh2,000 ($25) each. The department has more than 600 documentaries and archival film material produced by the newsfilm services and weekly Kenya newsreels which constitute 10-minute films on national, historical and development issues.
273
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Dr Bitange Ndemo
274
He is the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Information and Communications. Prior to his appointment as Permanent Secretary, Ndemo was a senior lecturer at the University of Nairobi’s Business School, where he taught entrepreneurship, management and research methods. Most of his research work centres on small and medium enterprises in Kenya, with emphasis on social enterprise. Ndemo has a PhD in industrial economics from the University of Sheffield, UK, an MBA and bachelor’s degree in finance and accounting from the University of Minnesota. In the early 1990s, he was a financial systems analyst at Medtronic Inc, a Fortune 500 company in the US. He has been involved in initiatives to lower the cost of accessing ICTs (connectivity, hardware and software) in Kenya and the region. His priority has been to connect East Africa to the rest of the world through the undersea fibre optic cable. He is at the forefront in developing the demand side of ICTs through the promotion of Business Process Outsourcing in urban and rural areas.
tion and classification of films ■ Impose age restriction on viewership ■ Give consumer advice with regard to the projection of women and children against sexual exploitation in cinematograph and the Internet ■ Monitor broadcasting, exhibition and distribution of films to ensure that no film is distributed, exhibited or broadcast publicly or privately unless the Board has examined it and issued a certificate of approval Issue certificates and licences to distributors and exhibitors of films ■ Prescribe procedure for licensing of film exhibitors and distributors ■ Educate the public Each film submitted to the Board is reviewed and placed into a classification/rating — General Exhibition (GE), Parental Guidance (PG), 16 and 18/A. Classification and rating are determined by: ■ Amount and frequency of violence and crime ■ Amount and frequency of sex, horror and nudity ■ Amount and frequency of drugs, smoking, tobacco, solvents and alcohol ■ Amount and frequency of profanity, religion and community ■ On violence and crime in films, the Board checks on excessive blood; dismembered or disfigured limbs and bodies; prolonged images of dead or seriously injured people; explicit cruelty or violence towards human beings or animals; celebration or glorification of crimes. ■ On sex, obscenity and nudity, the Board rates nudity, exposure or fondling of female breasts, human or animal sexual organs and explicit images of sexual activities or pornography.
Kenya Film Commission (KFC)
It was established in 2005, but started functioning fully in mid2006. KFC was formed to promote the film industry locally and inter-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
nationally. For the international community looking to film in Kenya, the Commission gives information on locations and liaison services, advises on film licensing and immigration and facilitates filming for film makers. The KFC provides facilities for screening and filming and organises workshops from which local filmmakers learn a lot. The Commission has a database of film-makers, agents, local talent, stakeholders and service providers of the film industry. KFC is a member of the Association of Film Commissions International. With the support from the Kenya Tourist Board, the Commission has linked foreign producers and relevant Government ministries, negotiating reductions and waivers in licensing and location fees. The Kenya Film Commission advises the Government and stakeholders on the development, co-ordination, regulation of the film industry in Kenya. It also facilitates content development, funding and investment for film projects. It assesses the needs and problems of the film industry. The Commission helps market, distribute, exhibit and disseminate Kenyan films, encourages investment in the development of film infrastructure and identifies training needs of the industry. It also maintains a database of equipment, personnel and production facilities available locally.
K E N Y A
■ On horror and occult, rating takes into account films that glorify or encourage horror and occult; instill fear or revulsion about the consequences of not following such practices ■ Films that justify, promote, encourage or glamorise use or misuse of drug related product, smoking, tobacco and alcohol are also classified. ■ Any film that can incite disharmony, animosity, conflict, hatred or ill will among religious groups, or communities or abuse of peoples religious beliefs are also a concern for the Board. ■ Any application for video show or video library and cinema theatre must be accompanied by a letter of approval from the local chief or District Officer. The applicant fills a registration form that requires — name of the company or proprietor, address, estimated population to be served and health and safety standards undertaken. ■ After the application is approved by a board official, a certificate is issued and must be renewed at the end of the year. It is worth noting that the year in this case ends after the expiry of twelve months from the date of issue.
275
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
Film classification GE (General Exhibition): This is suitable for viewers of all ages. The films should not contain anything that is harmful or disturbing to young viewers or even children under the age of 10. PG (Parental Guidance): The rating means the film may contain scenes unsuitable for children under the age of 10. However, parental guidance is recommended for children 10 years old and above. Parents are advised that young viewers may be confused or upset should they watch films in this category without a parent or a guardian. 16: Films in this category contain moderate impact classifiable elements of intensity and frequency that is appropriate to the development of teenagers.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
18/A: Films may contain scenes suitable for adults only. Films rated ‘18’ contain strong-impact classifiable elements of intensity and frequency within the experience of people 18 years and above.
276
www.kfcb.co.ke
In a nutshell, it is the responsibility of the Commission to make Kenya a centre of excellence in film production — creating an environment for a vibrant industry and marketing it as amajor destination for foreign film makers. Kenya Film & Television Awards
It is a premier event to recognise excellence in production of local
movies and stars. It is a platform for arts and culture, fostering a celebrity culture in the film industry. It will be a red carpet glitzy in line with the Emmy and Oscar Awards. The Kenya Film Commission intends it to be the event of the year which many will talk about for a long time. (See chapter on Art and Culture).
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
As the regional and financial capital of East and Central Africa, Kenya’s competitive advantage as an ICT investment destination is supported by many investor-friendly factors. As an active member of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and other international conventions and standards, Kenya has global information infrastructure.
K E N Y A
Investing in ICT
Kenyans have been involved in diverse areas of ICT and the diversity of industry players demonstrates this. On its own, the country is a huge local market. Kenya has four mobile phone companies and close to 20 million subscribers. Internet penetration is enviable, two three optic cables — TEAMS, SEACOM and EASSy — have landed and more are expected. The Government has built a national fibre network covering all districts. With this kind of ICT infrastructure, opportunities in Kenya are limitless. Kenya is a strong member of regional organisations such as the African Union, COMESA and the East African Community, and provides potential investors with a large potential market. With superb infrastructure — railway, airports, port, roads and communications — the capital Nairobi is the headquarters of the region — Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and even eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. By investing in Kenya, an individual or group has access to not only the 40 million local population, but also the hundreds of millions in the region. The Mombasa port is strategic for investors not only in the country, but also in the region. Kenya hosts many international organisations and foreign embassies, a testimony that it provides good facilities and standard living conditions Political maturity Kenya has been one of the most
277
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
BPO Contact Society
278
stable countries in Africa since the 1960s. This is also manifested in the number of international and regional organisations with headquarters in Nairobi, including two United Nations agencies.
e-Government The Government has started a connectivity and e-service delivery project. It is supported by the World Bank under the Transparency Communication Infrastructure Project (TCIP). Its goal is to boost ICT connectivity, improve delivery of services, increase the quality of information from Government to citizens and increase the Government’s abil-
It is the private sector association that represents the Contact Centre and Business Process Outsourcing industry. Members of the Kenya BPO and Contact Society are companies and individuals in the local and international industry. Its mandate is to establish a strong industry that creates employment and becomes a large generator of revenue. Kenya has received a lot of interest from international organisations who want to outsource back office and call centre functions offshore. Thousands of jobs have been created. The Government has identified outsourcing as one of the five major sectors for development in Vision 2030. It has attracted foreign investment, skills transfer, new enterprise and job creation. www.kenyabposociety.or.ke
Government websites
Government ministries and departments have websites that are informative and updated. Efforts are
Training
Civil servants undergo training to keep abreast with technology. The Directorate of e-Government has trained staff in various ministries to enhance their capacity, especially in the development of back office sys-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
being made to update them regularly with relevant content to make them more interactive. In 2007, the Public Service Commission launched an integrated online recruitment and selection system. Of the 5,000 applicants who applied for the vacancies advertised, 2,000 did so online. This was a demonstration that Kenyans are ready to engage the Government online. A number of programmes and projects are going on in various ministries and departments. They have changed the way the Government delivers services — automation of the Lands Registry, Immigration, Pension, the Judiciary and the Company Registry. The use of Short Message Service (SMS) has become popular because many people have mobile phones. It is now possible to check the status of applications for passports and national identification cards via SMS. Some East African Community countries have visited Kenya to study the system that allows checking of school examination results and Form One admission using SMS. This system won the UN Technology in Government in Africa Award (TIGA) in 2007.
K E N Y A
ity to ensure transparency in its anticorruption efforts. The project will generate growth and employment by boosting ICT and public-private partnerships. It will provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Information and Communications secretariat, CCK, e-Government Directorate, KENET and the Public Procurement Oversight Authority. The launch of the e-Government strategy has improved service delivery. Good examples are the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) and the Integrated Personnel and Payroll System (IPPS), among others. The Directorate of e-Government, a department in the Office of the President, was established in 2004 to provide online services in the public sector. The Government has identified ICT as key to the provision of efficient and cost-effective services to citizens, businesses and other public agencies. The Kenya Vision 2030 identifies ICT as a key pillar to growth and prosperity. E-Government saves citizens travel time to Government offices and allows round-the-clock access to services. Commendable efforts have been made on e-applications, capacity building and infrastructure development.
279
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
tems. In early 2010, more than 1,000 Government officials, 200 from the police force, were trained on basic computer skills. Others were public communication officers and secretaries.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Infrastructure development
280
The Government Common Core Network (GCCN) is a fibre optic Wide Area Network connecting the 31 Government headquarters in Nairobi. The launch of GCCN has led to fast and efficient transactions in Government. Plans are on to reach rural communities with connectivity and e-Government services. One such initiative is the Community Learning and Information Centre, Mawasiliano Vijijini, a programme that provides computers, Internet services and training in the communities. The project, which is undertaken with the support of USaid, will provide affordable technology and help develop skills needed to succeed in modern globalised economies. The pilot phase of the project will involve 16 constituencies, which will represent the whole country.
China connection During President Kibaki’s visit to China in 2005 and subsequent visit by the Chinese President to Kenya in 2006, bilateral agreements were reached between the two countries. Among them was co-operation in ICT. A $42 million (Sh3.36 bil-
BPOs and call centres Kensys Co Ltd Direct Channel Quick Data Horizon Contact Centres Kentech Data Bluelinesynergy Ltd. Kencall Ltd Call Center Solutions East Africa Ltd KPLC Skyweb Evans Global Connect Call Centre Andest Bites Verve K.O Kesyde Enterprises Ken-tech Data Ltd Cascade Global Hardware and software Verviant Consultancy Telkom Kenya Kenya Data Networks Access Kenya Data Bit Smoothtel Data Solutions Seven Seas Technologies Mbagu Enterprises Databit Ltd
www.kenyabposociety.or.ke
lion) contract was signed in 2007 between the Government and China’s Huawei Technologies for the provision of ICT equipment, construction of a central data centre and backup, supply of interconnectivity equipment between the data centre and Government offices, and training. The data centre will be the processing powerhouse and storage of critical Government applications now processed at various ministries. It also includes a data back up component and an operation centre
to monitor the servers. Another substantial portion of the Sino-Kenya contract funds is the supply of ICT equipment. From this, 6,000 computers, 6,000 UPSs, 1,550 printers, 950 laptops and 50 mid-range servers were procured. The equipment has been distributed to all Government ministries and departments with special consideration for districts, which have not benefited from such initiatives in the past. Special consideration was given to the security agencies.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It was created in 2007 as a parastatal in the Ministry of Information and Communications. Its mandate is to market Kenya as an ICT destination, especially in business process outsourcing (BPO), advise the Government on development and promotion on ICT and provide Government and stakeholders with skills, capacity and funding for ICT projects. The Board spearheads the development of technology parks and promotes competitiveness in the sector. It develops and drives a national system of innovation, spearheads capital development for ICT entrepreneurs and business owners. Its aim is to develop world class ICT institutions, position the Board as a global innovator, become the principal partner in the digitisation of Government and e-initiatives, accelerate the development of ICT skills in tertiary institutions and establish a central repository of ICT knowledge. The board also aims to identify, develop and support ICT communities, boost grassroots awareness of ICT and develop a national framework for ICT skills development. The board has a calendar of industry events prepared in col-
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya ICT Board
281
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Film board fees
282
The Kenya Film Classification Board charges fees for video theatre shows, every minute a film runs in a theatre and video libraries and cinema theatre licences and film posters: Censor for film’s every minute it runs in a theatre Sh100 ($1.3) Film posters Sh1,000 ($13.3) Film trailers Sh1,000 ($13.3) Lodging an appeal Sh10,000 ($133.3) Cinema theatre licences Sh10,000 ($133.3) Video show theatre licences and video vendors Sh2,000 ($26.6) Video libraries licence 3,000 ($40) Classification label Sh20 ($0.26) www.kfcb.co.ke
laboration with the ICT and business process outsourcing industry. The objective is to host and attend global and regional events that help position Kenya as a major player in ICT. The board engages stakeholders on ICT matters at public panels. Stakeholders debate issues, make recommendations and outline strategies that inform the board’s programmes The ICT Board will develop BPO parks with ultra-modern infrastructure that meet the needs of demanding ICT companies. The Government has identified land in Malili (illustration right), Machakos, that is optimally located in relation to Internet backbone cables, highways, airports, electricity grids, water and sanitation. It will also set up Pasha e-centres designed to provide services to the public, including e-government and e-learning. The centres will be equipped with Internet, digital cameras, printers, fax machines and other communication infrastructure. The board will market them and ensure that people living near them understand the opportunities they present. In this way, e-centres will become relevant and essential to their lives. This will result in wealth creation, employment and poverty reduction. Strategies are being implemented to ensure increased ICT access in an equitable manner. Bandwidth subsidy will be disbursed to various sectors and institutions to bring the cost down like it has happened in many parts of the world. The subsidy is also aimed at spurring growth in ICT business, consumption and quality. The following institutions will be the first to benefit: ■ Universities, under the Kenya Education Network (KENET), have received subsi-
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is a sub-sector whose start-up capital expenditure is relatively low, making it a promising niche for SMEs, as long as the telecommunications infrastructure and low-cost workforce with basic functions are available. The emerging forms of outsourcing in developing countries, such as BPO, have developed along the expansion of ICT and new business models that have dramatically changed businesses and communication in the information society.
Y E A R B O O K
Business process outsourcing (BPO)
K E N Y A
dised and sufficient bandwidth to boost learning and research. ■ E-government supports pension administration, driving licence registration, wealth declaration forms and the High Court registry. ■ BPO and call centres will receive bandwidth subsidy to compete with their counterparts in the more established outsourcing countries. ■ Eligibility is open to all operators who offer services to local or overseas customers.
283
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Internet radio
284
Kenya is doing very well in ICT and is thus a worthy destination for investors in the sector. The country has a well-educated Englishspeaking population. It is talent-rich country due to a strong education system strengthened by free primary schooling, subsidised secondary education, college grants and university loans. Kenya’s enviable geographical positioning in relation to the rest of Africa boosts its competitiveness and makes it the ‘Heart of Africa’. It is a hub for airlines and a gateway to Africa’s mainland. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) in Nairobi offers an efficient and comprehensive airline service and con-
Also called web, net, streaming or e-radio, it is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media. But it is distinct from on-demand file serving and podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Many Internet radio services are associated with traditional radio station or radio network. Internet-only radio stations are independent of such associations. Their services are accessible from anywhere in the world. It is popular with expatriates.
e-commerce is paramount. While initially the success of BPO may be driven by the private sector, Government support, a stable legal and business environment are important. Recognising the opportunity, the Government supports the sector. For example, in 2003 the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) invited a number of companies involved in BPO to discuss how it could. A website, www.outsourcetoKenya.biz, to support Kenyan companies interested in marketing their services in the international BPO market has been posted on the Internet. The site is a good example of country level marketing sites and contains most information that investors need if they plan to do business in Kenya.
Y E A R B O O K
It was formed in 2007 and registered by the Government. The Society is a profit-making organisation and comprises corporate and individual players in the domestic and international industry. It seeks to establish a strong BPO and contact centre industry that will create employment and become a large revenue generator. Unlike most markets, Kenya’s BPO and contact centre industry is starting with a strong association to provide a voice for private sector operators. The Society, with 43 members, has developed national standards and a training framework for the industry. It works with the
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya BPO and Contact Centre Society
K E N Y A
nection network to the rest of Africa, Europe and America. BPO, or the transfer of non-core but critical business processes and functions to an external vendor, uses ICT service delivery, allowing the outsourcing organisation to concentrate on its core competencies, improve efficiency, reduce costs and improve shareholders’ value. Kenya is one of the top three BPO destinations in Africa. In the BPO market, Kenya has a comparative advantage due to the low labour rates for quality services. High schools, the entry threshold for call centre workers, produce more than 700,000 graduates a year. Local universities, tertiary institutions and polytechnics produce about 40,000 graduates a year. At an average salary of Sh15,000 ($187.5) a month for a secondary school leaver, Kenyan wages are comparable to those of India, one of the largest calls centre destinations in the world. Kenya also has a major advantage in the relative ease with which the citizens speak the Queen’s English that is critical in call centres and BPO establishments. Accent sanitisation — the process of internationalising local accents so that international customer callers can understand — is much easier or even unnecessary in Kenya. For Kenya to become a recognised destination for outsourced services, the support of institutions such as the Export Promotion Council, the Investment Promotion Council and
285
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
286
Business and pleasure Safari
Kenya’s wilderness and big game have for long attracted adventureseekers from all over the globe. Kenya boasts an incredible range of landscapes, unique geographical features and species. It offers visitors chance to experience a natural world unchanged by the passage of time. The Kenyan wilderness is home to an endless array of ecosystems, and is the theatre for natural cycles of life, death and generation as old as the planet itself.
2 0 1 0 0 9
A national brand is said to be a country’s identity that has been distilled, interpreted, internalised and projected internationally to gain international recognition and to construct a favourable national image. A country brand strategy, therefore, is a plan for defining the most realistic, most competitive and most compelling strategic vision for the country. Kenya’s achievements are many and the potential enormous. To make Kenya ‘the Switzerland of Africa’ — as President Kibaki once said in the 1990s — the Government established the Brand Kenya Board as a State corporation under the Ministry of Information and Communications. The board will establish a brand for Kenya, which positions the country in investment, tourism, international relations and creditworthiness. Its mandate is to ensure that an integrated national brand is created, harnessed and sustained. The Board has two guiding objectives — to coordinate initiatives for marketing
Y E A R B O O K
Branding Kenya
the country to maximise efficiency and to create and maintain a brand that identifies and distinguishes Kenyan products, services and concepts. The functions of Board are to: ■ Unite Kenyans and provide them with positive information about the country and to promote patriotism and national pride ■ Establish an integrated approach in Government and private sector towards international marketing of the country ■ Build national support for the brand with the cooperation of the Government, NGOs and the private sector ■ Promote local products and services to encourage economic transformation ■ Help towns and cities to improve their image ■ Undertake measures aimed at improving the international image of Kenya.
K E N Y A
Government in developing the national curriculum. The Society has also been involved in marketing and branding Kenya as a BPO and contact centre destination by organising the country’s participation at leading industry expos in Europe and North America. In April 2009, the BPO Society held the first Annual National BPO Week in Kenya.
287
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, IT and Communication Finance and Planning
288
Beaches
References
Kenya’s coastline is a tropically idyll of soft white sands and gentle sea breeze, where the passing of a day is marked by the slow arc of the sun. The pace of life at the Coast is notably slower, more relaxed and at peace with the world. The calm waters of the Indian Ocean brought exotic life to Kenya, washing the shores with influences from all over the world. To explore the Coast is to explore history, and unwinding a fascinating tale written on the winding streets of the 14th century town of Lamu, the bustling dhow docks of Mombasa or the ghostly ruins of Gedi, a deserted city lost deep in the jungle. Kenya is a paradise for adventures, a land of endless opportunity for travellers, possibilities for adventure and discovery. For the trekker, Kenya is a world of highs and lows, from the snow-capped peak of Mt Kenya to the desert plains of the north.
•
Report from the Task Force on Migration of Terrestrial Television From Analogue To Digital Broadcasting In Kenya
•
Pyramid Research, Communications Markets in Kenya — 2009 Editon
•
Ministry of Information and Communications Strategic Plan 2008-2012
•
www.telkom.co.ke
•
www.safaricom.co.ke
•
www.itu.int
•
www.kbc.co.ke
•
www.kenyanewsagency.go.ke
•
www.nationmedia.com
•
www.kenyafilmcommission.com
•
www.filmservices.go.ke
•
www.kfcb.co.ke
•
www.kenyabposociety.or.ke
•
www.brandkenya.co.ke
•
www.epcKenya.org
•
www.information.co.ke.
•
www.epzaKenya.com
•
www.epcKenyatourism.org
•
wikipedia.org
8
Agriculture is the backbone of Kenya’s economy.
In the last five years, the value of production has increased from Sh123.2 billion ($1.64 billion) in 2004 to Sh178.8 billion ($2.38 billion) in 2008-2009.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Agriculture
289
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Agriculture
290
Introduction
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
23
2 0 1 0
A
griculture, the mainstay of the Kenyan economy, contributes 23 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and generates 60 per cent of total foreign exchange earnings. In the last five years, several measures have been taken to improve agricultural productivity and earnings so that Kenya can be self-sufficient in food. Through the measures, the value of production has increased by more than 45 per cent from Sh123.2 BY NUMBERS billion in 2004 to Sh178.8 billion in 2008. According to the Economic Survey 2010, however, agriculture’s value addition contracted by 2.7 per cent in 2009, up from 4.3 per cent in 2008. This was The percentage as a resultof poor weather agriculture contributes conditions, high input costs to the Gross Domestic and depressed demand for Product (GDP). It also generates 60 per cent of horticultural produce. total foreign exchange To mitigate the challenge earnings. of adverse weather, the Government allocated
291
Agriculture
How fertiliser use increases yields
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The Ministry of Agriculture recommends the use of hybrid seed and fertiliser for maize, the country’s staple crop. This is based on evidence from experimental farms that fertiliser and hybrid seeds increase yield from 40 per cent to 100 per cent. The average return of using the most profitable quantity of fertiliser was 36 per cent over a season, or 69.5 per cent a year. Increases in yield are consistent with the results obtained in experimental farm trials: Using quarter, half and, one teaspoon of fertiliser increases yield by 28 per cent, 48 per cent, and 63 per cent, respectively. The full package recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture increases yield by 91 per cent.
292
www.mit.edu/files
substantial amount of money to the sector to revive irrigation schemes and establish new ones. In 2009, tea production declined by 9.2 per cent from 3.458 million tonnes in 2008 to 3.14.million tonnes. However, tea export earnings increased from Sh63.8 billion in 2008 to Sh68.8 billion in 2009 due to improved international prices. Coffee production increased by 35.7 per cent from 42,000 tonnes to 57,000 tonnes in 2009. Exports of fresh horticultural produce reduced from 193.1 thousand tonnes in 2008 to 180.8 thousand tonnes in 2009, while export earnings declined from Sh58 billion Sh49.4 billion in 2009. The Ministry of Agriculture is mandated to promote and facilitate production of food and agricultural raw materials, boost agrobased industries and exports and enhance sustainable use of land resources.
Food security To ensure that the country is food secure, the Government in 2008-2009 implemented many measures. The value of seeds farmers bought from the Kenya Seed Company, a State corporation, increased by 43.7 per cent from Sh2.5 billion in 2007 to Sh3.6 billion in 2008. Similarly, the Government has subsidised seed prices — maize, beans and sweet potatoes — for 1,000 farmers in Narok South District. The Government also set aside Sh300 million ($3.75 million) to provide free seeds to poor families in the districts. It has also allocated Sh316 million ($3.95 million) for the provision of seeds for traditional crops to farmers. The country has several seed production and marketing companies supplying seeds to
The Government has started the Economic Stimulus Irrigated Food Production to put under irrigation one million acres. Already, an additional 27,000 acres are under maize and rice production along the Tana River Basin. The project is expected to produce an estimated two harvests totalling 1.6 million bags of rice and 500,000 bags of maize. Plans are afoot to expand irrigation agriculture in new areas such as around Lake Challa in Taveta, Yatta and Makueni; Lower Tana, Turkana, Marsabit and Upper Tana and North-Eastern Province covering Garissa to Mandera. www.treasury.go.ke/Budget Speech 2010/2011
the domestic and regional export market. The companies produce maize, wheat, sorghum and millet seeds, among others. They are East African Seeds Company, Maize Ltd, Farm Chem Ltd, Kenya Seed Company and KARI Seed Unit. Others are Monsanto (K) Ltd, Pannar Seed (K) Ltd, Western Seed Company and Lagrotech Ltd
Fertiliser and seeds To offer more support to farmers, the Government has reduced the price of fertiliser from Sh6,000 to Sh2,000 for a 50kg bag of Double Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) to make it more affordable.
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
Irrigation a shot in the arm for agriculture
293
Agriculture
Bee-keeping college Baraka Agricultural College in Molo, was started in 1974. It offers short courses in beekeeping. The studies include: Introduction to beekeeping (establishing a beekeeping enterprise) Processing bee products Making bee equipment Bee breeding. The college can be reached through post office and email addresses and the telephone. Baraka Agricultural College P.O. Box 52 - 20106 Molo, Kenya Tel: 254 020 2113400 shortcourses@ sustainableag.org
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.sustainableag.org
294
With the support of development partners, it has set aside Sh416 million ($5.2 million)to provide free seed and fertiliser to poor farmers in districts where short-rains are most reliable. The Government has also made arrangements for the provision of affordable fertiliser and seeds to other farmers. The Cabinet approved the sale of fertiliser at Sh2, 000 ($25) for a 50kg bag of Double Ammonium phosphate (DAP) and Sh1,400 ($17.5) for a 50kg bag of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN). The value of fertiliser used by farmers rose from Sh3.3 billion ($41.25) in 2004 to Sh6.1 billion in 2008.
Tractor services To ensure adequate production of food, more than 50 tractors have been donated to Kenya by Italy and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at a cost of $1.3 million (Sh97.5 million). In October 2009, the Government announced that each of the 210 constituencies will receive four tractors to help farmers plough their land. The tractors, under constituency management committees, are hired at subsidised rates in a move aimed at modernising agriculture.
The country relies heavily on rainfed agriculture. But many irrigation schemes now have been initiated or revived to help improve agricultural production and reduce dependency on rains. They are Bura, Ahero and Mwea Tebere and Perkerra. The Government has initiated a special programme, ‘economic stimulus irrigated food production’, throughout the country. The aim is to put under irrigation about one million acres in the next five years. Already, 35,000 acres of land is under irrigated maize and rice production along the Tana River Basin. The project is expected to produce about 400,000 bags of maize and 800,000 bags of rice at a cost of about Sh2 billion ($25 million). The Government, with the support of development partners, has planned long-term programmes for agricultural extension, development and research to increase agricultural productivity. The investment plan is for about $250 million (Sh20 billion) in the next three to five years. The Cabinet has approved the National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy, the instrument that will implement the programmes.
Agricultural credit Provision of credit has helped many farmers boost production and use better methods. Some financial institutions provide credit for agricultural development:
The Agricultural Finance Corporation is a Government non-bank financial institution mandated to develop agriculture and agricultural industries by giving loans to farmers, co-operative societies, incorporated groups, private companies, public institutions and the local authorities. AFC provides financial services for the development of agriculture. It provides loans for financing mobile farm equipment, fish farming and processing and related businesses and ranch development, including pasture establishment and improvement. The Government intends to increase the loan portfolio for AFC to Sh3.2 billion ($42.6 million) so that more farmers can access credit. AFC loan portfolio is expected to increase to Sh6.2 billion (S82.6 million) in the next two years. Commercial banks also provide credit to farmers. The project started in November 2005 and was implemented by the Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC). Agricultural Sector Programme Support helps the Government in the transition where the private sector is the vehicle for economic growth, while the public sector provides a conducive environment. The objective is to increase income for smallholder farmers and agribased micro and small enterprises in arid and semi-arid districts. The International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Government have
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
Irrigation
295
Agriculture
New Kenya Cooperative Creameries
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
New KCC was registered in June 2003 after its predecessor, KCC, which had operated since 1925, collapsed in 2000. New KCC is the largest business entity in the dairy industry in East Africa. It receives raw milk from farmers, processes, markets and sells the products. The product range includes fresh milk, cheese, long-life milk (flavoured and unflavoured), fermented milk (flavoured and unflavoured), yoghurt, ghee and powdered
296
started a Smallholder Dairy Commercialisation Project in a number of districts. IFAD has given millions of shillings to the Government for the project. Stabex
The Coffee Export Standardisation Fund supports coffee farmers to boost farming, including value addition, and fetch better prices in the international market. The Ministry of Agriculture and the German Technical Co-operation (GTZ) also promote private sector development in agriculture. This
milk (whole and skimmed). The company started with only one factory in Naivasha, but today has 11 dairy processing factories and 11 cooling plants. Besides the factory at Miritini, Mombasa, other KCC factories and cooling plants are in the medium and high potential areas. In 1992, the dairy industry was liberalised. But KCC still has the largest share of close to 40 per cent Over time, stocks of powder became unmanageable, tying further the much needed capital.
www.newkcc.co.ke
is a bilateral programme in which the promotion of biogas technology is funded by EU and GTZ. The project focuses on Nyanza, Eastern, Western, Central and Rift Valley provinces. The biogas project targets small and medium rural dairy farmers, pastoralists and others to improve their living conditions and ensure adequate supply of energy. P4P (Purchase for Progress)
It will support smallholder farmers in marginal agricultural, pastoral and HIV/Aids-affected areas to increase production and marketing
the country should have well-trained manpower in plant protection. The staff should be competent to: • Research in plant protection. • Run private businesses in plant protection. • Implement plant protection programmes as advisors, administrators, extension specialists and trainers. Farmers in Kenya must acquire new knowledge, skills and tools that help meet the challenges that face agriculture without excessive reliance on agrochemicals and single crop varieties. Multi-disciplinary teams have developed effective strategies for halting major outbreaks of crop diseases.
of food crops. It is supported by World Food Programme (WFP). Eastern Province is the focus of P4P. Crops such as sorghum, millet, green grams, cowpeas and pigeon peas will be bought from smallholder farmers’ groups and distributed to schools and nearby districts.
Pest and disease control Crop damage and losses caused by insect pests, diseases and weeds contribute to the decline of yields especially in smallholder farms. It has thus become imperative that
The long rains expected in March, April and May 2009 season were inadequate in most parts of the country. Except for the western highlands, Lake Basin and parts of central Rift Valley, chances of crop rejuvenation are low. Rift Valley Province may harvest 11.2 million bags in the long rainy season, down from earlier projections of 13.5 million bags. This is a 44 per cent reduction compared to 20 million bags harvested in the province in good seasons. In some parts of the province, farmers have replanted twice or three times. The Government estimated that 20.4 million bags of maize were harvested in 2008, 70 per cent of 28 million bags expected. Stocks of
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
Fighting drought
297
Agriculture
Maize production Maize is Kenya’s staple food. About 1.6 million million hectares are under cultivation. In 2009/10, harvests were estimated at 23 million bags. With consumption needs of about 37 million bags, the country will experience a shortfall. Small-scale farmers account for 75 per cent of production, with large-scale farmers producing the rest. Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu and Nandi districts are the breadbasket of the country. Production in other parts is largely for household use. The value of maize sold rose from Sh7.9 billion in 2007 to Sh8.3 billion in 2008.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.knbs.or.ke/ economic survey 2009
298
other cereals such as wheat and rice are within the expected range. The Government has taken several measures to reduce the effects of drought. The Government and development partners give food to the hungry. Through WFP, about 2.5 million people in the most affected districts are being fed. The total number is expected to increase to about 6.5 million people. The Government has allowed duty free maize imports up to June 2010 to ensure adequate supply of food grains. In addition, the Government has directed the National Cereals and Produce Board to open depots, especially in the South Rift, and buy maize at Sh2,300 ($30.6) for a 90-kg bag.
Maize Maize is the staple food in Kenya. Large as well as small-scale farmers produce the crop and a large percentage of the population depends on maize as an income-generating crop. Availability of the maize crop is a sign of food security. Maize is used as human food, animal feed and a source of industrial products such as cooking oil and breakfast cereals. It is also an export crop whose demand is on the increase for production of biofuels. As Kenya’s staple food, a lot of emphasis is laid on the crop’s production. Area under maize cultivation is about 1.6 million hectares. Maximum crop production in a good season is about 34 million tonnes. In 2009/10 cropping year, maize harvests are estimated at 23 million bags. With maize consumption needs of about 37 million bags, the country will experience a shortfall. In 2006, 34 million bags were harvested, 32
currently at two tonnes an hectare, with an upwards potential of up to six tonnes. Growing of Genetically Modified (GM) seeds is currently in practice. Already, a Sh10 million ($128,000) Biosafety Level II Green House (BGH) for genetically maize has been constructed at KARI Biotechnology Research Centre complex. The BGH is the first in East Africa, making Kenya the only country other than South Africa to have a greenhouse for maize in the continent.
Wheat Wheat is the second most important cereal grain in Kenya after maize. The crop is grown largely for commercial purposes on a largescale. Kenya is self-sufficient in the hard variety of wheat, but is a net importer of the softer variety. Wheat growing areas include the scenic Rift Valley regions of Uasin Gishu, Narok, Marakwet, Keiyo, Londiani, Molo, Nakuru and Timau. The areas have altitudes ranging between 1200m and 1,500m above sea level, with annual rainfall varying between 800mm and 2,000mm, with up to 2,500mm on higher grounds. The area under wheat production in Kenya is more than 150,000 hectares. Wheat varieties grown in Kenya include the high-yielding and drought-resistant Njoro BW1 and Njoro BW2. Njoro BW1 is grown in dry parts such as lower Narok,
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
million in 2007 and 2005. Small-scale farmers account for about 75 per cent of the total maize production in Kenya, with large-scale farmers producing the remaining 25 per cent. The North Rift Valley districts of Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu and Nandi are fertile and the breadbasket of the country. Production of maize in Eastern, Central and Western provinces is largely for household use. According to the Economic Survey 2009, the value of maize sold rose from Sh7.9 billion in 2007 to Sh8.3 billion in 2008. During bumper harvests, Kenya exports maize to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Zaire, Sudan and Ethiopia. It imports from the US, South Africa and Zambia when it has a deficit. The maize sub-sector offers opportunities for investors. They can invest in large-scale maize cultivation, seed research and production for export. Continued research on more resilient breeds is being taken with a view to developing crops that are resistant to insects and in particular, the stem borer. The Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project uses biotechnology to develop crop varieties that are resistant to the stem borer. The IRMA project is implemented by the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre. This will help increase maize production,
299
Agriculture
Machakos and Laikipia, with a harvest of up to 20 bags an acre. Njoro BW2 performs well in acidic soils in parts of Uasin Gishu and Nakuru districts. Njoro BW2 produces 35 bags of wheat an acre. Other varieties are the ‘duma’ and chozi mainly grown in dry areas. They yield 19 bags an acre. Kenya heroe and yombi can produce up to 32 bags an acre. Most varieties are results of research by the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). In Kenya, wheat is basically used for domestic and commercial baking. Among the products derived from wheat include ‘chapati’, ‘roti’, ‘mandazi’, doughnuts, cakes, biscuits, bread and confectionery. Wheat farm by-product (hay) is also widely used as animal feed.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB)
300
The board offers services at its depots and silos countrywide. It procures, manages and markets grains. It provides farmers with high quality products and services at competitive prices. The commercial role of NCPB is grain trading. The board trades in maize, wheat, beans, rice, millet and sorghum. Other additional services include: Leasing out surplus facilities, grain drying, weighing, fumigation, grain cleaning, grading, warehousing, bagging at silos and clearing and forwarding. Since 2002, the Board has
diversified into marketing agricultural inputs such as fertiliser and certified seeds. This is a strategy to enhance efficient cereal production through quality inputs. The Board procures, stores and maintains a Strategic Grain Reserve stock of up to four million bags on behalf of the Government for food security purposes. The Government has instructed NCPB to beef up the stock to eight million bags. NCPB has the capability to turn over the stock to commercial outlets when instructed by Government. The Board facilitates the procurement, storage, maintenance and distribution of famine relief food to deficit areas under the National Famine Relief Programme. NCPB offers services at its depots and silos. They include weighing, drying, pest control, clearing and forwarding, grading, spraying, conveying, bagging, warehousing, aeration of stored grains, grain cleaning, aflatoxin testing, loading and off-loading, sale of seedlings, space for sun drying and hire of tarpaulins. The Board holds storage capacities of more than 20 million bags of 90kg in conventional stores and silo bins. Some facilities are not fully used and are leased out to third parties. The rates vary from region to region, but are largely demand-driven. The facilities include offices, houses, canteens and undeveloped land. NCPB
offers warehousing services. A customer is charged every month depending on the area occupied. It leases minor equipment such as elevators and mobile weighing scales. The equipment is used to lift and weigh grains.
Rice
Kenya’s flowers dazzle the world The floriculture sub-sector has recorded the highest growth in volume and value of cut flowers exported over the years, with Kenya attaining the lead supplier status to the European Union. Kenya contributes over 35 per cent of all flower sales, followed by Columbia with 17 per cent and Israel 16 per cent. The main European Union markets are Holland, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Switzerland. www.kenyaflowercouncil.org/ marketdata
Cash crop economy Kenya’s agricultural economy comprises a well-developed commercial sector and a predominantly subsistence-oriented sector in rural areas. Agricultural activities range from intensive crop production and mixed farming in areas that receive heavy rainfall to cattle ranching in the dry parts of the country. Major agricultural products are tea, coffee, horticulture, maize, wheat, sugarcane, dairy products, cotton, sisal, pyrethrum and cashew nuts. Cash crops contribute 50 per cent of export earnings with horticulture, coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, sisal, pyrethrum, and cashew nuts leading the way. Fruits
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
Rice is Kenya’s third staple food after maize and wheat. Its consumption has been growing rapidly and it is likely to overtake wheat. Local production is estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 metric tonnes, while consumption is between 180,000 and 250,000 tonnes. About 95 per cent of rice in Kenya is grown under irrigation in paddy schemes managed by the National Irrigation Board (NIB. The remaining five per cent is rain fed. The average unit production under irrigation is 5.5 tonnes a hectare for the aromatic variety, and seven tonnes for non-aromatic varieties. Unit yield for rain-fed rice production is slightly below two tonnes a hectare. (See chapter on Water and Irrigation)
301
Agriculture
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Poultry in Kenya
302
Agriculture contributes 23 per cent of GDP, with poultry representing 30 per cent of the agricultural contribution. Most rural families in Kenya keep chicken. Indigenous chickens contribute 71 per cent of the egg and meat produced The average household keeps 13 birds. Commercial poultry is concentrated in of Nairobi, Mombassa, Nakuru Kisumu and Nyeri where ready markets are available. Hatcheries have sprouted in periurban areas. http://ftp.fao.org
and vegetables are other key exports. The primary food crops are maize, beans, cassava, potatoes and sorghum. Commercial agriculture contributes about 2.5 per cent of GDP and about eight per cent to formal employment. Key crops are tea, coffee, horticulture, maize, sugar, wheat and pyrethrum.
Tea Kenya is a major producer of the best tea in the world. It has more than 110,000 hectares of land under tea. In 2009, close to 315 million kilogrammes of tea were produced, earning the country a hefty Sh69.6 billion ($9.2 billion). Earnings from tea have increased in the last three years: Sh69.6 billion in 2009, Sh55.3
(cut, twist and curl). This type of manufacture produces strongliquoring teas, which yield high number of cups a kilo. The bushes are harvested throughout the year, with the best quality being produced in January and February and again in July, during the drier periods of the year. Kenya Tea Development Agency
It is the leading management and marketing company of tea products in the world. It provides management services to the sub-sector and invests in profitable ventures for the benefit of shareholders and other stakeholders. Previously a State corporation, it was incorporated as a private company in June 2000. KTDA manages 54 tea factories in the smallholder sub-sector and serves more than 400,000 growers. (www.ktdateas.com) Tea Board of Kenya
Established in 1950, the board promotes tea in domestic and international markets, regulates the industry through licensing and promotes competition in the sub-sector. It also regulates research, manufacture and trade. The Board also disseminates information relating to tea and advises the Government on policy matters regarding the industry through the Ministry of Agriculture. The board’s research is done
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
billion ($7.3 billion) in 2008 and Sh43.8 billion ($5.8 billion) in 2007. Tea is grown in the highlands where there is adequate rainfall and low temperatures. The main tea-growing area is in the Kenyan Highlands, west of the Rift Valley, at altitudes between 5,000 and 9,000 feet. The highest production is in the Rift Valley districts of Kericho and Nandi. Central Kenya districts of Kiambu, Murang’a, Nyeri, Kirinyaga, Meru and Embu also grow a lot of tea. In Nyanza, the Gusii districts of Kisii, Nyamira and Gucha are also big producers of the crop. Tea is also grown in Western Province, especially in the larger Kakamega District. Tea is a major foreign exchange earner. In 1995, Kenya became the largest exporter of black tea in Africa and the third largest in the world. Small-scale farmers grow more than 80 per cent of the crop, while the rest is grown by large-scale producers. Small-scale farmers market their produce through their respective factories. Large-scale producers of Kenyan tea include Brooke Bond, George Williamson, Eastern Produce and African Highlands. Unlike smallscale farmers, they process and market their crop. Much of Kenyan tea is sold through the Mombasa auction, with Pakistan, the UK and Egypt being the biggest buyers. Kenya production is almost exclusively CTC manufacture
303
Agriculture
through its technical arm, the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya. It comprises the Government, Kenya Tea Development Agency, Kenya Tea Growers Association, Nyayo Tea Zone Corporation, Development Corporation and East Africa Tea Trade Association. (www.teaboard.or.ke) Tea Research Foundation
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
It promotes research in tea and other crops relating to tea production. Located in Kericho, it is the technical arm of the Tea Board of Kenya with the mandate to do research and advise growers on control of pests and diseases, improvement of planting material, general husbandry, yields and quality. The Foundation has so far developed and released to growers more than 45 clones. (www.tearesearch.or.ke)
304
Nyayo Tea Zones Corporation
It is a State Corporation established to manage the tea belts around forest zones and create buffer zones around indigenous forests to protect them from human encroachment. It was also set up to protect the environment, produce internationally quality tea, produce fuel wood essential in factories for processing, create jobs and generate revenue for the Government. The tea buffer zone along Mt Kenya, Mt Elgon, the Aberdares, Mau-Trans Mara and Olpusimoru
forests and Cherang’any Hills helps curb human encroachment. (www.teazones.co.ke Kenya Tea Growers Association
Large-scale tea producers established the organisation to promote members’ common interests in cultivation and manufacture of tea. It also promotes good industrial relations and sound wage policies for workers. The plantation sub-sector maintains 39 tea factories. East African Tea Trade Association
It is a voluntary organisation that brings together tea producers, buyers (exporters), brokers, packers and warehouses to promote the best interests of the tea trade in Africa. It has more than 300 companies in East and Central Africa. EATTA promotes the interests of stakeholders in the tea trade in Africa by creating a business environment that maintains global standards and delivers tea products in a profitable way. The primary functions of the Association are to facilitate the Mombasa Tea Auction operation, maintain discipline and ensure compliance with the constitution. It also compiles and circulates statistical information to help members’ operations and organises social and educational programmes for members. (www.eatta.com)
By May 2010, output stood at 183 million kilos, higher than in 2009 and 2008. In sales volumes, Mombasa Auction had sold 125.3 million kilos by May 2010 compared to 86.3 million in 2009. Prices have remained steady at an average $2.89 by May 2010 compared to $2.36 in the same periodin 2009. Export volumes have continued to rise due to demand from key markets. Tea export volume up to May 2010 stood at 180 million kilos, 28 per cent higher than 141 million in the same period in 2009. Exports in May stood at 31 million kilos compared to 22.4 million in May 2009. www.teaboard.or.ke
Tea auction
Africa Tea Brokers Ltd was the pioneer broker of the Kenya Tea Export Auction system initiated in November 1956 in Nairobi. It started on a very small scale and only limited quantities of secondary grades were auctioned every two weeks. The bulk of Kenya’s tea production at the time was consigned to the London Auction with the United Kingdom being the most important importer of tea in the world. Producers subsequently offered additional quantities at the auctions. Initially, only a few international buying concerns opened offices in Kenya, but as quantities increased, more
KK EEKNNE YYNAAY AYY EEYAAE RRA BBR OOB OOO KKO K22 002100091/01 1
Tea production rises
305
Agriculture
KMC calls the shots this side of Africa It is the single biggest and most modern licensed export abattoir in East, Central and the Horn of Africa. The Kenya Meat Commissioin supplies top quality meat products to international markets suc h as the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Egypt. Since it reopened, KMC exports about 700 tonnes of fresh goat, lamb and beef by air, road and sea.It is in big business for sheep and goats and seeks suppliers of good quality stock continuously. Payment is by cheque a week after delivery.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.kenyameat.co.ke
306
international buyers joined. It was then decided by producers and active members of the East African Tea Trade Association that as tea was warehoused and shipped from Mombasa, it would be easier to control if export auctions were moved to the port town. This happened in 1969 and auctions were held weekly. Containerised shipments were introduced in the late 1970s and created more interest from international tea buyers who soon realised the advantages of quick and safe shipment. The conversion
of packing to paper sacks stretchwrapped and containerised for shipment has been an additional incentive to exporters. The introduction of bidding in US dollars in October 1992 was another incentive to producers offering tea at the Mombasa auctions and additional quantities from Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zaire, Malawi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Madagascar have been attracted to Mombasa. This allows payment for teas sold
Coffee It was first planted in Kenya in 1893. It is Kenya’s fourth leading foreign exchange earner after tourism, tea and horticulture. The Kenyan brand is known for its flavour and pleasant aroma. It is estimated that 160,000 hectares are under coffee, 75.5 per cent of which is in the co-operative sub-sector and 24.5 per cent in the estates. Of the licensed pulping stations, 1,021 belong to cooperative societies, 2,229 to small estates, 391 to medium estates and 380 are under large estates. Coffee is produced on small farms and plantations and marketed through the Coffee Board of Kenya. The coffee industry has a co-operative system of milling, marketing and auctioning. It is estimated that six million Kenyans are employed directly and indirectly in the coffee industry. Most of the coffee is grown on the volcanic slopes around snowpeaked Mt Kenya, Africa’s second highest mountain. The plateaus in central Kenya have acidic soils that provide excellent conditions for growing coffee. Kenyan Arabica
is grown on rich volcanic soils in the highlands between 1,400m and 2,000m above sea level. Other major growing regions are the Aberdares, Kisii, Nyanza, Bungoma, Nakuru and Kericho. There are two distinct flowerings each year — shortly after the rains begin in March/April or September/ October. In most regions, the main crop ripens from October to December. The early crop starts in May /July. Branding Kenyan coffee
Kenyan coffee beans are traditionally exported for processing at various destinations. The high quality coffee is used to blend beans from other destinations. The export of coffee as a commodity does not accord it distinctiveness. Currently, coffee is sold as a raw material for subsequent processing. Nearly 98 per cent of national production is exported. The insignificant two per cent balance is processed by roasting and packaged locally in retail packs. This is what is consumed in the domestic market. Coffee beans are packaged in jute bags/ sisal of 50kg units and exported in their raw green form. The branding initiative, launched in January 2010 by the Coffee Board of Kenya (CBK), is supposed to facilitate distinctiveness in the market. This will trigger demand and impact on returns of growers. A national logo has been developed and will be applied to
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
in US dollars 10 working days from the date of sale, insures against devaluation and ensures rapid payment in a stable currency. Mombasa is now the largest CTC auction centre in the world, offering up to 9.5 million kilogrammes a week and sometimes more during peak periods.
307
Agriculture
Kenya Coffee College
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
It is at the Coffee Research Station in Ruiru, 33km north of Nairobi. It has a conducive environment suitable for learning in an expansive coffee landscape. Its objective is to develop and organise an efficient information management system for the coffee industry through training and production of teaching materials. It also provides an information forum for students, researchers, farmers and the coffee service sector. It offers scheduled courses in coffee farm management, coffee factory management, coffee nursery management, coffee pest management, co-operative education and publicity and society management. Others are stakeholders and coffee quality seminars.
308
www.crf.co.ke
coffees, which meet the minimum quality of the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS). The European Union-funded project will facilitate the establishment of regional cupping centres, which will be part of elaborate inspection and certification protocols. Brand development will revolutionise coffee production and enhance recognition of Kenya coffee in international markets. The logo represents the bold, distinctive, full-bodied flavour of Kenya coffee. It is an embodiment of the good attributes of coffees produced in Kenya as captured by the majestic Mt Kenya in the background, the boldness of the roasted coffee beans and the rich tapestry of Kenya, hence the tagline: So Rich, So Kenyan. CBK will be the legal custodian of the logo. Its application is limited to packages with 100 per cent Kenya coffee. Registered and licensed coffee traders can use the logo in promotional campaigns. The use of the logo will start when the phased out implementation plans are complete. Marketing
Kenya has two coffee marketing systems: Central auction system and direct sale. The time-tested central auction system, commonly referred to as Nairobi Coffee Exchange, is a market where licensed dealers buy coffee through competitive bidding. Coffee auctions are conducted every Tuesday. The coffee exchange is under the management of the Kenya Coffee Producers and Traders Association. Direct sales, commonly referred to as the ‘Second Window’, requires a marketing agent to directly negotiate with a buyer outside the country and a sales contract is signed and registered with the coffee board. The
light beans usually separated from other grades. T is The smallest and thinnest of the beans. Most beans in this grade are broken and faulty. It is always below the others. MH /ML is the coffee that has not gone through wet processing because it was not picked or fell from the trees after ripening. About 7 per cent of the crop falls into this grade. It fetches lower prices and has sour tasting liquor. The grades are subjected to a vigorous classification by the Liquoring Department of the CBK. Cup quality is described as fine fairer to good, fair to average quality down to common plain liquor. Coffee of good raw quality and appearance with a good roast has pleasant flavour. Coffee Board of Kenya
It was established in 1933 and its role was regulatory. It was charged with the responsibility of regulating and marketing coffee. It promotes competition, production, processing and value addition, including branding Kenyan coffee locally and internationally. The board formulates policies and rules for regulation and registers and licenses coffee nurseries, growers, pulping stations, millers, marketing and management agents, buyers, roasters, packers, warehousemen and auctioneers to ensure standards. It also provides advisory services related to coffee production and
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
board registers the contracts after inspecting and analysing the coffee for quality and value. There are two categories of marketing agents: Commercial Marketing Agents who offer services for commercial purposes and Grower Marketers who are growers licensed to market their own coffee. Coffee beans are wet-processed and graded by the size of the bean — AA is the largest followed by A and B, which are smaller. After milling, coffee beans are graded mechanically into various grades, which differ in size, weight and shape. Incorporated into the grading system are colour-sorting machines which separate high quality coffee beans from light and defective ones electronically. E is the largest of grades in size and is called ‘Elephant’. Usually, two seeds are joined together to form a single cherry. This grade also includes the large PB beans. Like PB, this grade is normally in small quantities in a consignment. AA has good size formation of large beans (7.20mm screen) and usually fetches the highest price. AB is a combination of two grades — A and B. AB is regarded as a representative of other grades in a consignment. It is also a popular grade and fetches good prices. PB contains round beans, which grow as one in a single cherry. About 10 per cent of coffee falls in this grade. C’s beans are smaller than B and most of them are thin, while TT is omposed of
309
Agriculture
quality, maintains an industry database and advises the Coffee Research Foundation on research needs. (www.coffeeboardkenya.org)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Coffee Research Foundation
310
Coffee research in Kenya dates back to 1908 when the colonial government appointed the first coffee entomologist. The Coffee Research Station was established in 1944 at Jacaranda Estate near Ruiru and in 1964 the Coffee Research Foundation was incorporated aunder the Companies Act (CAP 486). The Foundation is a State Corporation under the Ministry of Agriculture, with its headquarters at the Coffee Research Station, Ruiru, and substations at Koru, Kitale, Kisii and Mariene in Meru. It also operates a demonstration plot at Namwela in Bungoma and several sites in coffee growing eco-zones. The Foundation’s principal mandate is to promote researchi coffee issues and other agricultural and commercial systems associated with coffee. (www.crf.co.ke)
Horticulture Horticultural crops include flowers, fruits, vegetables and potatoes. The horticulture sub-sector of agriculture has grown in the last decade to become a major foreign exchange earner, employer and contributor to food needs in the country. Currently the horticulture industry is the fastest growing
agricultural sub- sector and is ranked third in terms of foreign exchange earnings from exports after tourism and tea. Fruits, vegetable and cut flower production are the main aspects of horticultural production in Kenya. Kenya has a long history of growing horticultural crops for both domestic and export markets. Kenya’s ideal tropical and temperate climatic condition makes it favourable for horticulture production and development. Horticulture is mainly rain fed though some farms, especially those growing crops for export, use irrigation. The sub-sector is characterised by diversity in farm sizes, variety of produce and geographical area of production. Farm sizes range from large-scale estates with substantial investments in irrigation and high level use of inputs, hired labour and skilled management to small-scale farms, usually under one acre. About two million people are employed in the sub-sector, most of them small-scale growers, who constitute 80 per cent of producers. This alleviates poverty and provides higher incomes to small-scale farmers. Fresh produce accounted for about 30 per cent of horticultural exports — green beans, onions, cabbages, snow peas, avocados, mangoes and passion fruit. Flowers that were exported included roses, carnations, astromeria and lilies.
The sugar sub-sector in Kenya generates Sh12 billion annually, provides about 500,000 jobs and supports livelihoods of about six million people. More than 160,000 farmers are involved in cane production in the country. Sugar production stands at about 450,000 metric tonnes, while the demand is 610,000 tonnes — the deficit is met through imports. Of the sugar imports, between 80,000 and 100,000 tonnes are used to manufacture beverages, confectionery, pharmaceuticals and other industrial products. The value of marketed sugarcane increased from Sh11.7 billion ($156 million) in 2007 to Sh12.2 billion ($162.6 million) in 2008.
The sub-sector generates tens of billions of shillings in foreign exchange earnings. The total horticultural production is close to three million tonnes, making Kenya one of the major producers and exporters of horticultural products in the world. Europe is the main market for Kenyan horticultural produce. The main importing countries are the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and Italy. Others are Saudi Arabia and South Africa. A well-developed and dynamic private sector has profitably marketed many products to international markets. Government intervention has been minimal, mainly facilitating the sectoral growth through infrastructure development, incentives and support services. Structural and macroeconomic reforms and
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
Squeezing sugar out of the cane
311
Agriculture
introduction of a more liberal trading environment has also provided a major boost to the country’s horticultural prospects. The tremendous performance of the horticulture sub-sector presents an ideal opportunity for investors.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Horticultural Crops Development Authority
312
It is a Government parastatal that develops and regulates the industry. Its mandate is to facilitate the development, promotion, coordination and regulation of the horticulture industry, offer technical and advisory services and organise smallholders into production and marketing groups through contract farming. Its other roles are to educate and train growers on production, record keeping, harvesting and post-harvest handling ,especially for smallholders, encourage commercial farming and collaborate with other players on Maximum Residue Levels, EU regulations, sanitary requirements and the Code of Practice. The Authority works with research and training institutions to generate new technologies and develop curriculum, initiate farm certification and accreditation programmes and promote local use and consumption of horticultural products. HCDA also offers marketing advisory services. It registers and monitors exporters, ship-handlers and processors, monitors market prices
for export and local produce amd arries out market intelligence in the local and export market, among other roles.
Floriculture Kenya is the largest supplier of cut flowers to the European Union. In Africa, it is one of the most prominent fresh flower exporting countries. Floriculture is the most developed sector and accounts for about 40 per cent of all horticultural exports. It is dominant around Lake Naivasha and in Kinangop, Nakuru, Limuru, Athi River, Thika, Kiambu and Eldoret. The soil around Lake Naivasha has good drainage as is sandy. Kinangop, Limuru and Eldoret are
Kenya’s deep sea fishing season starts from July to April. Between mid-March and mid-November, the seas are warmer and calmer. Most fish are not resident, but migrate through Kenyan waters. The best time to fish certain species depends on water temperature, availability of food, current and water clarity, among others. The main billfish season (sailfish and marlin) is between October. The sailfish and black marlin often come inshore in numbers in July and August. If you want to target blue or striped marlin, between January and March is the best time. Majority of fish can be caught throughout the season and along the coast. The boats recommended support the practice of ‘tag and release’.
www.fishandsafarikenya.com
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
The fishing season and species to target
cooler and ideal for certain types of flowers. Floriculture is a highly specialised industry and is capital-intensive. The infrastructure needed for the production of floricultural products is expensive and production per hectare is very high. Trade in cut flowers has become an important segment of international trade in horticultural products. Flowers form a major part and account for about half of Kenya’s fresh horticultural exports. The cut flower industry provides direct employment to about 50,000 Kenyans with a further 70,000 employed in related industries. Kenya has seen phenomenal growth in exports of cut flowers, withstanding competition from Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Uganda. The flower industry is expanding, with roses dominating the export market. The major flower varieties grown and exported from Kenya are roses, carnations, statice, cutfoliage, carthhamus, solidaster/ solidago, chrysanthemums, arabicum, trelizia, rudbeckia, gypsophilia, lilies, molucella, erynngium and tuberoses. The main export season is between October and May. Some cut flowers are sold locally, mainly in Nairobi and Mombasa by street vendors and at floriculture shops in high/medium class shopping centres. The main markets for cut flowers is the European Union, particularly Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland and France. Kenyan exporters supply high quality roses and in good time to their customers. The EU is the main market that governs the quality standards of the Kenyan flower industry. These are extremely high and
313
Agriculture
specify assortment and grading of cut flowers.
2 0 1 0
History of Kenya Flower Council The Kenya Flower Council (KFC) was established in 1996 to bring together independent growers and exporters of cut flowers and ornamentals. It seeks a common platform for growers and exporters. As of January 2010, the council had 59 flowergrowing and exporting companies members, who own 71 farms. KFC members represent 50-60 per cent of the flowers exported from Kenya. Associate membership stands at 25, representing major cut flower auctions and distributors in the United Kingdom, Holland, Switzerland, Germany and Kenya. There are three categories of growers in the KFC: With 20 hectares and above, medium growers who work on up to 20 hectares and small growers with less than two hectares.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
www.kenyaflowercouncil.org
314
Kenya Flower Council
To ensure that international standards are adhered to, growers and exporters have formed the Kenyan Flower Council. It is a private voluntary association of independent growers and exporters of cutflowers and ornamentals. KFC was formed to foster the responsible and safe production of cut flowers. Efforts are underway to create an umbrella body — The Kenya Horticultural Council — where KFC and FPEAK are corporate members. The main objective of KHC will be to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in resource use and service delivery to the horticulture industry. There are three categories of growers in the KFC: With 20 hectares and above, medium growers who work on up to 20 hectares and small growers with less than two hectares. KFC has developed a Code of Practice that is fully benched marked to GlobalGAP and is undergoing a bench marking/mutual recognition withTescos Nature, FFP and FLP, MPS-SQ, MPS-Social, MPS-ABC and Rainforest. KFC is also an agent for Kenya Bureau of Standards KS-1758. (www.kenyaflowercouncil.org)
Sugarcane More than five million people directly or indirectly depend on sugarcane farming in Kenya. Most farming is in western Kenya. Previously, some sugarcane was grown in parts of Coast Province. Eighty-eight per cent of area under sugarcane in Kenya is under outgrowers. The majority are small-scale growers, while the remaining is under sugar factories in the
Kenya Sugar Board (KSB)
It is the regulator in the sugar industry and was established in 2002 under the Sugar Act. It regulates, develops and promotes the sugar industry. Its role is to coordinate the activities of individuals and organisations, facilitate access to benefits and resources of the industry and implement policies and plans for the development of the industry It is also the intermediary between the Government and the industry and monitors the domestic market and identifies distortions. The Board also facilitates the arbitration of disputes, export of local sugar and an equitable mechanism for the pricing of sugarcane. Kenya Sugar Research Foundation
It is mandated to develop and disseminate technology and information for increased productivity, profitability and sustainability in the sugar industry. It is a private company under the guarantee of the Government established to promote research and investigate problems relating to sugarcane and its manufacture. The Foundation was started in 2001. It took over sugar research from the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) as well as sugar interests previously funded and by the Kenya Sugar Authority (KSA). It took over assets and staff from the two institutions that were part of sugar research, including land and
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
form of nucleus estates. Currently, six sugar factories in Kenya function out of which one is entirely private (West Kenya Sugar Company). Mumias Sugar Company was privatised in 2001, with Government retaining majority shareholding. The remaining factories are Government-owned — South Nyanza, Nzoia, Muhoroni and Chemelil. There are also more than 150 jaggeries in the region. The sugar sub-sector plays an important role in the country’s economy. It generates an estimated Sh12 billion annually, provides about 500,000 jobs and supports livelihoods of about six million people. Currently, about 163,000 farmers are involved in cane production in the country. Total production of sugar in Kenya stands at approximately 450,000 metric tonnes. Total demand for sugar in Kenya is 610,000 tonnes – the deficit is filled by imported sugar. Of the sugar imports, between 80,000 to 100,000 tonnes are used as raw material in the manufacture of beverages, confectionery, pharmaceuticals and other industrial products. Farmers and Government companies have been involved in the production and milling of white sugar and related products. The value of marketed sugarcane increased from Sh11.7 billion in 2007 to Sh12.2 billion in 2008.
315
Agriculture
buildings in Kibos, Opapo, Mumias and Mtwapa. The 191.64 hectares National Sugar Research Centre at Kibos became the Foundation’s headquarters.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Sugar Development Fund
316
It was established in 1992 as a revolving fund to finance the activities of the sugar industry. The fund is financed through a levy charged on locally produced and imported sugar. The levy on local sugar is collected by factories on behalf of the Fund, while that on imported sugar is collected through contracted agents. In a country whose economic mainstay is agriculture, SDF’S main objective is to give more financial assistance and advisory services to the industry to boost sugar production. The levy collected is used to fund factory development and rehabilitation, research, cane development, roads development and Kenya Sugar Board administration. The Sugar Development Levy (SDL) is charged at 4 per cent on the ex-factory price at the mills, and 4 per cent on the Cost Insurance & Freight (CIF) value of sugar imported.
Pyrethrum Kenya is the world’s largest producer and exporter of pyrethrum and an extract, pyrethrin, producing about 70 per cent of the world consumption. The pyrethrum extract
is exported to the US, Europe and Asian countries. About 200,000 families grow pyrethrum and, therefore, the sub-sector supports about one million people. Pyrethrum is an important foreign exchange earner and a significant contributor to the economy. Kenya is the leading producer of pyrethrum extract Climatic conditions suitable for growing pyrethrum are found in four major regions in Kenya — Lake Victoria, North Rift Valley, South Rift Valley and the Mt Kenya region. Any shortfall in production in one region due to bad weather can be supplemented by higher production in other regions. Diversification of growing regions as well as a flexible seed programmes ensure availability of pyrethrum flowers at all times. Thus investment in production of flowers and seeds, in addition to processing of pyrethrin are assured of ready local, regional and international markets. The growing demand for organic and natural pesticides has increased international demand for pyrethrin. One hectare accommodates 52,000 plants producing about 1,000kg of dried pyrethrum flowers annually. This quantity yields about 25kg of highly refined extract. Ready flowers are picked at intervals of two weeks with picking continuing for nearly a year from July to April. Although pyrethrum is a perennial crop, a typical plantation lasts for
Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK)
It was established in 1934 to oversee the production and processing of pyrethrum for the benefit of growers and consumers. By 1945, Kenya had become a major source of pyrethrum, accounting for more than 65 per cent of the global supply, a high the country has steadfastly maintained to date. The Board serves local and international clients: Distributors, manufacturers and product consumers. Reforms in the industry aim at increasing the area under pyrethrum from 4,084 hectares to 8,000 hectares by June 2010. Similarly, production will increase from
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
three to four years. Harvested flower heads are sun-dried and delivered through rural co-operatives to the centrally located factory of the Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK). Farmers are paid according to the weight and content of their harvests.
317
Agriculture
754.5 metric tonnes to 8,000 by 2014. (www.kenya-pyrethrum.com)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Cotton
318
The crop is grown in Nyanza, Western, Coast, Central, Eastern and Rift Valley provinces, largely under rainfed conditions. Cotton in Kenya is mainly grown by small-scale farmers in marginal and arid areas on small land holdings averaging about a hectare. It is estimated that Kenya has 200,000 small-scale farmers. The Cotton Development Authority estimates that 400,000 hectares are suitable for rain-fed cotton production with the potential of producing 260,000 bales of lint annually, and 34,500 hectares for irrigated cotton with the potential to produce 108,000 bales of lint annually. Cotton is also planted on irrigated land and the Government has made an effort to boost production through irrigation schemes in arid and semi-arid parts. Between 1963 and 1990, the Government introduced controls in the sector: It helped cooperative societies buy ginneries from the colonialists, controlled marketing, fixed producer prices and invested heavily in textile mills. The Government protected the local industry by imposing a 100 per cent duty on imported goods, which ensured rapid growth of the local textile industry with an average production capacity of over 70 per cent. The industry also received
substantial assistance from the Government and donor agencies especially in the 1980s. In the 1980s, the textile industry was the leading manufacturing activity in Kenya. It supported more than 200,000 households and about 30 per cent of the labour force in the manufacturing sector. However, it started declining in the mid-1980s. The dumping of used clothes, locally known as mitumba affected the sector. Since the liberalisation of the economy in the 1990s, the influx of textile goods reduced the average capacity use in the textile mills to about 50 per cent. But data for the last five years indicates that the sector is on its way to recovery largely due to African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and increased Government support. The enormous market prospects presented by AGOA 2000 and the African, Caribbean and PacificEuropean Union (ACP-EU) Cotonou Agreement have rekindled interest in the industry. Since Kenya qualified for AGOA, exports to the US have expanded and so has investment in the sector, rising from Sh1.2 billion to Sh9.7 billion, a 41 per cent increase. Jobs have increased by about 30 per cent. Textile and apparel companies produce a variety of products. Spinning firms produce yarn (including industrial) and sewing thread, while integrated mills produce yarn, fabrics, canvas,
Tobacco is mostly grown in South Nyanza where the land under cultivation has increased rapidly and often at the expense of traditional food crops and livestock activities. Kenyan tobacco farmers are
Sunflower is a major oil crop in south-west Kenya. It is a source of high quality edible vegetable oil. South-west Kenya is in the Lake Victoria region and is suitable for sunflower production. To address constraints such as low production, research has been undertaken by KARI targeting small-scale farmers who are vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity.
Cashew nuts They are grown in Coast Province. The country produces about 10,000 metric tonnes of the nuts valued at Sh264.9 million. Kenya has a potential to produce more than 63,000 metric tonnes valued at Sh1 billion. The sub-sector has the potential to create employment through value addition and fetch the exchequer billions of shillings through exports.
2 0 1 0
Sunflowers
Y E A R B O O K
Tobacco
struggling under the burden of credit extended to them by manufacturers. The farmers believe that the inputs given to them as a loan in the form of seeds, pesticides and fertilisers tend to be overpriced. Farmers are losing money once deductions are made for the loan, labour, fuel and costs. This situation did not improve over the review period. The political unrest at the beginning of the year also contributed to the situation, making it very difficult for farmers to meet their obligations.
K E N Y A
school and travelling bags, blankets, sweaters, shawls, uniforms, towels, baby nappies and garments. Garment manufacturers produce various products for the local market and export. Close to 46 per cent of them produce men’s wear, and the others robes, pants, Kaunda suits, knitted and woven garments. Investments in growing and ginning cotton, spinning, weaving and production of apparel and other products are assured of local, regional and international markets. Kenya has adopted genetically modified BT cotton seeds to increase productivity. BT seeds have gained acceptance because they do not require pesticide spraying and the yield is double that of traditional seeds. The Cotton Development Authrority and KARI control the distribution of cotton seeds. Kenya has the potential to produce 260,000 bales of cotton if area under cultivation was increased. The bulk of the crop is grown in western Kenya where, before setbacks in the industry, textile industries such as the Kisumu Cotton Mills and Rift Valley Textiles were household names.
319
Agriculture
Coconut Development Authority Kenya produces the most pyrethrum Pyrethrum was introduced in East Africa in the 1920s. By 1938, Kenya had become a major world producer. It has been the largest source of natural pyrethrum for 60 years and produces more than 70 per cent of pyrethrum traded in the world. Pyrethrins are insecticides derived from dried flowers of the pyrethrum daisy. The largest use for pyrethrum is in the manufacture of household insecticides. Pyrethrum benefits over 200,000 low-income farmers in Kenya. It is a perennial crop that requires renewal once every five years and is grown in the highlands.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.wbcsd.org
320
It is mandated to regulate the coconut industry, which is worth Sh13 billion a year. Kenya has 7.4 million coconut trees on 200,000 hectares. The products are valued at Sh3.2 billion. The main products from coconut are wine (60 per cent), nuts (24 per cent), brooms 24 per cent, ‘makuti’ 11 per cent, and coco-wood 0.3 per cent. There is room for investment in this sub-sector because the annual requirements of edible and industrial oils are huge.
Potatoes About 35,000 hectares of potatoes are grown annually in Kenya. The country has high potential for potato growing. Potato production has increased in recent years mainly due to growth in population and diversification of crops. The most favourable climatic conditions are in areas with annual rainfall of between 850 mm and 1,200 mm, and altitudes of between 1,500m and 2 800m above sea level — Central, Rift Valley and Eastern provinces. Most of the potato crop is grown on subsistence basis. Sweet potatoes are a secondary food crop for many Kenyans. They are mainly grown in western Kenya — Kakamega, Bungoma, Busia, Homa Bay, Rachuonyo and Kisii — and Coast and Central provinces. They do well in sandy loam soil and where rainfall is abundant and well-distributed throughout the year.
Livestock The livestock sector contributes four per cent of GDP and comprises mainly dairy and meat production, eggs, hides, skins and wool from cows, sheep, goats and poultry.
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Ginning separates seed cotton into lint and cottonseed. The lint processed in local ginneries is sold to textile industries for fibre, while seeds are returned to farmers for planting or animal feed manufacturing and oil extraction. Kenya has the capacity to gin about 140,000 bales a year. But currently, the ginning capacity used is only 14 per cent. If the ginneries functioned even at 50 per cent, this would give rise to other related industries such as cooking oil extraction, animal feed processing.
Red meat, comprising beef, mutton, goat and camel meat, accounts for more than 80 per cent of all the meat consumed locally. Although rainfall was inadequate in various parts of the country, the value of livestock and their products increased by 3.2 per cent from Sh29.6 billion in 2007 to Sh30.6 billion in 2008. In 2009, the Government provided funds to cushion pastoralists from loss. The off take is done through the Kenya Meat Commission: Animals are slaughtered and meat canned. The Government provided Sh700 million for this in 2009. The Ministry of Livestock also provided feed for cows and milk for calves. About 65 per cent of the red meat is produced in the arid and semi-arid lands under pastoral production system. According to the 2009 census, Kenya has about 17.3 million cattle (14 million indigenous and 3.3 million
K E N Y A
Cotton ginning
321
Agriculture
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
BAT: A century in cigarette business
322
British American Tobacco has been in business for more than 100 years, trading through the turbulence of wars, revolutions and nationalisations as well as the controversy surrounding smoking. The business was formed in 1902 as a joint venture between the UK’s Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company founded by James ‘Buck’ Duke. Despite its name, derived from the home bases of its two founding companies, British American Tobacco was established to trade outside the UK and US, and grew from its roots in dozens of countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America and continental Europe. It came to Kenya in 1907. Other tobacco buying companies in Kenya are Mastermind Kenya and Alliance One. Among them, intense competition has developed.
www.bat.com
exotic), 27 million goats, 17 million sheep, 2.9 million camels and 335,000 pigs. White meat, which includes poultry and pig meat, accounts for about 20 per cent of the meat consumed in the country. Two main players are key in poultry and pork production — Kenchic and Farmers Choice. The contribution of game meat is negligible, accounting for less than one per cent of the meat consumed. At present, Kenya restricts marketing and export of game meat due to fears that legalising it could stimulate demand for illegal bush meat and poaching. However, there are a few licensed dealers in game meat, especially hotels and restaurants. Kenya’s main export markets for meat products include United Arab Emirates, Tanzania and Uganda, while the main markets for hides and skins are Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Italy. Meat production
About 90 per cent of beef cattle is in the hands of subsistence farmers and pastoralists. Today, the population of beef and dairy cattle is about 15 million with large-scale livestock farmers keeping animals for commercial and subsistence purposes. The distribution of beef cattle is influenced by rainfall patterns. Most animals are kept in ranches in the Rift Valley Province, especially in Nakuru, Trans Nzoia and Kajiado. Red meat production in Kenya is estimated at 390,000 metric tonnes with the bulk of the supply coming from ASAL areas. According to information from Minstry of Livestock Development, annual meat production is estimated at beef (320,000 metric tonnes), sheep and goats (70,000 MT), poultry meat 20,000 MT, pigs 11,000 MT and camel meat 6,600 MT (2007). A small proportion of the
although ducks, turkeys and geese are also produced though at a lower scale. Over the years, the poultry industry has developed due to the demand for meat and eggs, particularly in the urban areas. Poultry numbers are estimated at 30 million. The most important poultry trade is centred on hybrids developed by cross-breeding pure lines. The value of chickens and eggs sold increased from Sh2.5 billion in 2007 to Sh2.7 billion in 2008. Slaughterhouses
In the 2009-2010 Budget, the Government allocated money to build two slaughterhouses in Isiolo and Garissa. This was boosted in the 2010-2011 Budget with Sh150 ($1.875 million) million to complete the work and build four more abbatoirs in Wajir, West Pokot and Kajiado. The slaughterhouses will be run by farmers through their cooperatives. Another Sh250 ($3.125 million) million was allocated to build 10 slaughterhouses for beef for the local market. Kenya has many slaughterhouses and abbattoirs for beef, mutton and poultry. The Kenya Meat Commission is the biggest. Other certified ones are Kakuzi Ltd (beef) in Thika, Kenchic Ltd (poultry) in Nairobi, Dagoretti Slaughterhouse (beef and sheep) in Kikuyu and Ol Pejeta Ranching Ltd (beef and sheep) in Nanyuki Others are Kiserian Slaughterhouse (beef and sheep),
K EK NE YN AY A Y EY AE RA BR OB OO KO K 2 02 00 91 0
beef supply comes from dairy herds. Animals are kept in ranches in the Rift Valley, particularly Nakuru, Trans Nzoia and Kajiado. Bigger ranches are in Kilifi and Kwale at the Coast. Small-scale beef farming is practised in many parts of Kenya. Interest in the sub-sector from investors is growing. Investors have expressed interest in meat processing for products destined for Mauritius and the Middle East. Since 2004, Kenya has earned Sh230 million ($2.875 million) from export of live animals fattened at ranches. About 35,000 cattle and 20,000 goats have been exported. Kenya’s sheep population stands at close to 10 million, with the Maasai alone having more than one million. Most of the sheep is indigenous and does well in arid and semi-arid areas. The exotic breeds are in cooler and wetter highlands in Molo, Timau and Nyandarua. Kenya has about 14 million goats, most of them for meat and milk production. Maasai, Boran, Turkana and Pokot communities keep most of the goats, which are maintained in areas where the environmental conditions make it prohibitive to keep other domestic animals. Pig farming is well developed and the country has about 500,000 pigs. Some of the pig breeds are Large White (Yorkshire), Middle White, Berkshire, Wessex Saddle black and Landrace. In Kenya, the chicken is the most important class of poultry
323
Agriculture
Keekonyokie Slaughterhouse (beef and sheep) in Kiserian, Kinja Farm (poultry) in Kikuyu and Ruaraka Ducks Ltd (poultry) in Naivasha. WAN Ltd (poultry) is in Nairobi, CA and EZ Farm Produce (poultry) in Nanyuki, Turkey Farm (poultry) in Ngong.and Marula Estates Ltd in Naivasha. Hurlingham and Farmer’s Choice, are export-oriented. The others serve the local market. The annual output capacity of Hurlingham and Farmer’s Choice is 10,000 cattle and 20,000 pigs respectively.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Leather, hides and skins
324
Several measures have been taken to boost the leather sub-sector. In the 2010-2011 Budget, the Government has allocated Sh175 million ($2.18) to build five mini-leather processing factories. The Leather Development Council has been set up in 2010 after the enactment of the Hide, Skin and Leather Trade Act. It will represent the interest of the leather sub-sector. The representatives will be from the Kenya Livestock Marketing Council, slaughter houses association, hides and skins traders, tanners, footwear and leather goods manufacturers, informal leather manufacturers and academia. Four ministries are key to the council — Treasury; Trade; Industry and Finance. The principal function of LDC is to oversee and advice the Government on the processing and trade in hides, skins, leather and leather goods. It will promote, direct,
coordinate and harmonise activities in the leather subsector, oversee licensing, undertake research and development activities, set standards and enforce compliance, among others. In the 2010-2011 Budget, Sh175 million was allocated to construct five mini-leather processing factories and rehabilitate two existing ones. Boosting the livestock sector
Many initiatives have been started to improve the livestock sector: • Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign Programme • National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP) which deals with institutional setting and extension approaches. Phase one started in July 2000. NALEP has been implemented through the ministries of Agriculture and Livestock. The objective is to assess the impact and prepare for phase two. An assessment was done in 2006 in four provinces: Central, Nyanza, Eastern and Western. The Smallholder Dairy Programme is aimed at increasing incomes of poor rural households that depend on production and trade in dairy products., while the ASAL Livestock and Rural Livelihoods Support Project is designed to improve the livelihoods of communities through improved incomes. The project is funded by the Government and
2 0 1 0
To boost the incomes of farmers, the Government will establish satellite slaughterhouses and camel slaughter slabs in Garissa and Isiolo, establish a mini-dairy at Garissa to promote camel milk marketing. and support national livestock marketing information systems. It will also establish and rehabilitate market infrastructure, improve livestock off take and creation of disease free zones in Coast Province, train pastoralists in marketing, product processing and value additionand conduct studies on camel meat and milk products
In Kenya, the domestic market consists of primary, secondary and terminal markets. Stock changes hands once or twice before reaching the terminal markets. For example, the primary market is Moyale-Nairobi, while the secondary is ManderaGarissa-Nairobi or Turkana-EldoretNairobi. However, the terminal market is Mandera-Wajir-GarissaNairobi. The main supplies of stock to Nairobi, Mombasa, Malindi and other terminal markets are Marsabit, Moyale, Laikipia, Garissa, Kuria, Kajiado, Narok, Machakos, Isiolo, Nakuru, Migori and Mandera for cattle. For goats, the supplies are from Marsabit, Moyale, Isiolo, Wajir, Garissa, Kajiado, Turkana, Machakos and Mandera. Camels are supplied from Marsabit, Garissa, Isiolo and Moyale The market for livestock supplies is increasingly expanding locally and regionally. Nearly all cattle bought at Moyale and some cattle and goats purchased at Mandera originate from the Borana and Somali regions of Ethiopia. Small numbers of cattle from South Sudan and the south-western part of Ethiopia are routed to Eldoret and Nairobi through Lokichoggio and Lodwar. A significant proportion in the Garissa market comes from Somalia. Similarly, livestock from Tanzania is routed through Kuria and Migori and to markets in Nairobi.
Y E A R B O O K
Livestock marketing
Livestock supply
K E N Y A
African Development Bank and implemented by the Veterinary Services and Livestock Production departments. The beneficiaries contribute at least 20 per cent of the cost of their projects. The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya Camel Association, the University of Nairobi and the Ewaso Nyiro North Development Authority are the main collaborators. The Improvement of Livestock Production project’s aims to increase carcass weight and boost livestock health. The focus is on local meat breeds and others suited to tropical conditions. They include the Boran and Sahiwal cattle, Galla and small East African goats, Black Head Persia, Red Maasai and Dorper sheep.
325
Agriculture
Camel production A long history of the potato in Kenya Potatoes were introduced in Kenya in the 1880s. In the 1920s, grading standards were established. Between 1945 and 1963, research expanded with the appointment of the Colony Potato Officer and Potato Research Advisory Committee. In 1967, a project was set up to screen varieties, breed plants and multiply seeds. A basic seed production station was established at Tigoni, Limuru. In 1979, it became a potato research station. And since the 1970s, it has worked with the University of Nairobi and the International Potato Centre to promote research.
Kenya has more than one million camels, the indefatigable King of the Desert. In 2002, camel milk production stood at 25,200 tonnes. This had risen to 27,000 in 2008. The Government’s aim is to promote use of appropriate technologies to add value to camel milk and meat leading to more incomes for farmers. To achieve this goal, pastoralists and extension workers will be provided with skills necessary to boost camel milk and meat production and add value to products. The Government will increase access to water for human and livestock. Dams and pans will be built and residents’ management capacity boosted through training. Through the Ewaso Nyiro North Development Authority and the Fire Break Construction Unit at the Livestock ministry, dams and water pans have been de-silted. Shallows wells identified by the communities have been rehabilitated and protected.
www.lanra.ug.edu
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Livestock Marketing Council
326
It is a private entity, whose membership is open to livestock traders at Sh500 annual fees. The Council is run by a board and an executive committee. The structure begins at the community level reporting to district councils. These in turn report to the National Council. So far, 10 district councils have been formed in pastoral areas. The Council’s objectives are to fight for the rights of traders, promote livestock and livestock products, identify market gaps locally, regionally and internationally. It will also boost dissemination of market information to producers and traders, work with pastoralists and support the export of live animals. The Council will support slaughterhouse and cold storage entrepreneurs, undertake
Dairy Farming Kenya is one of the largest producers of milk in Africa. Large-scale dairy farming accounts for 20 per cent of national milk production and small-scale farming 80 per cent. The largest single milk processor is the New Kenya Cooperative Creameries. Smaller factories do roaring business in Nairobi, Limuru, Nakuru, Kitale and Eldoret. Milk production and processing of products such as yoghurt, butter, cheese, ghee and powdered milk have increased significantly in recent years. The dairy sub-sector plays a critical role in the livelihoods of many Kenyans. The sub-sector is also a significant contributor to the country’s GDP. The revival of the dairy industry in 2003 led to improvement in milk production and marketing. Milk production in Kenya is dominated by small-scale produc-
2 0 1 0
The Department of Veterinary Services has four institutions. Three train pre-service students and offer two-year certificate courses, while the fourth trains in-service students. They are AHITI Kabete, AHITI Ndomba and AHITI Nyahururu. The inservice one is the Meat Training Institute –Athi River.
Y E A R B O O K
Training
ers mainly in the Rift Valley, Central and Eastern provinces. Various production systems, which mainly rely on rain-fed agriculture, are used. The current dairy cattle population is estimated at four million. Total milk production is estimated at about 4.8 million tonnes — cow milk estimated at 4.5 million tonnes, goat milk 150,000 tonnes and camel about 50,000 tonnes. Marketing milk is done through the formal and informal sectors. The formal comprises 27 milk processors, 64 mini-dairies, 78 cottage industries, 1,138 milk bars and 757 primary milk producers.The milk marketed through the formal sector has increased in recent years. This has been a result interventions taken by the Government and other stakeholders. Kenya exports substantial quantities of milk and milk products to the region. Intra-regional trade in dairy products in the East African Community has continued to gain momentum and benefits the Kenyan dairy industry. The main products exported are long life milk and powder milk. Dairy imports have gone down over time as Kenya becomes increasingly more selfsufficient in milk and milk products. However, specialised milk products are imported from New Zealand and the Europena Union. Since 2003, the Government introduced several measures: • Restructured and improved capacity building of the Kenya
K E N Y A
extension services with the Government and seek credit and offer group guarantees.
327
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Agriculture
328
Dairy Board • Revived and strengthened New KCC and other farmer organisations like Agricultural Finance Corporation and cooperatives • Reviewed dairy policies and regulations • Improved milk producer prices and payment of milk producers • Encouraged the private sector to mobilise resources • Monitored dairy imports The interventions resulted in stronger producer organisations, which were able to market dairy produce and increased access to extension services among others. This made the sector a much sought-after investment destination. Consequently, production and marketing of dairy produce increased, with the annual milk production rising from 2.8 billion litres in 2002 to four billion litres in 2009 and intake by processors from 143.5 million litres in 2002 to 406 million in 2009, representing a 180 per cent increase. Some key legislative measures undertaken during the period include the review of import and export procedures for dairy produce that led to diminished imports and a sharp rise in exports. The quantity of milk and milk products exported rose from 100,000kg in 2001 to 10.9 million kilogrammes in 2008. But due to drought, export figures dropped to 5 million kilos in 2009. The main milk processing plants have increased exports to the East
African Community, COMESA, the Middle East and West Africa. Consequently, prices have improved tremendously from an average Sh8 a litre in 2003 to Sh25 in 2009, an increase of 213 per cent. As a result, many Kenyans, especially the youth, have turned to dairying. In 2008, post-election violence disrupted dairy activities in most parts of the Rift Valley, a major milk producing area, resulting in cattle theft, farmer displacement and abandonment of routine livestock management practices. This led to a sharp drop in milk production and marketing in the affected areas. In 2009, Kenya faced a severe drought and the dairy sub-sector suffered due to scarcity of animal feed and water, leading to a drop in milk production and intake by processors. However, the onset of the rains in October/November 2009 led to an upsurge. This stretched the handling capacity of major milk processors. Dairy intake rose from about 800,000 litres in May 2009 to 1.7 million litres by January 2010. Processors thus restricted milk intake and allowed supply only from traditional outlets. Although the country has the capacity to process about three million litres a day, a large percentage is for fresh pasteurised milk which has a short shelf-life. The market for fresh pasteurised milk is also fairly constant and cannot be easily expanded in the short run. The Kenya Dairy Board and the Ministry
of Livestock Development have sought a sustainable short, medium and long-term solution to overproduction: The Government has given Sh300 million ($3.75 million) to mop up excess processed milk. It will also give a grant to offload the expected accumulation of long-life milk stocks. The New KCC has been supported to refurbish and commission a UHT plant in Eldoret and a condensed milk plant in Naivasha, and to procure, install and commission an additional milk drier. Milk powder will be incorporated into the National Food Strategic Reserve, which will help the uptake of excess produce that can be offloaded into the market during times of scarcity.
2 0 1 0
In Kenya, it started with the establishment of the Central Artificial Insemination Station (CAIS) in 1946 for the production of semen. Countrywide delivery of AI services since 1966 through the Kenya National Artificial Insemination Services (KNAIS) has been a major contributor to the growth of dairy farming in Kenya. Some years ago, the semen distribution was reorganised and privatised. CAIS now distributes semen through private agents. KNAIS has become a supervisory organisation to oversee private inseminators and works closely with the District Veterinary Offices. CAIS continues to produce the semen and works with international companies like WWS, ABS, Semex and HighChem (E.A. Dairy). Holland Genetics imports and distributes semen via Cooper Kenya Ltd. The policy of CAIS is to use cows bred from imported semen as bull mothers and take advantage from the genetic potential of
Y E A R B O O K
The hides, skins and leather industry contributes 4 per cent to the agricultural GDP. In recent years, Kenya has produced about 2.4 million hides, six million skins and 20,000 camel hides. In the local market, the dealers earn about Sh1.8 billion annually, while Kenya eearns about Sh4 billion from hides, skins, leather, leathergoods and footwear. Due to value addition, double the number of skins are processed.
Artificial insemination
K E N Y A
Leather industry in numbers
329
Agriculture
Lobbying for the ‘King of the Desert’ The Kenya Camel Association is a registered national, non-profit making, non-partisan institution founded in 1995 by 21 camel development lovers. The main role of KCA is to articulate and lobby for camel business development and to promote all aspects of the camel — its importance, skills of extension workers, inadequate training and research, Funding comes from donors, partners and Government. Kenya Camel Association P O Box 6067-00100 Tel: +254202731975 E-mail:
[email protected]
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.allpro.go.ke
330
imported semen for the selection of bulls for its own semen production. Recent figures of the Livestock ministry show that the number of inseminations has increased considerably. Total inseminations by Government and private agents increased from 86,545 in 2003 to 149,883 in 2004, 161,808 in 2005 and 209,079 in 2006. In 2010, inseminatioins are estimated at 300,000. As at 2007, Kenya had more than 500 private AI service providers. The Government still maintains a few AI schemes in parts of the Rift Valley, Nyanza and Western Province. In the 2010-2011 Budget, money was allocated to hire 100 veterinary officers, 20 for each arid and semi-arid district. In addition, 180 cars will be distributed in the districts to enhance veterinary services.
Bee keeping A 2007 study on apiculture in northern Kenya found that honey production is expanding in Kenya, but data on production trends, processing, and marketing is fragmented. Annual production is estimated at 700 metric tonnes (Moses Lengarite, Anastasia Kagunyu, and Francis Wayua). The arid and semi-arid lands yield only crudely processed honey for urban markets. Introduction of better technology hives can significantly improve the yields and quality of bee products. Local marketing systems should be strengthened through organisation of traders and bee-keepers. To enhance the market competitiveness, honey requires improved processing and quality assurances. To reduce costs, processed honey should be packaged in bulk using plastic jerry cans. To improve quality and price, traders should blend crude (and uniformly ripe) honey from sources with similar viscosity, colour, and
State corporations Kenya Meat Commission
KMC’s mandate is to: • Buy cattle and small stock • Acquire and operate abattoirs, meat works, cold storage and refrigerators for slaughter of cattle and small stock • Process by products and prepare hides • Chilling, freezing, canning and storing beef, mutton, poultry and other meat for export or consumption in Kenya. The Kenya Meat Commission has a huge production capacity and infrastructure. It has a slaughter capacity of 1,000 large animals a day and 1,500 small stocks. KMC produces fresh meat, canned
2 0 1 0
A group ranch is a livestock production enterprise where a group jointly owns freehold title to land and herd their livestock collectively though they own it individually. Selection of members to a group ranch was based on kinship and traditional land rights. Group ranches were designed by the Government in consultation with interested parties — Maasai elders and financiers to increase productivity of pastoral lands, improve the earning capacity of pastoralists, avert landlessness, prevent environmental degradation, establish a livestock production system that allows modernisation or modification of livestock husbandry and preserve the traditional way of life without causing social friction Beef ranching has been on a downward trend since independence. Most commercial ranches have been bought by land buying companies and co-operatives.
Y E A R B O O K
Ranching
Often, the companies and cooperatives have sub-divided the ranch in smaller plots, which are not used for ranching. This has affected livestock production, resulting in understocked ranches and reduced beef production. Some 159 group ranches in Kenya — 129 in the Rift Valley (Kajiado, Narok, Samburu, Laikipia, Baringo and West Pokot), six in South Nyanza, seven in Eastern Province (Embu and Kitui) and 17 in Coast Province (Taita, Kwale and Kilifi). In the 2010-2011 Budget, the Government allocated Sh330 million ($4.125 million) to rehabilitate 10 ranches for beef production in arid lands and establish two disease-free zone feedlots at the Coast.
K E N Y A
nectar source-plants. The Kenya Honey Council was formed in 2003. Its objectives are to: Provide a forum for stakeholders in the bee industry to promote, coordinate and safeguard their interests, facilitate growth and expansion, promote awareness of bee products and beekeeping It lobbies the Government for favourable policies that support growth and expansionof beekeeping.
331
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Agriculture
332
meat products and a range of byproducts.Livestock are received by veterinary officers at the plant. They are clinically inspected and rested in the pens for a minimum 12 hours during which they are fed on water only. Further ante-mortem inspections are done before the animals are released for slaughter. Thorough clinical inspection is done by Government veterinary inspectors who are independent of operations at KMC. This is meant to ensure high quality standards and safety of products. The carcass is washed, weighed and graded. According to the specifications stipulated in the KMC Act. The grades include prime, Choice, FAQ, Standard grade and Commercial grades. All products are stored in the chilling facilities where curing takes place, resulting in tender meat. The facilities have a capacity of 1,750 carcasses at between 0 and 2°C. The carcasses are held for five to seven days, resulting in tender juicy meat cuts. (www.kenyameat. co.ke) Kenya Dairy Board
It was established in 1958 by the Dairy Industry Act Cap 336. Its mandate is to regulate, promote and develop the dairy industry in Kenya. It has branches in Nairobi, Eldoret,Mombasa, Nakuru, Embu, Kakamega, Kericho and Voi. Others are in Kisumu, Kisii, Kitale, Meru, Naivasha, Narok and Nyeri.
Fisheries More than 500,000 people are directly employed by the sub-sector, while one million benefit from it. The country earns more than Sh4 billion in foreign exchange and fishermen more than Sh7 billion, thus contributing to poverty alleviation in rural Kenya. In the 2009-2010 financial year, the Government initiated a Sh1.2 billion ($15 million) fish farming programme to construct 28,000 fish ponds in 140 constituencies. By January 2010, 13,444 fish ponds had been completed. The Government ensures that farmers in the project get feed and fingerlings. The sub-sector contributed three per cent to GDP in 2008 and 0.5 per cent in 2006. In 2005, growth was estimated at 4.1 per cent. The total value of fish increased from Sh8.5 billion in 2007 to Sh9 billion in 2008. The value of fish from freshwater sources increased from Sh7.9 billion in 2007 to Sh12.3 billion in 2008. The Ministry of Fisheries Development is mandated to facilitate the development and management of the fisheries subsector. Fish products provide high protein diet and contribute to improved nutrition and health of the communities living in the rural areas where fish is the main protein supply. Aquaculture
Since 1999, aquaculture production has risen and amounts to more than 4,000 tonnes in 2009. The aim is to
allafrica.com/strories
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Cattle require about 7kg of grain for every one kilo of beef, but fish can add a kilo of weight with less than 2kg of grain. It takes about 1,000 tonnes of water to produce a tonne of grain for feed. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of the world food economy. In farmed fish annual production, Central and Eastern provinces lead, followed by Western and Rift Valley. Production has been rising. In 2008, 1,000 metric tonnes were realised compared to 4,250 in 2009. In 2010, 15,000 tonnes are projected.
K E N Y A
Fish farming drive
encourage the development of private, commercial large-scale aquaculture, which could raise production to 12,000 tonnes in the next three years. Production has doubled and is set to grow by more than 1,000 per cent in the next three years. Tilapine species form about 90 per cent of fish farming in Kenya. Aquaculture takes different forms, ranging from small handdug kitchen ponds to fairly large earth ponds. Dams are often stocked with fish and harvested periodically. Aquaculture practices include intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems. Semi-intensive systems form the bulk of aquaculture production in Kenya, contributing to more than 70 per cent. Intensive systems are few, while hyperintensive ones are being set up and projected to contribute as much as 90 per cent of all farmed fish in volume and value. The number of full-time employees in aquaculture is more than 400. Extension services are provided by staff of the Fisheries ministry. The Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute has opened stations for aquaculture research and offers services to fish farmers. Universities such as Moi University, which has a Department of Fisheries, also offer technical assistance to farmers. Data shows that more than 8,000 fish farmers have aquaculture production units. Fish are stocked in floating cages, earthen ponds and other water reservoirs and left to fend for themselves. These systems are dependent on natural productivity and water conditions. The systems are characterised by low stocking and yields. Extensive aquaculture is mainly done in lakes, rivers, dams and other water reservoirs.
333
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Agriculture
334
The fish depend on organic matter suspended in water. This system has not been well documented, but it is estimated that production ranges between 500 and 1,500kg a year, contributing to 10 per cent or more of the aquaculture production in Kenya. Semi-intensive systems, mostly producing tilapia, are the major contributors to aquaculture, with average production of about three tonnes contributing more than 70 per cent of aquaculture production. Earthen ponds and cages are used as holding units for fish culture. The ponds are fertilised using chemicals and organic fertiliser. Feeding using cereal bran and other feed supplements pond productivity. Poly-culture of Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio is prasticed with various combinations of species. Production in these systems ranges between 1,000 and 2,500kg a year. Intensive aquaculture is largely used for trout production. This has supported tourism as it is considered a luxury and is supplied to hotels catering for tourists. The contribution of this fish is therefore higher in monetary value than by weight. Hyper-intensive tilapia culture has begun through cage culture. This will soon contribute to as much as 90 per cent of farmed fish in Kenya.
References •
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2009. Economic Survey Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2010. Economic Survey Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Government of Kenya, 2003. Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation, Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey
•
www.teaboard.or.ke
•
www.teauction.com
•
www.coffeeboardkenya.org
•
www.crf.co.ke
•
www.ncpb.co.ke
•
www.epzakenya.com
•
www.kenyaflowercouncil.org
•
www.mbendi.com
•
www.leathermag.com
•
www.allpro.go.ke
•
www.fao.org
•
www.livestock.go.ke
•
www.kcc.
•
www.kenyameat.co.ke
9
education
The system in Kenya is one of the leading in Africa. It has 26,667 primary schools, 6,971 high schools, about 1,500 colleges and over 40 universities and constituent colleges, with an enrolment of 12.6 million
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Education
335
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Education
336
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
31
2 0 1 0
I
n the last seven years, the education system has recorded major developments. In 2003, the new Government fulfilled its election pledge that public primary school education would be free. On the day schools opened, one extra million pupils joined public schools. Today, enrolment stands at close to nine million from 5.9 million in 2002. In the programme, each pupil gets Sh1,020 ($12.75) a year for writing and reading materials and to meet general school costs. The money is paid to the school. Schools get more money for infrastructure development, water and sanitation. Another landmark is the introduction of free tuition secondary education in 2008. Each student is allocated Sh10,000 ($125) a year for curricula and co-curricula costs. University education, too, has expanded. Kenya has 44 BY NUMBERS universities, seven public and the others private. They have campuses all over the country and the enrolment stands at about 145,000. Technical education has also made great strides. Kenya and Number of public and Mombasa polytechnics have private universities in been upgraded to university Kenya. They, in turn, have colleges offering degree many campuses all over the country, with enrolment at programmes, while funduniversities hitting 120,000 ing to technical institutes, a technical training college and colleges of technology has increased. Youth polytechSee more information below nics have been boosted
337
Education
International schools in Kenya Aga Khan Academy Braeburn College Braeburn Nairobi Braeburn High School Braeburn Kisumu School Braeburn Mombasa Braeburn School Nairobi Braeside High School Brookhouse International Schools Greensteds School Imani School International School of Kenya Kenton College Preparatory School Kisumu International Midas International Boys School Premier Academy St Andrew’s School Molo St George’s Nairobi
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
http://kenya.international. schools.ac
338
and now offer many courses. From an average 10,000 student admission in 2002, public universities has enrolled 24,000 in 2010. Enrolment at the university level has been boosted by the 10-year old so-called parallel degree programme in which working professionals and high school leavers enrol for courses of their choice. Education also gets the largest share of the Government budgetary allocation, a clear indication of the emphasis the Government places on schooling. In the 2009-2010 Budget, education received Sh159 billion or $1.98 billion (Sh130 billion for the Education Ministry and Sh29 billion for the Higher Education, Science and Technology Ministry). In the 2010-2011 Budget, education got a whopping Sh190 billion or $2.375 billion (Sh140.9 billion for the Education Ministry and Sh49.2 billion for the Higher Education Ministry).
Structure of education Two ministries run the education sector in Kenya: Education and Higher Education, Science and Technology. However, other ministries which offer programmes related to education and training include Labour; Youth Affairs and Sports; Gender, Children and Social Development; Local Government and Public Health and Sanitation. The sector is responsible for the provision, promotion and coordination of education, training, research, science and technology. It fulfils its mandate through seven directorates (Basic Education, Higher Education, Quality Assurance and Standards, Technical Training, Technical Accreditation and Quality Assurance, Research Development and Policy and Planning), Provincial Education Boards, District Education Boards, two
Like other African societies, Kenya has a long and rich history of education and training. Traditional education was integrated with the social, cultural, artistic, religious and recreational life. It was an important transmitter of cultural identity from one generation to the next. Even today, African indigenous education in Kenya continues to play a significant role, especially in rural areas where cultural heritage is taught and reflects features of different ethnic communities.
Y E A R B O O K
Overview
K E N Y A
autonomous and 10 semi-autonomous statutory organisations.
2 0 1 0
Education in numbers Kenya has 73,943 educational institutions. They include 38,247 pre-primary schools, 26,667 primary schools, 6,971 secondary schools, 805 technical and vocational institutions and 208 non-formal schools. Others are diploma and certificate colleges over 600, teacher training colleges 368 and seven public universities. The universities have 14 constituent colleges and three campuses. Private universities are 24, while 29 institutions have been approved to collaborate with universities to offer degree programmes.
339
Education
Egerton University Lord Egerton started it as a school in 1939. He gave 740 acres. The purpose was to prepare European youth for careers in agriculture. In 1950, it became Egerton Agricultural College offering one-year certificate and a two-year diploma courses in agriculture. In 1958, he donated another 1,100 acres and the college opened doors to all races. Odongo Omamo, the first African principal, was appointed in 1966. It became a constituent of the University of Nairobi in 1986 and a full-fledged university in 1987.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.egerton.ac.ke
340
Missionaries introduced Western education in Kenya. The first missionaries to settle on the East African coast were Portuguese Roman Catholics. By 1557, they had established monasteries at Mombasa and Lamu. The second wave of Christian missionaries included the Lutherans, who were sent to Kenya through the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Among them were Johann Ludwig Krapf, Johann Rebmann, and Jacob Erhadt. The partition of Africa in 1884 established British rule in Kenya and led to an increase of Christian
missionaries. As the missionaries established themselves on the mainland, they started schools as a means of converting Africans to Christianity. Their acceptance was somewhat due to the fact that they used schools to rehabilitate slaves. The Arabs had established themselves earlier on the coast, and had introduced some schools where they taught the Koran. Thus, the Christian missionaries had to move further inland, away from the Muslims. Later, the colonial government urged the missionaries to expand
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
the educational system to include a technical focus in the curriculum in addition to religion. Although some were reluctant, for fear of losing the monopoly of schools to the government, some went along and even received funding. In 1908, missionaries formed a joint committee on education that later became the Missionary Board of Education, representing the Protestant missions in the British Protectorate. In 1909, the British government established an education board with Henry Scott of the Church of Scotland as the chair.
The board was established at the same time that the Fraser and Giroud Commissions were set up. The commissions called for racial consideration in developing the protectorate. The recommendations included a push for industrial development, technical education and the teaching of religion as a moral foundation. The import of expensive labour from India was discouraged. Fraser also recommended a Department of Education. After the First World War, a more concerted effort by the British to develop African colonies was established. In 1923, the British secretary of State established a committee chaired by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State to advise on the educational affairs of Africans in Kenya. This marked the beginning of the first educational policy by the colonial government. The period marked the beginning of the three-tier education system in Kenya. There were racially segregated schools for Europeans, Asians and Africans. It was also the starting point of a joint venture between the colonial government and missionaries — the latter paved the way for colonialism. After independence in 1963, the three-tier system developed into three types of schools: Government, private or missionary and harambee (a grassroots movement of self-help schools). Government schools, formerly reserved for Europeans, and the private ones were the best equipped.
341
Education
Missionary schools continued to exist although some were converted into Government schools. The quality of harambee schools, which were geared towards increasing education for Africans, depended on the economy of the location. (From education.stateuniversity. com/Kenya education)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Education sub-sector
342
They are early childhood or pre-primary education, primary education, secondary education, university education and technical education. Others are special education, non-formal education and adult education. The philosophy, vision, mission and the goals of education are focused towards life-skills and life-long learning. Kenya has more than 73,000 public and private educational institutions and 12.692 million pupils and students as at 2009 — 1.9 million in pre-primary institutions, 8.8 million in primary schools, 163,340 in nonformal schools, and 1.5 million in secondary schools. In teacher training colleges, the student enrolment stands at 26,324, technical institutions have 71,513 students and universities 177,735. Early childhood education
The emergence of pre-school education in Kenya started in the 1940s. Since then, there has been a steady expansion in the number of children getting early childhood education. The National Centre runs early
childhood education for Early Childhood Education (NACECE) and District Centres for Early Childhood Education (DICECE). It is provided in a range of preschools known as nursery schools, day care centres, kindergartens, pre-primary units and early childhood development and education centres. In 2009, Kenya had 38,247 preschools — 23,823 public and 14,424 private. Enrolment in pre-school education stood at 1.9 million children and teachers were 78,000. Primary education
Primary education is the second level and caters for children aged between six and 13. Pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) examination after eight years of learning. The objective of primary education is to attain education for all and Millennium Development Goals by 2015. In pursuit of this, the Government introduced the Free Primary Education Programme in 2003, resulting in enrolment rising from 5.9 million in 2002 to 8.8 million in 2009. There are 26,667 primary schools compared to 26,206 in 2008. Almost 70 per cent of the schools are public. Primary school completion rate has increased from 60 per cent in 2001 to more than 70 per cent in 2009. In the 2010-2011 Budget, the free primary education programme alone got Sh9.2 billion ($115 million). It is fully financed by the Government.
TABLE 1 : NUMBER OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 2005-2009 Category Schools: Pre-Primary Primary: Public Private Total Secondary: Public Private Total Training Colleges: Pre-Primary Primary Secondary~ Total Universities: Public Private Total TOTAL
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
34043
36121
37263
37954
38,247
17807 7546 25353
17946 7983 25929
18063 8041 26104
18130 8076 26206
18,543 8,124 26,667
3621 1773 5394
3646 2013 5659
4245 2240 6485
4261 2305 6566
5,019 1,952 6,971
48 30 3 81
106 30 3 139
170 33 3 206
196 96 2 294
260 105 3 368
7 17 24 65,847
7 17 24 68,484
7 21 28 70,709
7 21 28 71,753
7 24 31 73,089
Source: Ministry of Education
*Includes Kenya Technical Training College
Oldest schools in Kenya
Y E A R B O O K
It caters for primary school graduates in the 14-17 years age group. Students sit the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examination after four years. This is the final cycle that prepares them for university education and middle-level trades and professions, vocational and technical training. Enrolment has been remarkable in secondary education — from 151 secondary schools at independence in 1963 and an enrolment of 30,120 students to 6,971 schools with an enrolment of 1.5 million students now. Free Tuition Secondary Education Programme has boosted access to high school education, mainly in day schools. The gross enrolment rate has risen from 38 per cent
2 0 1 0
Secondary education
K E N Y A
1. School at Rabai (1846) 2. Kaimosi Friends Primary (1902) 3. Maseno (1906) 4. Jamhuri High (1906) 5. Tumutumu Mission School (1908) 6. Kenya High School (1908) 7. Nairobi School (1910) 8. Thogoto Teachers’ Training College (1910) 9. Kaimosi Girls (1920) 10. Kaimosi Boys (1921) 11. Mang’u School (1925) 12. Alliance School (1926) 13. St. Mary’s Yala, (1927) 14. Moi Girl’s High Eldoret (1928)
343
Education
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Moi University
344
It is in Eldoret, 310km northwest of Nairobi. It was established in 1984 as Kenya’s second university. The first 83 students were transferred from the Department of Forestry at the University of Nairobi. The University has grown growth from one faculty in 1984 to 15 schools and five directorates in 2009. It has four campuses — Main, Chepkoilel, Town and Eldoret West Campus. It has two constituent colleges (Kabianga and Narok) and eight campuses — Nairobi, Kitale, Kericho, Southern Nyanza, Central Kenya, Odera Akang’o, Coast and Northern Kenya. The rural setting of Moi University provides an atmosphere for intellectual activity. The university is near Eldoret town, a rapidly growing industrial town and gateway to central Africa. This atmosphere promotes outreach programmes such as health education and intervention, legal aid clinics and fish farming.
www.mu.ac.ke
in 2007 to 42.5 per cent. In the 2010-2011 Budget, the free tuition programme was allocated Sh16.2 billion ($202.5 million). It is fully financed by the Government. In addition to improving qualitative expansion of secondary education, steps have been taken to improve performance in core subjects such as mathematics and sciences, ensuring a high pupil-textbook ratio, especially in rural areas and urban slums, and providing instructional materials to needy public secondary schools. Parents and communities are encouraged to provide physical facilities such as classrooms and science laboratories. The Government has allows re-entry of girls who drop out of school due to pregnancy and early or forced marriages. Teacher education
Kenya has 171,301 primary school teachers and 48,087 secondary school teachers. The primary school primary school pupil-teacher ratio stands at 45:1, while the student-teacher ration in secondary schools is 30:1. Kenya has 368 teacher training colleges — 260 for pre-primary training (38 public and 222 private), 105 for primary education (20 public and 85 private) and three for secondary school diploma teachers — Kagumo in Nyeri, and Kenya Science and Kenya Teachers Training College in Nairobi. Overall, enrolment in teacher training colleges rose from 24,228 in 2008 to 26,324 in 2009. Specifically, enrolment in diploma teacher training colleges increased by 10.7 per cent from 1,809 trainees in 2008 to 2,002 trainees in 2009. In primary school teacher training colleges, enrolment increased by 8.7 per cent from 22,419 in 2008 to 24,322 in 2009.
TABLE 2: PUPIL ENROLMENT AND TEACHER NUMBERS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT CENTRES, 2005-2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Enrolment Boys Girls TOTAL Number of Teachers Male Trained Female Trained Subtotal Male Untrained Female Untrained Subtotal TOTAL
830828 812347 1643175
866445 805891 1672336
876163 814930 1691093
885320 834925 1720245
967,544 946,678 1,914,222
4930 46043 50973 4109 17101 21210 72183
5176 47424 52600 4314 17614 21928 74528
5331 48846 54177 4357 17790 22147 76324
5965 52011 57976 4124 16130 20254 78230
10,,346 61,234 71,580 5,345 16,030 21,375 92,955
Technical education
It encompasses technical, industrial, vocational and entrepreneurship training (TIVET) programmes. Kenya has 805 public and private institutions — national polytechnics,
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya has a robust tertiary education system. Statistics from the Commission for Higher Education indicate that there are more than 600 middle level colleges offering certificate and diploma courses in business and management studies, health, computer and information studies, design, art and catering. Post-secondary institutions, other than universities have an enrolment of 97,837 students.
institutes of technology, technical training institutes and youth polytechnics. In 2009, enrolment stood at 71,513 compared to 85,200 students in 2008. The lower enrolment was due to upgrading of the Kenya Polytechnic and Mombasa Polytechnic to university college status in 2009. Kisumu and Eldoret polytechnics have 6,999 students. The youth polytechnics had the highest enrolment among TIVET institutions at 43.8 per cent — from 29,697 in 2008 to 31,344 in 2009. Technical institutes numbers rose from 22,008 in 2008 to 22,437 in 2009. Enrolment in institutes of technology increased marginally from 10,575 in 2008 to 10,733 in 2009. In the 2010-2011 Budget, 14
K E N Y A
Non-university education colleges
2 0 1 0
Source: Ministry of Education
345
Education
institutes of science and technology were allocated Sh560 million to upgrade their facilities.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
University education
346
Kenya has the largest university education system in East Africa — seven public universities with 14 constituent colleges and three campuses. The university colleges will become independent universities after three years. As of now, some have one year and others two to become full-fledged institutions. As at 2009, Kenya had 24 private universities — 11 chartered universities, nine with letters of interim authority and four registered. Twenty-nine institutions were given approval to collaborate with universities offering degree programmes. Student enrolment in universities rose by 44.7 per cent from 122,847 in 2008 to 177,735 in 2009. Enrolment in public universities increased from 100,649 students in the 2008-2009 academic year to 142,556 in 2009-2010. Part-time students at public universities constituted 32 per cent of the total enrolment. Students in private accredited universities accounted for 35,179 or 19.8 per cent of the total student enrolment. Public universities’ student intake through the Joint Admission Board increased by 23.4 per cent from 17,100 in 2008-2009 to 21,100 in 2009-2010. This was attributed to the establishment of more constituent colleges which boosted access
to university education. The number have risen to 24,000 in the 20102011 academic year. But women enrolment declined from 40.1 per cent in 2008-2009 to 37.9 per cent in 2009-2010. To boost the numbers, the joint board has an affirmative policy of admitting female students with a point lower than their male counterparts. Higher education background
Higher learning in Kenya started in 1947 with the British colonial government’s plan to build a technical and commercial institute in Nairobi. But it was not until 1951 when a Royal Charter was granted for the establishment of the Royal Technical College of East Africa. However, the Asian community in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda had proposed to build a college in memory of Mahatma Gandhi. To avoid duplication, the Gandhi Memorial Academy Society agreed to merge its interests with those of the colonial government to set up the Royal Technical College of East Africa. The first students joined in 1956. In 1961, the Royal Technical College became the second university college in East Africa — Royal College Nairobi. In 1964, it was renamed University College of Nairobi, a constituent of the University of East Africa which had been inaugurated in 1963. Other constituent colleges were Makerere University College in Uganda and University College, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Sports in schools Some sporting talent is concentrated in particular schools. Keiyos’ St Patrick’s Iten has produced worldbeating athletes since the 1970s. They include Olympic gold medalists Peter Rono and Mathew Birir. The school recruits the best runners at primary school level and puts them under Brother Brolm O’Connell, an astute athletics coach. In the 1980s, Kakamega High School excelled at football and produced top players — Mickey Weche, Ben and Dan Musuku. Musingu School also recruited talented footballers from Western Province. Women’s volleyball has excelled partly due to programmes at Lugulu and Mukumu schools. Some alumni like Dorcas Ndasaba and Violet Baraza have played volleyball in Europe.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
kenyapage.net/sports
347
Education
UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA Public universities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Egerton University Jomo Kenyatta University Kenyatta University Maseno University Masinde Muliro University Moi University University of Nairobi
Chartered private universities 1987 1994 1985 2001 2007 1984 1970
Public university colleges
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
1. Chuka University College 2. Kisii University College 3. Kimathi University College of Technology 4. Pwani University College - Kenyatta University 5. Kenya Polytechnic University College 6. Mombasa Polytechnic University College 7. South Eastern University College 8. Kabianga University College 9. Multi-Media University College 10. Narok University College 11. Bondo University College 12. Laikipia University College 13. Meru University College of Science and Technology
348
The University of East Africa was dissolved in 1970 and the three East African States set up national universities. This led to the birth of the University of Nairobi. The university’s enrolment increased to 9,000 in 1984. By then, it had two constituent colleges, Kenyatta and Egerton, which were later elevated to full university status in 1985 and 1987 respectively. Moi University, Kenya’s second university, opened its doors in 1984. Enrolment in the four public universities increased to about 20,000 by 1989/90. But with the double intake of 1990 — when the first graduates
1. Africa Nazarene University 2. Catholic University of Eastern Africa 3. Daystar University 4. Kenya Methodist University 5. Scott Theological College 6. United States International University 7. University of Eastern Africa, Baraton 8. Pan Africa Christian University 9. St Paul’s University 10. Strathmore University 11. Kabarak University
Universities with Letters of Interim Authority 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Great Lakes University Gretsa University KCA University Kiriri Women’s University of Science and Technology Presbyterian University of East Africa Mt. Kenya University Adventist University of Africa Inoorero University Aga Khan University
2006 2006 2007 2002 2007 2008 2008 2009 2002
of the 8-4-4 system of education and the last ‘A’ level group joined university together — enrolment rose to 41,000. This led to the establishment of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in 1994, Maseno University in 2000 and the Western University College of Science and Applied Technology in 2002. Between 1970 and 1984, 10 private universities were established. By 1995, they had increased to 12 with an enrolment of more than 4,000. Public universities were allowed to introduce Module II degree programmes, popularly
Source: Higher Education ministry
known as parallel degree programmes, which target public and private sector employees and school leavers. Performance in education
The number of students enrolled at various levels has substantially increased over the decades. The Government is committed to attaining Millennium Development Goals and education for all by 2015. The target will be achieved by ensuring all children, especially girls, children in difficult circumstances, with special needs and from marginalised groups have access to free and compulsory primary education by 2010. The Government plans to raise completion rates for primary pupils in all parts of the country and to achieve 50 per cent improvement levels in adult literacy by 2010. Whereas the transition rate of 70 per cent from primary to secondary
Free primary education It was introduced in 2003 to reduce disparities and increase access to primary education. The move resulted in increased participation by groups that previously had little or no access to schooling. Eventually, free primary education reduced the cost burden on households by providing learning and teaching materials to public primary and non-formal schools. The interventions increased enrolment in public primary schools from 5.9 million in 2002 to 8.8 million in 2009. The Government has spent slightly more than Sh50 billion on free primary education since its inception.
School feeding programme The School, Health and Nutrition Programme is a partnership between the Ministry of Education
2 0 1 0
NB: The last category comprises institutions that had offered degrees before the Commission for Higher Education was set up.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Highlands Bible College (charter approved) East African School of Theology Nairobi Evangelical Graduate School of Theology Nairobi International School of Theology
K E N Y A
Registered private universities
level has been achieved, the Government is committed to ensuring high completion rates by providing free tuition in public secondary schools and awarding bursaries to needy students. Plans are also underway to expand public universities and raise the proportion of students studying science and technology subjects at tertiary level by 2010. Other plans include support for early childhood programme, grants to non-formal schools and school feeding programme, increasing secondary school bursaries and grants for special needs education.
349
Education
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenyatta University In 1965, the British handed over Templer Barracks to Kenya, which converted it to Kenyatta College. It was divided into two sections — Secondary Education Division and Teacher Education Division. The former had Form I to VI. Forms I to IV and ‘A’ level Arts were phased out in 1969 to give way to ‘A’ level science classes. The secondary division was phased out in 1973. The first courses in the teacher division were threeyear post-Secondary Teacher’s Certificate (SI) and one-year Advanced Secondary Teacher’s Certificate (SA). In 1970, the college became a constituent of the University of Nairobi and the name changed to Kenyatta University College. The first students were admitted for BEd degree in 1972. SI and SA courses were phased out by 1975. In 1978, the Faculty of Education at the University of Nairobi was moved to KUC. University status was achieved in 1985. KU established new faculties and constituent colleges. Jomo Kenyatta College of Agriculture and Technology became a constituent in 1988 and later an independent university. Today, KU has many campuses and centres.
Special needs education The Government has set up a grant for special education. Funds are provided for procurement of learning and teaching materials for children with special needs. As a result, assessment of children with special needs has improved. Public awareness on special education has also gone up. Special education has for a long time been provided in special schools or units attached to regular schools and, more recently, at inclusive settings in regular schools. However, the schools and units only cater for children with special needs in hearing, visual, mental or physical challenge. Excluded from the programmes are children with other needs — the gifted and talented, psycho-socially different, autistic, multiple-handicapped and with learning difficulties and communication disorders. A national policy will soon be developed to define all special needs and design programmes to enhance their inclusion in education. In addition, the Kenya Institute of Education will be restructured and strengthened to train special education teachers in autism, communicative disorders and multiple handicaps.
Secondary school bursaries www.ku.ac.ke
350
and the World Food Programme to promote universal basic education among disadvantaged children. Target groups are preprimary and primary school pupils in ASAL districts and urban slums. The programme targets about 1.5 million children for mid-day meals. As a result, enrolment has increased in the districts and areas covered.
Provision of free tuition in public secondary schools is a major landmark in improving
Adult education includes all forms of organised education and training that meet basic learning needs of adults. It includes literacy and numeracy instruction as well as general knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that adults require to survive, develop their capacity, live and work in dignity. In Kenya, adult education covers people aged 15 and above and the basic aim is to provide literacy and survival skills to youths and older people who may have missed out on formal education. The need to provide adult education was recognised after independence. In 1979, the Department of Adult Education was established to spearhead a national literacy programme that led to recruitment of adult education teachers and officers and establishment of literacy class centres in most parts of the country. The Government has also developed a post-literacy curriculum
2 0 1 0
It is any organised system of learning outside the formal education system. In Kenya, it addresses the learning needs of groups in the population who may be children or adults. In 2008, 161,231 pupils were enrolled in 208 centres across the country. However, 20 per cent of non-formal education centres are in Nairobi slum areas. The rest are in ASAL districts. They include 55 mobile schools that receive Government grants in the form of textbooks, teachers and school feeding programmes. Most centres are managed by NGOs, local authorities, religious
Adult and continuing education
Y E A R B O O K
Non-formal education
organisations and communities. In addition to providing free primary education in formal schools, the Government also gives grants to non-formal schools for teaching and learning materials. Funds have also been provided to improve infrastructure. About 200 non-formal schools in urban slums receive the grants. It is also notable that non-formal mobile schools in ASAL areas also receive the grants.
K E N Y A
performance. The programme was introduced in 2008 and has boosted access and retention, and reduced disparities in the provision of secondary education. Bursaries are also provided to orphans, children from poor families in the slums, arid and semi-arid areas and pockets of poverty in high potential areas. Girls living in poor households are also helped. The bursary fund is managed by the Constituency Bursary Management Committees in consultation with the Ministry of Education through District Education Boards. Plans are underway to review the two schemes in accordance with Vision 2030 strategy on equity and poverty reduction in most parts of the country.
351
Education
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
352
The main objective of the directorate is to enhance access and equity to quality education that will lead to attainment of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Some of the strategic objectives are to implement the Free Primary Education, increase enrolment in Early Childhood Education, eliminate adult illiteracy and attain inclusion of learners with special needs. The directorate’s units are: Early Childhood Education, Primary Education, Special Needs, Primary Teacher Education and Non-Formal Education. Higher Education
The directorate caters for secondary school education, tertiary colleges and universities. Its main objective is to increase access and participation and reduce high cost of secondary education. It has also the mandate to improve the quality of management capacity and accountability in secondary schools. In conjunction with the CHE and
The directorate is in the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and in charge of technical, industrial, vocational and entrepreneurship training policy, curriculum development, registration and supervision of post-primary and post-secondary technical and vocational education. Institutions under the directorate include Kenya Technical Teachers College, national polytechnics, technical training institutes, institutes of technology and related private institutions. The primary objective of the directorate is to formulate, review and coordinate technical education policies and strategies in Kenya. Quality Assurance and Standards
The main objective of the directorate (in the Education Ministry) is to establish a robust and effective school quality assurance programme. This includes monitoring and supervision of curriculum delivery and evaluation. It is the responsibility of the directorate to organise in-service training programmes for serving teachers and education managers in collaboration with other agencies in the education sector.
2 0 1 0
Basic Education
Technical Education
Y E A R B O O K
Education directorates
HELB, the directorate coordinates university education policies. It has also the mandate to ensure gender equity in higher education.
K E N Y A
and an accelerated curriculum for those wishing to re-enter the formal system of education. Enrolment in adult literacy classes has increased steadily from 138,154 in 1990 to about 150,000 in 2008. The number of adult learners who passed proficiency tests has also increased from 13,021 in 2005 to 17,012 in 2006. The number of those registering for KCPE has passed the 10,000 mark.
353
Education
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Starehe Boys Centre
354
In 1959, a young civil servant, Geoffrey Griffin, started to raise funds to help homeless and needy boys. With the help of Joseph Gikubu, the late Geoffrey Geturo, Shell/BP and the Sheikh Trust, he started a centre in Nairobi. Two huts were erected in July 1959 to serve as dormitories for the first boys from the streets. The centre was opened on November 14, 1959. UK’s Save the Children Fund became Starehe’s largest overseas supporter. Others joined later. They met running costs of Starehe by sponsoring boys. Many prominent Kenyans took interest in Starehe. Later, Starehe became national and opened doors to rural and urban poor. Starehe is a top school.
Research Development
It is responsible for the development, promotion and coordination of research in the country. Its objective is to provide guidelines to the national research and innovation systems through policies. It identifies and monitors progress of research projects that could be integrated into the country’s production systems and processes. A research database by the National Council of Science and Technology is being finalised and will be available online. Plans are also underway to restructure the council so that it can undertake its advisory and coordination functions more efficiently. Policy and Planning
The primary mandate of the directorate is to coordinate policy formulation and review in the Ministry of Education. It also undertakes project coordination, education planning and education sector expenditure review. The directorate also generates education statistics. The Education Management Information System (EMIS) is one of its key divisions. It is also in charge of the Aids control unit that includes guidance and counselling. It also coordinates the integration of information and communication technology in education. Technical Accreditation and Quality Assurance
www.stareheboys.ac.ke
The Directorate is in the Higher Education Ministry and was set up recently to take charge of formulation and implementation of a credit transfer policy, supervision of training practices, programmes and co-curricula activities, promoting standards for technical training and industrial attachment. It will also be in charge of approval of technical materials and textbooks, TIVET cur-
District Education Boards They have jurisdiction over primary schools in the districts. The main function is to manage education services and teachers. District Education Boards have authority over school audit, accounting, quality assurance and resource mobilisation. They have powers to receive grants or grants-in-aid from the public or local authority and to use such funds for approved education projects.
2 0 1 0
Their mandate is to implement education policies and administration at the provincial level. They coordinate education programmes in the provinces and eliminate duplication of educational activities.
The provision of education and training to all Kenyans is fundamental to the success of the Government’s overall development strategy, especially Vision 2030. Sessional Paper No 1 of 2005 on Policy Framework for Education, Training and Research spells out the education policy towards the realisation of the national economic blueprint. The Government is committed to the realisation of universal access to basic education as prescribed in the Education for All initiatives and the UN Millennium Development Goals. It also recognises education as key to the development and protection of democratic institutions and human rights. Education policy has evolved over the years through the recommendations of numerous commissions. The first commission after independence, the Kenya Education Commission (Ominde Report, 1964), sought to reform the education system inherited from the colonial government and make it more responsive to the needs of independent Kenya. The 1976 Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies (Gachathi Report) focused on redefining educational policies and objectives, giving special attention to national unity and economic, social and cultural aspirations of Kenyans. It resulted in Government support for harambee schools and the establishment of the
Y E A R B O O K
Provincial Education Boards
Education policy
K E N Y A
riculum development, monitoring, curriculum implementation, administration of technical and business examinations in technical institutions and setting standards for technical and business examinations. The directorate will facilitate registration of TIVET institutions, development and coordination of standards and programmes, set standards for development and implementation of curricula, inspect institutions for registration, approve programmes and standards, develop specifications for training equipment, classrooms, workshops, laboratories, libraries and students enrolment guidelines and set admission criteria for students.
355
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Education
356
National Centre for Early Childhood Education at KIE. The 1982 Report of the Presidential Working Party on the Second University in Kenya (Mackay Report) led to the establishment of Moi University and the expansion of post-secondary training institutions. It also recommended the establishment of the 8:4:4 systems of education and the Commission for Higher Education. However, the Report of the Presidential Working Party on Education and Manpower Training for the Next Decade and Beyond (Kamunge Report, 1988) focused on financing, quality and relevance of education. From the Kamunge Report, the Government produced Sessional Paper No 6 on Education and Training for the Next Decade and Beyond. This led to cost-sharing between Government, parents and local communities. Recent policy initiatives have focused on the attainment of Education for All and universal primary education. Key concerns are access, retention, equity, quality and relevance and internal and external efficiencies. In 2003, the Government organised the National Conference on Education and Training that brought together more than 800 players in education. The conference developed a new policy framework for education. The Sessional Paper No 1 of 2005 on Policy Framework for Education, Training
and Research constitutes the Government policy on education and training and is based on the recommendations of the conference. ICT education policies
A key element of the Government’s 2006 National Information and Communication Technology Policy is the use of ICT in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions to improve quality of teaching and learning. In 2006, the Ministry of Education introduced the National ICT Strategy for Education and Training. It empowers KIE to prepare syllabi, publish and print materials on ICT education. KIE is also expected to develop digital curriculum content, provide teacher inservice training, develop and transmit distance learning materials and conduct research on digital education. The ministry is expected to work with stakeholders in the implementation of New Partnership for Development e-School Initiative under the NEPAD e-Africa Commission. Plans are underway to facilitate countrywide access to ICT infrastructure . Health and education
Promotion of health in education is an initiative of the World Health Organisation, which was launched in 1995 and is a viable approach to improve the quality of life of children and local communities. In Kenya, the Ministry of Education
Precious Blood Riruta The Catholic nuns of the order of Precious Blood Sisters established the top school in 1964. It was meant for children from Kawangware, Riruta and Uthiru, who had been affected by the Mau Mau struggle. Precious Blood Girls Secondary is in Kawangware, Dagoretti, 7km from the city centre. The school had two streams until 2008 when a third stream was added. It sits on a 10-acre plot which contains hostels, classrooms, science laboratories, seven staff houses and a computer lab. Precious Blood Secondary is a provincial public school run by the Precious Blood Sisters. At the school level the management is as shown above.
has developed a participatory health education programme to influence pupils’ hygiene and sanitation. In collaboration with the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), the programme has led to peer health clubs and training of parents on health promotion skills. It also involves improvement of school infrastructure and safe water systems that encourage higher attendance and reduce drop out rates in primary education. It also includes awareness on nutrition so as to combat malnutrition, malaria, intestinal worms and other preventable diseases. Local communities and Government officials are involved in project planning, implementation and monitoring of activities. The long-term objectives of the programme is to promote children’s rights, safety and good lifestyles in school and the local communities.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya has adopted partnerships in delivering education services. The partnership is between the Government, local communities, religious organisations, private investors and donors. Recurrent Government spending on education has been higher than any other social sector. According to the Economic Survey 2010, it was 73.8 per cent of the total social sector expenditure. Though most of the funds go towards salaries and wages, the development expenditure for free primary education and the free tuition secondary education has increased. The Government encourages more private sector participation in the provision and expansion of education, especially at the secondary, TIVET and university levels. The potential role of NGOs, the private sector
K E N Y A
www.preciousbloodriruta.com
2 0 1 0
Financing education
357
Education
Alliance School
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
It was the first school in Kenya to offer high school education to Africans. It was founded on March 1, 1926 by the Alliance of Protestant Churches — Church of Scotland Mission (PCEA), Church of the Province of Kenya (Anglican), Africa Inland and Methodists. The school is in Kikuyu, 22km from Nairobi and a 10-minute walk from its sister, Alliance Girls. Alliance is reputed for its rich history and academic excellence over 80 years. It was ranked tops from 1960-1985 and many times thereafter. Alliance has produced leaders in many fields.
and religious organisations has to be exploited fully. There are plans to encourage universities to reduce their dependence on Government, and to diversify their sources of income. Universities are also expected to reduce wastage and ensure efficient and cost-effective use of institutional resources. Plans are in the pipeline to develop a strategy on working with partners to mobilise additional resources to finance education and training. Some of the international partners in education are: African Development Bank (ADB)
358
It supports staff development and provision of equipment to KESI and rehabilitates primary teacher training and technical colleges. Other assistance includes provision of science equipment and textbooks to secondary schools and procurement of vehicles for KESI. Danida
The Danish International Development Agency has given most of its support to special education for the disabled. It was instrumental in the establishment of the KISE and the development of the Education
the forefront of helping the education sector, especially in technical education. JICA funded the establishment of Jomo Kenyatta College of Agriculture and Technology (it has since become a university). It has also supported the Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education (SMASSE) project and CEMASTEA.
The British Government’s Department for International Development has supported primary, secondary, technical and higher education in the form of physical facilities, provision of equipment and development of human resource development. JICA
Japan, through the Japanese International Cooperation Agency has been on
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation has supported Kenya in diversification and expansion of secondary and vocational education. Support has also been provided in improving school effectiveness, management and monitoring of achievement and outcomes at primary and secondary education levels. Higher education has also benefited from training of administration staff.
Y E A R B O O K
DfID
UNESCO
K E N Y A
Assessment Resource Service Centres in the districts. It has supported training of special education teachers and other experts and provided equipment.
The United Nations Children’s Fund main interest is basic education and it has provided massive support for the Free Primary Education programme. In the past, UNICEF supported pre-school education programmes, girls in primary school, participation and retention, nonformal education and education of children in difficult circumstances. Other areas of support include assessment of education outcomes at the primary level and HIV/Aids education.
2 0 1 0
UNICEF
359
Education
World Bank
Education NGOs •
•
• • • • • • •
• •
•
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
•
360
• • • • •
Action Aid Kenya Africa Council for Adult and Continuing Education African Children Education Fund African Medical and Research Foundation CARE International Kenya Catholic Relief Services Child Welfare Society of Kenya Christian Children’s Fund Forum for African Women Educationalists Kenya Society for the Deaf Children Kenya Society for the Mentally Handicapped Kenya Society for the Blind Kenya Society for the Physically Handicapped Plan International Save the Children SOS Children’s Villages Kenya Aga Khan Foundation World Vision
www.devex.com/NGOs in Kenya
The World Bank has over the years given Kenya grants and loans to support education. Some of the key programmes supported include the Kenya Education Sector Support Project whose objective is to improve basic education, Universities Investment Project and Early Childhood Development Programme World Food Programme (WFP)
WFP provides food to most primary schools in ASAL areas and in the urban slums. The WFP School Feeding Programme has been crucial in increasing access and retention in primary education. NGOs
For a long time, religious organisations have been at the forefront in supporting education in Kenya. During the colonial times, Christian denominations partnered with the government and after independence set up their own schools. Even after the Government took over most of their schools, churches — Catholics, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Seventh Day Adventists and Africa Inland — have continued to influence education. Islamic schools, known as madrasa, are a main feature of Kenya’s basic education system, especially at the Coast and North Eastern provinces. International and local NGOs have also been partners with the Government, local communities and religious organisations in education.
Current issues in education Despite progress in enhancing access, retention, quality, completion rates and gender
Gender equity and regional disparities
At national level, gender imbalance in primary education is not very
Expenditure
Regional disparities in education are closely related to expenditure on education infrastructure. Some provinces like North Eastern and the Coast have which are more difficult to access. However, primary school pupil-teacher ratio is high in those provinces. Attendance is restricted by long distance to school and lack of transport facilities. The scenario has impacted more on girls, whose parents are not keen to let them walk long distances to school. Drug and substance abuse
A lot of progress has been made in efforts to ensure that schools and other institutions are drugs free. Billboards advertising drugs — cigarettes and alcohol — cannot be placed near schools. The Ministry of Education has withdrawn the sponsorship of cigarette companies
2 0 1 0
The major factors inhibiting access to education and training include inadequate infrastructure and regional and gender disparities. Although primary education is free, challenges exist in form of overcrowded classrooms, especially in rural and ASAL areas and urban informal settlements. Inadequate water supply and poor sanitation facilities inhibit access in early childhood centres and primary schools. At secondary level, inadequate facilities are a challenge. The problem has increased after the introduction of free tuition secondary education. At TIVET and university levels, infrastructure challenges are of concern especially in new acquired university constituent colleges and campuses. Delivery of education and training services in special education is constrained by high cost of relevant equipment and inadequate teachers.
Y E A R B O O K
Access and equity
apparent as the ratio stands at 51 for boys to 49 for girls. But there are serious gender equity concerns in North Eastern, Coast and Rift Valley provinces. At secondary education level, there are gender concerns. In 2009, secondary schools had 1.5 million students — 808,650 boys compared to 698,896 girls. Enrolment of males in TIVET institutions is also higher than that of females. Currently, the proportion of female students enrolled in the universities stands at 40 per cent.
K E N Y A
parity in education and training, various challenges are evident. Critical issues include general access and equity, gender disparities, HIV/ Aids, drug and substance abuse, equity in expenditure and reaching the unreached children.
361
Education
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Maseno University
362
Its history began with the merger of Maseno Government Training Institute and Siriba Teachers Training College to form a constituent of Moi University in 1990. It became a fullfledged university in 2001. It has faculties and schools that offer degrees and diplomas in social, biological and physical sciences. The university has three campuses and a college. Siriba and the college are in Maseno township. The third is Kisumu City Campus where the Maseno Information Technology Centre is, and Kisumu Hotel. Bondo University College (former Bondo Teachers Training College) became a constituent in 2008.
for schools and colleges’ drama and music festivals to discourage smoking among students and pupils. The ministry and the National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NACADA) have identified more measures to curb the problem in schools and colleges. HIV/Aids
Many efforts have gone into the fight against the scourge nationally and in schools, colleges and universities. As a result, the prevalence rate dropped from 10 per cent in the 1990s to 4.9 per cent in 2008. HIV/Aids workplace policy has been developed to provide support to the affected and to intensify prevention and advocacy activities at all levels. Trade unionism
www.maseno.ac.ke
The need for a labour organisation for teachers arose out of the need for teachers to have uni-
Sports and games Kenya is a sporting nation and most of its elite long-distance athletes are nurtured in schools and colleges. Sports and games competitions are held every year for primary and secondary schools from the zonal to the national level. The competition is in athletics, ball games and swimming. Similar competitions are also held for teachers training colleges and TIVET institutions. Kenya’s top secondary school teams in selected games compete in regional championships. Other participating countries are Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.
Kenya National Library Service (KNLS)
It is a State corporation that runs the largest library system in Kenya. Launched in 1965, the Kenya National Library Service Board opened its first library in 1967. The objective of KNLS is to promote a reading culture by providing library and information service country-
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya has a network of libraries at school, college and Government departments. Some public universities — Nairobi, Kenyatta, Moi and Egerton — have large libraries that have been established over the years. The country has also specialised libraries, at research institutes and museums. Some of the main libraries and documentation centres in Kenya are:
2 0 1 0
Libraries
K E N Y A
fied terms and conditions of service. For many years teachers were paid different wages, depending on who was the employer. Teachers in missionary schools were paid different salaries from those in Government employment or local authorities even when they had similar qualifications In 1957, the colonial government allowed an umbrella teachers’ grouping, the Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT), which was registered as a trade union in 1959. Apart from negotiating higher wages for teachers, KNUT’s major success is the establishment of the Teachers Service Commission. For many years, the union had demanded a single employer for all teachers in public and mission schools. After negotiations with the Government, TSC was set up in 1967 as the sole employer of teachers in public schools. In 1998, the Kenya Union of Post Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET) was registered for teachers in secondary schools, colleges and other post-primary institutions. KUPPET has 14,000 members and KNUT close to 200,000. Universities Academic Staff Union (UASU) is the trade union for lecturers in public universities. It was registered in 2003 and each of the seven public universities has a chapter and a committee headed by a chairman. UASU has about 10,000 members, most of them academic staff.
363
Education
wide. Currently, it has a library in every provincial headquarters and other major towns. KNLS has libraries in Embu, Eldoret, Garissa, Kakamega, Kericho, Kisii, Kisumu, Mombasa, Nakuru, Nyeri, Nairobi and Thika. KNLS has a stock of about one million books. Kenya National Archives Library
It has more than 40,000 items comprising documents in public administration, social studies, history and library science. The library is also the legal depository for materials printed in Kenya. It has more than 20,000 classified collections of dissertations, research reports, maps, microfilm of Government files, reels of tape derived from interviews on Kenya’s traditions.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
University of Nairobi Library
364
The University of Nairobi has the largest collection of academic books in the country. Its Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library has more than 350,000 items that include special collection of theses and dissertations, maps, aerial photographs and unpublished reports. The Institute of Development Studies library is a depository of all papers produced by researchers and fellows and affiliated research institutions. Chiromo Campus Library has more than 70,000 books and 13,000 periodicals, most of them in sciences. The Medical School Library has
more than 30,000 books and a wide range of periodicals. The university’s law collection centre has more than 15,000 volumes. Other public and private universities also have well-stocked libraries. American Cultural Centre Library
The library is estimated to have about 15,000 books in a wide range of subjects that include economics, literature, social sciences, ecology and environmental studies. Other reading materials are on public administration and information sciences. The library has a regular supply of international and local newspapers and magazines. National Museums of Kenya Library
It is estimated to have a collection of between 15,000 and 20,000 books and more than 60,000 reprints of East African Natural History. It has stocks of unpublished reports, theses and dissertations, most of them kept in archives. Kenya Broadcasting Corporation Library
This library is known for its rare collection in old recordings and sound archives. It has a large collection of films and video recordings. Other media houses — the Nation Media Group and the Standard Group — have print and electronic libraries. Kenya Scientific Information and Documentation Centre
It is the official depository for theses
Other libraries
There are other libraries and documentary centres, most of them established by universities, embassies, international organisations and media houses. Others are specialised libraries whose scope is of interest to professionals and researchers. They include the British Institute of Eastern African Library, the Central Bank of Kenya Library, the East African Herbarium Library, French Cultural Centre Library, the Goethe Institut Library and the High Court of Kenya Library. Research organisations — the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology Library, International Livestock Research Institute Library and the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute — also have libraries that well-stocked libraries in their fields of specialisation. Other libraries are at the Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta Foundation
It is one of the two autonomous agencies in the education sector. The parastatal was incorporated in 1966 to take control of educational publishing and to prevent capital flight by sourcing textbooks abroad. Although JKF is charged with publishing academic books for all levels of education, it also gives scholarships to bright and needy students. The number of scholarships offered varies from year to year and subject to the financial ability of the company. Kenya Literature Bureau
It is another autonomous agency in the education sector mandate with publishing, printing and distributing literary, educational, cultural and scientific books, periodicals, magazines and journals. It was established in 1980. In addition to publishing lowcost textbooks and other educational materials, the company has authority to acquire copyrights and licences of literary and other works. Over the years, KLB has helped many Kenyan authors to write and publish scholarly works by giving them financial incentives. The company has also been on the forefront of increasing general readership through translation of books from foreign to local languages.
2 0 1 0
It is the largest public library in Nairobi. It has more than 200,000 items that include books, reference materials, maps, slides and reels of microfilm. It is popular with students and the public.
State corporations
Y E A R B O O K
MacMillan Library
Conservatoire of Music, the Kenya National Assembly, UNEP and the World Bank offices.
K E N Y A
and dissertations done in Kenya or based on research about Kenya. Most of the items are on agriculture and animal husbandry, medicine, energy, natural sciences, engineering and technology. The centre has the largest scientific and technological literature in the country.
365
Education
Teachers Service Commission (TSC)
Education commissions
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Ominde Report 1964 — it sought to reform colonial education. It proposed one that would foster unity and create human resources for national development. Gachathi Report 1976 — redefined policies and emphasised national unity and socio-economic and cultural aspirations of Kenya. Mackay Report 1981 — removed A-level education and established Moi University, 8-4-4 and Commission for Higher Education. Kamunge Report 1988 — focused on education financing, quality and relevance. This led to costsharing. Koech Report 1999 — proposed Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training. The Government did not adopt it, but some proposals have been.
366
www.enable.nu/kenya education
The Teachers Service Commission was established in 1967 after a clamour by teachers for an umbrella agency for their employment and recruitment. TSC is mandated to maintain teaching standards in public educational institutions in addition to providing other services such as registration, promotion, discipline, recruitment, remuneration and deployment. It has authority to delegate powers to provincial and district education officers. At its inception, the TSC secretariat had only 100 staff members. The number has risen to more than 2,000 employees in three major departments —administration, finance and staffing and human resource management development. Now TSC has been transformed from a staffing division of the Ministry of Education to a professional recruitment and employment organisation serving 243,000 teachers. Kenya Institute of Education (KIE)
The organisation’s mandate is to conduct educational research and prepare curriculum and syllabuses for pre-school education, primary education, secondary education, technical and vocational education, special education, teacher education, business education, adult and continuing education. KIE was started in 1964 to co-ordinate teacher education. In 1968, it was merged with the Curriculum Development and Research Centre and given legal basis through the Education Act. In recent years, KIE has worked closely with the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation in evaluating school effectiveness and quality of education in southern and East Africa.
Higher Education Loans Board (HELB)
It was established in July 1995. However, the history of the board dates back to 1952 when the colonial government provided loans and scholarships under the Higher Education Loans Fund to Kenyan students pursuing higher education in universities outside East Africa, notably Britain, the US, the former USSR, India and South Africa. By 1974, access to university education had expanded and the
It was established in 1980 as a specialised institution to conduct school and post-school examinations, except university ones. KNEC also registers candidates, administers and processes examinations. It is also in charge of research in examinations and curriculum as well as assessing certificates from other examining boards. To achieve its objectives, KNEC develops, moderates, proofreads, prints, distributes, administers,
2 0 1 0
Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC)
Y E A R B O O K
Established in 1985, it regulates growth and advises the Government on establishment of public universities. However, other core functions of CHE include accreditation and inspection of private universities. It is also charged with planning and coordination of education and training courses offered in postsecondary institutions. There are proposals to expand the mandate of the Commission to cover quality assurance in public universities. The Commission of Higher Education has approved 82 degree programmes for private universities, granted authority to collaborate for 46 university programmes and validated 105 diploma programmes for post-secondary school institutions. In 2008, the Commission gave universities Sh75 million ($937,500) for research and staff development, up from Sh65 million ($812,500) in 2007.
Government was finding it difficult to provide full scholarships and grants to students. As a result, the University Students Loans Scheme, which was managed by the Ministry of Education, was introduced. Under the scheme, Kenyan students in Makerere University, University of Nairobi and University of Dar-es-Salaam received loans to meet tuition and personal needs, which they repaid on completion of their studies. However, the University Students Loans Scheme faced many challenges as it had no legal basis to recover the matured loans. The main problem was that many students and the public perceived the loans as grants and scholarships from the Government. To address the problem, the Government set up HELB whose core mandate is to administer a students’ loans scheme.
K E N Y A
Commission for Higher Education (CHE)
367
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Education
368
marks and processes examinations and awards certificates to candidates in the following examinations: • Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) • Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) • Primary Teachers Education (PTE) • Teacher Certificate in Adult Education (TCAE) • Diploma in Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) • Business Education Single and Group Subjects Examinations (Certificate) • Business Management Courses (Certificate and Diploma) • Technical Education (Certificate, Diploma and Higher National Diploma) KNEC also administers examinations on behalf of foreign examination boards: • Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) • The Association of Business Managers and Administrators (ABMA) • Association of Business Executives (ABE) • Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) • Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) • Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) • Edexcel International (GCE/ IGCSE examinations)
• Institute for the Management of Information Systems (IMIS) • Institute of Actuaries (IA) • Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) • Institute of Financial Accountants/International Association of Bookkeepers (IFA/IAB) • Institute of Legal Executives (ILEX) • International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) • London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board (LCCI) Kenya Education Staff Institute (KESI)
It was established in 1981 to develop and train managers for the education sector. It liaises with various sections in the education sector to assess staff development needs and in-service training requirements. It also coordinates the preparation and publication of instructional materials for professional and administrative staff in the education sector. KESI offers short courses and workshops for secondary school principals and primary school head teachers in curriculum supervision and implementation, accounting, office administration and record keeping. The institute also provides consultancy services and conducts research in education management, policy analysis and community development education.
It was set up in 1986 to conduct courses for teachers for children with special needs. It offers a two-year pre-service diploma course in special education. The institute also offers short in-service courses for field staff in special education. KISE has been running a model training unit for the integration of handicapped children into regular schools. It has a resource centre for the production and dissemination of information on disabilities. Another centre maintains, repairs, designs, produces and assembles special education materials and equipment.
www.manguhigh.com
National Council for Science and Technology
(See chapter on Science and Research) Kenya National Commission for UNESCO
It was set up in 1964. The mission of the Commission is to promote peace by working for the advancement of education, science, culture, information and communications in Kenya. It liaises between UNESCO and Kenya and advises the Government on matters relating to the UN agency’s activities.
2 0 1 0
In 1939, the school was moved from Kabaa, Machakos, to a new site at Mang’u village on 22 acres of land. But when aviation was introduced, there was need to create room for the programme. The school acquired 214 acres and in 1972, it moved to its current site. According to Ken Thompson who taught English at the school, ‘mang’u”’is a Maasai word meaning ‘that’s not me you smell’. Thompson said: “When the Maasai hunted lions, they would shout ‘mang’u to inform fellow hunters of the situation. The school is also known as ‘Dayton’ because of its link with University of Dayton in the US. Mang’u boasts of a high profile alumni, including President Kibaki, John Michuki and Ndingi Mwana’ Nzeki.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Institute of Special Education (KISE)
K E N Y A
Mangu School
369
Education
Masinde Muliro University It started as Western College of Arts and Applied Sciences. In 1972, former Cabinet Minister Masinde Muliro (above) was the chairman of the project committee. The first students joined in 1977 to study certificate and diploma courses in engineering — mechanical, motor vehicle, electrical and electronic — agriculture, water, building, architecture, accounting and finance. In 2002, it became Western University College of Science and Technology and a constituent of Moi University. In 2007, President Kibaki elevated it to a full university and changed the name to Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology.
Centre for Mathematics, Science and Technology in Africa
The centre was established in 2004 with support from Japanese International Cooperation Agency. It coordinates inservicing of teachers so as to improve performance in mathematics and sciences in sub-Saharan Africa through a programme called Strengthening of Teaching Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education (SMASSE). Although CEMASTEA is based in Nairobi, it has a network of mathematics and science educators in Sub-Saharan Africa.
References •
Economic Survey 2010
•
Economic Survey 2009
•
Education Act Cap 211
•
Gacathi Peter J, Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies (Gacathi Report) 1976
•
Kamunge James M, Report of the Presidential Working Party on Education And Manpower Training for the Next Decade and Beyond (Kamunge Report) 1988
•
Koech Davy K, Totally Integrated Quality Education and
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Training (Koech Report) 1999
370
www.mmust.ac.ke
•
Mackay CB, Report Of The Presidential Working Party On Second University In Kenya (Mackay Report) 1981
•
Ominde Simeon H, Report of the Kenya Education Commission (Ominde Report) 1964
•
Sessional Paper on Education 2005
•
www:scienceandtechnology.go.ke
•
www.che.or.ke
•
www.examscouncil.or.ke
•
www.unseco.org/national commissions
•
www.kise.co.ke
•
www.tsc.go.ke
•
www.kie.ac.ke
•
www.kenyaliteraturebureau.com
•
www.jkf.co.ke
•
www.knls.or.ke
•
www.kuupet.org
•
wikipedia.org
371
K E N Y A
2005 Boys Girls 620.4 585.8 575.8 551.6 549.2 517.5 493.7 469.9 449.1 410.8 429.3 413.6 443 430 342.1 309.6 3,902.6 3688.8 7,591.5
Y E A R B O O K
Source: Ministry of Education
Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 3 Standard 4 Standard 5 Standard 6 Standard 7 Standard 8 TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
class
2 0 1 0
2006 Boys Girls 593.2 568.1 555.1 534.8 542.5 519.7 531.8 508.7 456.7 442.1 430.8 417.9 453 442 333.5 302.3 3896.6 3735.6 7,632.2
TABLE3: PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT BY CLASS AND GENDER, 2005-2009 2007 Boys Girls 638.9 604.2 622.4 593.9 603.7 584.6 572.8 541 492 470.2 464 444.4 487.9 470.1 379.2 360.8 4260.9 4069.2 8,330.2
2008 Boys Girls 650.9 617.2 607.7 582.6 586.4 569.2 591.4 573 543 536 510.1 501.4 503.2 495.7 366 330.1 4358.7 4205.2 8,563.8
2009 Boys Girls 670.9 655.7 651.8 638.1 624.8 588.2 586.4 563.3 577.4 558.6 523.6 511.5 497.5 456.6 377.1 350 4,509.4 4,322 8.831.4
‘000
372
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Source: Ministry of Education
Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 4 TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
Form
2005 Boys Girls 139469 124384 122867 109471 120912 107770 110909 98367 494157 439992 934149
2006 Boys Girls 161588 137873 132015 119077 120978 115443 131491 111615 546072 484008 1030080
TABLE 4: ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY FORM AND SEX, 2005-2009
K E N Y A
2007 Boys Girls 170650 143045 173165 149840 157572 134793 137304 113899 638691 541577 1180268
2008 Boys Girls 207212 180461 196500 163164 181775 155798 161026 136275 746513 635698 1382211
*Provisional
2009 Boys Girls 232,854 212,467 202,045 175,098 190,987 156,785 182,764 154,546 808,650 698,896 1,507,546
Education
373
3549 2631 619 820 7619
9846 8684 4904 3943 14750 12627 8691 14196 36070 34442 70,512
6410 3111 1349 1759 12629
2005 Male Female
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
In 2009, Kenya and Mombasa polytechnics were elevated to university college status
3329 2710 710 832 7581
9925 8731 4961 4104 14886 12835 8741 14210 36541 34626 71,167
6405 3265 1410 1834 12914
2006 Male Female
Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and Ministry of State for Youth and Sports
National Polytechnics Kenya Poly University College Mombasa Poly University College Kisumu Polytechnic Eldoret Polytechnic Subtotal Other TIVET Institutions Technical Training Institutes Institutes of Technology Subtotal Youth Polytechnics TOTAL GRANDTOTAL
INSTITUTION
TABLE 5: STUDENT ENROLMENT BY GENDER IN TIVET INSTITUTIONS, 2005-2009
3401 3012 824 858 8095
10818 9517 5407 4473 16225 13990 9528 15489 38942 37574 76,516
6521 3285 1489 1894 13189
2007 Male Female 3546 3543 1022 987 9098
12132 9876 5807 4768 17939 14644 12154 17543 43915 41285 85,200
6602 3456 1768 1996 13822
2008 Male Female
1,472 1,302 2,774 12,514 9,923 5,920 4,813 18,434 14,736 13,222 18,122 35,881 35,632 71,513
2,276 1,949 4,225
2009 Male Female
374
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
11765 5425 6340 4787 2947 1840 5314 3200 2114 2236 1890 346 1673 1016 657 1878 1420 458 287 182 105 27940 4624 947 5571 33511
21940 10800 11140 10896 4356 6540 6831 4311 2520 6262 5322 940 4207 2240 1967 2826 2106 720 775 420 355 53737 4215 853 5068 58805 112229
2005/06 Male Female
8975 2853 11828 68345 118239
6973 2091 9064 43884
12426 5536 6890 7891 3285 4606 6059 3554 2505 4006 3383 623 1845 524 1321 1937 1277 660 656 422 234 34820
2006/07 Female
22513 10858 11655 8845 5066 3779 8604 5654 2950 8163 7319 844 4460 2176 2284 2778 1888 890 1154 620 534 56517
Male
Source: Commission of Higher Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology
Public Universities Nairobi Full Time Part Time Kenyatta Full Time Part Time Moi Full Time Part Time Egerton Full Time Part Time Jomo Kenyatta (JKUAT) Full Time Part Time Maseno Full Time Special Masinde Muliro Full Time Part Time SUB-TOTAL Private Universities Private Accredited Private Unaccredited SUB-TOTAL TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
INSTITUTION
TABLE 6: STUDENT ENROLMENT BY GENDER IN UNIVERSITIES, 2004/05 - 2008/09
K E N Y A
9688 583 10271 70775 122848
10469 392 10861 47464
12826 5714 7112 8425 3507 4918 6158 3612 2546 4205 3551 654 2512 713 1799 2199 1450 749 278 179 99 36603
2007/08 Female
23513 11340 12173 10172 5826 4346 8674 5700 2974 8262 7408 854 5450 2659 2791 3487 2370 1117 946 508 438 60504
Male
10172 618 10790 73543
10992 416 11408 49305
13253 5857 7396 8713 3647 5066 6378 3756 2622 4416 3729 687 2595 742 1853 2258 1494 764 284 183 101 37897
2008/09 Female
24162 11624 12538 10652 6176 4476 8982 5928 3054 8666 7778 888 5723 2792 2931 3603 2441 1162 965 518 447 62753
Male
16,728 3989 20,717
*Provisional
12,300 2162 14,462
15,201 7,800 7,401 10,876 8,444 2,432 6,699 4,024 2,675 4451 3521 930 3206 1274 1932 2176 1351 825 2584 1741 843
2009/10 Female
27,159 14,527 12,632 15,615 12,566 3,049 13,600 7,587 6,013 9036 7920 1116 6510 3557 2953 3331 2097 1234 4119 2596 1523
Male
Education
10
challenges remain. HIV/Aids, malaria and TB drugs are given free in public hospitals, while maternity services are also free in State health centres
K E N Y A
Health services have greatly improved although many
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Health
375
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Health
376
Introduction
The number of graduate nurses with a Bachelor of Science degree in Kenya
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K
778
2 0 1 0 0 9
BY NUMBERS
K E N Y A
K
enya’s health sector is managed under two ministries — Medical Services and Public Health and Sanitation. The Ministry of Medical Services coordinates overall guidance of the sector. There are clear communication links between the national, provincial and district levels for ease of planning, operations, monitoring and evaluation. The Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation deals with preventive, promotive and community health services.
377
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
Registered medical personnel (2009) 6,897
Doctors
5,888
Clinical officers
1,004
Dentists
778
Graduate nurses
15,948 Registered nurses
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
31,917 Enrolled nurses
378
2,921
Pharmacists
1,950
Pharmacutical technologists
7,192
Public health officers
5,969
Public health technicians 2007 figures
19,530 Community health staff 2,783
Laboratory staff (technologists and technicians)
Health facilities are grouped into six levels. Level 1 — community Level 2 — dispensaries Level 3 — health centres Level 4 — district and sub-district hospitals Level 5 — provincial hospitals Level 6 — national referral hospitals An essential package for health identifies six distinct stages: ■ Pregnancy, delivery and newborn children (up to two weeks) ■ Early childhood (up to five years) ■ Older childhood (six to 12 years) ■ Adolescence (13 to 24 years) ■ Adulthood (25 to 59 years) ■ Elderly (60 years and over)
Health facilities Kenya has 6,696 health facilities, an increase from 6,190 in 2008. Most of the health facilities have been built through money from the Constituency Development Fund. The Rift Valley Province has the largest number of facilities — 1,732 — followed by Central Province with 1,251. Eastern Province has 1,106 health institutions, Nyanza 773, Coast 770, Western 426, Nairobi 406 and North-Eastern 232. In recent years, the Government has improved the state of health institutions. They receive funds to make the compounds, wards, kitchens and laboratories more comfortable for staff to work and patients to receive services. However, many dispensaries, health centres and district hospitals still lack critical equipment. This explains congestion at referral and provincial hospitals.
Health staff In 2009, Kenya had 80,464 medical personnel compared to 76,883 in 2008. The number
553
Nutritionists
447
Radiographers
1,177
Physiotherapy staff (physiotherapists, occupational therapists and plaster technicians) Records and information officers and technicians
945
474
Medical engineering staff (technologists and technicians). See Economic Survey 2010
of medical students at universities stood at 4,877 in 2009, a 3.7 per cent increase from 2008’s 4,704. Kenya Medical Training College had 5356 students in 2009, a 12.1 per cent decline from 6,090 in 2008. (See figures on this and the preceding pages).
Funding Government funding to the health sector has increased from Sh15.3 billion in 2003/04 to Sh33.5 billion in 2007/08. However, as the share of Government expenditure, the allocations have decreased from 7.66 per cent in 2004/05 to 7.3 per cent in 2007/08. This is below the 15 per cent commitment in the Abuja Declaration.
Y E A R B O O K
Orthopaedic technologists
K E N Y A
157
2 0 1 0 0 9
Health workers
379
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
Mukumu Mission Hospital St Elizabeth Hospital in Kakamega, also called Mukumu Mission Hospital, was founded in 1938 by Catholic Ursiline Sisters. Since then, it has expanded to its current size of 240 beds. Annually, more than 6,000 patients are admitted and 14,000 out patients treated. The hospital belongs to the Catholic Diocese of Kakamega. It has a nursing training school that offers basic and post-basic diploma upgrading courses as distance learners.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
http://mukumu-hospital.org
380
In 2009-2010, the Government allocated funds under the economic stimulus programme to expand health facilities (Sh5 million or $62,500) recruit nurses (20) and five community health workers, and provide medical kits (Sh5 million) in each constituency. Money was also given to buy five motorcycles and 30 bicycles. This was meant to improve healthcare in the rural areas. Funds were also given to build a maternal and child care ward in each constituency. The tenders were awarded and construction is progressing well. In 2010-2011, the Government has allocated Sh1 billion ($12.5
million) for the recruitment of additional 15 nurses and five public health technicians. To boost preventive healthcare, Sh265 million ($3.3 million) was allocated to buy five additional motorcycles, employ 10 community health workers and provide medical supplies in each constituency. The Government also gave Sh5 million for the expansion of healthcare facilities children and adults’ wards in each constituency. Healthcare facilities will also receive 300 ambulances. In the 2010-2011 Budget, Sh4.4 billion ($55 million) was allocated to buy drugs and Sh900 million
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
($11.25 million) to purchase ARVs and make the life-saving medicines for HIV patients are available in public hospitals. Over the years, cost-sharing has become a major component in financing public health services. But waivers and exemptions have been designed to cover children under five, TB and HIV/Aids treatment, and malaria drugs. The health policies the Government has pursued over the years have had a direct impact in improving the health of Kenyans. In 1965, fees collection in health facilities was abolished. But the costsharing policy of 1989 introduced
consultation fees in Government health facilities. It was modified in 1992 to cover user charges — from consultation to treatment fees. The Medical Services ministry uses a needs-based approach in resource allocation that takes into account population, poverty, district’s health status, special health needs and access to other funding sources. There have been many interventions to improve health services. They include increasing the capacity of Level 2 and 3 facilities to provide reproductive health services. The cost for pregnant women attending at least four ante-natal visits was Sh60 million ($750,000) in 2008/2009 and this increased to Sh77 million ($962,500) in 2009/2010. The cost for women delivering under skilled attendants was Sh305 million ($3.8 million) in 2008/9 and Sh366 million ($4.5 million) in 2009/2010, while contraceptives use cost Sh1.8 million ($22,500) in 2008/2009 and Sh2.2 million ($27,500) in 2009/10. Another intervention has been boosting Level 2 and 3 facilities to provide Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) and other child health care. IMCI costs were Sh294 million ($3.6 million) in 2008/2009 and Sh308 million ($3.85 million) for 2009/2010. The facilities have also been boosted to diagnose and treat TB: Multidrug Resistance centre costs were
381
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Hospital of hospitals
382
Kenyatta National Hospital is Kenya’s oldest. Founded in 1901 with a bed capacity of 40 as the Native Civil Hospital, it was renamed King George VI in 1952. At the time, the colonialists were served by the nearby European Hospital (now Nairobi Hospital). It was renamed Kenyatta National Hospital — after President Kenyatta — after independence in 1963. It is the largest referral and teaching hospital in the country. Kenyatta National Hospital has a capacity of 1,800 beds and more than 6,000 staff members. It covers an area of 45.7 hectares. The University of Nairobi Medical School, and several Government agencies are located on the campus. KNH became a State Corporation in 1987. KNH has 50 wards, 22 out-patient clinics, 24 theatres (16 specialised) and an Accident and Emergency Department. Of the 1,800 beds, 209 are in the Private Wing. A Doctors Plaza has 60 suites for consultant specialities. The hospital offers laboratory, radiology and endoscopy services, among others. On any day, the hospital has between 2,500 and 3,000 patients in the wards. Annually, KNH serves more than 80,000 in-patients and 500,000 out-patients.
www.knh.or.ke
Sh60 million ($750,000) in 2008/09 and 2009/10, and Sh300 million ($3.75 million) in 2010/2011. Case detection costs in 2008/09 were Sh2.1 million ($28,000) and Sh2.3 million ($30,700) in 2009/2010. The United States has committed $39 billion for HIV/Aids bilateral programmes and contributions to the Global Fund to fight Aids, TB and malaria. Working in partnership with host nations, the initiative will support anti-retroviral treatment for at least three million people, prevention of 12 million new HIV infections, and care and support for 12 million people, including five million orphans and vulnerable children. Kenya is one of the US President’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief (PEPFAR) 15 focus countries. Under PEPFAR, Kenya received nearly $92.5 million in 2004, $142.9 million in 2005, $208.3 million in 2006 and $368.1 million in 2007 to support HIV/Aids prevention, treatment and care programmes. PEPFAR provided $534.8 million in 2008.
HIV Aids As mentioned above, Kenya is one of 15 countries benefiting from PEPFAR. The cumulative effect of this investment is demonstrated by the success in the health sector. In 2002, HIV prevalence in Kenya was 14.3 per cent in urban areas and 6.3 per cent in rural areas. The highest prevalence (35 per cent) was reported in Suba, while in Bamba, Kalulumo and Kilifi, the rate was 4 per cent. But due to Government and development partners’ support, HIV prevalence among women attending ante-natal care clinics in Nairobi declined from 24.6 per cent in 1995 to 14.7 per cent in 1999, and to 14.4 per cent in 2001. In Mombasa, HIV prevalence among women attending antenatal care fluctuated
Tenwek Hospital The Bomet hospital was founded by World Gospel Mission in 1937. It is a leading provider of quality healthcare and has modern facilities. In 1935, the colonial government provided 10 acres at Tenwek. Robert Smith arrived in Tenwek.His wife treated illnesses, delivered babies, and dispensed medicines. In 1936, they were joined by Mildred Fernum, a nurse. The first doctor arrived in 1959. In 1960, Tenwek began training nurses. Vice-President Daniel Moi broke ground for an eight-bed ward in 1967. Since then, Tenwek has grown by leaps and bounds.
Y E A R B O O K
women to be on the rise, returning a figure higher than the 7.3 per cent recorded in the 2003. The Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation spearheads the HIV/Aids campaign through the National Aids and STD Control Programme (NASCOP). NASCOP was established in 1987. The Government, donors, local and international NGOs and religious organisations are involved in many activities and services to fight HIV/ Aids. They include education and dissemination of information about HIV, communication about behaviour change, mass media campaigns, training youth and adolescents in life skills and
K E N Y A
between 12.2 per cent and 16.3 per cent, and was 14.2 per cent in 2002. In Kisumu, it has fluctuated, too, with the highest prevalence at 35 per cent in 2000. As is the case in many African countries, HIV prevalence in Kenya is higher among women (8.7 per cent) than men (4.5 per cent). But a 2003 study found a prevalence of 6.7 per cent with an increase in differences among urban (10 per cent) versus rural residents (5.6 per cent). HIV prevalence in Kenya increased to 7.8 per cent in 2007, a slight increase from 2003’s 6.7 per cent. The study, 2007 Kenya Aids Indicator Survey, shows HIV prevalence among pregnant
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.tenwekhospital.org
383
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tumutumu Hospital
384
Tumutumu Hospital is in Nyeri, 130km north of Nairobi. It is one of the three mission hospitals sponsored by the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA). The others are Kikuyu and Chogoria. The mission site was chosen in 1908 by Henry Scott and Arthur of the Church of Scotland. Outpatients were first seen in 1909 and inpatient work started in 1910. The hospital has
203 beds. It is also a teaching hospital and trains about 100 nurses a year. More than 7,000 patients are admitted yearly, and 50,000 outpatients served. The hospital provides prenatal, family planning and immunisation services as well as treatment of tropical diseases. www.pcusa.org/health
behaviour change, voluntary counselling and testing, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Others are prevention of transmission in medical settings, including safe blood transfusion and proper infection control and condom education, promotion, and distribution . The goal of the HIV programme is to provide holistic care that meets the needs of the infected and the affected. This includes physical, social, psychological, emotional and spiritual care. At present, more than 213,000 Kenyans receive anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and thousands of others are waiting to start treatment. The Kenya Demographic Health Survey estimates that 1.5 million adults and children need ARVs. Of these, about 15 per cent were in urgent need. The benefits of antiretroviral therapy have long been established,
sectoral and multi-disciplinary stakeholders. The Government has played a key role through political involvement, mobilising resources, setting up systems and building capacity.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya plays a key role in research and development of HIV/Aids vaccines within the Kenya National Guidelines for Research and Development of HIV/Aids vaccines developed in March 2005. Based on the discovery that some prostitutes in Nairobi’s Majengo slums were resistant to HIV-1 infection despite repeated exposure, a sub-type DNA-MVA vaccine was developed. Human trials began in Oxford, UK, in 2000 and in Nairobi in 2001 through the Kenya Aids Vaccine Initiative (KAVI). This was the first HIV vaccine trial conducted in Kenya. The Walter Reed Project, CDC and Wellcome Trust collaborate with Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) on vaccine research in Kenya. By April 2004, two other vaccine trials, Phase 1 and Phase 2A, were going on at the Walter Reed Project in Kericho, for which 120 low-risk volunteers were recruited and followed up for 16 months. From the results, two participants have sero-converted, one on the vaccine and the other on the placebo. Participants are recalled for long-term follow-up.
2 0 1 0 0 9
HIV vaccine
K E N Y A
leading to use by patients with deteriorating immunity. The therapy has improved the quality of life and survival rates of the infected, dramatically reduced HIV-related hospital admissions and significantly enhanced national prevention efforts. The cost of the drugs has previously been prohibitive for the majority who needed them. But due to global commitment to make treatment accessible to developing countries, and advocacy for affordable pricing, anti-retroviral therapy is available to patients in public hospitals at no cost. The therapy was piloted in five sites in 2003. At that time, 11,000 patients were on treatment, mostly in the private sector. The first ARVs in the public sector, for 9,000 patients, were procured through Government funds. Since then, with the availability of global funds and PEPFAR, more patients access anti-retroviral drugs. In March 2009, 150,000 patients were on treatment, both adults and children. At the same time, the Kenya Prevention of Mother-to-Child Treatment (PMTCT) programme has adopted the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/ Aids goal, which aims to reduce the proportion of infants infected with HIV by 50 per cent by 2010. The success in the ART programme are due to the efforts of a strong national taskforce of multi-
385
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Referral in the west
386
The Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret started as a native cottage hospital for Africans in 1917. It had 60 beds. An outpatient department with an X-ray unit was built in 1952 and an additional outpatient building in 1962. By 1963, the bed capacity had increased to 125. An amenity ward was established but was used by Asian patients. Fee payment, which was similar to the cost-sharing system, was introduced in 1957. In 1978, the hospital was elevated and staffing increased. Even in those days, the hospital was a referral provincial facility for other hospitals in western Kenya — Kapenguria, Kitale, Nandi Hills, Kapsowar, Kapsabet and Tambach, among others. In 1986, Nyayo Wards were built and bed capacity increased to 324. In 1996, the ultra-modern complex was constructed to offer major services and serve as a teaching facility for Moi University’s School of Medicine. Laboratories, eye and dental units and mortuary were built. The hospital has two private wings. The bed capacity is now 800 and includes the new Riley Mother and Baby Hospital. Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital is currently training registered nursing students.
www.mtrh.or.ke
The Kenya HIV/Aids Vaccine Subcommittee, constituted by the Director of Medical Services in January 2004, functions as an advisory body to the ministry on vaccine research and development.
TB control Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness and death in Kenya. It affects all age groups, but its greatest toll is on the productive age group of between 15 and 44. The Division of Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease provides integrated TB and HIV services, among other interventions. The emergence of drug-resistant strains is a challenge in the fight against TB. The Government has strengthened the capacity of the health care system to effectively coordinate TB control and decentralise services to the community. The division is implementing initiatives whose target is to detect 70 per cent of infectious TB and cure 85 per cent of them. Sustaining the targets will also move Kenya towards meeting TB-relevant Millennium Development Goals. The TB programme has adhered to the WHO-recommended Direct Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) since 1993. Case notification increased from 57/100,000 in 1985 to 325/100,000 in 2005. As in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, this large increase in TB is attributed to HIV co-infection. In 2005, the case detection rate reached the WHO target of 70 per cent and rose to 72 per cent in 2007. The treatment success rate also met the WHO target of 85 per cent in 2007. Data from the national programme shows that Kenya met the target for treatment success rate in 2007. WHO estimated 2,000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB in Kenya in 2007
President Kibaki launched a countrywide rollout of the new treatment policy in September 2006. Treatment guidelines and aids were produced in 2006 and revised in 2008. Training curricula and manuals for health workers have been produced and more than 12,000 staff trained on case management. Five-hundred new health workers were recruited under the Global Fund Round 4 Malaria Grant in 2006. The workers were absorbed into the public service in 2009. The proportion of pregnant women using insecticide-treated nets rose from 4.4 per cent in 2003 to 39.7 per cent in 2007. The number of women who received at least two doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment rose from four per cent in 2002 to 24.5 per
2 0 1 0 0 9
Malaria is the leading cause of illness in Kenya. It is also the major reason for in-patient admissions. The Division of Malaria Control plans and coordinates control activities. Until 2000, the Division of Malaria Control was known as the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Its elevation to the status of a division underscores the importance the Government attaches to malaria control. The division is under the Department of Preventive and Promotive Health Services.
Effective treatment
Y E A R B O O K
Rolling back malaria
The Inter-agency Coordinating Committee for Malaria makes decisions on strategic and managerial issues. There are four key strategic approaches to malaria control: ■ Guaranteeing access to quick and effective treatment ■ Ensuring the use of insecticidetreated nets and other vector control measures ■ Providing malaria prevention and treatment to pregnant women ■ Improving malaria epidemic preparedness and response
K E N Y A
although only 4.1 per cent of these were diagnosed. The country has a policy on MDR-TB diagnosis, treatment and laboratory testing facilities, while USaid supports routine MDR-TB surveillance. Widespread HIV-TB co-infection (close to 48 per cent of new TB patients) makes treatment difficult. While the number of new cases is declining, patients who require re-treatment have increased. The Government has placed the Division of Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (DLTLD) and NASCOP in the same division to better address TB-HIV co-infection. USaid TB funds reached $2.9 million (Sh212 million) in 2008. The US agency supported DLTLD through the Tuberculosis Control Assistance Programme managed by the KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation.
387
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
Total cost for financing health care Category
Communiity (public) Dispensary (public) health Centre (public) District hospital (public) Provincial Hospital (public) Tertiary hospital (public) Nursing home/ Enhanced Health Centre (public) 2/3 Health centre/ Dispensary (FBO/NGO) District hospital (FBO/NGO) Nursing home/ Enhanced Health Centre (FBO/NGO)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
2/3 Health centre/ Dispensary (private) District hospital (private) Tertiary hospital (private) Nursing home/ Enhanced Health Centre (private) District Administration Provincial Administration Ministry of Health
388
Total Percentage
Drugs and other Supplies
Staffing
Fixed recurrent (O&M, etc)
57,280,000 1,273,315,814 559,423,997 3,897,234,115 492,937,012, 864,564,638
2,241,855,401 1,833,782,252 6,952,332,632 1,501,691,183 2,565,353,328
164,389,281 155,150,122 1,224,195,724 214,070,239 478,825,975
57,280,000 3,679,560,522 2,548,356,370 12,073,762,471 2,208,698,435 3,908,743,941
11,194,155
41,345,779
4,302,559
56,842,493
945,086,374 1,715,037,667
991,019,590 1,770,434,407
405,621,921 811,814,765
2,341,727,884 4,297,286,838
3,584,664
21,559,166
4,150,211
29,294,041
1,364,857,076 616,558,450 675,808,000
2,964,743,438 791,304,619 290,410,416
697,008,234 344,253,941 321,241,000
5,026,608,748 1,752,207,010 1,287,461,416
110,843,406 9,032,904 0 0
132,407,042 782,370,676 89,063,229 556,553,659
84,295,557 635,237,840 55,303,606 2,312,992,099
327,546,004 1,126,611,121 144,366,834 2,869,545,758
12,590,758,299 21.0%
23,526,316,816 38.0%
7,912,855,074 13.0%
44,035,930,186 72.0%
cent in 2006 in sentinel districts, and to 13 per cent in malaria endemic districts in 2007. Fifteen million ITNs and longlasting treated nets were distributed between 2001 and 2009. ITN use by children under five years rose from 4.6 per cent in 2003 to 50.2 per cent in 2006 after mass distribution of free nets targeting 3.4 million children. But ITN ownership of 0.8 a household is a far cry from the universal two nets a household.
Recurrent
Epidemic preparedness
Indoor residual spraying has been used to prevent the occurrence of malaria epidemics in the western highlands. The proportion of targeted structures sprayed rose from 27.1 per cent in 2005 to 63 per cent in 2008. Information and communication
In Kenya, general knowledge about malaria transmission is at 95 per cent. However, only 10 per cent
65,620,000 4,887,928,192 3,417,564,976 17,707,095,639 2,580,280,308 4,294,200,472
12,941,071
69,783,564
1,255,283,892 2,273,099,348
3,164,818,479 3,481,739,123
12,508,573
41,802,615
3,138,209,731 1,729,532,113 385,456,530
8,164,818,479 3,481,739,123 1,672,917,947
70,881,916 -
398,427,920 1,426,641,421 141,366,834 2,869,545,758
17,354,201,022 28.0%
61,390,131,210 100.0%
Clinical Officers Council It was established in 1989 to regulate training, registration and licensing of clinical officers. The Council inspects institutions that train, approves curricula and registers students trained in approved institutions. Until recently, it only assessed students trained outside the country. Even local graduates have a registration exam. The Council gives a licenses in the public and private sector.
http://clinicalofficerscouncil.com
Monitoring and evaluation
The Division of Malaria Control undertook the first Malaria Indicator Survey in 2007 to provide comprehensive information on progress towards malaria control targets. Through various national and sentinel surveys, the division has been able to generate information to meet the Abuja targets, MDGs as well as other targets within the ministry’s annual operational plans. Scaling up of malaria control interventions has reversed declining health trends, especially between 2002 and 2007. In 2006, there was mass distribution of LLTNs in 46 districts. Others have been distributed through clinics and marketing. Routine data from the national Health Management Information System and weekly reports from Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response show a gradual decrease in malaria cases. Partner support
Implementation of the National Malaria Strategy is spearheaded by the Health ministry and coordinated by the Division of Malaria Control. Partnership in malaria control involves the private sector, NGOs and bilateral and multilateral partners. The malaria programme has received
2 0 1 0 0 9
8,340,000 1,208,367,670 869,208,606 5,633,333,168 371,581,873 385,456,530
Y E A R B O O K
Total
K E N Y A
Annualised capital
know that malaria causes anaemia or neonatal and maternal death. Only 40 per cent of service providers are able to accurately state the effects of malaria during pregnancy. One major achievement under the Behaviour Change Communication component was the development of a communications strategy in 2005.
389
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
technical and financial support from the World Health Organisation, Management Sciences for Health, UNICEF, the KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Programme, the Department for International Development, Population Services International and Roll Back Malaria.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Health reforms
390
The Government aims to provide equitable health care to all citizens by restructuring health delivery systems to emphasise preventive and promotive health care. The emphasis is on access, equity, quality, capacity and institutional frameworks. ■ The Kenya Health Policy Framework strategy aims at: Ensuring equitable allocation of Government resources to reduce disparities in health status ■ Increasing cost-effectiveness and efficiency of resource allocation and use ■ Managing population growth ■ Enhancing the regulatory role of Government in health care provision ■ Creating an enabling environment for increased private sector and community involvement in service provision and financing. ■ Increasing funding to the health sector
Occupational Health and Safety The Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services is
Mater Hospital It was opened in 1962 by the Sisters of Mercy, a Catholic Order of Nuns from Ireland. They first set up a 60-bed hospital for poor Kenyans. The colonial authorities gave them 12 acres of land in a swampy, mosquitoinfested area, which has since become the Industrial Area of Nairobi. In 1970, a 60-bed maternity ward was opened. In 1972, in recognition of training midwives, Mater was chartered as a School of Midwifery. In 1975, six offices for consultants were opened. The hospital has a strategic alliance with the International Centre for Scientific Culture World Laboratory, an NGO in Switzerland, for improvement of healthcare in the developing world. www.materkenya.com
mandated to enforce the Factories and Other Places of Work Act. Prevention of occupational accidents, health and diseases requires inspection of workplaces. They are largely in the industrial classes in the economic sector — agriculture, fishing, quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas supply, water supply and construction. New workplace improvement notices are issued to ensure compliance before registration. Certificates can then be issued.
Workplace inspection is important because it discloses contraventions of safety and health regulations in workplaces so that remedial action can be taken. It also reveals accidents and occupational diseases that occur in workplaces, facilitating investigation and preventive measures.
Environmental health
Communicable diseases The Diseases Outbreak Management Unit manages epidemics in Kenya. Immunisation plays a very important role in controlling the spread of communicable diseases like measles and polio.
Reproductive health
Y E A R B O O K
Though traditional medicine is widely used by the public, there is no statutory body to regulate it.
K E N Y A
Traditional medicine
2 0 1 0 0 9
This includes aspects of human health and disease determined by factors in the environment. It also refers to the practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health. It includes direct effects of chemicals, radiation and biological agents, and indirect ones on health and wellbeing of the physical, psychological, social and aesthetic environment. The population shift from rural to urban areas is a major challenge. It is estimated that by 2020, 40 per cent of the population will live in urban areas. The Government, through the National Health Policy Framework, is addressing the problems by shifting emphasis from curative to preventive health care.
Indirectly, many reproductive health issues
391
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya pharmacy and poisons board
392
are part of the MDGs — reduction of child and maternal mortality and improved maternal health (goals 4 and 5, respectively). The Government has embraced reproductive health as a key component in health care delivery. Three-quarters of health facilities provide reproductive and child health services. Kenya’s National Reproductive Health Strategy was developed in 1996. The main components of reproductive health are family planning, safe motherhood and child survival, promotion of adolescent and youth health, gender and reproductive rights, management of sexually transmitted illnesses (STIs) and HIV and management of infertility.
The Pharmacy and Poisons Act was enacted on May 1, 1957 and the Pharmacy and Poisons Board was established to control the profession and the trade in drugs and poisons. The board aims to implement appropriate regulatory measures to achieve high standards of safety, efficacy and quality for all drugs, chemical substances and medical devices. This is irrespective of whether the products are locally manufactured, imported, exported, distributed, sold or used to ensure the protection of the consumer. It aims to improve the quality of life of Kenyans by ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products and services.
pharmacyboardkenya.org
Nutrition Immunisation Kenya introduced a pentavalent vaccine, including the DPT, Haemophilus influenza Type B and Hepatitis B virus antigens, in November 2001 and strengthened immunisation services.
In the first quarter of 2007, the Ministry of Health introduced the Child-Mother Health and Nutrition Weeks concept, Malezi Bora in Kiswahili, as a strategy to reverse a trend in maternal and child health indicators. Activities are conducted
2 0 1 0 0 9
Most elderly people suffer from chronic illnesses, which take a prolonged course. They include heart diseases, diabetes, arthritis and cancer. Recent analyses have shown that chronic illness is a major burden of disease in developing countries, including Kenya, than was previously recognised. Though policies for geriatrics — the care of elderly people — have yet to be formulated in Kenya, national, provincial and district hospitals provide regular check-ups for the elderly. They also have functional support systems to promote healthy lifestyles and increase life expectancy.
Y E A R B O O K
Chronic diseases
Cash support, particularly for new vaccines, expansion of storage capacity, training of health workers and community mobilisation helped to increase immunisation coverage. The Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation provides quality immunisation services. Its objective is to ensure that 90 per cent of the vulnerable population is protected against all vaccine-preventable diseases through routine immunisation services. It also seeks to sustain the interruption of wild polio virus transmission leading to polio-free certification, and to strengthen integrated vaccine-preventable disease surveillance. The Division of Vaccines and Immunisation strives to ensure that vaccines are available at all levels of the health care system; reduce measles morbidity by 95 per cent, mortality by 90 per cent and incidence of neo-natal tetanus to less than one death per thousand live births. The levels of immunisation coverage have steadily increased. In 2007, immunisation coverage was at 76 per cent, and measles 80 per cent.
K E N Y A
The most common adolescent and youth reproductive health problems are early child bearing, STIs, HIV and unsafe abortions. An Adolescent Reproductive Health policy is being formulated. Reproductive health activities for youth, mainly family life education and peer education programmes, focus on promotion of responsible sexual behaviour to help prevent unplanned pregnancies, STIs and HIV.
393
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Nairobi Hospital
394
During the colonial rule, it was called European Hospital. The Kenya European Hospital Association (now Kenya Hospital Association) was formed in 1950 to improve medical services for Europeans. The association bought Maia Carberry Nursing Home (former Kenya School of Law). The nursing home was converted to a men’s hospital. The association then built Princess Elizabeth Hospital (University of Nairobi Dental School) in 1952 as a hospital for women. In the same year, the association acquired the Old Polo Grounds and on October 20, 1952, Governor Evelyn Baring laid the foundation stone of European Hospital. (This was the same day he declared a State of Emergency). The hospital was opened in 1954. It had four wards. In 1956, Cicely McDonnell School of Nursing, the first private nursing institution in Kenya, opened. In 1963, the association sold Maia Carberry Nursing Home to the government and later Princess Elizabeth Hospital. The association took over the Laboratory of Clinical Medicine (now Jubilee House) and moved it to the hospital premises. In 1970, an ICU with four beds was opened on St George’s Ward. The first kidney transplant at the Nairobi Hospital was in 1978.
www.nairobihospital.org
bi-annually in all health facilities. The goal of Malezi Bora is to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates by increasing delivery of routine health and nutrition services for children, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers and women of reproductive age. Four Malezi Bora activities have successfully been conducted, with evidence of an increase in the number of children and mothers seeking care at health facilities. Dramatic increases were observed for Vitamin A supplements and deworming. Generally, Malezi Bora activities have resulted in an increase in the use of maternal and child health services, which is likely to improve health indicators and child survival rates in Kenya.
Childhood illnesses Integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI), developed by WHO and Unicef, focuses on the well-being of the child. It aims to reduce death, illness and disability and to promote improved growth and development for children under five years of age. IMCI includes preventive and curative elements that are implemented by families, communities and health facilities. It has three main components: Case management skills of health care staff, improving health systems and family and community health practices. The IMCI strategy promotes accurate identification of childhood illnesses in outpatient settings; ensures appropriate treatment of major illnesses; strengthens counselling of and speeds up the referral of severely ill children. It also ensures the treatment of major childhood illnesses and emphasises prevention of disease through immunisation and improved nutrition. Sixty districts are implementing IMCI. Of these, 21 have community interventions. The
Primary health care The ultimate goal of primary health care is better health for all. WHO has identified five key elements to achieve that goal: ■ Reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms) ■ Organising health services around people’s needs and expectations (service delivery reforms) ■ Integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms) ■ Pursuing models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms) ■ Increasing stakeholder participation In Kenya, the adult literacy rate is 81.4 per cent — males 88.1 per cent and females 78.5 per cent. The proportion of the population with safe drinking water at home or with reasonable access is 58 per cent: Urban 80 per cent and rural 51 per cent.
Mental health Kenya has a mental health programme whose main focus is community health care. The Government spends 0.01 per cent of the health budget on mental health. As a result, there is only one psychiatrist for 500,000 people. Only a third work in the public sector. The Kenya Society for the Mentally Handicapped helps people with conditions such as Down’s syndrome, Asperger’s syndrome, autism, dyslexia, severe cerebral palsy and epilepsy.
e-Health The health sector is improving service provision through appropriate technology in 45 hospitals. The expected output is the development of a ministerial e-health policy; scaling up of ICT infrastructure in hospitals, training of health personnel in ICT,and connecting level 5 and 6 hospitals and medical schools.
2 0 1 0 0 9
National public health laboratory services in the country are enormous and provide diagnosis for most diseases. However, data from the field is minimal. Laboratories play an important role in quality control, medical-legal issues, food safety and blood transfusion.
Y E A R B O O K
Laboratory services
The proportion of the population with sewage and adequate waste disposal facilities is 83.8 per cent: 96.3 per cent in urban areas and 79.6 per cent rural areas. The number of pregnant women attended to by trained personnel is 88 per cent and deliveries attended to by trained personnel are 42 per cent. The proportion of women of childbearing age using family planning is 41 per cent.
K E N Y A
proportion of clinical health workers trained in IMCI intervention is still below the expected target of 25 per cent.
395
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
Parastatals
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
KEMSA
396
The Kenya Medical Supplies Agency (KEMSA) is a specialised medical logistics provider for public health facilities and programmes. It was formed in 2000 after recommendations of a health stakeholders’ forum held in 1998. As a State corporation, KEMSA replaced successive medical stores administrations that had existed since 1901 under various names. KEMSA supports the National Health Strategic Plan and the Kenya Health Package for Health in providing public facilities with the right quantity and quality of drugs and medical supplies at the best market value. Its mission is to improve healthcare through efficient procurement and reliable distribution of quality medical commodities and promotion of rational drug use and practice. Its objectives are to: ■ Develop a distribution system that effectively and efficiently delivers medical commodities to all public health facilities ■ Develop a national procurement system in collaboration with the Health ministries and other stakeholders ■ Evolve a world-class medical supply chain encompassing selection, forecasting, quality assurance, procurement planning, warehousing, logistics and customer service ■ Promote, with other stakeholders, rational drug use
■ Develop a framework within which subcontracting of KEMSs functions may be done when required. ■ Mobilise resources for capitalisation, rehabilitation, physical infrastructure and operations to commercialise and ensure financial sustainability of KEMSA. ■ Make KEMSA a centre of excellence in supply chain management (www.kemsa.co.ke) National Hospital Insurance Fund
The parastatal was established in 1966 as a department under the Ministry of Health. Today, the Fund is governed by the NHIF Act of 1998. The transformation of the NHIF from a department to a State corporation was aimed at improving effectiveness and efficiency. The Fund’s core mandate is to provide medical insurance cover to members and their dependants (spouse and children). NHIF membership is open to Kenyans 18 years and above who have a monthly income of Sh1,000 and above ($13.3). NHIF has 23 branches across the country. Each offers NHIF services, including payment of benefits to hospitals, members or employers. Smaller satellite offices and service points in district hospitals also serve the branches. In the financial year 2008-2009, the NHIF had 2.3 million members (1.9 million in the formal sector and 376,000 from the informal one), up
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
■ Category B: Private and mission hospitals. Members enjoy comprehensive cover but co-pay for surgery. ■ Category C: Private hospitals. NHIF pays specified daily benefits. (www.nhif.or.ke/healthinsurance/hospitals). NHIF covers those in formal and informal employment. Those leaving formal employment (retirees) could update their membership records and pay Sh1,920 ($25.6) a year or Sh160 ($2.1) a month to enjoy uninterrupted NHIF benefits. The NHIF has proposed to increase the monthly contributions. It is proposed that employees who earn less than Sh5,999 ($74.9) pay Sh150 ($1.875) a month. Those who earn between Sh6,000 ($75) and 7,999 ($99.9) Sh300 ($3.75), Sh8,000-Sh11,999 (Sh400), Sh12,000 to Sh14,999 (Sh500), Sh15,000-Sh19,999 (Sh600), Sh20,000-Sh24,999 (Sh750), Sh25,000 to Sh29,999 (Sh850). For those who earn between Sh30,000 ($375) and Sh49,999, it is proposed they pay Sh1,000 ($12.5) a month, Sh50,000 ($625) to Sh99,999 Sh1,500 and more than Sh100,000 ($1,250) Sh2000 ($25). The selfemployed will pay Sh500 ($6.25) a month, and voluntary contributors Sh300 ($3.75) a month. However, the matter has gone to court. The health facilities NHIF contracts provide services comprehensively. This means that members walk in, are treated and walk out at
K E N Y A
from 2.07 million in 2007-2008. In 2008-2009, the NHIF collected Sh5.3 billion ($66.25 million) from members, up from Sh4.8 billion ($60 million) the previous financial year. The NHIF provides an inpatient cover of up to Sh396,000 ($5,280) a year for the contributor, spouse and children. It provides comprehensive medical cover in certain hospitals across the country. It works with more than 400 accredited Government, private and mission health providers. The Fund reimburses hospital claims according to daily rebates. It accredits as many hospitals as possible to ensure members access NHIF benefits whenever they are. It has objective accreditation guidelines that encourage hospitals to improve services. The accredited organisations are those NHIF recognises and allows to offer services to members and claim reimbursements. Accreditation takes into account a hospital’s services, personnel, infrastructure and equipment. The level of rebate corresponds to the grade after scoring the various aspects. NHIF has contracted hospitals under three Categories: A, B and C to provide in-patient and partial cover for surgical cases. ■ Category A (Government hospitals): Members will enjoy comprehensive cover for maternity and diseases, including surgery. They will not pay on admission provided they are fully paid members.
397
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
The Aga Khan Health Services Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu hospitals are part of the Aga Khan Health Services referral system with links to the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The Aga Khan Hospital Nairobi was established in 1958. It is a 254-bed facility offering general medical services, specialist clinics and hightech diagnostic services. In 2005, the hospital came under the Aga Khan University. The Aga Khan Hospital, Mombasa was established in 1944. It is a 96-bed facility and offers similar services to Nairobi’s. The Aga Khan Hospital, Kisumu, was established in 1952. It is a 76-bed facility and offers services to its counterparts in Nairobi and Mombasa.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.agakhanhospitals.org
398
the cost of NHIF without additional payments. The Fund covers maternity expenses and does not exclude any disease. KMTC
The Kenya Medical Training College headquarters and main campus are on a 20-acre piece of land on Mbagathi Road opposite Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. KMTC’s core function is to train competent multi-disciplinary health professionals. With more than 14,000 students in over 50 medical courses, it is the
biggest single contribution to the health sector and produces about 2,500 graduates a year. It has more than 1,500 members of staff — 600 lecturers and 900 non-teaching members. KMTC has 28 constituent colleges next to a provincial or district hospital where students go for clinical attachment. KMTC started in 1927 with four students at the Kenya Institute of Administration (KIA), Kabete. Today, it is the largest medical training institution in East and Central Africa and attracts students
health records and information technology, neurophysiology technology, optical technology and orthopedic technology. Other State corporations are: ■ Kenyatta National Hospital ■ Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital ■ Kenya Medical Research Institute (See chapter on Science and Research)
Statutory institutions ■ Nursing Council of Kenya ■ Radiation Protection Board ■ Kenya Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technology Board ■ Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board ■ Pharmacy and Poisons Board ■ Clinical Officers Council
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
from Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan and Nigeria. The college offers many courses — intensive care/critical care nursing, psychiatric nursing, ophthalmic nursing, community health nursing, food science and inspection, occupational health and safety, solid waste management, epidemiology, health education and promotion, medical laboratory sciences, clinical medicine and surgery, medical education, medical imaging sciences, medical engineering, pharmac and sensory integration. Others are dental technology,
They came together under the Health NGOs Network (HENNET) in 2005. The secretariat is at the AMREF Kenya Country office in Nairobi. The network has 10 board members: African Medical and Research Foundation , Christian Health Association of Kenya, Marie Stopes International-Kenya, Liverpool VCT, Mildmay InternationalKenya, Aga Khan Foundation, Family Health Options Kenya, Adventist Development and Relief Agency, Kenya Aids NGOs Consortium and Kenya NGO Alliance Against Malaria. HENNET has 66 members who deal with maternal and child
2 0 1 0 0 9
Health NGOs
399
Economy, Finance and Planning Health
health, water and sanitation, capacity building, child health, advocacy, pharmaceuticals, youth services, disaster and emergency response, disability, HIV, malaria, TB, reproductive health, research, grants and ICT.
Response; Ministry of Health and WHO, Nairobi •
Ministry of Health (1994), Kenya Health Policy Framework 1994- 2010; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Ministry of Health (2005), Reversing the Trends: The Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan of Kenya .NHSSP-II 2005-2010; Ministry of Health, Nairobi
•
Ministry of Health, Annual Health Sector Status Report 2005-2007; Ministry of Health
•
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (2008), Reversing the Trends: The Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan of Kenya 2008-2012; Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi
•
Ministry of Medical Services (2008), Reversing the Trends: The Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan of Kenya 2008-2012; Ministry of Medical Services, Nairobi
•
Ministry of Health and WHO (2003), Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Health and WHO, Nairobi
•
Murray C J L and Lopes A D (1986), The Global Burden of Disease; World Health Organisation, Geneva
•
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health Sector (2008) Indicator and Standard Operating Procedure Manual for Health Workers; Health Management Information Systems, Nairobi
•
Robert L Kane (2002), Gale Encyclopaedia of Public Health; Macmillan, New York
•
The Columbian Encyclopaedia (2001); Columbia University Press
•
Thumbi, PW Kenya Country Report on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights; National Council for Population and Development, Nairobi
•
Vetter N Mathews I (1999), Epidemiology and Public Health; Medicine Churchill Livingstone, New York
References •
Division of Leprosy, TB and Lung Diseases (2009), Tuberculosis Control in Kenya; Ministry of Health, Nairobi.
•
Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Kenya, Nairobi
•
Health Management Information Systems (2009), Kenya Health Facilities MOH 715, Returns of 30th June 2009; Health Management Information Systems, Nairobi
•
HENNET Secretariat (2009), A Healthy Kenyan Society, HENNET Secretariat, Nairobi
•
KNBS (2007), Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2007; Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
400
Laws of Kenya (1990), The Clinical Officers (Training Registration and Licensing) Act CAP 260 Government Printer Nairobi
•
Laws of Kenya (1999), The Medical Laboratory Technician and Technologists Act; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Laws of Kenya (1983), Medical Practitioners and Dentists Act; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Laws of Kenya (1985), The Nurses Act CAP 257; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Laws of Kenya (1989), The Pharmacy and Poisons Act CAP 244 Nairobi; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
Laws of Kenya (1986), The Public Health Act CAP 242; Government Printer, Nairobi
•
McKenna, M T et al, (1948), Issues and Challenges in Chronic Disease Control, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control; eds RC Bronson et al; American Public Health Association, Washington DC
•
WHO (2009), Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses; WHO, Geneva.
•
www.kemsa.co.ke
•
www.nhif.or.ke
Ministry of Health and WHO (2003), Integrated Disease Surveillance and
•
www.medical.go.ke
•
11
Government’s agenda to ward off any threats, internal or external, that could threaten the nation and its political and socio-economic environment
K E N Y A
Security and defence are top on the
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Security and defence
401
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Security and defence
402
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
81
2 0 1 0
S
ecurity is a basic human right. This is underlined by Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As a member of the family of nations, Kenya subscribes to the Declaration. The country regards security as a national priority. Security provides an enabling environment for citizens to live and work in, and stimulates BY NUMBERS social, economic and political development. Kenya’s development hinges, to a great extent, on its ability to guarantee security within her borders. This is a goal that the Government Billions of shillings is committed to attain. It is required in four years, also something that many beginning from 2009, Kenyans long for. to implement police In this regard, the Governreforms ment has made important steps. A taskforce appointed in March 2003 drew a road map for police reforms.
403
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
404
In 2004, the police prepared a five-year strategic plan, whose highlights included radical reform in staff welfare, training and equipment. The reforms kicked off with a major improvement in police pay that saw salaries in various categories raised two to five times in 2004. In 2010, police salaries again rose by between 25 and 28 per cent in one of a three-phase salary and allowances’ review that will change the face of the police. Alongside review of salaries and allowances, a major upgrading of police housing kicked off. Priority was to complete stalled projects which saw about 1,000 modern housing units completed and office blocks constructed at a cost of about Sh3 billion ($37.5 million). Some of the completed projects are Industrial Area Police Station, Kapsabet Police Divisional headquarters and Highridge Presidential Escort Police Unit. Others are Ruiru GSU base camp and police stations in Kinyach-Baringo, North Horr, Migori, Mutitu, Masalani , Lamu, Kakamega, Runyenjes and Lamu. Another remarkable achievement is the construction of modern housing blocks at Nairobi Central Police Division and buying of former Kenya Breweries staff houses in Kisumu and Ruaraka. Another major development has been the establishment of the Kenya Police Staff Training College at Loresho in Nairobi, which is set to offer degree courses in security, law and
social order. Besides, the traditional Kenya Police Training College at Kiganjo has been upgraded to offer advanced refresher courses for police officers across the ranks. Two other, but very crucial steps, in building Kenya’s security forces’ capacity to detect, prevent and combat crime were the revival of the Kenya Police Forensic Laboratories project and the establishment of the Kenya Police Intelligence Unit. Heavy investments have gone into transforming the Administration Police into a more effective unit for homeland security, especially in Immigration control, border security, counter-terrorism and inter-communal existence. Training has also been boosted as are salaries and housing for the force. Thanks to the National Security Intelligence Service, Kenya continues to be a key regional player in the international strategy to tackle the trio-crime of international terrorism, piracy and drug-trafficking. But above all, the most remarkable achievement of the security network in 2009 was the establishment of a mechanism to ensure a better-coordinated network of sharing intelligence and other resources across, between and among security formations and units. This will achieve a better-oiled machine that will ensure safety and security. The police force has served in 18 UN missions — the largest number for an African country — involving peace-keeping, election monitor-
www.administrationpolice.go.ke
New Constitution The new Constitution has major effects on national security. It establishes the National Security Council consisting of the President, the Deputy President (now called Vice-President), Defence Cabinet Secretary (now the Defence Minister), Foreign Affairs Cabinet
Y E A R B O O K
ing and relief services. The most memorable was the Bosnia/Herzegovina mission, where police servicemen and women served with distinguished excellence for 15 years. Others are Sierra Leone and Liberia, where the police left a mark in their 10 and six-year stay, respectively.
K E N Y A
The Administration Police Band started as Corps of Drums in 1958 at Ruring’u Training Centre, Nyeri. Its main activity at the time was to lead march pasts during graduation ceremonies. In 1972, when AP training was moved to Nairobi, the band was based at the college. Its role is to: • Promote good relations with the public as AP ambassadors • Help charitable organisations accomplish their objectives • Boost AP community-based policing strategies Administration Police Band has trained and helped establish bands such as National Youth Service Band, General Service Unit Band and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army Band. The band can be hired for official or private functions.
2 0 1 0
AP Band
405
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Kenya Police Policemen were first recruited in 1887 to secure the Imperial British East Africa stores in Mombasa. In 1906, the Kenya Police was constituted and in 1911, a training depot and a fingerprint section were established. In 1926, the Criminal Intelligence Unit and the Railway Police Unit were established. In 1946, the police was placed under the Attorney-General and a new police training depot opened in Maseno. In 1948, the Kenya Police Reserve Emergency, a dog section and the General Service Unit were established, and the Police Airwing in 1949. In 1957, the police headquarters was opened. Since independence, smaller units have been formed.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.kenyapolice.go.ke
406
Secretary (Foreign Affairs Minister), Internal Security Cabinet Secretary (Internal Security Minister), the Attorney-General, the Chief of Kenya Defence Forces (Chief of Staff), the Director-General of the National Intelligence Service (NSIS Director-General) and the Inspector-General of the National Police Service (Commissioner of Police). The Council will have supervisory control over national security organs. The President will preside at meetings of the Council and it report annually to Parliament on the state of the security of Kenya.
In the new Constitution, the police force will be renamed the National Police Service, comprising the Kenya Police Service and the Administration Police Service. It will be headed by an Inspector-General with two deputy Inspectors-General — one in charge of the police service and the other of the AP Service. The new law establishes the National Police Service Commission to recruit and appoint people to hold or act in positions in the force. It will also determine promotion and transfer and exercise disciplinary control.
Police reforms The most radical reform of the country’s security system was in 2009 following the setting up of a presidential commission on police
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
In 2009, for the second time since independence, Kenya reduced the national crime rate by a double-digit — 12 per cent. The only other time the country surpassed a doubledigit in crime reduction was in 2007 when rates went down by a record 13 per cent. The remarkable improvement was reflected in nearly all categories of main crimes. The record achievements in 2009 and 2007 are clear indications of the resolve of the Government to make the country a haven for citizens, visitors
K E N Y A
Performance overview
and foreign investors. This will not only retain the country’s rating as the best destiny for investment in eastern and the Horn of Africa, but also reclaim the cherished image of Kenya as an island of peace in a troubled region. Regrettably, the double-digit pattern was broken in early 2008 when crime reduction rate dropped to four per cent from a high of 13 per cent in the previous year. This came in the wake of post-election violence following the disputed 2007 presidential election. However, that Kenya quickly regained a double-digit crime reduction rate within a year is enough testimony that the country is not just determined to take crime head on, but also the battle is being won. But to indicate growing confidence of the citizens in the police, more cases were reported. In 2009, crimes reported increased by 13.8 per cent from 63,476 in 2008 to 72,255. Major increases were noted among cases of infanticide (63.2 per cent), causing death by dangerous driving (40.1 per cent) and manslaughter (11.5 per cent). Reductions were noted on offences related to procuring abortion (24.4 per cent), concealing birth (17.4 per cent), suicide (5.2 per cent) and murder (4.6 per cent).
407
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
reforms, made up of local and foreign experts. Implementation of the recommendations of the commission has begun in earnest. Foremost is the setting up of a reformsimplementation mechanism within the Police Force. The total cost for implementation of the reform package is Sh81.4 billion ($1.1 billion) over four years. The Government will fund 63 per cent of the reform budget (Sh51.4 billion or $683.3 million), and seek the remaining 37 per cent (Sh30 billion ($400 million) from development partners. More than 70 per cent of the reforms recommended by the presidential commission were in the Kenya Police Force FiveYear Strategic Plan drawn in 2004.
Police ranks • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Anti-crime strategies
408
For Kenya to wage a successful fight against crime, and ensure safety and security for her citizens as well visitors, a 10-point approach has been devised: • Early intervention to prevent crime by enhancing intelligence gathering capacity • Expedited investigation and prosecution of cases • Proactive security operations in crime-prone areas, especially border posts and other perennial or occasional hotspots • Encouraging communal policing where citizens work with the formal security apparatus towards detection and combating crime. • Training and acquisition of mod-
Commissioner of Police Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police I Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police II Deputy Commissioner of Police Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police Assistant Commissioner of Police Senior Superintendent of Police Superintendent of Police Acting Superintendent of Police Chief Inspector Inspector Acting Inspector Senior Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Constable
www.scribd.com/ Kenya Police
• • •
•
ern technology on forensic investigation and analysis. Enhanced surveillance on ground, air and the seas. Enhanced working relationship with rehabilitated criminals Increased security visibility during construction and even distribution of security installations throughout the country Increased morale for law enforcement officers, including raise in salaries and allowances, constant training and retraining, and better equipment
• Enhanced cooperation between the security establishment and various interest groups, including religious leaders, community elders and the corporate world.
Training The Kenya Police College has a collaboration agreement with Kenyatta University. The areas of collaboration include criminology, education, strategic planning, training needs assessment, information communication technology, music, physical education, medical (nursing, emergency training), conflict management, leadership and human resource management. The college and experts from the Kenya Institute of Administration are working on the Kenya Police Training policy. Once completed it will give a lease of life to training in the force.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Kenya’s internal security system is made up of three formations: • Police Force • Administration Police (AP) • National Security Intelligence Services (NSIS) The Kenya Police Force is itself divided into four major units — Regular Police, General Service Unit (GSU), Criminal Investigations Department (CID) and the Anti-Stock Theft Police (ASTU). Within the regular unit of the police are more sub-units — Traffic, Tourism and the Diplomatic Police. The last two were created to ensure safety and comfort of tourists and diplomats. Like in most democracies, the NSIS is an advisory agency that forecasts, analyses and provides intelligence on matters that have positive or negative impact on security.
2 0 1 0
Formations and units
409
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Police Reserve
410
It was formed in 1948 to assist the regular police in the maintenance of law and order. Now, the KPR is only in rural areas, as the first line of defence against bandits and cattle raiders. In 2004, the Government disbanded KPR in urban areas because city units had become corrupt and unmanageable. In the beginning, Europeans were favoured with automatic promotion to Inspector rank. KPR members were the originators of the police airwing. Members donated aircraft to air-drop supplies to fight the Mau Mau.
General Service Unit
It is divided into 20 sub-units under a commandant. The units are called companies and named alphabetically from ‘A’ to ‘T’ with the exception of ‘P’ and ‘O’. There are four major companies in Nairobi and its environs: Headquarters at Ruaraka • GSU Training School in Embakasi • GSU Recce Company - Ruiru • GSU ‘G’ Company - State House. It has outposts in all State Houses and lodge • The other companies are distributed across the country depending on security needs.
Anti-Stock Theft Unit
When Kenya got independence in 1963, livestock theft was a problem in some areas. Police divisions in Kericho, Nakuru, Eldoret, Laikipia, Kajiado and Kiambu had established Anti-Stock Theft Unit stations at to curb the menace. The unit was formed in September 1965. The personnel operated from the 5th Kenya Rifle Barracks in Gilgil previously occupied by the
British army. The Unit moved to its present location after the farm was bought from a dairy settler farmer in 1970. The unit’s functions are to: Investigate and prosecute stock theft cases Act as a support unit to other Provinces and Formations Breeding police horses and camels Training riders and horses Patrolling urban and settled areas Covering State functions Crowd control Display during ASK shows. The Mounted Unit has three platoons — two at the Mounted headquarters in Gilgil and the third in Nairobi.
The Criminal Investigation Department largely operates as a compact unit in crime investigation, especially murder, robbery and drug trafficking. However, and where need arises, they can be called upon to form temporary sub-units to tackle specific crimes. The CID came into being in 1926. The duties and responsibilities were delegated to a cadre of European, Asiatic and African personnel, but who lacked the skills and ability to effectively handle important cases. In the same year, the Criminal Intelligence Unit was established to collect, tabulate and record the history and data of criminals, undesirable and suspicious persons. Then, the CID comprised the Intelligence, Crime and Passport and Immigra-
2 0 1 0
CID
Y E A R B O O K
It has four wings. Trainees are put through immense police and paramilitary courses — field craft and minor tactics, skill at arms, map reading, foot and arms drill, practical police theory, liberal studies, communication, command and leadership, first aid and hygiene, physical training, instructional techniques and anti-riot drills. The main wings are: Senior Training, Junior Training, Curriculum Development and Evaluation and Administrative. Courses offered at the school are: Initial recruits course, section commanders course, platoon sergeant, senior sergeant and platoon commanders courses. Others are company commanders, taekwondo, judo, company and computer courses. The school has a training camp in Magadi. The Magadi Field Training Camp was established in 1980. It is about 120km south-west of Nairobi. The camp deals mainly with practical work and lessons.
K E N Y A
GSU Training School
411
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Police commissioners since Independence Richard Cartling 1963-1965 Bernard Hinga 1965-1978 Ben Gethi 1978-1982 Bernard Njinu 1982-1988 Philip Kilonzo 1988-1991 Shadrack Kiruki 1991-1996 Duncan Wachira 1996-1999 Philip Abong’o 1999-2003 Edwin Nyaseda 2003-2004 Hussein Ali 2004-2009 Mathew Iteere 2009- to date
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.nation.co.ke
412
tion branches. In 1955, the CID Training School in South C, Nairobi, was started and taught criminal investigation, detective work and prosecution duties. A Special Branch Training School within the CID School was inaugurated in 1958. The CID has come a long way and its headquarters today are at the ultra-modern Mazingira Complex off- Kiambu Road in Nairobi. Traffic Police
The first traffic section was established in 1954 at police headquarters in Nairobi. Its mandate was to monitor and maintain records of traffic-related cases. In 1960, the Nairobi Area Traffic Branch was formed. A After staff officer traffic was appointed and training of officers followed and they were posted to Machakos, Kiambu, Nyeri and Nakuru. In 1973, the Highway Traffic Operations was created and SK Raval was appointed the first Commandant. Additional Traffic Patrol Bases were established in Makindu, Naivasha, Kisumu, Eldoret, Mombasa, Voi and Nairobi. Mariakani and Athi River Weighbridges became operational in 1976 and 1979 respectively. Thereafter, more bases were opened in other districts. In 1985, the Highway Traffic Operations changed to Police Traffic Department. In 2003, the department was restructured and all the bases were handed over to Provincial Police Officers for administrative and operational management. In 2005, the Commissioner of Police established the Highway Patrol Unit under the Traffic Department. Its role is to curb highway robbery and to enforce traffic rules. It also investigates road accidents, provides free flow of traffic on the roads and escorts VIPs.
It started operations in 1949 as a colonial air-support volunteer force manned by White Kenya Police Reservist. During the struggle for independence, particularly during the State of Emergency, the Airwing had its greatest expansion. The unit was established in 1949 and operated by Reserve Police Pilots offering their fleet of fixed
By 1894, plans for the construction of the Uganda Railway had been finalised with Mombasa as the starting point. Due to insecurity, marauding animals and to safeguard material from vandalism and theft, the British government brought police officers from India, a British protectorate, established the Uganda Railway Police and recruited Africans. When the railway line reached Kisumu, a fleet of ships was started at Lake Victoria to link Kenya and Uganda, forming a section of Marine Police for guard and escort duties. In 1926, the Uganda Railways was changed to Kenya-Uganda Railways, changing the police to KenyaUganda Railway Police formation
2 0 1 0
Kenya Railway Police Unit
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Police Air Wing
wing aircraft for police work. The operations have changed over time, with modern type aircraft to support the services of the Police Department and the public sector. It has acquired different types of aircraft and qualified personnel. By 1951, the Airwing had one second hand aircraft for short range missions. The headquarters was at Wilson Airport, Nairobi, where it is today and bases at Mweiga in Nyeri and Nakuru. To boost its ability, the Wing hired private operators in 1952 shortly after the State of Emergency and bought an aircraft ideal for spotter mission. In 1957, the Airwing became an integral part of the police in its present form.
K E N Y A
The officers arrest and prosecute traffic offenders and create road safety awareness through the media and lectures in schools, institutions and public places. The department also collects accident statistics, enforces axle load regulations at weighbridges. The task of annual inspection of public service, commercial and private vehicles prior to licensing or registration, inspection and certification of vehicle road worthiness and accident vehicles falls on the Traffic Police. The department also tests drivers and issues certificates of competence. The department also monitors the movement of Government vehicles, and recruits, trains and deploys traffic police officers. The units under the Traffic Department are the Government Vehicles Check Unit, Driving Test Unit, Highway Patrol Unit, Axle Load Enforcement Unit, Motor Vehicle Inspection Branch, Road Safety Section and Traffic Training Centre.
413
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
414
in the Kenya police. In 1927, the Kenya-Uganda Railways changed to Kenya-Uganda Railways & Harbours and the police formation changed to Kenya-Uganda Railways & Harbours Police. In 1948, the railway reached Tanganyika through Voi-Taveta and its name changed to the East African Railways and Harbours, and too did the police formation in Kenya to the East African Railways and Harbours Police. In 1977, after the collapse of the East African Community, the name police formation changed the
name to Kenya Railways & Ports Police. The Kenya Railway Police Unit prevents and detects crimes, inquire into offences against property or people conveyed over by the railways corporation in their areas of operation, investigates claims or irregularities in connection with conveyance of goods and passengers, including missing goods. The Railway Police safeguard the corporation’s property at stations, platforms, trains, workshops and goods on transit
www.kenyapolice.go.ke
The specialised unit was formed to provide security to tourists. It was a collaboration among the Commissioner of Police, Ministry of Tourism and stakeholders in the tourism business. It was started at the Coast in 1996 with 50 officers. It now has 310 officers and a Commandant. The Tourist Police Unit is committed to ensuring safety for tourists to make them feel at home away from home. The unit provides security and safety to tourists in the circuits and facilities they use.
Y E A R B O O K
Tourist Police Unit
K E N Y A
Police dogs The police have several types of dogs — for patrol, tracking, firearm detectors, drug detectors, explosive detectors and show dogs. The Kenya Police uses breeds such as German Shepherd, Labrador retriever Rotweiller and English Springer Spaniel. The Kenya Police Dog Unit cares for and maintains police dogs. It also trains the animals and also the officers who work with and handle them. It is also the responsibility of the unit to procure and breed dogs for police work. The dog unit also deploys trained officers and dogs for crime prevention and investigation.
It was started in 1948 in Nanyuki as a section of CID. It was known as CID Dog Section, and had only five dogs and six officers. The section was later moved to Nairobi Central Police Station, then called Kings Way Police Station. The dog handlers were housed at Mathare Depot. Later, it was again moved to the Army Kennels near King George Hospital, now Kenyatta National Hospital. In 1980, the section headquarters was moved to its present location at Lang’ata next to the Lang’ata Women’s Prison. The Kenya Police Dog Unit headquarters is within Nairobi Area Provincial Dog Unit premise. In 1988, the section was separated from the CID and became an independent formation. The police buys dogs from breeders locally and abroad. The Unit also breeds from selected stud dogs and brood bitches. The Unit has established three breeding centres — Nairobi , Nakuru and Nyeri. The Unit embarked on kennel expansion programme between 2004 and 2008. Kennels have been put up in various police stations. The longterm plan is to have a police dog in every police station in the country.
2 0 1 0
Kenya Police Dog Unit
415
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
416
The unit provides security to tourists outside protected areas — beaches, roads, streets, airports, bus stops, public parks, hotels, lodges, entertainment spots, museums, historical sites and market places. Since the unit was set up, tourists have more confidence about their safety. The officers wear a badge on the left hand side of the shirt and tourists are advised to approach them for guidance and information. Kenya Airports Police Unit
The unit has three divisions: Nairobi Airport, Eldoret Airport and Moi
Airport. It is supported by the AntiNarcotics Police, Anti-Terrorism police and GSU. The unit is a special trained force to be used for civil aviation security with expert squads in handling hijackings, detection and disposal of bombs, searching aircraft, passengers and their baggage, investigating drugs and currency-related offences and aerodromes crimes Police officers were posted to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport to provide security to the airport, its facilities and aircraft. It also protects passengers and their property,
It was established in 2007 as a law enforcement agency to deal with maritime activities and provide security along the seas and lakes in Kenya. Before, it was within the Port Police Kilindini Division. The unit supports the local police and comprises the Kilindini, Lamu, Kisumu, Port Victoria and Lake Baringo detachments. The unit will open up more detachments along the coastline and parts of Lake Victoria, especially in Homa Bay, Suba and Migori districts. Its role is to provide internal security along the seas and lakes in Kenya, prevent and monitor narcotic trade and control infiltration of small arms, keep vigil on terrorist activities and monitor refugee influx. It also searches and rescues operations along the Kenya waters.
2 0 1 0
www.kenyapolice.go.ke
Maritime Police Unit
Y E A R B O O K
In 1911, a training depot was set up in Nairobi to improve the skills and efficiency of the police. In 1940, the second training depot was opened at Maseno. In 1948, the Nairobi Training Depot was transferred to Kiganjo, Nyeri, to a camp for Italian prisoners of war and renamed Kenya Police Training School. The Maseno depot was discontinued. In 1965, the training institution was renamed Kenya Police College. Between 1951 and 1953, ‘A’ and ‘B’ messes were built to accommodate senior officers undergoing training. In 1983, the current administration block was put up. Training at the college was primarily to produce constables knowledgeable in police procedures and law. But in 1961, the Higher Training Course started, the year the first female Direct Entry Inspector was admitted. Today, the college offers traffic management, community policing, PR and customer care and stress management courses.
controls crowds in the airports and collects intelligence. It investigates claims, complaints and irregularities in conveyance of goods and passengers, lost and found property, missing goods and passenger ticket fraud within the aerodromes and airports The unit also safeguards airlines and private aircraft in the apron of aerodromes and airports and inquires into accidents within airports and aerodromes. It is also the responsibility of the unit to control entry into restricted and controlled access areas and operate and check the pass system for staff and vehicles at aerodromes and airports The officers search passengers, their hand and hold luggage mechanically and manually before they are loaded into aircraft.
K E N Y A
Police training
417
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Kenya Police Air Wing
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Diplomatic Police Unit
418
The unit was established in 2004 to provide security to diplomats working and visiting Kenya. It started operations with 55 officers and three Landrovers. Due to many diplomats in Kenya, there was need to increase the number of officers. In 2005, 100 more police officers graduated from the GSU Training School after undergoing a VIP protection and security of vital installations course, and were posted to the unit. Since then, more have been posted. The officers are deployed on foot and mobile patrol for crime prevention and detection in areas with high population of diplomats. They discharge duties in a pro-active and responsible manner, exercising integrity and courtesy and are fair and firm. They are
It operates a fleet of helicopters and a fixed wing aircraft at Wilson Airport in Nairobi and provides air transport services to the police and Government officials to and from inaccessible areas. It also its role to transport VIPs, offer search and rescue missions, evacuate casualties and help victims of disasters. The unit assists ground forces combat cattle rustling and detect and prevent crime. It also gives anti-poaching assistance to the Kenya Wildlife Service, helps distribute supplies and carry rations and security equipment. Crowd dispersal, traffic control and aerial photography are some of its other responsibilities. www.kenyapolice.go.ke
It is established by the Administration Police Act and headed by the AP Commandant. The force also derives powers from the Chief’s Act and Criminal Procedure Code. In the new Constitution, the force
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Administration Police
is called the Administration Police Service. The AP has 34,000 officers. The Ominde Commission of 1988 had recommended an establishment of 41,000 at a time when Kenya’s population was 24 million. This translated to an AP population ratio of 1:585, just slightly below the recommended UN standard of 1:450. The AP proposes a 76,970 force to achieve the international accepted norm of one police officer to 450 citizens. Their role is to defend Kenya in case of war or emergency, help Government officials to exercise lawful duties, maintain law and order, preserve peace, protect life and apprehend offenders. The Administration Police also plays a pivotal role in enforcing laws on the environment, drugs, children and liquor. It has three major units — Administration Police Training College (APTC), Security of Government Buildings Unit (SGB) and Rapid Deployment Unit (RDU) — and eight provincial commands. District commands are under the provinces. They operate within their jurisdiction without directions from elsewhere except on complaints, inter-district operations and logistical support. The APTC, SGB and RDU are directly under the Commandant through their respective commanders. The AP band is a sub-unit, which supplements the Community Policing Outreach Programme. APTC is the logistical hub of the
K E N Y A
trained in public relations, customer care, VIP protection, Vital Installation Security, Geographic Information Systems and foreign languages. Its core functions are to protect UN staff and their families, enhance security awareness among the diplomatic community to reduce crime, improve communication between the UN and diplomatic community and the police and boost the dissemination of information and education on security. The unit also prevent and detect crime targeting diplomats through patrols — foot and mobile — and ambushes targeting crime-prone areas. The officers patrol areas of diplomatic interests, provide VIP protection to deserving diplomats and respond to distress and emergency calls from diplomats. They facilitate diplomats to access police services and control and regulate traffic flow during diplomatic functions. The police unit has achieved cooperation from the diplomatic community and crime against diplomats has reduced drastically since the unit was formed. These have been achieved through enhanced patrols, security awareness, quick response and community policing.
419
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
AP. SGB protects Government buildings and installations — which it took over from the Armed Forces Constabulary — and protects and escorts VIP. The RDU is for emergency response and operational tasks. It also intervenes in situations beyond local security capacity. The unit may be called upon to enhance border security and related operations. AP has taken a lead role in implementing Community-Based Policing, which has helped combat cattle rustling, banditry, terrorism and illegal firearms. Training
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Training centres
420
The Kenya Police has 10 provincial training centres — Embu, Kisumu, Kimilili, Garissa, Mombasa, Ngong, Makindu, Ruringu, Nakuru and Mathare. The Kenya Police College Commandant provides instructors and supervises training at the provincial training centres. However, it is the Provincial Police Officer or Formation Commander who should draw a training programme to meet the needs of a province. The centres train constables and members of other ranks. They also hold seminars for the Inspectorate on fields such as customer care, stress management, good governance and gender and human rights among
A community-policing syllabus has been developed and implemented by trainers, consultants and training partners. Specialised training focuses on anti-terrorism, border security, personnel and facility protection, conflict, crisis management and investigation skills, among other techniques. The AP proposes to double the number of recruits trained annually to 2,800 and to reduce attrition from 900 to 400. The former can be achieved through reduction of the training period from nine to six months with adequate provision for refresher training. This will produce an annual growth level of 3,200 officers or 11 per cent of the current force. AP requires facilities for training and recreation — shooting ranges, a swimming pool at APTC to train life-saving skills and other physical aids. APTC should be rehabilitated and expanded and more training areas acquired to create capacity for junior and senior training courses. Housing
www.kenyapolice.go.ke/ Kenya Police College
Administration Police units such as APTC, SGB, provincial and district headquarters
Medical scheme
The AP has medical facilities at the APTC, SGB and in Garissa, Mandera, Marsabit, Turkana and Kisumu districts run by qualified and medical personnel. However, to meet the high demand for medical services, personnel and facilities should be increased and boosted. The AP has a unit, which spearheads the fight against HIV/Aids. The expansion of medical facilities will benefit the officers, their families and the public who live near public health facilities such as the Kibish and Buluk AP medical dispensaries in Turkana and Marsabit districts respectively. There is also need to establish an AP Hospital to act as a referral facility.
NSIS In the new Constitution, the National Security Intelligence Service has been renamed the National Intelligence Service. The NSIS is the successor of the Special Branch. It
2 0 1 0
AP camps and lines have canteens and clubs where officers go for recreation and other welfare activities. However, more are needed as the number of officers continues to rise. Welfare offices are required for medical schemes, counselling and funeral services, among others.
Y E A R B O O K
Welfare
was created in 1952 and operated under the Commissioner of Police. The Special Branch was a secret intelligence unit for the colonial government during the Mau Mau movement. In 1963, it was made independent from the police force. Its operations were formalised through a presidential charter in 1969, which defined its roles and functions. In 1986, the Special Branch was transformed into the Directorate of Security Intelligence. However, the structure and organisation of the Special Branch were retained. NSIS was created in 1999 after the enactment of the National Security Intelligence Service Act. It is a Government agency that protects national security interests and safeguards citizens. Its main objective is to identify and report threats to the security of the State. Wilson Boinett was appointed NSIS Director-General on January 19, 1999 for a five-year term. He was re-appointed for another two years on January 19, 2004. In 2006, Maj-General Michael Gichangi succeeded Boinett. The DG is the principal advisor to the President and the Government on national security and intelligence. NSIS identifies threats against national security, collects and analyses intelligence and advises the Government. Some threats under NSIS investigation — terrorism — may have criminal implications and are dealt with by the CID. The CID
K E N Y A
have good houses, but they are not adequate for officers. Many more are being built so that housing is enough.
421
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
422
prevents, detects, investigates and prosecutes serious crime. But the NSIS is a civilian agency without police powers of search, arrest and prosecution. Individuals in Government or private society can only be investigated by the NSIS if they are a threat to national security. An example is the case of Government employees and citizens who facilitated the illegal acquisition of IDs and residence for terrorists who were involved in the 1998 bomb attack on the US Embassy in Nairobi that killed more
than 250 people. Security intelligence includes information from open and confidential sources. It is processed to help the Government make decisions. The NSIS provides new intelligence and adds value to what is in other Government reports or news stories. NSIS’ top officials are: Director of Operations, Director of External Intelligence, Director of Internal Intelligence, Director of the National Intelligence Academy, Director of Administration, Director of Economic Affairs and Director of
Information Technology. Careers at NSIS are open to citizens 18 years old and above. NSIS activities make it imperative for employees to have various academic backgrounds and abilities. The NSIS needs expertise from engineers, lawyers, scientists and communication experts, among others. Vacancies are advertised in national newspapers. Those who meet the qualifications are vetted.
The Kenyan Disciplined Forces are wellknown for peacekeeping missions since the 1980s. More than 10,000 soldiers, observers and staff officers have participated in about 20 missions abroad — Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Liberia are the most well-known. The discipline of the Kenyan Armed Forces has been a foundation of their success in such missions. In recognition of Kenya’s role in peacekeeping, a Peace Support Training Centre was established at the Defence Staff
Y E A R B O O K
Peacekeeping
K E N Y A
The Kenya Armed Forces comprises the Army, Air Force and Navy. Their primary role is to defend Kenya against external aggression. Since independence 46 years ago, Kenya has not fought any international war. The President, who is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, appoints senior military officers such as the Chief of General Staff, the nation’s top soldier, and service commanders: Heads of Army, Air Force and Navy. The Minister for Defence presides over the Defence Council, the organ responsible for running the affairs of the Armed Forces. In the new Constitution, the armed forces have been renamed the Kenya Defence Forces. However, they still comprise the Army, Navy and the Air Force.
2 0 1 0
Armed Forces
423
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Top spy agencies
424
India’s intelligence agency, Research and Analysis Wing, main focus is Pakistan. It employs more than 8,000 agents. The US intelligence has 16 agencies. The most known are CIA and FBI. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service gathers data locally. The Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks — Mossad — is Israel’s intelligence agency. Its main focus is the Middle East. It has about 1,000 agents. The Federal Intelligence Service of Germany has agents in over 100 countries. The Pakistani Directorate for InterServices Intelligence has interests in Afghanistan and India. The French General Directorate gathers intelligence in military and strategic matters. It employs over 5,000 people. Russia’s Main Intelligence Administration gathers local and foreign military intelligence. The Secret Intelligence Service of the UK, MI6, gathers data on terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and crimes that could impact on Europe. China’s intelligence agency, the Ministry of State Security, gathers data on enemies of the socialist government. It has primary interest in the US and has many agents in the Silicon Valley, California.
www.dirjournal.com
Training College in Nairobi. It trains soldiers from Kenya and other regions in readiness for UN peacekeeping duties. Athletics
Kenya’s military has produced some of the world’s best-known athletes. Famed distance runners, including marathoner Paul Tergat, and long distance world champions Henry Rono and John Ngugi, began their careers in the Armed Forces. The athletes have won many accolades at local, regional, continental, Commonwealth and world championships as well as the Olympics. Kenya’s military reflects the rich cultural mix of the nation and all ethnic groups are represented. Civil duty
The Government has often called upon the Armed Forces to help during disasters such as floods, collapsed buildings, terrorist attacks, fire and to supplement civilian efforts in the provision of water and medical care. In addition, they have also been deployed in the construction of public works, including bridges and schools. Military support includes helping the police to deal with riots and other civil disturbances, guarding key points, helping maintain essential supplies and services and to relief efforts during natural disasters. In this role, the military operates under local law and international legal provisions on the protection of human rights. The military is expected to observe the law on the use of force, powers of arrest and search as well as liability for wrongful acts.
Defence structure Chief of General Staff. He is the top soldier in the Kenya Armed Forces and the only four-
Army headquarters
The Army headquarters is at the Ministry of Defence complex in Hurlingham, Nairobi. At the headquarters are the Commander, Deputy Commander and three principal branches: Operations, plans and training; doctrine and personnel branches and Directorate of Logistics. The key function of the headquarters is overall command, control, direction and general superintendence of the Army. It is also responsibility for policy formulation and coordination. 3 Kenya Rifles
3 KR is the oldest Kenyan battalion and has played a big role in protecting and policing the East African territories. It participated in the Shifta campaign in NorthEastern, Eastern and Coast provinces between 1963 and 1968. When the Somali Republic gained independence in 1960, she started an expansionist campaign claiming part of the Northern Frontier District (NFD), now North East-
2 0 1 0
On April 1 1902, 3 KAR moved its headquarters from Mombasa to Nairobi. Together with 4 KAR and 5 KAR, the battalions were used by the colonial government in expeditions against those who resisted British rule. The most notable were against the ‘Mad Mullah’ in Somaliland in 1902 and the Nandi expedition of 1905-1906. In 1904, 5 KAR, mainly made up of Indian troops, was disbanded because of costs and that the British felt they had contained resistance to their rule. This was, however, reconstituted in 1916 during World War I and stationed in Meru. In 1926, 5 KAR was again disbanded and their colours were handed over to 3 KAR for safe custody. On March 1 1930, the unit was reconstituted, presented with their colours and stationed in Nairobi. After World War II, the two battalions were used by the colonial government to contain the Mau Mau war. At Independence in 1963, Parliament passed the Kenya Bills to amend the status of the military forces. Accordingly, the former units of the King’s African Rifles were transformed to Kenya Military Forces and the Government was empowered to assign names to the units with effect from the midnight December 12, 1963. Thus 3 KAR and 5 KAR became 3 Kenya Rifles
Y E A R B O O K
The Army
and 5 Kenya Rifles respectively. The Army is commanded by a Lt-General. The Kenya Air Force and the Kenya Navy are under Major-Generals. Traditionally, two other Lt-Generals hold the post of Vice-Chief of General Staff and the Commandant of the National Defence College, the military’s higher education institution.
K E N Y A
star General. His deputy is the ViceChief of General Staff, a Lt-General
425
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
ern Province. Groups of armed shiftas (bandits) started a clandestine insurgency movement, aimed at claiming the NFD, which they alleged belonged to Somalia. 3 KR played a major role in crushing the menace and effectively defended the country’s borders. All along, the battalion was stationed at ‘Lugard Barracks’, now Nanyuki Barracks. The battalion has also carried out its secondary role of aiding civil authorities and performance of ceremonial duties. It has won many trophies in various competitions, including rifle shooting, athletics, boxing and football.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
5 Kenya Rifles
When Somalia gained independence, it laid claim to the North Eastern Province (NEP) of Kenya. Attempts to solve the issue diplomatically failed as Somalia used aggressive means in her expansionist policy. 5 KR became the first battalion to be deployed to counter the insurgency. Throughout the campaign, known as the Shifta War, 5KR played a leading role in countering the threat. 7 Kenya Rifles
7 KR was located at Gilgil in a camp formerly held by British troops. The first task of the unit was to clean and repair the camp. The unit moved to its current base at Langata in 1973. 1 Kenya Rifles
1st Kenya Rifles was formed as the
426
11th Kings African Rifles (11th KAR) in 1941 as a garrison unit. Immediately after training, it was sent to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) during the Second World War. Over the years, the battalion has actively taken part in internal security operations. The unit has had significant achievements, including the recovery of a large number of assorted weapons and ammunition in the Boka Wells Operation of 1996. Immediately after its formation, the unit was involved in the anti-Shifta campaign. The operation was expensive in terms of loss of lives for civilians and destroyed equipment. The insurgency set the stage for present-day anti-banditry operations in North Eastern and Eastern provinces. Throughout the campaigns, the unit was deployed in company size with patrol bases in Isiolo, Garbatula and Merti. 9 Kenya Rifles
The 9th Battalion Kenya Rifles was formed on September 1, 1979. Initial troops were drawn from other infantry units — 3 KR, 5 KR and 7 KR. Thereafter, more officers and men were posted to the new unit. The Battalion is at Moi Barracks near Eldoret town. It got its colours on December 12, 1980. The unit celebrated the tenth anniversary on September 1, 1989 and trooped its colours for the first time in December 12, 2001.
School of Infantry
It is a middle-level military training institution for officers, servicemen and servicewomen. 20 Parachute Battalion
On October 14, 1964 the first 40 officers and men were sent to the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force Base, Abingdon, for a basic training course. Similar numbers subsequently followed until about 200 Kenyan troops qualified to form the first Independent Parachute Company on April 24, 1965. The unit has contributed enormously in internal and external security operations. They include the anti-Shifta campaign in North Eastern Province and the Ngoroko campaign in Turkana and West Pokot District to flush out the Ethiopian rebel group, Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). Other areas where the unit has operated are: Lokichogio (1991-1992), Garbatulla (1994-1996), Baragoi (1998-2001) and Hakati in 2004 and 2005. 50 Air Cavalry Battalion
It was set up as an aerial reconnaissance and airborne anti-tank battalion. Prior to
2 0 1 0
www.mod.go.ke/cgs
15th Battalion Kenya Rifles is the seventh infantry battalion and the youngest infantry unit in the Kenya Army. It is located on the northern mainland of Mombasa at Nyali beach. Its officers served under United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia. The unit was formed on March 13, 1989 and deployed with other United Nations forces in Namibia (then South West Africa) in a peace-keeping mission.
Y E A R B O O K
General Jeremiah Kianga was born in 1950. He went to Machakos School, completed in 1970 and joined the military in 1971. After cadet training at the Royal Military Academy, UK, he was posted to the 5th Kenya Rifles as a Platoon Commander in 1973. He has been trained in Kenya, UK, India and US and has a master’s degree (military arts and science) from Kansas University. He was a Directing Staff at the Army Staff College, UK, and Defence Staff College Kenya, Defence Advisor in Uganda and Chief of Military Intelligence. In 1999, Kianga was appointed General Officer Commanding Eastern Command, Deputy Army Commander and Assistant Chief of General Staff. In 2003, he was promoted to Lt-General and appointed Commander Kenya Army. He became the Chief of General Staff after Gen Joseph Kibwana retired.
15 Kenya Rifles
K E N Y A
The only full General
427
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Military ranks Kenya’s military has two sets of officers — commissioned and noncommissioned (NCOs). Commissioned officers: General Lt General Major-General Brigadier Colonel Lt Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant 2nd Lieutenant Non-Commissioned: Warrant Officer 1 Warrant Officer 2 Senior Sergeant Sergeant Senior Private Private
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.mod.go.ke
428
its implementation, there were suggestions that the new unit be an Air Force unit attached to Helicopter Squadron of Eastleigh Air Base or F5 Squadron at Nanyuki Air Base. At the time of the unit’s formation, the Army had no real aviation experience and had to seek technical assistance from the Kenya Air Force. This is why two officers Lt-Col JC Kitundu and Captain A Omar were transferred from the Kenya Air Force to the Army and posted to the unit. They have since retired. The first helicopters arrived in Kenya in the first week of December 1979
packaged in crates. After assembling them, the first public and official demonstration of the two helicopters was at Moi Air Base (MAB) Eastleigh, Nairobi. They were put through all manoeuvres before highranking Government officials. 2nd Brigade
The reorganisation of the Kenya Army into formations followed the growing instability of some countries in the East African region and the Horn of Africa. It started in 1978 and two infantry brigades were formed, the Second and Fourth Bri-
Eastern Command (Eastcom)
Its role is to defend the eastern region of the country against external or internal threat. The areas of responsibility include Nairobi, Kajiado and Eastern, Northern Eastern and Coast provinces. It is headed by a MajorGeneral.
www.mod.go.ke/ndc
2 0 1 0
The history of Nanyuki Garrison dates back to the days of the formation of the Kings African Rifles (KAR) in East Africa. During the First and Second World wars, the garrison was used as a training centre and the headquarters of the Kings African Rifles for Northern and North Frontier Districts (NFD), the current upper Eastern and the Northern Eastern provinces. The headquarters was closed at Kenya’s independence in 1963. The Brigade was reactivated in 1977 during the Ogaden War and called the Eastern Brigade. During the time, the country was divided into Western and Eastern Brigades. The Eastern Command moved its headquarters to Wajir to monitor the activities of the Somali National Army, which sporadically crossed into Kenyan territory to attack Ethiopian forces during the Ogaden War. The operations of the Brigade include Operation Fagia Mpaka in 1999 in Dadaab after Somalia militias attacked 3 KR personnel at Amuma and Operation Good Hope in 2003 to flush out OLF operatives in Marsabit and Moyale districts.
The Kenya National Defence College in Karen, Nairobi, was established in 1992 under the Department of Defence. The College Advisory Board is the governing body and advises the Commandant on academic standards. By learning together, senior military officers and senior civil servants appreciate one another’s interdependence, capabilities, limitations and how socioeconomic, political and military factors impact on security. Its role is to prepare senior military officers and Government officials from Kenya and friendly countries for higher responsibilities in defence, security and other public policy issues. The college headquarters is the command centre headed by a Commandant of the rank of Lt-General. The faculty comprises: • Four officers of the rank of Major-General or ambassadorial status designated as Senior Directing Staff, representing the Army, Air Force and Navy, and a senior civil servant from the Foreign Affairs ministry. • Four Junior Directing Staff, three military officers of the rank of Lt-Colonel drawn from the Army, Air Force and Navy and a civil servant from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The College Secretary is in charge of administration. A college coordinator is responsible for academic work
Y E A R B O O K
4 Brigade
Defence college
K E N Y A
gades in early 1979. The current 2nd Brigade was transformed from the Western Brigade with headquarters at Gilgil until November 2002 when it was moved to Lanet.
429
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Army commanders since independence
430
Major-Gen H I Freeland 1963-1964 Brigadier AJ Hardy 1964-1966 Brigadier J Ndolo 1966-1969 Major-General Mulinge 1969-1978 Major-General JK Nzioka 1978-1979 Lt-General JM Sawe 1979- 1981 Major-General Mahmoud Mohammed 1981-1986 Lt-General JL Lenges 1986-1993 Lt-General Daniel Tonje 1993-1994 Lt-General AK Cheruiyot 1994-1998 Lt-General AA Adan 1998-2000 Lt-General LK Sumbeiywo 2000-2003 Lt-General JM Kianga 2003-2005 Lt-General ASK Njoroge 2005-2008 Lt General J Tuwei (2008-Nov. 2010) Lt-General Njuki Mwaniki (current) www.mod.go.ke/Armysite
Western Command (Westcom)
Its role is to defend the western region of the country against external or internal threat. The areas of responsibility include the Rift Valley (excluding Kajiado District), Western and Nyanza provinces. Its secondary role includes coordinating and mobilising paramilitary and civil agencies to deal with disasters. 76 Armoured Reconnaissance Battalion
With its origins dating back to 1968 under Major J Munyao, the battalion has participated in major historic events: The anti-Shifta campaign Countering Ugandan President Idi Amin in 1976 when he threatened to annex parts of Kenya’s territory The 1999 Amuma Operation in North Eastern Province to counter Somali militias who had infiltrated the country Curbing cattle rustling in the North Rift and the entire northern Kenya 78 Tank Battalion
Its formation in 1978 and that of the 81 Tank Battalion in 1981 was due to the threats of the 1970s. 78 Tank Battalion was hived off 76 ARB and was initially based in Gilgil and named Light Armoured Squadron (LAS). In 1979, it moved to Lanet Airfield (behind the 81 Tank Battalion). 81 Tank Battalion
It is the youngest unit of the Armoured Corps, having been formed in 1981 at its current location in Lanet under the command of Major JJ Wangome (retired as Lt Col). The primary mission of 81 Tank Battalion is to conduct operations against enemy armour
Air Force bosses
In 1990, the brigade base was at Isiolo Barracks to coordinate and harmonise all activities of its units and schools.
Armoured Brigade
School of Armour
Its headquarters was established in 1979 and had one main tank battalion and one armoured reconnaissance battalion.
It was established in 1979 — after the formation of Armoured Brigade — to train officers on technical and tactical handling of Armoured Fight-
Y E A R B O O K
and provision of support to the infantry. The secondary role is to conduct internal security operations and help civil authorities in maintaining law and order.
K E N Y A
www.mod.go.ke/KAFsite
2 0 1 0
Group Captain Stockwell 1963-1967 Group Captain F Rothwell 1967-1971 Group Captain J Edwards 1971-1973 Colonel Dedan Gichuru 1973-1980 Maj-General PM Kariuki 1980-1982 Lt-General MH Mohammed 1982-1986 Major-General Dedan Gichuru 1986-1989 Major-General DK Wachira 1989-1994 Major-General NL Leshan 1994-2000 Major-General SK Mutai 2000-2003 Major-General JW Karangi 2003-2005 Major-General HM Tangai (current)
431
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
432
ing Vehicles (AFVs). Courses on offer include squadron commanders course, troop commanders, regimental gunnery, skill at arms, platoon sergeants missile operator. 66 Artillery Battalion
The decision to form an Artillery unit was mooted in 1964, but was not implemented until November 29, 1966 when the first Artillery Battery was formed, comprising 120mm Tampella Mortars. The main armament was acquired from Israel and the first
firing was done atop the Menengai Crater. This first Artillery Battery was known as First Mortar Battery. Light Armoured Squadron and First Parachute Company formed what was then known as Support Battalion. In 1975, more mortars were acquired, leading to the formation of C troop. The first Commanding Officer of 66 Artillery Battalion was Lt-Colonel Daudi Tonje (later CGS). 75 Artillery Battalion
The name 75 is for the year the first air defence guns were acquired.
2 Battery, then under 66 Artillery Battalion in Gilgil, was integrated into the Kenya Air Force Ground Defence Unit (GADU) in September 1978. 75 Artillery Battalion was formed in 1982 after GADU was disbanded following the attempted coup. Apart from the Tiger Cat Squadron and a few personnel, all GADU elements and equipment were transferred to the Kenya Army. 77 Artillery Battalion
It moved from Gilgil to Nyali Barracks in Mombasa in 1979 after the formation of 5 Battery. The battalion was then shifted to its present base in Mariakani Barracks. 15 KR now occupies Nyali Barracks. The idea of a second field artillery unit was conceived in 1977, hence the name of the unit. The acquisition of personnel and equipment for the new unit was done between 1977 and 1979. Following this, two new Batteries, 6 and 7, were formed in 1981.
www.mod.go.ke/Navysite
Y E A R B O O K
Commander EMC Walker 1964-1967 Commander A A Pearse 1967-1969 Commander WAE Hall 1969-1972 Lt-Colonel J Kimaro 1972-1978. Maj-Gen ES Mbilu 1978-1988 Maj-Gen Joseph Kibwana 1988-1998 Maj-Gen A Rafrouf 1998-2002 Maj-Gen PO Awitta 2002-2006 Maj-Gen Mwathethe (current)
It traces its origin to 1966 soon after the formation of the first Artillery battery, the 1st Mortar Battery. It was then known as the Gunnery Wing of the Mortar Battery. Members of the Royal Artillery, who were part of BATTKEN, were instrumental in the formation of this wing. The school became an independent unit directly under the command of Headquarters Artillery Brigade, but was together with 66 Artillery Battalion in Gilgil. The school then moved to Larisoro near Archer’s Post in Isiolo between March and December 1983. It later shifted to a ranch in Kula Mawe in 1984 and later the same year, the school moved to a site next to 78 Tank Battalion. It finally moved to its current base in Kampi ya Chumvi on the Isiolo-Archer’s Post road in September 1985.
K E N Y A
Navy chiefs
2 0 1 0
School of Artillery
433
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
10 Engineers Battalion
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The Corps of Engineers was formed on October 1, 1965 as an Engineer Company based in Gilgil. It comprised a Field Troop, Plant Troop and a Headquarter Troop with 120 personnel. The same year, the role of the sub-unit was changed to Engineer squadron. In 1958, the Engineer squadron moved from Gilgil to Nanyuki, the current location of 10 Engineers. In 1971, the Engineer Squadron was expanded to a battalion comprising a Field Squadron, Park Squadron (the support squadron) and a Headquarter Squadron. It was renamed 10 Engineer Battalion in July 1979 after the formation of another battalion. The unit has undertaken the following projects:
434
• Construction of Ishiara Bridge in Embu in the 1970s • Construction of Wajir Airstrip in the 1970s • Construction of Makupa Causeway Bridge • Construction of Armed Forces Memorial Hospital in the 1970s • Construction of Ngong, School of Infantry and Athi River Rifle Ranges (1976-1980) • Construction of Larisoro Aircraft range in 1978 • Construction of AFTC Parade ground in the early 1980s • Repairs at Uhuru Park • Construction of State House Girls’ School playground • Fencing of the Aberdares Forest
Women in the Forces They were first recruited in the Armed Forces in 1972. They remained a Women Service Corps and served under different terms and conditions of service. But it was dissolved on December 1 1999 and the personnel integrated into the formations of the Armed Forces. They now serve under the same terms as their male counterparts. Women serve as drivers, mechanical and electrical engineers, communication technicians, clerks, accountants, military policewomen, lawyers and Infantry, aircrew, communicators, doctors, nurses, educationists, administrators, logisticians, air traffic controllers, caterers. The Kenya Navy has 10 female officers and 115 service women. www.mod.go.ke/gender
in 1996 • Construction of Thange Bridge in 1998. 12 Engineers Battalion
In 1978, the Kenya Army Corps of Engineers had only the Engineering Battalion in Nanyuki. The battalion expanded in personnel and equipment, leading to the need for alternative suitable training area because the one available in the camp was small. A training area at Archer’s Post was identified and the first troop of
combat engineers was sent to Laresoro for training. Kenya Air Force range at Archer’s Post needed renovation and a combat engineer troop was sent to do the task and join the training troop. In 1978, an officer was tasked to write a report for a suitable permanent training camp in Archer’s Post. In his report, he recommended a camp formerly occupied by the Ministry of Works and currently hosting the School of Combat Engineering (SOCE). As the Army establishments expanded, there was need to increase the number of engineers to effectively back infantry units. The role of the Engineer Battalion is to support the Army in highly mobile bridging capability and river crossing, create fording points for Armour and support the Engineer Combat Battalion.
It is an integral unit of the Kenya Army Corps of Engineers (KACE). It trains engineer officers and servicemen/women to promote support of the Army missions. The school is headed by a Lt-Col. It trains selected engineer officers posted
Y E A R B O O K
School of Combat Engineering
K E N Y A
Engineers Brigade caters for two units: 10 Engineers, 12 Engineers and one school, School of Combat Engineers. Over the years, the Brigade has undergone many changes in training and equipment holding to improve its capability and operational efficiency. The mission of the Engineers Brigade is to support the Kenya Army in defence of the country against external aggression and aid to civil authority or humanitarian civic action.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Engineers Brigade
435
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
436
to the Corps of Engineer on completion of cadet courses and further training in Engineer Squadron Commander’s course. It gives basic combat engineer training to selected servicemen and women posted to the Corp of Engineer prior to their posting. The school also gives subsequent combat and specialised training to Kenya Army Engineer servicemen and women in various trades. It trains selected junior and senior non-commissioned officers in matters of command, gives further training to engineer officers, servicemen
and women in civil construction, leading to award of certificates. Kahawa Garrison
It was started in 1942 during the Second World War as a depot known as 32 Supply Depot. It was for the British forces based in the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. Kahawa Garrison is also the home of the Corps of Signals, whose history dates back to 1952 when a School of Signals was started in Lord Lugards Barracks. The Signal Training Wing moved to the garrison in 1964.
Kenya Army Medical Services
School of Ordnance
The Kenya Army Medical Corps, under the guidance and direction of the Chief of Medical Services, provides Armed Forces medical services. KAMC has been in existence since the formation of Kings African Rifles. The medical services are provided at all levels of military organisations. The main emphasis is preventive medicine, augmented by curative and rehabilitative services.
The need to train local military personnel to take over from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) led to the establishment of the institution. It started as training in industry section and has grown into a leading institution responsible for courses and seminars not only in ordnance related fields, but also combat service support, command and leadership for officers and servicemen and women. The mission of the school is to equip officers and servicemen and women with knowledge and skills needed to meet operations and manpower requirements of the Kenya Army, sister services and Combat Service Support (CSS) during peace time and war.
The primary mission of KAOC is to sustain the Kenya Army through acquisition, warehousing and distribution of stores for support operations in peace and wartime. The vision of KAOC is to maintain its role as a leading inventory control organisation within the Armed Forces through improved mission, oriented training and effective leadership at all levels.
It was established in 1995 to superintend over Army communications through command control and administration of signal resources. The Corps has been in charge of career progression of signal staff and repair and maintenance of ICT. The role of the Kenya Army Corps of Signals is to: • Command, control and administer Army Signal Battalion and School of Signals • Maintain Army communication equipment • Train Army communication officers, operations and radio technicians • Coordinate communication
2 0 1 0
Kenya Army Ordnance Corps (KAOC)
Kenya Army Corps of Signals
Y E A R B O O K
The history of KAEME dates back to the colonial era when the British administration identified the need for repair and maintenance facilities for the Kings African Rifles. KAEME was formed in 1964 to provide repair support to the Army headquarters, three infantry battalions and two transport companies. It was under the Director of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
K E N Y A
Kenya Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (KAEME)
437
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Ceremonial parades
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The Kenyan Armed Forces inherited military ceremonies from the British. A ceremony parade inspires those who watch or take part. The aim is to produce a proud, alert and obedient soldier and to provide the basis of team work. Once the elements of discipline have been instilled through drill on the parade square, it develops into forms of crew drill, gun drill and battle drill. But the aim of discipline remains unchanged — the conquest of fear. Drill helps to achieve this because soldiers lose their individuality and are unified into a group under obedience to orders. If men are to give their best in war they must be united. Through drill, discipline instils a sense of unity, by requiring them to obey orders as one man. A ceremonial parade provides an occasion for men to express pride in the profession of Arms.
438
www.mod.go.ke/parades
resources in the Kenya Army • Advice commanders on communication and information system • Prepare Army communication policies Kenya Army Corps of Transport
Its mission is to provide transport for men and cargo during war and peace, and train transport management staff, including operators. KACT includes:
Kenya Air Force After independence in 1963, Kenya sought help from Britain to form
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
• Kenya Army Corps of Transport Headquarters Battalion • Four Light Transport Companies (21, 41, 61 and 81 Tpt Coys) • School of Transport • Workshop Company
the Kenya Air Force. Group Captain Ian Sargenson was seconded to the Royal Air Force (RAF) Eastleigh and appointed commander-designate. Royal Air Force (RAF) Eastleigh was renamed Kenya Air Force Eastleigh. The Kenya Armed Forces Act was enacted on June 1, 1964, paving way for the formation of Kenya Air Force. To cater for the need of indigenous pilots, a flying training unit was established at Eastleigh with an output of 10 pilots every year. The unit was equipped with six Chimunk and three Beaver aircraft for training. A ground training unit was established to train technical manpower for the Air Force. Eighty technicians were produced annually. Kenya Air Force is organised into operational bases, forward operating bases and a technical training college. Moi Air Base is the transportation base, while Laikipia is a fighter base. The bases are equipped with appropriate equipment and human resources to carry out their assigned roles. The Kenya Air Force is also the branch of the military that flies Government VIPs to destinations locally, regionally and internationally in the course of their duties. The tasks are carried out using various aircraft in the Air Force inventory. The President, as Commanderin-Chief, is routinely ferried in a special presidential jet, a Fokker 70 ER acquired from the Netherlands in 1995. A fleet of Canadian built
439
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Support for civilians
440
Dash-8 turbo prop medium transport aircraft complete the VIP squadron fleet based at the Moi Air Base in Eastleigh. Following the change of command from Britain’s Maj General RD Benford to Maj-General Ndolo as Kenya’s first native Chief of Defence Forces, the ranking system was changed to resemble that of the Army, but the badges of ranks insignia are similar to those of the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.
Kenya Navy The need for a navy as part of the national defence was identified at independence in 1963. The planning for it was initiated under
The military helps mitigate disasters. The Army conducts search, rescue and evacuation, provides relief, water, security and medical services and opens communication routes by undertaking construction works. The Kenya Air Force flies Government officials to many parts of the country and limited overseas flights, delivers relief food and drugs and airlifts officials and ballot boxes to and from inaccessible parts during elections and referenda. During disasters, KAF provides medics, search and rescue teams and ground equipment. Kenyans in remote areas and on banks of rivers and lakes have received help when disaster strikes from the Clearance Diving Unit of the Kenya Navy. It salvages aircraft victims and vessels that capsize at sea, in rivers and lakes. It provides treatment to traditional divers with decompression diseases. www.mod.go.ke
gwe ferry, which went down with more than 270 passengers on board.
Y E A R B O O K
Substance abuse is the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. People abuse substances for varied and complicated reasons, but society pays a significant cost. The toll can be seen in hospitals and emergency departments through damage to health and its link to physical trauma. There is also a strong connection between crime and drug dependence and abuse. The Office of the National Coordinator for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NACADA) was created to address the drugs and substances abuse problem. This is a global problem that has ramifications on people’s health, security, economy, culture and welfare. To ensure that drug and substance abuse does not permeate society the way it has done in other parts of the world, NACADA was formed. It coordinates the activities of individuals and organisations in the campaign against drug and substance abuse and has prepared an institutional framework. Its core functions are to: Coordinate the fight against the supply and demand for drugs and chemical substances in collaboration with public and private sectors and volunteers Educate the youth and the public on drug and substances abuse
2 0 1 0
War against drugs
K E N Y A
an agreement with the British government to form a small, but efficient naval service using facilities at the former Royal Naval Armament. On December 12, 1964, the Kenya Navy was inaugurated by President Jomo Kenyatta and launched on December 16, 1964. During the occasion, President Kenyatta described the inauguration as a “ceremony marking the completion of Kenya’s pattern of defence”. Initially, officers in the Navy were on loan from the Royal Navy of the UK until 1966 when the first midshipmen reported for duty after training in the UK. The Royal Navy also loaned a training ship, ‘HMS Aberford’, which was later renamed ‘KNS Nyati’. Two boats and motor cutters were used for training the young seamen. Since its formation, the Kenya Navy has been called upon on numerous occasions to help locally and internationally. In 1980, Navy divers recovered a civilian vehicle at Chinga Dam in Nyeri District. In 1981, they were deployed to salvage a National Youth Service vehicle at Garissa Bridge in North Eastern Province. In 1985, the divers were engaged to search for weapons and arms in Rongai Dam in Nakuru District. In 1986, Navy divers were once again called upon to salvage a Tanzanian dhow at Shelly Beach. In April 1994, the Kenya Navy was tasked to rescue people and recover bodies from the sunken mv Mton-
441
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Collaborate with law enforcement agencies in adopting and enforcing legislation against illicit drug production, trafficking, drug abuse and money laundering Facilitate the development of public treatment and rehabilitation programmes and centres Facilitate the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of data on drug demand reduction Facilitate the harmonisation of international conventions and treaties with local laws Since its creation in 2001, NACADA has played a leading role in preventing and reducing the problems brought by psycho-active substance use, and has played an active role in instituting policies on regulation of abused substances.
Commander-in-Chief President Mwai Kibaki is the Commander-in-Chief of Kenya’s Armed Forces. The term ‘Commanderin-Chief’ refers to the military competencies in a nation’s executive, Head of State or government. Often, a country’s commanderin-chief need not be or have been a commissioned officer and this is how civilian control of the military is realised. The term ‘CommanderinCchief’ derives from the Latin imperator of the Roman Republic and Empire. In modern times, it was first used by King Charles of England in 1639.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Alcohol and drug abuse
442
Drug abuse is the non-medical use of drugs (alcohol, cigarettes and other chemical substances) that destroy health and reproductive life. According to the World Drugs Report 2008, heroin is consumed by 0.3-0.5 per cent of Kenyans, cannabis by 4 per cent, miraa 11 per cent and cocaine by 0.1-0.5 per cent. A UN Office on Drugs and Crime study in 2007 mapped over 12,000 heroin users and 103 drug dens in Nairobi and Coast provinces. A NACADA survey in 2007 had worrisome statistics — 40 per cent of Kenyans between 15 and 65 years have drunk alcohol, and 13 per cent of people from all provinces
except North Eastern are consumers of alcohol. The study found that alcohol is abused by 77 per cent of youths out of school and 28 per cent of those in school. ‘Miraa’ abuse
Miraa (khat) is a plant whose fresh leaves and soft twigs are chewed to release a juice containing cathinone and cathine, the active chemicals that alter the mood. Chewing miraa has serious consequences to the body in the long-term. Khat has similar but less intense
Tobacco
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
ing blood to the reproductive tract, causing inhibited urine flow, and in men, the inability to attain and sustain an erection. In women, the dehydrating effect of miraa dries the lining of the reproductive tract leading to pain. The micro-injuries can cause reproductive tract infections. Chewing khat during pregnancy decreases blood flow to the uterus, disrupting flow of nutrients from the bloodstream to the unborn baby.
K E N Y A
effects than cocaine. Upon chewing, the user experiences an unusual feeling of excitement and alertness — talk much, lose concentration on simple tasks or even forget simple facts. Chewing miraa causes rapid heart rate and increased blood pressure, symptoms that are sometimes confused with increased sexual libido or stamina The claim that miraa increases sexual libido is a myth. Instead, evidence suggests that drug inhibits blood flow to the reproductive system. It constricts the vessels supply-
It is a herbal plant that falls under
443
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
drugs known as selective drugs since its effects vary from person to person. Tobacco sedates and stimulates. Nicotine is the main active ingredient and most addictive substance in tobacco. It contains 4,700 chemicals, 40 of which are carcinogenic. Tobacco is used in the following forms: Cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and cigarettes. In Kenya, common tobacco products are filtertipped cigarettes, cheroots, cigars, snuff and kuber (an illegal product smuggled in from India). According to a NACADA national baseline survey on alcohol and drug abuse in 2004, tobacco is one of the most abused drugs in Kenya. The others are alcohol, bhang, miraa, inhalants and prescription drugs.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Navy training
444
The Naval Training School conducts academic, professional and technical training. It provides a basic naval conversion course to recruits and categorises them into trades for further training. Naval trainees undergo eight weeks’ basic training. Six weeks are for general naval subjects and two weeks on seamanship. The trainees sit an examination. The results are used to categorise them into such trades — seamanship, radio and radar (electronics), marine and electrical engineering, supply and secretariat, communications and clerical studies. Since its creation, the Naval Training School has been successful in training.
www.mod.go.ke. Navysite/training
Marijuana
The cannabis sativa plant is the source of bhang, hashish and hashish oil. The leaves, flowers and twigs are crushed to produce marijuana. The active ingredient in bhang is delta -9 -tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. Its use causes a state of relaxation, accelerated heart beat, perceived slowing of time and a sense of heightened hearing, taste, touch and smell. The effects depend on the amount of drug consumed and the circumstances. Bhang and hashish do not produce psychological dependence except when taken in large daily doses. The drug can be dangerous if smoked before an activity requiring concentration, including driving. Inhalants and solvents
They are household products inhaled or sniffed to get high. The examples of inhalants include model airplane glue, leather glue, nail polish remover, cleaning fluids, gasoline,
Heroin
Also known as diamorphine, it is synthesised from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. Heroin is used as a pain-killer and as a recreational drug and has high potential for abuse. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance, moderate physical dependence and severe psychological dependence. One of the most common meth-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
include weight loss, muscle weakness, disorientation, inattentiveness, lack of coordination, irritability and depression.
K E N Y A
spray paint, fabric protector and air conditioner fluid (freon), among others. Within seconds of inhalation, the user experiences intoxication similar to that produced by alcohol. Alcohol-like effects may include slurred speech, inability to coordinate movement, dizziness, confusion and delirium, nausea and vomiting. Compulsive use and a mild withdrawal syndrome can occur with long-term abuse. Additional symptoms exhibited by long-term inhalant abusers
445
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Guards of honour
446
ods of illicit heroin use is via intravenous injection. Users initially inject in the easily accessible veins in the arm, but when they veins collapse through damage, the user resorts to injecting in other veins. Users may also administer the drug through snorting or smoking by inhaling its vapour when heated. Cocaine
It is one of the most addictive stimulants. It is in powdered or crystal form. The powdered form can be snorted or dissolved in water and then injected. The crystal form, when heated, produces vapour that is smoked. Cocaine abuse has many effects on the body. It constricts blood vessels, dilates eye pupils
Tri-Service Guard of Honour comprises the Army, Air Force and Navy. Single Service Guard of Honour is reserved for the Head of State/Government, a visiting one or other State ceremonies. In Troops in Line,soldiers line on either side of the passage of the dignitary in Present Arms position. Half Guard is mounted for foreign Chiefs of Defence Forces Trooping of the Colour ceremony normally takes place on Nairobi on Jamhuri Day. Quarter Guard is mounted when an officer from the rank of Brigadier and above visits. Gun Salutes are given when the President is sworn in, a head of government visits for the first time and at burial of a Head of State or senior military officer www.mod.go.ke/ Armysite/parades
Pilot Officer
2nd Lieutenant
Flying Officer
Lieutenant
Flight Lieutenant
Captain
Squadron Leader
Major
Wing Commander
Lieutenant Colonel
Group Captain
Colonel
Air Commodore
Brigadier
Air Vice Marshall
Major General
Air Marshall
Lieutenant General
Air Chief Marshall
General
and increases body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure. It can causes headaches, abdominal pain and nausea. Because cocaine decreases appetite, chronic users become malnourished. Regular intranasal use (snorting) leads to loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness and a chronically runny nose. Ingesting cocaine causes severe bowel gangrene as a result of reduced blood flow. Injecting cocaine leads to severe allergic reactions and increases risk for contracting HIV and other blood-borne diseases. Binge-patterned cocaine use may lead to irritability, restlessness and anxiety. Cocaine abusers can also experience severe paranoia, hallucinations and loss of reality. Abusers experience acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies such as a heart attack or stroke, which may cause sudden death. Cocaine-
related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizure followed by respiratory arrest. Prescription drugs
They are licensed medicine regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. The term is used to distinguish them from over-the-counter medicinal drugs that can be obtained without a prescription. Dispensation of prescription drugs often includes a package insert or a patient information leaflet that gives detailed information about the drug. Over-the-counter drugs are used to treat conditions not necessarily requiring care from a health care professional and have been proven to meet higher safety standards for self-medication. The expiry date specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees full potency and safety of a drug.
Government Press It is a department under the Office of the President headed by the Government Printer who reports to the Permanent Secretary, Provincial Administration and Internal Security. The Government Press is on Nairobi’s Haile Selassie Avenue near Kenya Polytechnic. The press was established in Mombasa by the colonial government in 1895. It was moved to Nairobi in 1905 as Kenya-Uganda Press. In 1962, it was placed under the Ministry of Power and Communica-
2 0 1 0
New Rank Name
Y E A R B O O K
Old Rank Name
K E N Y A
New ranking convention
447
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
448
tions and known as Printing and Stationery Department. The name was later changed to Government Press. Since its inception, the Press has provided quality printing and publishing services to clients — ministries, departments, parastatals, the private sector and the public. The department ensures confidentiality when it prints important and sensitive Government documents. It provides quality services to the Government and at economical costs and ensures security and supply of ministries, departments, parastatals, private sector and public documents — accountable, legal, secret and confident. Its core functions are to print classified Government documents, revenue forms, annual, recurrent and special reports and The Kenya Gazette and subsidiary legislations — Kenya Supplements, Bills, Acts and revised laws, stationery and parliamentary Hansard. The Government Press supplies exercise books and rubber stamps for ministries and departments; sells Government documents, advises on the printing of Catalogue of Government Publications and Economic Survey published on Budget Day. Kenya Gazette
It is published every week on Friday. Notices and non-commercial advertisements are published. Subscriptions become effective only on receipt of advance payment. The rates are as follows: • 12 months (excluding postage in Kenya) Sh9,830 • 12 months (including postage in Kenya) Sh11,135 • 12 months (including postage overseas) Sh23,875 • Six months (excluding postage in Kenya)
Quick facts Bhang (cannabis sativa) contains more than 400 chemicals, many of which are harmful Its smoke has more cancercausing agents than cigarette smoke. The chemicals in bhang smoke can remain in the body for up to a month Bhang affects co-ordination and slows down thinking and reflexes. It reduces people’s memory and affects comprehension. Bhang smokers often lose interest in schoolwork, sports and other co-curricular activities Bhang is psychologically addictive www.nacada.go.ke/drugs/ marijuana
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Sh4,915 • Six months (including postage in Kenya) Sh5,570 • Six months (including postage overseas) Sh11,940 Subscriptions for less than six months are not acceptable. The publications are available at the Government Printer bookshop or Publications Store. The bookshop is open from Monday to Friday at 8.30am to 12.30pm and 2pm to 4pm.
449
Economy,and Security Finance defence and Planning
Effects of heroin On the central nervous system: Drowsiness, disorientation, delirium On the cardiovascular and respiratory system: Shallow breathing, respiratory depression On the eyes, ears, mouth and nose: Dry mouth, eye pupil constriction Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting and constipation On the urinary system: Urinary retention and muscle spasticity On the neurological system: Physical and psychological dependence, confusion and euphoria Skin: Itching
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.nacada.go.ke/ drugs/heroin effects
450
References •
Kurian, George Thomas. World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Penal Systems Facts on File: New York, 1989.
•
Majeshi Yetu Magazine 2nd Quarter 2001.
•
Majeshi Yetu Magazine 2nd Quarter 2004.
•
Majeshi Yetu Magazine October-December 2006
•
Mutinda, Duncan M. Redefining The Role of Military in Arica in the Emerging Strategic Security Landscape
•
Munyoki, Michael Mulwa. Armed Forces in Counter Disaster Management as a Strategy for Enhanced National Development
•
Ist Army Day Souvenir Journal
•
National Defence College website
•
www.kenyapolice.go.ke
•
Kenya Police Annual Report 2007
•
Kenya Police Annual Report 2008
•
Kenya Police Annual Report 2009
•
wwwadministrationpolice.go.ke
•
www.nsis.go.ke
•
www.mod.go.ke
•
www.nacada.go.ke
12
Labour and human resources are
abundant in Kenya, giving the public and private sectors, including international investors, a wide choice. The workforce is well-educated, experienced and hardworking
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Labour and Human Resources
451
Labour and Human Resources
Introduction
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
T
452
he Public Service has close to 700,000 staff. They are in the core Civil Service, Disciplined Service, Judiciary, State Law Office, Teachers Service Commission, public universities, local authorities, Parliamentary Service Commission and State corporations. The human resource in Kenya is enormous and literally no discipline, trade or profession lacks staff. This is because with seven public universities, close to 50 private ones and many other institutions of higher learning, Kenya has high-calibre workforce. It is no wonder that the country’s human resource is playing key roles in neighbouring countries, other parts of the continent and indeed the world. Performance in the Public Service has improved tremendously in the past six years. The reforms are aimed at making it a first-class Civil Service. The strategies include prudent management of human resources, improved terms and conditions of service, quality training, performancerelated promotion and well-defined career
applications and birth or death certificates four days later in Nairobi and one day in the districts. (See chapter on Immigration) Salaries and allowances for public servants have risen as the Government ensures that its employees are well catered for so that they can be as productive as possible. See table below
2009 (Minimum) 7,619 8,039 8,259 8,819 9,721 10,717 13,733 16,692 21,304 26,323 30,472 35,275 40,835 63,782 77,527 94,235 100,620
Y E A R B O O K
Job Group 2004 (Minimum) A 3,310 B 3,310 C 3,310 D 3,310 E 3,720 F 4,240 G 5,340 H 7,090 J 8,500 K 9,925 L 11,690 M 14,210 N 16,190 P 18,005 Q 20,485 R 23,100 S 25,265
2 0 1 0
Salaries Increase
K E N Y A
progression. Talent-based human resource management has been implemented with emphasis on performance skills-based pay, performance-related promotion and fasttracking of careers of the best performers. To achieve this, the Government has started a Training Loan Revolving Fund. Civil servants get loans to pay for advanced professional training. This has enhanced skills and competencies. To boost the level of skills in the public service, a recruitment and training policy to attract talent from the private and public sectors has been implemented. Close to 5,000 staff have left the private sector for Government employment, a clear indications of the good terms of service the Government offers. The Contributory Pension Scheme has been introduced and the retirement age raised from 55 to 60. Similarly, a comprehensive medical insurance scheme is in the offing. It will replace the current system of paying monthly medical allowances. Government ministries and departments have set targets and timelines by which certain services should be offered. For example, Kenyans should get passports 10 days after
453
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
UN salutes Public Service in Kenya
454
In 2007, Kenya won the UN Public Service Award for performance contracting. It is the most prestigious international recognition in Public Service. Kenya was subjected to competition with others from the rest of the world and won in Category 1 on ‘Improving Transparency, Accountability and Responsiveness in the Public Service’. The award was presented in Vienna, Austria, on June 26, 2007. Above, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon. www.dpm.go.ke
In 2009-2010, the modern sector registered an improvement in job creation, with about 55,500 new jobs registered in the period, up from 34,000 in 2008. The private and public sectors recorded positive growths in employment of 3.1 per cent and 2.4 per cent, respectively. Total employment, excluding those in rural small-scale agriculture and pastoralist activities, went up by 4.5 per cent to 10.4 million in 2009. This is attributed to a favourable business environment, availability of credit from financial institutions and an increase in investment opportunities. The nominal wage bill went up by 7.7 per cent from Sh707.4 billion in 2008 to Sh761.6 billion in 2009. The public sector wage bill went up by 8.2 per cent in 2009, slightly lower than 11 per cent in 2008. Overall, annual average earnings per
2 0 1 0
The use of performance contracts since 2004 has been acclaimed as an effective means of improving the output of public enterprises and Government departments. A performance contract is an agreement between the Government and a public agency, which establishes general goals for the organisation, sets targets for measuring performance and provides incentives for achieving the goals. Performance contracts are now considered an essential tool for enhancing good governance and accountability in the public sector. This will increase the efficiency of public enterprises and reduce further drain on the Treasury. In 2007, during the signing of performance contracts for permanent secretaries, President Kibaki emphasised the role the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation as a blueprint for sustainable economic growth. The strategy stresses the need for efficient and transparent use of resources if the economic recovery is to work. Equally important is the need for timely implementation of development programmes and
Y E A R B O O K
Performance contracting
within agreed budgets. It is, therefore, important to build effective accountability systems within the Public Service, hence the need for performance contracts. Corporate governance practices are the cornerstones of management of public resources. And the following have been incorporated: • Introduction of ministerial strategic plans • Introduction of result-based management • Annual work plans for public servants • Performance contracts for permanent secretaries and chief executives of State corporations • Better and harmonised remuneration for public servants • Introduction of new recruitment and training policy • Enactment of the Public Officer and Ethics Act. Performance contracting ensures that the Government is accountable to the taxpayer. By signing the contracts, the parties concerned agree on mutual performance obligations, intentions, responsibilities and expectations in the delivery of quality services to the public. The Government also prepared a performance appraisal system that facilitates objective assessment of public servants. The results of performance contracts are made public every October. They enable the Government to recognise and reward success, and at the same time point out areas where per-
K E N Y A
employee registered an increase of 4 per cent to Sh 378,349.6 per annum in 2009. The Government increased the statutory minimum wage rates by 20 per cent and 18 per cent for agriculture and other sectors, respectively.
455
Labour and Human Resources
formance is below expectation. In line with performance contracts, Ministry Service Charters outline the quality and quantity of public services Kenyans expect, details of charges and where to seek redress if one is dissatisfied with the quality of services provided. Another key aspect of performance contracting and service charter is to deal with the perception of corruption. Officials in ministries or departments are under instruction to have the highest standards of discipline and integrity. They can only succeed in fighting corruption if they demonstrate intolerance to the vice.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Recruitment
456
For many years, recruitment in the Civil Service, including of clerical officers, drivers and support staff, was done centrally at the Ministry of Public Service in Nairobi. Only members of the disciplined forces and teachers were hired at the district level. But the new recruitment policy has shifted more responsibilities to districts. It also makes concessions on requirements for appointment in the Public Service. All ministries and departments are required to declare vacant positions, which are advertised at district level. Standard entry requirements have been adjusted depending on the challenges facing specific districts. Whenever such cases occur, they are supposed to be referred to the Public Service minis-
try for consideration and approval. Once recruited at the district, the officers are eligible for deployment to any part of the country. Officials recruited on relaxed entry requirements are expected to undergo bridging courses to bring them at par with the others. The new approach in recruitment: • Ensures appropriate staffing and retention in all districts • Builds confidence of local communities in the Government • Creates avenues of national
Kenya Vision 2030 provides a framework for the country to create a globally competitive human resource base to meet its development goals. Kenya’s main potential is its people — their creativity, work ethic, education, entrepreneurial and other skills. Kenya’s global competitiveness will depend on the ability to create a human resource base that will be constantly subjected to retraining and access to technologi-
www.publicservice.go.ke
Y E A R B O O K
Human resources management
K E N Y A
distribution of wealth by strengthening human capital in the districts
In 2006, President Kibaki directed that women must form 30 per cent of all recruitment in the Civil Service. This, the President said, was in line with the recommendations of the African Peer Review Mechanism, which seek to empower women. The UN also seeks to promote gender equality and empowerment of women. Since the executive directive was issued, the number of women occupying decision making positions in the Civil Service has increased substantially. For instance, out of the 2,174 new entrants and graduate appointments the Public Service Commission made in 2007, some 849 or 39 per cent of them, were women. In the same year, out of the 1,907 officers who were promoted, 425 were women, representing 22 per cent.
2 0 1 0
30 per cent rule for women
457
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
cal learning. As a priority, a human resource database will be established to facilitate better planning of human resource requirements. It will track trends to supply and adjust them to demand: Vision 2030 provides an opportunity for productivity growth. However, there is need to carry out an assessment of the productivity level across sectors and monitor productivity growth. Currently, there is a mismatch between skills and jobs. As a result, the human resources capacity is underused. Strategic management and coordination of human resources involves identifying, attracting and retaining talent, particularly in key sectors. It will also encourage tertiary institutions of education and training to provide a pool of human resources that can be readily absorbed into employment.
458
Achievements of the PSC
The Public Service Commission has expanded the common cadre establishment to four grades for graduate and diploma holders so as to cope with undesirable stagnation. It is now possible for an officer to advance in ranks within the common cadre establishment without the necessity of a vacancy for the first 12 years from initial employment. This will address dissatisfaction and low morale caused by stagnation. In line with this, the Com-
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (PSC) It has a chairman, deputy chairman and 15 members. PSC is an independent State organ, which does not fall under the Executive, Legislature or Judiciary. Its independence is guaranteed by the Constitution. PSC was set up in 1954 “to advise on the appointment of candidates to posts in the Civil Service in cases where the approval of the Secretary of State was not required”. The Constitution says of the PSC: “The Commission shall, in the exercise of its functions, not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.” It is empowered to appoint people to hold or act in offices in the Public Service and local authorities. It is further granted the authority over withholding, reduction or suspension of pensions benefits for persons who have served in the Public Service. The Public Officer Ethics Act of 2003 gave the Commission power to set and enforce ethical standards in the Public Service. History The PSC dates back to 1947 when the colonial government set up the Holmes
mission implemented the revised Administrative Officers syllabus and regulations. The promotion standards were enhanced to keep pace with contemporary competencies and emerging needs of the service. In 2008, the Commission was honoured with the African Association of Public Administration and Management Bronze Award for innovative management. This was in respect of the Online Recruitment and Selection Database System developed in 2006 and launched in 2007.
)
Its origin dates back to the Establishments Division created in 1947 in the Office of the Chief Secretary. It is responsible to the Cabinet Office for the administration of the Civil Service, including manpower requirements, management improvement, staff development, personnel administration and training programmes for ministries and departments. Prior to independence and when the Establishments Division was
2 0 1 0
Directorate of Personnel Management (DPM)
Y E A R B O O K
The system has improved timelines for recruitment and selection. In addition, it has made job applications easy. The Commission also trains all categories of staff locally and abroad, including in workshops and seminars. The PSC scooped the second prize for display in the Public Administration Sector during the Kenya Public Service Week. It has improved the work environment by increasing ICT facilities and office space.
Functions • Recruitment for the Public Service and local authorities • Promotion and disciplinary control in the Public Service and local authorities; • Retirement and removal of public officers • Establishment of standards of ethical conduct of public officers • Issuance and administration of the Code of Conduct for public officers in accordance with the provisions of the Public Officer Ethics Act 2003 • Administering Civil Service examinations and occupational tests.
K E N Y A
Salaries Commission to review the structure and remuneration of the Civil Services in East African territories. It recommended that public service commissions be set up for each of the territories. The PSC was enshrined in the Constitution at independence. At the time, the Constitution (meant for a federal state) provided for regional public service commissions and a national one. The mandate of the commissions was to appoint people to the public service and had the power to discipline and remove them But the Kenya Independence Order in Council of 1963, which repealed parts of the Kenya Order in Council 1963, established one Public Service Commission. The mandate of the Commission was widened through two constitutional amendments in 1964 and 1984. It was allowed to delegate any of its powers to one or more members or officer and introduced a provision in the Constitution for Parliament to prescribe the manner of the exercise of the functions of the Commission. In 1984, the powers of the PSC got more powers when local authorities were put under its purview.
459
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Chairman of PSC
460
Mr TJK Gateere joined the Commission on July 11, 2005. He is no stranger in the Public Service as he was the immediate former Director of the Kenya Institute of Administration (KIA). Before joining KIA, he was a research assistant at the Medical Research Centre (part of KEMRI) where he was employed in 1974 after a BA degree course at the University of Nairobi. He also has a MSc in management from Arthur D. Little School of Management in the US. He joined KIA as a lecturer in 1976. In 1993, he was appointed KIA principal and director in 1996, when the institute became a parastatal. He presided over the conversion of the institute into a commercially-oriented semi-autonomous Government agency.
under the Office of the Chief Secretary, it carried out personnel work such as recruitment, postings, promotion, salaries, advances and leave. At the time, the emphasis was on directives received from the Colonial Office to ensure consistency and equity. But independence brought new impetus to personnel management in Government — localisation of the Civil Service that led to the establishment of the Service and Training Branch. This was the beginning of introduction of training programmes meant to prepare Kenyans for the upper and middle level posts in the Civil Service. Massive training programmes for common cadre staff — administrative, accounts, executive, clerical and secretarial personnel — followed. Human Resource Development
It is one of the technical divisions in DPM. It was established in 1963 and placed in the Office of the Prime Minister to coordinate training of civil servants. Its policy objectives are to: • Ensure that training and capacity building activities within the public sector advance national goals and priorities • Manage the training function in a professional and systematic way • Develop and implement a system in which funds are used to train the right people in critical areas. • Raise the performance of the public sector by designing training that is demanddriven, cost-effective, gender sensitive and pro-active. Core functions
www.publicservice.go.ke
• Development, coordination and review of public sector training policy • Management of human resource data
•
• • • • • •
•
• •
•
It first known as Central Personnel Unit in the Office of the Chief Secretary. In 1961, the functions were transferred to Establishment Division in Treasury. In April 1963, the Directorate of Personnel was created in the Office the Prime Minister and the functions of the division were consolidated in the Directorate. In 1964, the Directorate of Personnel Management was placed under the Office of the President together with all its divisions. The Personnel Administration Division is mandated to: • Advise the the Public Service on human resource management • Formulate Public Service Human Resource Management policies, rules and regulations • Set standards for human resource management that are integrated with Government strategic plans and reinforce public sector reforms. The division’s core functions are: • Formulating polices on human resource management and development in the Civil Service • Designing implementation and maintenance systems for the improvement of the performance • Providing human resource management assistance, advice and policy guidelines to ministries,
2 0 1 0
•
Personnel Administration
Y E A R B O O K
•
• Supervision of lower cadre training units at ministry headquarters or provinces.
K E N Y A
•
Administration of technical assistance and development programmes in the public sector Advising the public sector on staff development Training for the Civil Service Reform Programme Sourcing and budgeting for training funds in the public service. Assisting ministries identify training needs and design programmes to meet training needs Organising seminars and workshops Developing training plans and evaluating training programmes Maintaining a skills inventory in the Public Service Preparing standards reports on training Carrying out research Liaising with education attaches in embassies and high commissions and institutions on students’ fees and allowances Coordinating common cadre training in the Public Service — accountants, secretaries and personnel, supplies and executive officers. Coordinating lower cadre training Coordinating training programme in DPM institutions — GTI, Mombasa, Matuga, Embu and Baring Coordinating pre-service training for ministries of Roads, Public Works, Tourism, Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development and Transport.
461
Labour and Human Resources
•
•
•
•
•
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
•
462
Government departments and other public services Reviewing and updating terms and conditions of service for civil servants Developing, maintaining and updating human resource management standards in the Civil Service. Analysing the objective of the Civil Service so as to match it with human resources required to achieve the goals. Advising on harmonisation of terms and conditions of service for public servants Monitoring and evaluating performance of human resource management units in ministries and departments. Initiating development and administering the scheme of service common cadres.
Management Consultancy Services
Its functions were restated in 1972 following the re-organisation and renaming of the Directorate of Personnel to Directorate of Personnel Management (DPM) on the recommendation of the Ndegwa Report. Its functions are: • Provision of consultancy services in terms of organisational structures, staff use and operational capacity to ministries, departments and parastatals • Development of schemes of service and advising ministries and departments on career planning
e-Government benefits Simplifying delivery of services to citizens Minimising Government bureaucracy Improved interaction among Government, business and citizens Access to information and services ncreased for citizens and businesses More efficient management Improved productivity and efficiency of Government agencies Easy for citizens, businesses and Government employees to find information and service Strengthened legal system and law enforcement Improved quality of life for disadvantaged communities Broadened public participation
www.e-government.go.ke
• Maintenance of staff complement control for the entire Civil Service • Generation of by-products of the nominal roll of the Civil Service • Staffing telephone services in ministries and departments • Performance management of telephone services Achievements of the Division
• Development of about 150 schemes of service • Development of bio-data • Re-structuring of parastatals and Government departments • Provision of core manpower that launched the Civil Service
Interactive Voice Response Service
The Directorate plans to facilitate installation of systems which will enable stakeholders to give their responses through existing Government websites, through use of voice/ voice messages instead of relying on text messages alone. Government Messaging and Collaborative System (EMACS)
This system entails advanced communication among ministries and departments. It enables sharing of information and individual diaries, calendar of events as well as sharing of meeting dates.
2 0 1 0
E-government is the use of ICT to transform processes and provide services, information and knowledge to the public, businesses, Government employees and agencies. It uses information technologies such as the Wide Area Networks, Internet and Mobile Computing to transform Government operations and improve efficiency, service delivery and to promote democracy. It is one of the main priorities of the Government in the realisation of national development goals as stipulated in Vision 2030. The Government established the programme in June 2004 to facilitate better and efficient delivery of information and services to the citizens, promote productivity among public servants, encourage participation of citizens in Government and empower them. E-government is thus segmented into primary delivery models; relationship between Government and citizens (G2C), electronic interactions between Government agencies and private businesses (G2B), relationship between governmental organizations (G2G), and the relationship between Government and employees (G2E). It provides a common direction in the public sector and enhances
Y E A R B O O K
e-Government
collaboration within and among organisations and institutions, between Government and the business community and citizens in the implementation of policies. It also identifies ways of developing public servants’ skills to realise the new opportunities ICT offers. The strategy is designed to achieve: Better and efficient delivery of Government information and services to the citizens, promote productivity among public servants, encourage participation of citizens in Government and empower Kenyans in line with development priorities. The Government is updating e-strategy. It has prepared an e-Government Strategy that was adopted in March 2004. Since then, developments have emerged in ICT and necessitating its revision.
K E N Y A
Reform Secretariat • Support for Voluntary Early Retirement Scheme and other Civil Service reform programmes.
463
Labour and Human Resources
ICT support
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Commercial parastatals
464
• National Cereals and Produce Board •Kenyatta International Conference Centre • Kenya Power and Lighting Company • New Kenya Cooperative Creameries • Kenya Railways • Kenya Wine Agencies • Kenya Seed Company • Kenya Ports Authority • Kenya Pipeline • Sony Sugar • National Oil Corporation • Telkom Kenya • Pyrethrum Board • Postal Corporation • Nzoia Sugar Company • University of Nairobi Enterprises and Services • School Equipment Production Unit • Numerical Machining Complex • National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation • National Housing Corporation • Kenya Safari Lodges and Hotels • Agro-Chemicals and Food Company • Kenya Broadcasting Corporation • Kenya Generating Company • Kenya Literature Bureau • Kenya Airports Authority • Jomo Kenyatta Foundation • East African Portland Cement Company • Chemelil Sugar Company • Kenya Ordinance Factories Corporation • Kenya Medical Supplies Agency • Gilgil Telecommunications Industries www.scac.go.ke
The Directorate provides ICT technical support in all government ministries and agencies. This support entails advice on procurement of ICT equipment, standards specifications as well as support and maintenance services. Data centre
This entails the establishment of a central data depository centre for the Government, security and risk reduction in case of disasters in Government buildings. Ministries website portals
This entails review of the existing first generation Government Websites so that they can be more interactive in communicating as well as installing modern features expected of modern websites. e-applications
This activity entails computerizing the registries at Lands Office, Company Registry, Pensions Department and the Registration of Persons Office, among others. Records will be computerized to facilitate easy management and service delivery. The Directorate coordinates and gives guidance on implementation of these e-Applications. ICT capacity development
The Directorate plans to train civil servants across Government in basic operational ICT as well as technical skills. Information infrastructure
The Government, through the Government Information Technology Services (GITS), is creating this infrastructure through installation of Local Area Networks. This will even-
Achievements
The Board has adopted and implemented a grade banding system and an instrument to facilitate harmonisation in the Public Service. The banding system categorises public servants into three levels and seven distinct bands based on tasks, responsibilities, functions, skills, levels of qualification and training. The harmonisation instrument is a salary structure with salary points indicating entry levels, increments and maximum points. It creates a common referral point to ensure that public servants with similar qualifications, training and experience are treated equitably as they join and progress in the Public Service. To provide a harmonised and unified framework for determining pay and eliminate discrepancies in the Public Service, the board developed the Pay Policy for the Public Service
2 0 1 0
For many years, public servants with similar qualifications, training and experience had different terms and conditions of service. The disparities had caused discontent, low morale and inefficiency. Previously, the Government addressed remuneration through ad hoc committees and commissions. This led to disparities manifested in substantial differentials in minimum and maximum salaries and annual increments, salary overlaps and grading disparities. There was thus a clear need to harmonise public sector remuneration. The Permanent Public Service Remuneration Review Board (PPSRRB) was established in November 2003 as an institution to deal with remuneration in an objective, systematic and predictable manner to harmonise remuneration. The mandate of the Board covers sectors that are wholly or partly dependent on the Exchequer — the Core Civil Service, the Judiciary, the State Law Office, the Disciplined Services, Armed Forces, the Parliamentary Service Commission, local authorities, the teaching service and State corporations. The Board develops Public Service
Y E A R B O O K
Permanent Public Service Remuneration Review Board
remuneration policy, determines and recommends remuneration and harmonisation. It also collects, collates and analyses information on the cost of living, housing and principles behind allowances. It also studies remuneration trends and recommends ways of closing the gap between the private and public sectors. Since inception, it has carried out institutional review to Government agencies, policies, legislation and remuneration. It has also published a Public Service Pay Policy.
K E N Y A
tually form the basis of a National Information Infrastructure that will allow seamless communication.
465
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Labour and Human Resources
466
in March 2006. The policy sets out principles that will guide decisions determining pay in the Public Service: • Equal pay for equal work. Staff in similar job positions with similar responsibilities will be remunerated in a similar manner. • Capacity to attract, retain and motivate personnel with requisite skills. Compensation will be adequate to attract, retain and motivate qualified professional, managerial and technical personnel. • An affordable wage bill. Pay will be systematically improved in an affordable and sustainable manner maintaining an appropriate balance between the wage bill and expenditures Improved transparency of the compensation structure to improve links between pay and performance. The use of non-salary benefits compensation will be minimised by consolidating remunerative allowances into basic salary. The Board has recommended salary adjustments in most sub-sectors in line with the banding system. This has significantly changed the remuneration levels, making it more competitive. Due to previous disparities, harmonisation has taken time and is still going on. The board intends to monitor the cost of living, comparative public and private sector remuneration and other factors that have a bearing on morale, efficiency and productiv-
ity and narrow the remuneration gap between public and private sector. Membership
The board comprises a chairman, 14 members and a chief executive. Eleven members represent various sub-sectors of the Public Service, while three represent the private sector. • Secretary to the Cabinet and Head of the Public Service or his alternate not below the level of Deputy Secretary • Permanent Secretary/Director of Personnel Management or an alternate not below the level of Under Secretary • Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Finance or an alternate not below the level of Under Secretary • Attorney-General or a representative • Secretary, Public Service Commission or an alternate, not below the level of Under Secretary • Inspector-General, State Corporations or his alternate not below the level of Under Secretary • A representative from the Disciplined Services nominated by the Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of Kenya, and not below the rank of brigadier • A representative of public universities not below the level of Deputy Vice-Chancellor nominated by the Minister for Education
It was initially known as the Parastatals Advisory Committee (PAC) and is a product of a report of a Committee on Review of Statutory Boards in 1979. The PAC was established by an Executive Order in 1979. Its status changed in 1986 with the enactment of the State Corporations Act (Cap 446). However, SCAC was dormant between 1991 and 2003 and was re-launched in 2004 with an enhanced mandate to advise the Government on good governance and management practices in State corporations. Its mission is to provide leadership in the development and implementation of systems and procedures for efficient management. Its functions are: • Review and investigate the affairs of State corporations and make recommendations to the President • Advise the President, in consultation with the Attorney-General and Treasury, on the establishment, re-organisation or dissolution of State corporations. • Advise on the appointment, removal, transfer and secondment of public officers to State corporations and their terms and conditions • Examine management or consultancy agreements made or proposed by State corporations with other parties • Examine proposals by State Corporations to acquire interests in business or enter joint ventures with others
• Shop Hours Act (Cap 231) • Mombasa Shop Hours Act (Cap 232) • Companies Act (Cap 486) • Bankruptcy Act (Cap 53) • Merchant Shipping Act Cap 389) • Export Processing Zone’s Act (Cap 547) • Immigration Act (Cap 172) • Pension Act (Cap 189) • Retirement Benefits Act • National Social Security Fund Act (Cap 258) • National Hospital Insurance Act (Cap 255) • Provident Fund Act (Cap 191) • Public Health Act (Cap 242)
2 0 1 0
State Corporations Advisory Committee (SCAC)
Laws governing labour relations
Y E A R B O O K
A representative of the National Assembly A representative of the Judiciary Secretary, Teachers Service Commission Two private sector representatives Board Chief Executive Officer
K E N Y A
• • • • •
467
Labour and Human Resources
Financial corporations • National Social Security Fund • National Hospital Insurance Fund • Kenya Revenue Authority • Industrial Commercial and Development Corporation • Kenya Re-insurance Corporation • National Bank of Kenya • Kenya Tourist Development Corporation • Kenya Roads Board • Kenya Post Office Savings Bank • Kenya National Assurance Corporation • Kenya Industrial Estates Industrial Development Bank • Deposit Protection Fund Board • Consolidated Bank of Kenya • Agricultural Finance Corporation
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.scac.go.ke
468
The SCAC secretariat is at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Nairobi. It is headed by the Secretary.
Kenya Institute of Administration (KIA) It is a public management development institute established by the Government in 1961. Its mandate is to provide training, research and consultancy to the public, private sector and NGOs. The Institute became a parastatal in 1996. The KIA Act also mandates the institute to promote compe-
tence, integrity, transparency and accountability in the Public Service. KIA offers a range of short courses in: • Management communication and personal development • Leadership and performance management • Governance, administration and public sector management • Human resource management • Information technology and management • Financial management • Environmental governance and management of projects
Labour relations The labour laws of 2007 improved the environment for employers, employees and trade unions. Parliament enacted five labour laws — the Employment Act, Labour Institutions Act, Labour Relations Act,
Employment Act
The law replaced the Employment Act and Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act. It establishes minimum terms and conditions of employment. Unlike the repealed Act, the new one defines a number of common terms — probationary contract, migrant workers, worst forms of child labour, dependant, forced or compulsory labour and HIV. It also provides for prohibition against forced labour, discrimination in employment on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, mental or HIV status and sexual harassment. . It deals with payment, disposal and recovery of wages, allowances and deductions of an employee. The major changes are that the employer cannot deduct employees’ wages exceeding two thirds. The previous law provided for deductions up to 50 per cent. Further, all employees are entitled to itemised payslips or salary statements. The law also provides for basic conditions of a contract of service — hours of work and annual, mater-
2 0 1 0
KIA Conference Centre is ultramodern. It is at KIA Campus on Lower Kabete Road, Nairobi (15km from the Central Business District). The facility has an amphitheatre with a capacity of 400, has a podium, LCD and public address system. In addition, the conference centre has two seminar rooms with capacity of 50 each. Another boardroom has capacity of 15. The KIA Conference Centre has a VIP lounge, while the dining provides a combination of continental and African cuisine. The catering staff is highly trained customers. KIA has modern computer laboratories and free Internet services are available. The Institute has modern residential rooms which can accommodate 220 people — 164 of the rooms are standard, while 56 are executive suites. The rooms are well-maintained and conveniently situated. All rooms at the institute have a television set, telephone and study desk.
Y E A R B O O K
Facilities
Occupational Safety and Health Act and Work Injury Benefits Act. The aim of the laws was to repeal and replace six core labour laws and bring them into conformity with the current challenges and demands of national development and international labour standards.
K E N Y A
• Training and development • Management and development You can apply for the courses online at www.kia.ac.ke
469
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
KIA director-in-chief
470
Dr Margaret Kobia has a PhD in human resource education from the University of Illinois, US, MEd Kenyatta University and BEd University of Nairobi. She is a scholar and management training consultant in human resource, business strategy and organisational development and learning facilitation. She has transformed KIA into a leading management development institute that hosts regional and international programmes in public administration, management leadership and governance. She has received two Head of State Commendations Order of Golden Warrior in 2007 and First Order Chief of Burning Spear in 2009. Kobia is a board member at KASNEB and KCA University among others. Before joining KIA, she was a senior lecturer at Strathmore University.
www.kia.ac.ke
nity and sick leave, housing, water, food and medical attention. In the new provision, an employee is entitled to three months’ maternity leave. However, the employee shall not forfeit annual leave. The law introduces a 14-day paternity leave. The legislation deals with termination and dismissal. For the first time, the law provides for payment of service pay for every year worked to an employee whose contract has been terminated. Further, the legislation provides that the Labour minister may require an employer to insure his employees against redundancy through an employment insurance scheme. The employers are also required to justify termination of employment. The law introduces the concept of unfair dismissals. It also regulates the engagement of children in employment. It prohibits employment of children in any activity that constitutes child labour. It also sets the minimum age and conditions of employment of a child. Employers are required to keep records and make them available for inspection. They are also required to notify the Director of Employment of vacancies, termination and abolition of offices. The law also outlines requirements for a foreign contract and sets out complaint procedures and jurisdiction in cases of disputes between the employee and employer. Labour Institutions Act
The law establishes institutions and organisations for the administration and management of labour relations — the National Labour Board, the Industrial Court, Committee of Inquiry, Labour Administration and Inspection, the Wages Council and Employment Agencies. The law, however, does not
Industrial Court
It is a pillar of industrial peace and was established to hear and determine industrial disputes referred by the Minister for Labour, register Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs) between employers and workers and promote the spirit of tri-partism between Government, employers and employees. The Industrial Court was established in 1964 under the Trade Dis-
Committees
The law empowers the Minister for Labour to appoint a committee of inquiry to look into trade disputes. The legislation provides for the offices of Commissioner for Labour, Director of Employment, Registrar of Trade Unions and other officials. It advises the minister on fixing minimum wages and terms of conditions of service for various sectors of the economy. The law requires that employment agencies — also called placement agencies — be registered with the Director of Employment. Work Injury Act
The law replaced the Workman’s Compensation Act. It introduces a legal framework compliant with ILO conventions related to compensation of employees injured at work
2 0 1 0
The members are appointed by the Minister for Labour and drawn from the most representative federation of trade unions and employers, independent members and Government officials. The board’s role is to advise the minister on employment and labour, legislation, trade unionism and codes of good conduct. It also advises on ILO issues, international or regional associations, systems of labour inspection and the administration of labour Acts, public employment service, productivity, appointment of wages councils and members of the Industrial Court. Other issues include setting compensation benefits, manpower development, registration, suspension and cancellation of registration of trade unions and employers’ organisations.
Y E A R B O O K
National Labour Board
pute Act (Cap 234). It got its current shape in 1971, when the Trade Dispute Act was amended. The Industrial Court may award compensation or order reinstatement. Its decisions are final. For the first time, the court has powers to grant injunctive relief, prohibition, declaratory orders, award damages and specific performance apart from re-engagement and reinstatement of employees. Once appointed, the judge of the Industrial Court holds office until retirement, resignation or removal or death. In the old law, Industrial Court judges served on renewable five-year contracts.
K E N Y A
apply to the Armed Forces, Kenya Police, Prisons Service, Administration Police and the National Youth Service.
471
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Labour and Human Resources
472
or who contract diseases and to extend insurance cover. Employers are obligated to obtain an insurance policy to cover the employer’s liability, register with the Director of Work Injuries Benefits and to keep records and make annual returns. The law also provides for the procedure of reporting accidents during employment. The limitation period for reporting is 12 months after which the claim lapses. Compensation for disablement and death is also provided. The law provides for employers to provide medical aid to employees.
This includes first aid facilities, taking employees to and from a medical facility and payment of medical expenses. Labour Relations Act
It provides a legal framework to promote freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, streamlines the registration of trade unions, employers’ organisations and federations of trade unions and employers’ organiations. The law also provides for effective management of property, funds and accounts of trade unions, employer
www.rba.co.ke
It repealed the Factories and Other Places of Work Act. The new law provides for the safety and health of workers at workplaces, including offices, schools, academic institutions and plantations. The law establishes codes of practices for use at workplaces. The law establishes the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health to replace the National Advisory Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. The Council will advise the minister on occupational death, injury and diseases. It provides for safety advisors who carry out audits. But it empowers the minister to exempt some workplaces
2 0 1 0
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Y E A R B O O K
Public schemes NSSF NHIF Civil Servants Pension Scheme Local Authorities Pension Trust Public Universities Superannuation Pension Fund Workmen’s Compensation Fund Widows & Orphans Compensation Fund Parliamentary Pensions Fund Occupational schemes Run by employers and underwritten by insurance companies Individual schemes Private schemes designed for the employed, selfemployed or those in nonpersonable employment
K E N Y A
The social security structure in Kenya
organisations and their respective federations. It also promotes expeditious dispute settlement. The Act merged the repealed Trade Unions Act and Trade Disputes Act. It sets out the procedure for application of registration and suspension and cancellation of registration of trade unions and employers’ organisations. It stipulates who may become a member or official of a trade union or employers’ organisation. It introduces alternative dispute resolution through independent conciliators agreed upon by the parties. It empowers the minister to appoint conciliators and a Committee of Inquiry. The Act introduces urgent referral of cases to the Industrial Court concerning recognition of trade unions, redundancy, strikes and lockouts, and disputes in essential services. The period of notice for strikes and lockouts has been reduced to seven days. There is also provision for an aggrieved party to obtain a prohibition order to avert a strike or lockout.
473
Labour and Human Resources
from registration if he is satisfied that adequate arrangements protect employees. The law provides for safety requirements, including how to use dangerous liquids, storage, ladders and evacuation procedures at the workplace. Safe handling, storage and use of chemicals and hazardous substances are also provided for in the legislation. It also provides for basic welfare facilities at workplaces — supply of drinking water, washing facilities, accommodation for clothing not used during working hours, sitting facilities and first aid. The law establishes the Occupational Safety and Health Fund. It also provides for the Act, rules and notices to be displayed in a prominent position at the workplace.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Leave
474
Employees are entitled to sick, maternity and paternity leave. Other forms of leave are compassionate, annual, study and leave for trade union purposes.
KAZI KWA VIJANA INITIATIVE This ambitious project, launched in March 2009, aims at creating jobs for the youth. The programme is one of the strategies through which the Government intends realise its Vision 2030 goal of wealth creation for millions of its citizens. The specific objectives of the initiative are: • Provide relief to five million Kenyans who have food shortages. The programme will increase food production or provide a means to earn income to access food. • Employ youths in community projects, including water harvesting, repairing boreholes and roads, cleaning informal settlements as well as planting trees. • Channel the skills and energies of the youth to productive activities, thus preventing them from involvement in undesirable activities associated with lack of constructive engagement.
Funding To ensure its successful implementation, the Government set aside Sh5 billion ($66.7 million) in the 2009/10 financial year. It is projected that the programme will cost the Government more than
Trade unions The trade union movement in Kenya is a child of economic, social and political strives. It has evolved through difficult situations created by the colonial government. However, the change of attitude in the British Labour Policy in her colonies resulted in the enactment of 1937 Trade Unions’ Ordinance which stipulated conditions under which Africans could organise
themselves. After this, three unions were registered in Kenya: East African Standard Union, East African Standard Staff Union and Labour Trade Union of East Africa In 1940, the 1937 Ordinance was amended, and the number of trade unions rose from three to six. With the rising of political tempo after the end of the Second World
ated himself with Africans despite the colour bar and racial discrimination laws. He worked with Fred Kubai and Chege Kibachia. More trade unions such as the Nairobi Taxmen Union and General Maskini (Poor People’s) Union came into being. The pre-independence period saw the emergence of the Transport
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
War, the situation changed rapidly when Kenya African Study Group was formed. It was later replaced by Kenya African Union (KAU) which agitated for the return of African land, better wages and conditions and terms of service in Industry. As the situation grew tense, Makhan Singh organised an Asian Railway Trade Union and associ-
mented by a unit of 50 to 100 youths from the local community. One of the outstanding projects being pursued by the Kazi Kwa Vijana Initiative is the Yatta Canal rehabilitation. The canal currently supports more than 110,000 people and 35,000 livestock. It also generates an estimated Sh662 million ($8.83 million) from the sale of farm produce and other commercial activities. The rehabilitation work involves desilting, reshaping and clearing bushes around the canal. Access roads to the canal have also been repaired. The entire project, when completed, will cost the Government Sh8 million ($106,667). It is predicted to create about 2,000 jobs through labour.
K E N Y A
Sh15 billion ($200 million) by the time of its completion. In rural areas, the programme focuses on building small dams and pans, irrigation systems, laying water pipes and other water works, repairing access roads, clearing bushes to eliminate mosquitoes, preparing organic fertilisers and planting trees. In urban areas, it involves building and operating water kiosks, implementing waste management systems as well as repairing and maintaining access roads. It is estimated that the programme has so far created more than 300,000 jobs. Each of the projects is being funded by the relevant ministry, development partners and non-governmental organisations through the districts and imple-
475
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Voice of the workers
476
Francis Atwoli is a longserving trade unionist and is the secretarygeneral of the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU) in Kenya. He was elected to the board in 2002 having worked for several years as a member of the Agriculture and Plantation Workers Union. Heis a vocal advocate for workers rights and frequently makes animated speeches. He has also been crictical of NGOs and global institutions, including the World Bank, for interfering in labour disputes. He is the sixth secretary-generals of COTU after: Clement Lubembe Denis Akumu Juma Boy Justus Mulei Joseph Mugalla
and Allied Workers, Domestic and Hotel Workers, Quarry Workers, Night Watchmen Workers, East African Federation of Building Construction Workers and Tailors’ unions. This was followed by the Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions in 1952 with Aggrey Minya as secretary-general. It was not registered because it was a federation of registered unions. It was affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in 1952 and received advisory services. When the State of Emergency was declared in October 1952, the trade union movement suffered setbacks because union leaders were arrested and detained for alleged association with Mau Mau. Tom Mboya became the general secretary of the Kenya Local Government Workers Union and was later elected to the same position in the Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions, which gave way to the formation of Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL). It was at this period that the trade union movement was militant and at the forefront in the fight for freedom in Kenya. However, rivalry for leadership nearly ruined the movement. Splinter groups also emerged, but the split was brought under control. One most striking event was the building of the workers’ headquarters — Solidarity Building — in Nairobi. Most of the money used was raised by Mboya when he visited the US after his studies at Ruskin College, Oxford. The cost was estimated at more than Sh700,000, part of which was raised locally by workers. The formation, structure and organisation of trade unions in independent Kenya is provided for in the Trade Unions Act, Trade Disputes Act and the Industrial Relations Charter. Trade unions are sector based although some operate beyond individual
• International Trade Union Confederation – Africa • East African Trade Union Council • Organisation of African Trade Unions Unity • Commonwealth Trade Union Council • International Confederation of Free Trade Union Other partnerships
• International Labour Organisation • International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour • American Centre for International Labour Solidarity • Friedrich Ebert Stiftung • Ministry of Labour & Human Resource • Federation of Kenya Employers • Action-Aid Federation of Kenya Employers
FKE is the leading employers’ organisation in advocacy, industrial relations, employment laws and related services through management consultancy and training. FKE operates through its industrial associations by addressing issues affecting individual industries or sectors. FKE spearheads the negotiation and signing of collective bargaining agreements on behalf of
2 0 1 0
It has 36 trade union affiliates and about one million members. Since its formation in 1965, COTU activities have been geared towards strengthening affiliated unions. Other goals have included promoting worker education, lobbying and advocating appropriate employment and labour market policies, articulating workers’ views and representation at national, regional and international levels and building alliances, partnership and networks with the Government, private sector, regional and international trade union confederations and other labour institutions. COTU has several departments: Cooperative, Education and Training , Industrial Relations, Women
International affiliation
Y E A R B O O K
COTU
Affairs, Child Labour (campaign against child labour), Economics and Research.
K E N Y A
industries. An example is the Kenya Union of Commercial, Food and Allied Workers, which represents workers in banking, food, retail and financial sectors. There is a union of unions, the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). However, teacher unions — Kenya National Union of Teachers and Kenya Union of PostPrimary Education Teachers — are not affiliated to COTU. A Department of Trade Unions at the Labour ministry deals with registration of new unions and branches and elected officials; inspection of books of accounts; registration of new rules or alteration of old ones and processing annual returns.
477
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Labour and Human Resources
478
its member companies at all levels, i.e. company, industrial or sectoral. The Federation’s objectives are: • To act as a forum among employers • To advocate, promote and defend employers on matters relating to their interests • To encourage sound industrial relations and fair labour practices • To promote sound management practices among employers through training, research and consultancy services • To network with other employers and business organisations on matters of concern to employers. FKE is a member of the PanAfrican Employers Confederation. It is also affiliated to the International Organisation of Employers (IOE). The president of IOE, Abe Katz, visited the Federation in November 2007 and praised its achievements over the years. As the most representative employers’ federation in Kenya, FKE is accredited by the Government to represent employers at the ILO Conferences.
Labour rights Articles 70 to 86 of the Constitution deal with fundamental rights. Basically, the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. Among these, general principles are anchored in the Constitution. The Constitution provides for the
prohibition of inhuman treatment and protection from slavery and forced labour. The freedom of association is also guaranteed. This constitutional provision regulates procedures for the registration of trade unions. The right to strike is not mentioned explicitly, but the Constitution protects not only the right to organise, but also union activities. An employee’s right to personal liberty, freedom of movement and protection from discrimination are also guaranteed.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) It advances opportunities for employees to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. Its main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue in handling work-related issues. In promoting social justice and human and labour rights, ILO pursues its mission that labour peace is essential to prosperity. The driving forces for ILO’s creation arose from security, humanitarian, political and economic considerations. There was keen appreciation of the importance of social justice in securing peace, against a background of exploitation of workers in industrialising nations of the time.
Social Security Kenya has several types of schemes, which offer social security. They can be divided into three broad categories: Public schemes — National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) • Civil Servants Pension Fund • Local Authorities Pension Trust • Public Universities Superannuation Pension Fund • Workmen’s Compensation Fund • Widows and Orphans Compensation Fund • Parliamentary Pensions Fund
2 0 1 0
ing abroad, the law requires foreign contracts to be ascertained by labour officials and a security bond executed by foreign employers or their agents. The new law provides that civil servants’ terms of service can only be concluded with their trade unions. Where there is no trade union, the Labour minister establishes the terms and conditions of employment in consultation with the National Labour Board. The Work Injury Benefits Act of 2007 has widened the meaning of ‘employee’ to include any worker on a contract with an employer by removing the limitation of earnings. Introduction of compulsory insurance cover has removed the uncertainties and unforeseen burdens on both the employer and the employee.
Y E A R B O O K
The Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services, a department in the Ministry of Labour, ensures adequate provisions are made at work places to prevent occupational diseases and accidents; promote workers’ health, safety and welfare. In 2007, Kenya enacted the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The law provides for the safety, health and welfare of workers and establishes the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health. In keeping with ILO conventions, the Employment Act prohibits forced labour and discrimination in employment on any grounds, including colour, creed and sex. It also introduces a sexual harassment clause, which requires employers to guard against it and take legal responsibility for its commission. In the new labour laws, it is the right of an employee and duty of the employer to adhere to basic conditions of employment — working hours, leave, maternity leave — three months without forfeiture of annual leave — 14-day paternity leave, sick leave, housing and medical cover. The most important is the protection against unfair dismissal for reasons other than indiscipline. The law against discrimination also applies to casuals in regard to benefits and wages. To protect Kenyans from abuse while work-
K E N Y A
Healthy workplace
479
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
NSSF
480
The National Social Security Fund was established in 1965 as a provident fund operating on a defined contribution basis. An amendment to the NSSF Act in 1997 defined it as a retirement benefits scheme and brought the NSSF into the regulatory ambit of the Retirement Benefits Authority. It is a mandatory scheme for formal sector employees (other than public servants). Employers are required to register with the NSSF, but only employers with five or more staff are required to contribute. According to the Economy Survey
2010, NSSF membership in 2009 stood at 3.3 million, 2.5 million men and 850,000 women, up from 3.1 million in 2008. The members’ annual contribution in 2009 was a whopping Sh5.3 billion ($66.25 million), the same figure as in the previous year. The annual benefits paid in 2009 stood at Sh2.7 billion ($33.75 million), up from Sh2.5 billion ($31.25 million) in 2008. The number of NSSF registered employers is 74,000. Members are workers in the formal and informal sectors. The Fund’s mandate is to register members, collect contributions, invest them and pay specified
Public service and armed forces scheme
The provision and management of retirement benefits for public service employees is governed under a Pensions Act and regulations. The Public Service Pension Scheme (PSPS) covers about 406,000 civil servants, teachers, police and prison staff and slightly more than 180,000 pensioners. But separate arrangements apply for the Armed Forces
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
prescribed. The Survivor’s Benefit is paid to eligible dependants of a deceased member. A modest funeral grant and a maternity grant were introduced in 2004. The funeral grant — Sh2,500 — is paid to the family of a deceased member to help defray funeral expenses. NSSF provides lumpsum benefits on retirement at or after age 50 and to survivors on death of a member or emigration from Kenya. Reform of the NSSF and its conversion to a pension scheme has been a Government policy objective for a number of years. The Government’s Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation 2003–2007 provides for the NSSF Act to be reviewed to convert it into an autonomous pension fund with wider coverage and a range of benefits. The Bill to convert NSSF into a social insurance pension scheme has been taken to Parliament and possible reform options for the NSSF have been the subject of debate with stakeholders.
K E N Y A
benefits. The scheme is financed by the employer-employee monthly contributions. There are three types of contributions payable to the Fund: • Standard workers’ contributions at Sh200 ($2.5) (employer) and a minimum of Sh200 (employee). The employer can scale up the contribution although Sh200 is statutory. Employees can contribute as much as they can. • Voluntary contributions from self-employed people. These should be a minimum of Sh100 ($1.25) but there is no limit. NSSF introduced voluntary membership and contributions in 2006 and embarked on a marketing campaign to attract members, particularly from the informal sector. From this drive, about 13,000 have been recruited. Several benefits are paid to members. The Age Benefit or Retirement Benefit is paid to members who are 55 years and no longer in employment. The benefits are paid in lumpsum of total contributions and interest earned over the contribution period. The minimum interest is 2.5 per cent a year. The Withdrawal Benefit is paid to a member who is at least 50 years and unemployed. The Invalidity Benefit is for a member who is certified as permanently incapable of working. No age barrier is prescribed. The Emigration Grant is paid to a member who leaves Kenya permanently. No age barrier is
481
Labour and Human Resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Affiliates of COTU
482
Kenya Union of Commercial Food and Allied Workers Union Transport and Allied Workers Union Kenya Building, Construction, Timber, Furniture and Allied Employees Union Tailors and Textiles Workers Union Kenya Local Government Workers Union Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Educational Institutions, Hospitals and Allied Workers Communications Workers Union Railway Workers Union Seaferers Workers Union Kenya Union of Journalists Kenya Chemical and Allied Workers Union Kenya Engineering Workers Union Banking, Insurance and Finance Union Kenya Airline Pilots Association Kenya Scientific Research, International, Technical and Allied Institutions Workers Union Kenya Union of Printing, Publishing, Paper Manufacturers and Allied Workers Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union Amalgamated Union of Kenya Metal Workers Manufacturing and Allied Workers Union Dock Workers Union
www.cotu-kenya.org
employees and other military personnel. The PSPS operates on a defined benefits basis and is non-contributory other than modest contributions at two per cent of salaries by male employees towards widows and orphans’ benefits. The scheme provides a pension of 2.5 per cent of final basic salary for each year of service on retirement. Unreduced pensions are payable on retirement at or after 50 with the parent ministry’s consent or early retirement on medical grounds. No guaranteed pension increases have applied in the past. There have only been four pension raises in the 40 years to 2004. The last one was in 1991. Pension increases of three per cent every two years have been introduced since 2005. Benefits accrue after 10 years of service and individuals who resign from service before retirement are not entitled to any benefits. The calculation of benefits and monthly pension payroll is handled by the Department of Pensions in the Ministry of Finance. Payments are made through bank accounts although a significant number of pensioners without them are paid through the Post Office Savings Bank. Services have further improved after the decentralisation of the Fund’s core activities to 39 branches. Occupational schemes
They are set up by employers for the benefit of staff. The Retirement Benefits Authority (RBA) under the Retirement Benefits Act regulates occupational pension schemes. There are no minimum requirements in relation to the levels of contributions by employers and staff. Nor are there minimum
Human resources development The Government helps employees develop personal and organisational skills, knowledge and abili-
It is a tripartite institution of the Government (Labour and Human Resources ministry), employers (Federation of Kenya Employers) and workers (COTU) established in 2002. The centre promotes improvement of productivity, establishes a mechanism to ensure availability and use of skills needed for competitiveness and ensures adoption of best practices for non-traditional manufacturing and services sectors. It implements measures to tap Kenyan expertise abroad, including virtual and permanent return and consultancy. In particular, the Diaspora Policy and Bill will be prepared to take care of the interests of Kenyans in the Diaspora.
2 0 1 0
They are also called personal pension plans and comprise schemes set up by institutional providers for individuals not necessarily tied to an employer or any formal setting. Although the number of IPPs has grown from one to 17 in 10 years, the they have less than 10,000 members. Eleven IPPs in the market are offered by insurance companies.
Productivity Centre of Kenya
Y E A R B O O K
Individual pension plans
ties. It gives opportunities such as employee training and career development, performance management and development, coaching, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance and organisation development. The Directorate of Industrial Training ensures competent human capital through facilitation of internship and professional training through subsidies to short and medium-term courses. The directorate encourages organisations and learning institutions to register with it. It also controls the quality of training by vetting consultants.
K E N Y A
requirements in relation to the types of benefits other than legislative restriction on minimum retirement age, vesting, portability, preservation and accessibility of benefits. There are, however, extensive requirements in relation to the governance and management of such schemes and for the protection of members’ benefits stipulated in the Act and the regulations made under the Act. Kenya has 1,379 occupational schemes — defined benefit schemes (10.4 per cent) and defined contribution schemes (89.6 per cent). They have about 300,000 members or 16 per cent of the formal sector employment, who are also required to be members of the NSSF. Two thirds of the schemes have less than 100 members.
483
Labour and Human Resources
References 1. Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged. …..(mark, insert publisher and year of publication for all your references) 2. Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom. 3. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom. 4. Frederic Bastiat, “What is Seen and What is Not Seen” and The Law (online, PDF, audio). 5. Henry Hazlitt, Economics in One Lesson. 6. Ludwig von Mises, Socialism (online, PDF). 7. Deirdre McCloskey, The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce (Google Books, PDF of rough draft). 8. Art Carden and Josh Hall, ‘Why Are Some Places Rich While Others are Poor? The Institutional Necessity of Economic Freedom. 9. Sessional paper No. 2 of 2005 on Development of Micro and Small Enterprises for wealth and Employment Creation for Poverty Reduction 10. Ministry of Labour and Human Resources Service Charter 2006. 11. Kenya Vision 2030: A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya, Government of the
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Republic of Kenya 2007.
484
12. Economic Stimulus Programme – Overcoming Today’s Challenges for a Better Kenya Tomorrow, Ministry of Finance, 2009 13. Medium Term Plan 2008 – 2012 14. Performance Contracts: An Approach To Improving Public Sector Performance – Speech by President Mwai Kibaki, during the launch of Performance Contracts – March 12 – 23, 2007 •
www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw
•
www.labour.go.ke
•
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_ethics
•
www.e-government.go.ke
13
Kenya is the capital of the environment. It hosts the UN agency that deals with
the issue and has produced Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, courtesy of her crusade for the environment
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Environment
485
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Environment
486
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
‘72
2 0 1 0
K
enya is endowed with a wealth of natural resources and ecosystems. The Convention on Biological Diversity categorises Kenya as mega-diverse because of its richness in species and ecosystem. The ecosystems include mountains, arid and semi-arid areas and coastal and marine and freshwater habitats. This variety of climate and topography has contributed BY NUMBERS to the diverse ecosystem. Kenya’s main environmental resources comprise natural forests, land, coastal and marine resources, lakes, rivers, wetlands and wildlife. In 2009, the population The year the United Nations of most wildlife species Environmental Programme declined due to severe (UNEP) was established in drought conditions. The Nairobi. Kenya is the only developing country which forest plantation stocking hosts a UN agency decreased from 114,000 hectares in 2008 to 107,000 in 2009, due to high planting failures and bushfire damages.
487
Environment
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Friends of the environment
488
The Green Belt Movement encourages communities to prepare tree nurseries and plant seedlings on public land, degraded forest areas and private farms. Since 1977, the GBM has planted over 45 million trees, including in water tower forests such as Mt Kenya, Aberdares and Mau Complex. It is now set to move to Mt Elgon and Cherengani Hills. The 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Wangari Maathai, is the founder of GBM.
www.wangarimaathai.com
The Government has developed a National Climate Response Strategy, which outlines measures to be taken to cope with climate change. In the 2010-2011 Budget, Sh51.5 billion ($643.75 million) was allocated to the environment, water and sanitation sector, Sh13.3 billion ($166.25 million) or 34.5 per cent more than in 2009-2010. Another Sh2 billion ($25 million) was set aside for implementing specific high impact environmental conservation programmes. In another milestone, the Government will develop a carbon credit investment framework. It will outline ways of carbon credit registration, revenue sharing, accountability and the areas to be funded by the resources generated. The aim is to make Kenya a regional carbon emission trading hub. The Government will establish a carbon Emission Trading Centre (ETS) in Nairobi to
National Environmental Action Plan It is Kenya’s blueprint for sustainable development as set out in the global Millennium Development Goals and Kenya’s Vision 2030. Sectoral policies on the environment are also considered. An integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy Paper has been in development since 2007 and is awaiting
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999, — EMCA — gives every Kenyan the right to a clean and healthy environment. The Act is categorical that every Kenyan is duty-bound to safeguard the environment, and that development must comply with environmental principles. The Act establishes the National Environmental Tribunal. Kenyans dissatisfied with decisions by the National Environment Management Authority have a right to demand that any decision be reviewed, first by the tribunal and then by the High Court. The Act also defines the role of district and provincial environment committees and the National Environment Council. Other sections of the Act address the management of natural resources. Kenya’s Vision 2030 articulates the mission for sustained economic growth of 10 per cent a year in the next 25 years. It recognises environmental resources as key to social and economic development and the creation of a great future.
K E N Y A
pioneer the carbon market in Africa. Kenya has put a lot of emphasis to environmental conservation. It was, therefore, not a surprise when Prof Wangari Maathai won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. At the time, she was the Assistant Minister for Environment. In December 2009, the environment was top on the agenda at the Copenhagen meeting. The Copenhagen Accord resolved that temperature increases should be kept to below two degrees Centigrade. This came at a time when Kenya had taken key steps in environmental conservation: Efforts to preserve key water towers, especially the Mau Forest. Settlers who had occupied the forest illegally were removed and a tree-planting exercise started. NEMA continued to rehabilitate and restore the Nairobi River Basin. The aim is to enhance the ecological integrity and soico-economic value of the basin. Activities focused on removal of solid waste from illegal dumpsites in the basin and the riparian reserve, clearing of the river channel and tree-planting. Now, the once polluted river in the capital is clean and fish have returned. And Kenya is in many ways the capital of environmental conservation, especially because it hosts the UN agency that deals with this key matter — UNEP. And the seriousness with which the environment is regarded is shown by the laws that have been enacted to deal with it.
489
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Environment
490
stakeholder review and endorsement. The formation of a Wetlands Policy is also currently in process. EMCA 1999 is Kenya’s legal framework on sustainable management of natural resources. It was enacted to provide institutional and regulatory processes for managing environmental resources. The Act establishes the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) as the regulatory institution that implements, with other Government agencies, its provisions. National environmental awareness was boosted by the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the creation of UNEP in Nairobi. In 1976, the United Nations Human Settlement Secretariat (Habitat) was also set up in Kenya. Hosting two major UN agencies renewed Kenya’s concern for the environment. The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources develops, conserves, protects and manages the environment, forestry and mineral resources for national development. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
It is mandated to safeguard and enhance the quality of the environment by coordinating, researching, facilitating and enforcing collective participation for sustainable development. To ensure that human activity
does not compromise the capacity to meet the needs of the present and future generations, NEMA coordinates the environmental management activities of lead agencies, promotes the integration of environmental considerations in development policies and takes stock of mineral resources, their use and conservation. It also establishes and reviews land guidelines, examines land use patterns to determine their impact on mineral resources and conducts surveys to help manage and conserve the environment. It also: • Advises the Government on legislative and other measures for
•
•
• www.prb.org
•
•
•
•
•
managing the environment or implementing relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements Advises the Government on regional and international conventions, treaties and agreements to which Kenya should be a party and follows up their implementation Undertakes and coordinates research, investigation and surveys, and disseminates findings of such studies Mobilises and monitors the use of financial and human resources for environmental management Identifies projects and pro-
•
Environmental agreements Kenya has ratified many agreements: • The Convention on Biological Diversity • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea • The United National Framework Convention on Climate Change • The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species
2 0 1 0
•
Y E A R B O O K
The number of people and where and how they live affect the environment. People alter the environment by clearing land, using natural resources and producing waste. Changes in the environment affect human health. But when the environment is conserved, the risk of disease reduces and this translates into reduced costs to the health sector and the population
grammes for environmental audit and monitoring Initiates and assesses activities to ensure management objectives are adhered to and early warnings on environmental emergencies are given Initiates procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents that may cause environmental degradation Undertakes programmes to enhance environmental education and public awareness for sound management, and encourages the efforts of other agencies Publishes manual guidelines on environmental management and prevention of environmental degradation Advises natural resources management agencies on environmental protection Prepares an annual report on the state of the environment in Kenya
K E N Y A
Benefits of clean environment
491
Environment
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
UNEP: Voice of the environment
492
UNEP is the voice of the environment. It assesses global, regional and national environmental conditions and trends, develops international and national environmental instruments and strengthens institutions for the management of the environment. It also encourages new partnerships with civil society and the private sector. UNEP supports six regional offices and centres of excellence
www.unep.org
• The Convention of Wetlands of International Importance, Especially Waterfowl Habitats • The Convention on the Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Water Courses and International Lakes • The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora • The Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region • The United Nations Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights • The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal • The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer • The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade • The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants • The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety • The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals • The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa.
Environmental policy In 2009, the Government promulgated the Draft National Environment Policy, which is undergoing peer review. The draft policy recognises that pollution, degradation, deforestation, change of land use, loss of biodiversity, and the impact of climate change
2 0 1 0
The United Nations declared 2010 to be the International Year for Biodiversity. It is a celebration of life on earth and its value to humankind. People all over the world are expected to take action in 2010 to safeguard all forms of life on earth Human beings rely on diversity for food, fuel, medicine and other essentials. Regrettably, it is being lost at an accelerated rate because of human activities. This impoverishes human beings and weakens the ability of the ecosystems, on which we depend, to resist threats such as climate change Globally, a series of events were planned to highlight the importance of the International Day of Diversity. They included commemoration
Y E A R B O O K
Biodiversity
of Biodiversity on May 22 2010, a special segment on biodiversity at the 66th Session of the UN General Assembly in September 2010 and the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This year’s commemoration has special significance because 2010 is the year when the target set by parties to the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss was to be achieved. Kenya has a large diversity of habitats and ecological zones, ranging from lowlands to mountain forests, wooded and open grasslands, semiarid scrubland, dry woodlands, and inland aquatic, coastal and marine ecosystems. Commitment to conserve them made Kenya ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994. The convention covers organisations that carry out activities involving biological and genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge. Under this initiative, eight per cent of Kenya’s land area has been put under protection. Rising human population and increased development activities pose a great danger to Kenya’s biodiversity. Forest ecosystems are the backbone of the economy because they support agriculture and tourism, besides providing food, medicine, wood and fuel, and water
K E N Y A
threaten the environment. The draft policy aims at integrating environmental considerations in other sectoral policies with regard to land, agriculture, trade, industrialisation and fisheries to ensure sustainable development. The draft policy also aims at strengthening legal and institutional framework for effective coordination and management of the environment and environmental resources. It also aims at ensuring management of the environment and natural resources such as unique terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It seeks to promote and enhance collaboration, synergy and partnerships in the protection and conservation of the environment.
493
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Environment
494
catchment areas. They also harbour flora and fauna. The major threats to forest ecosystems are deforestation, excisions, illegal logging, illegal cultivation, livestock grazing, landslides, quarrying, forest fires, pests and diseases, degradation by wildlife, sub-division of land, piracy through research, political interference and climate change. These have led to a reduction in forest cover — 1.7 per cent — against the recommended 10 per cent, destruction of habitats and loss of biological diversity. Kenya has developed a National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan to involve communities in conservation, documentation of national biological resources, ensuring sustainable management and a fair sharing of benefits. Sectoral programmes in support of sustainable livelihoods, food security and health care, especially for the poor, have been initiated promote indigenous food crops and traditional herbal medicine.
Forests A forest policy was drafted in 2004 and a new law, the Forest Act, enacted in 2005. These are clear indications that Kenya is committed to conservation and management of water towers. In 2009, for instance, Parliament resolved that all settlers in Mau Forest, Kenya’s largest water tower, be moved. The process has already begun
The Forest Act
It establishes, develops and manages forests and ensures conservation and rational use of forest resources for socio-economic development. The law recognises the role forests play in stabilising soils and ground water, thus supporting agricultural activity. They protect water catchments and moderate climate by absorbing greenhouse gases. The Act recognises that forests provide the main locus of biological diversity and a major habitat for wildlife. The law acknowledges that forests are the main source of domestic fuel wood, and that they provide essential raw materials for wood-based industries and a variety of non-wood forest products. It restates Kenya’s commitment to inter-sectoral development and sustainable use of forestry resources under international conventions and other agreements to which Kenya is a party. Kaya forests
These are 11 separate forests sites spread over 200km along the coast. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation has recognised the Kaya forests as sacred sites, representing cultural and biological diversity. Water towers
Kenya’s five largest forest blocks and water towers are Mt Kenya, the Aberdare Ranges, the Mau Forest Complex, Mt Elgon and
www.portofentry.com
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Soil erosion has degraded land in some parts of the country. But research shows that improved varieties of the tropical Apple tree, market gardens and community nature reserves reverse the effects. Other measures are re-introducing extinct grass species, rotational grazing and antierosion techniques.
the Cherang’any Hills. They form the upper catchments for major rivers and are a source of water for irrigation, agriculture, industrial purposes and hydro-electric power. Mountain ecosystems are important for biodiversity conservation because they have unique plants and animals. There is a close relationship between water and land. How land is used — whether it is forested, used for agriculture or developed — is a critical factor in determining the quality and quantity of ground and surface water. Forests ensure clean water in sufficient quantities for aquatic habitats, human consumption and recreational purposes. Seventy per cent of domestic energy comes from wood fuel, which is collected from forests and rangelands. They also contribute to the avail-
2 0 1 0
Turning the tide of land degradation
495
Environment
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Climate crusaders
496
When the then Senator Barack Obama, now US President, and his family visited Kenya in 2006, Prof Wangari Maathai (in yellow), Africa’s only woman Nobel laureate, was at hand to receive them. She accompanied them to a park to do what she knows best: Plant trees. Maathai was born in 1940 and became the first woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree. In 1976, Maathai introduced community tree planting through her Green Belt Movement.
ability of water for hydro-power, which comprises about 60 per cent of electricity supply.
Wetlands www.greenbeltmovement.org
Kenya’s wetlands cover marine, coastal and inland habitats. Swamps, estuaries, flood plains and mangroves are among the most important wetlands in the country. The country has a variety of wetlands and they can be divided into marine, deltaic, riverine, lacustrine and plateau. Key estuaries include Mombasa, Shimo la Tewa, Kilifi and Turtle Bay islands of Lamu, Manda and Pate. Delta wetlands are Tana
for activities likely to affect the wetlands. Their sustainable use will be integrated into the national and local land use plans. Wetland resource permits must be granted to a person, community or organisation, who or which intends to make use of wetlands and other non-extractive uses such as tourism and cultural activities. Due to encroachment, the Lands and Environment ministries have decreed that a 300-metre space from river banks be untouched.
Y E A R B O O K
The fishing industry earns Kenya close to Sh5 billion ($67 million) annually and is an important source of animal protein. Aquaculture is increasingly being practised in the North Rift, Central and Eastern provinces, which were previously not fish growing regions. Thus it is likely that aquaculture will in the future make significant contributions to Kenya’s food security and foreign exchange earnings. Aquaculture has also become a tourist attraction. Visitors tour Sagana Aquaculture Research Station, the Lake Victoria Basin Authority, fish farms in Uasin Gishu District and Dominion Farms on River Yala. While many non-fishing regions have now adopted aquaculture as an income-generating activity, it faces various challenges, including climate change, pollution, introduction of alien species, habitat destruction and conflict over water rights.
2 0 1 0
Aquaculture
K E N Y A
River and Nzoia Yala and Malewa Gilgil on the northern shore of Lake Naivasha. Riverine wetlands are along the lower part of the Tana and Nyando rivers. Smaller riverine wetlands are at the papyrus swamps near Ruiru. Mwea Tebere, now a rice paddy, is also a wetland. Kenya signed the Ramsar Convention in 1989 and appointed the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) as the implementing agency. Lake Nakuru was designated as the first Ramsar site in the country. The KWS Wetland Programme began in 1991. Wetlands have many benefits that have a positive impact on the socioeconomic status of the people. They include ground water recharge, flood control, shoreline stabilisation, erosion control, sediment and nutrient retention, biomass export, windbreaks as well as recreation. They are also habitats for fish, serve as forage reserves for livestock and provide agricultural land, supply water and are biodiversity reserves. Pollution and reclamation of farmlands are the most serious threats to Kenya’s wetlands. The Environmental Management and Coordination (Wetlands, River Basins, Lake and Sea Shores Management) Regulation was established in 2009 to safeguard and ensure sustainable use of the wetlands and their resources. Environmental impact assessment and audits are mandatory
497
Environment
Water
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Marine environment
498
Kenya has a 536km coastline along the Indian Ocean, which is home to more than 11,000 species of plants and animals. Collection of corals and molluscs is not allowed, but fishing with specified traditional gear, traps, hooks and line, and 2.5inch mesh nets is. The designation of marine parks as protected areas is a clear pointer to Kenya’s commitment to protect delicate coastal resources, not just for tourism, but also as an international obligation. Marine parks and reserves are also protected from consumptive use. www.maritimeauthority.co.ke
Kenya has several water ecosystems, the most important being fresh water ones, which are crucial for domestic, agricultural, recreational and industrial use. Kenya’s key law on water is the Water Act 2002, through which the Government aims to manage key resources. The Water Act seeks to ensure that water resources are sustainably managed and there are adequate water and sewer systems for all. Kenya has 20.2 cubic km of renewable water, — 76 per cent of it is used for farming, and 4 per cent for industrial purposes. In 2006, the Government enacted the Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations to control pollution and conserve water (See also Chapter on Water).
Marine environment Kenya’s Indian Ocean coastline is 536km long coastline composed of coral reef parallel to the coast. The main characteristics of the coastline are sandy beaches and mudflats, mangrove forests, sea grass bed, coral reefs and open water. The Lamu archipelago, Mombasa Creek, Wasini and other coral reefs are notable features of the coastline. These form a mosaic supporting rich and complex populations of marine species. Kenya’s coastline is home to more than 11,000 species of plants and animals. The main social and economic activities of the coastal area include tourism (5 per cent), ports and shipping (15 per cent), nonagricultural industry (8 per cent), fisheries (6 per cent), agriculture (5 per cent), forestry (4 per cent) and mining (2 per cent). Fisheries, ports and shipping and tourism employ hundreds of thousands of coastal residents
Marine ecosystem
The enactment of the Sea Shore Management Regulations Act,
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
which outlaws dumping and advocates proper management of coastal and marine resources, will safeguard the coastal zone. All marine parks and reserves are protected from consumptive use save for research and recreation at a fee. Collection of corals and molluscs is not allowed, but fishing with specified traditional gear, traps, hooks and line and 2.5-inch mesh nets is allowed. The designation of marine parks as protected areas is a pointer to Kenya’s commitment to protect delicate coastal resources, not just for tourism, but also as an international obligation. To ensure sustainability of the marine environment, the Government has made policies on conservation and use of resources outside gazetted marine parks and resources. The Merchant Shipping Act, for instance, makes it an offence to discharge oil or oily mixtures into a harbour or sea within 160km of the coastline. The Maritime Zones Act of 1989 establishes guidelines for exploitation, exploration, conservation and management of marine resources, including living and non-living resources of the seabed and sub-soil and water above the seabed. The Fisheries Act of 1989 also specifies rules for exploitation, use and conservation of fisheries. Marine pollution is a local and international environmental concern. The Indian Ocean in Kenya is threatened by natural pollutants
K E N Y A
directly and indirectly. Coastal tourism alone accounts for between 60 and 70 per cent of the national industry. Towns such as Mombasa, Malindi, Watamu and Diani owe their economic development to tourism. According to the Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act, the setting up of protected areas (marine parks and reserves) along the coast clearly indicates Kenya’s commitment to protecting vulnerable ecosystems. Six marine parks and a couple of reserves have been established along the coast. They include the 600-hectare Malindi Marine Park established in 1968. One of its features is the Vasco da Gama Pillar. The park’s main habitats are intertidal rock, sand, mud, fringing reefs and coral gardens, beds of sea grass, coral cliffs, platforms and islets, sandy beaches and mangrove forests. The park extends 5km into the sea and 30km along the coast. It has many species of fish. The other marine parks and reserves under the KWS are the Kisite Marine Park, Mpunguti Marine Reserve, Diane/Chale National Reserve, Malindi Watamu Marine Park, Watamu Marine Park, Kiunga Marine National Reserve and Mombasa National Park and Reserve.
499
Environment
such as run-off and deposits from volcanic eruptions, as well as sewage effluent, oil spills from tankers transporting oil and from cleaning activities near the shore. Pollution interferes with the marine ecosystem and causes death of aquatic organisms and loss of aesthetic value of the marine environment and biodiversity.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Arid lands
500
Kenya has an expansive arid and semi-arid area. In the north-west, scrublands straddle Lake Turkana and the Kulal Mountains. Kenya is party to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The main form of land use in the Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASALs) is pastoralism. The animals kept are camels, cattle, goats and sheep. ASALs account for 60 per cent of the livestock population in the country. The Government and stakeholders have revitalised the desertification action plan and developed early warning systems.
Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley lies north of Nairobi. It is an irregular depression that cuts through western Kenya from north to south in two branches. In the south, mountains descend westwards to the shores of Lake Victoria. Kenya’s principal rivers, the Tana (710km) and Athi (390km), flow south-east to the Indian Ocean.
Lakes Kenya’s main lakes, such as Nakuru, Naivasha, Victoria and Turkana, comprise lacustrine wetlands. Most of the lakes are in well-watered parts such as the Coast, the highlands and the Lake Victoria basin. Lakes Baringo, Naivasha, Bogoria, Nakuru and Elementaita are recognised under the Ramsar Convention, a clear indication of sound environmental management
Climate change Kenya is signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Like many other countries, Kenya is concerned about the threats to the environment and the people, and about the challenges that climate change poses to economic advancement. Kenya is dealing with the challenge of high emission of greenhouse gases and the devastating impact of climate change such as floods and drought. The country has endeavoured to implement the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanisms and is developing a National Climate Change Strategy. Other measures include an integrated national strategy on sustainable use of renewable energy such as wind, solar, mini and microhydro geothermal and biomass. The cleaner production concept is promoted in energy production and consumption activities. In addition, Kenya is developing an integrated, early warning and response
www.nationalgeographic. com
Y E A R B O O K
system for climate change and disaster risk dissemination. Various mechanisms have been implemented to combat the effects of climate change through various ministries and parastatals, including NEMA, which is leading a team of researchers to study climate change in northern Kenya in a project funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The Government also advocates reforestation, afforestation and adoption of alternative sources of energy to reduce greenhouse gases that fuel destruction of the ozone layer. The work includes harnessing solar, geothermal and wind energy.
K E N Y A
There is a relationship between climate change and malaria. A rainy season that is warm and wet, followed by a dry season, breeds epidemics. Changes in temperature affect the development of malaria parasites and mosquitoes. Rainfall influences the availability of mosquito habitats and size of mosquito populations. Malaria epidemics first appeared in Kenya’s highlands in the 1920s. In recent years, malaria outbreaks have been contained.
2 0 1 0
Climate change and malaria epidemics
501
Environment
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Wetlands role in the environment
502
In Kenya, wetlands were the first ecosystems to receive international attention through the Ramsar Convention. Kenya ratified the convention in 1990. Several sites have been designated. Wetlands are sources of water, provide critical habitats for biodiversity and have economic benefits — fisheries, recreation and grazing lands. They also have the hydrological functions of recharge and discharge and serve as spawning grounds for fish and resting ground for birds. Kenya has six classes of wetlands: Marine, estuarine, lacustrine, palustrine, riverine and human-made wetlands. Kenya has scored notable achievements in wetland management. A National Wetlands Standing Committee has been established to create awareness, formulate a wetland inventory, coordinate environmental impact assessment and advise the Government on wetland issues. It has drawn up a framework for national policy formulation.
www.fao.org
Projects to harness wind energy have been commissioned in Ngong and Turkana District. Adoption of irrigation instead of rainfed agriculture is part of the Government’s strategy to combat the impact of climate change on food production. The Government is also busy creating awareness about climate change and educating the public on the need to adopt environmentally sustainable technologies. Laws are being amended to enhance environmental concerns. The Government has received financial support from donors for projects to combat the effects of climate change. The Government is to implement recommendations of a task force formed to assess
Ozone layer
The Government has adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, which calls for the protection of human health and the environment from human activities that modify the ozone layer. It also calls for alternative substances or technologies for eliminating chlorofluorocarbons and protecting the ozone layer, and for continuous research and exchange of information. Emissions
The Public Health Act deals with smoke emissions and identifies quantities that are not dangerous to human health. The Traffic Act has spelt out measures on vehicle emissions and prohibits smoke or visible vapour. The Factories Act provides for better regulation of gases and fumes and aims at ensuring the health of workers. The Merchant Shipping
2 0 1 0
In 2006, the Government enacted the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, which require people dealing with waste transportation, disposal of and treatment to obtain licences from NEMA. The regulations provide for various categories of waste — industrial, hazardous and toxic waste; pesticides and toxic substances, biomedical waste, and radioactive substances. The Ministry of Local Government, through local authorities, works with the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and NEMA to ensure proper solid waste disposal in cities and towns. NEMA licenses transporters, incinerators, compositers, recyclers and transfer stations.
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act prohibits air pollution. In 2009, Kenya gazetted Air Quality Regulations and Standards, which are important in urban areas where human population is concentrated. There are plans to amend the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, which have been in force since 2003. Kenya is committed to sustainable management of environmental resources.
Y E A R B O O K
Waste management
Pollution
K E N Y A
forests destruction. Thee work includes: • Involving people living adjacent to forests in reforestation and afforestation projects • Promoting farm forestry and boosting access to markets for products that reduce dependency on forest resources • Speeding up participatory forest management to enhance community livelihoods • Promoting value addition of forest products • Evicting people living in water catchment areas and protecting the forests with electric fencing
503
Environment
The ozone layer
Act provides regulatory control over emission from ships. The Standards and Enforcement Review Committee, established by the Environment Management and Coordination Act, has ratified two new regulations on air quality and noise pollution.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Noise
504
Ozone is an irritating, corrosive, colourless gas. The ‘ozone layer’ refers to that layer of the stratosphere, where more than 90 per cent of the earth’s ozone resides. The layer absorbs 97 to 99 per cent of the sun’s high frequency ultraviolet light, which is lethal to life on earth. Every 1 per cent decrease in the ozone shield increases the amount of ultraviolet light exposure by 2 per cent. Recent measurements indicate small UV increases in rural areas and almost no increase in areas near large cities.
www.nas.nasa.gov
NEMA is also mandated to implement new regulations prohibiting loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise or vibration that annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers comfort, health or safety of others and the environment. The authority is to work with Government institutions, including local authorities, the Kenya Roads Board, the Ministry of Lands and Kenya Railways Corporation, to make strategic noise or vibration maps. The organisations are expected to develop action plans to control noise levels and protect silent zones. The police, the Provincial Administration and local authorities will issue permits for social events and use of public address systems, while amplifying equipment that would exceed permissible noise levels will be licensed by NEMA.
Recycling Nairobi has a population of about three million who generate substantial amounts of solid waste. But solid waste management, one of the most visible environmental problems, has been neglected. The poor state of solid waste management is attributed to insufficient funding, a shortage of equipment and absence of a systematic approach to tackling the issue. The Local Government Act empowers
local authorities to establish and maintain solid waste management services, while the Environmental Management and Coordination Act requires them to provide the services. Considerable progress has been made on policy and legal frameworks for solid waste management. The right to a clean environment enables citizens to compel polluters and indiscriminate waste dumpers to pay for the damage caused.
the Yala wetland, the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme protects the lake’s ecosystem, the Nile Basin Initiative conserves the Nile, and UNEP and the World Conservation and Monitoring Centres also conserve flora and fauna. The KWS is developing a geographical positioning system to boost its monitoring of wildlife in the parks and to prevent poaching.
Y E A R B O O K
The Millennium Seed Bank, an initiative by the United Kingdom to conserve native seeds in the world, has led to the development of an equivalent project in Kenya — the Seed for Life Project — to conserve indigenous seeds especially from the arid and semi-arid areas. The project seeks to conserve about 10 per cent of the world’s flowering plant species through long-term methods. The Kenya Forest Service, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), the Kenya Forest Research Institute, the KWS and the NMK work together to strengthen the national capacity to store native seeds. In September 2000, the five institutions signed an agreement with the UK’s Royal Botanic Gardens to allow for transfer and duplication at the Millennium Seed Bank for security purposes. This was among Kenya’s first efforts to set up a system of access to genetic resources. The Seed
K E N Y A
Kenya is endowed with a rich biological diversity. The biodiversity is a source of revenue to the Government through tourism, domestic and international. It is also a bedrock of research. Measures have been taken to ensure they are protected from destruction. Parastatals, including the KWS and the National Museums of Kenya (NMK), and national parks, game reserves, zoological gardens, aquariums, arboretums and botanical gardens have crucial interest in flora and fauna. The Wildlife Management, Air Pollution, Waste Management, Water and Forest acts help protect and develop flora and fauna. Several NGOs and community organisations are also involved in the protection of flora and fauna: The Ol Pejeta Conservancy monitors gorillas; the Yala Communitybased Biodiversity, the Monitoring and Conservation Project conserve
2 0 1 0
Seed bank
Flora and fauna
505
Environment
for Life Project has moved from conservation of seeds in ASALs to cover other eco-zones. By October 2009, 1,600 seed species had been conserved, 1,400 of which are new to the bank, three of them never collected before. The seeds are dried in low temperature of about 20° C and frozen to allow them to live for hundreds of years. The Kenya Key Seed Centre collects and tests them to determine their germination properties and their purity. The National Gene Bank of Kenya, a project under the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, was established in 1988 to conserve land race plants from extinction. The gene bank has 48,000 samples of 2,000 plant species.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Meteorological Department
506
Its staff runs rainfall, temperature, synoptic and Upper Air Observing stations, whose data is processed and kept at the Climatological Section. The first climatic data was recorded in Mombasa in 1890. In 1891, another was opened in Malindi and in 1894 in Machakos. By 1904, rainfall observing stations were at Makindu, Voi, Murang’a, Kapsabet and Kisumu. By the 1920s, records of other meteorological data like temperature, sunshine hours, cloud amounts and wind speed were reported around Nairobi. There are four types of stations whose data is processed and kept
SOURCE OF AFRICA’S DROUGHT
Scientists in Australia and Canada say pollution from Western countries has caused the droughts which ravaged Africa’s Sahel region in the 1970s and 1980s. Millions died in the droughts, which hit Ethiopia hardest in 1984. Other Sahelian countries, from Senegal in the west to the Red Sea, were also devastated by lack of rain and the southwards spread of the Sahara Desert.
at the Climatological Section — rainfall, temperature, synoptic and Upper Air Observing stations. Rainfall stations measure and record daily rainfall only. In 1977, Kenya had 2,000 rainfall stations But the number dropped to 1,653 by 1988 and to 1,497 by 1990. Today, they are only 700. Temperature stations measure and record surface air temperature in addition to rainfall. There are 62 temperature stations in Kenya. Synoptic stations observe and record the surface meteorological data. The observations include rainfall, temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, solar radiation, clouds, atmospheric pressure, sun
2 0 1 0
shine hours, evaporation and visibility. At present there are 27 synoptic stations in Kenya. The department’s functions are to: • Provide meteorological and climatological services to agriculture, forestry, water resources management, civil aviation and the private sector • Provide meteorological services to shipping in the western Indian Ocean, including issuing cyclone warnings for the safety of ships • Provide meteorological services to military aviation for the safety of the Kenya Air Force aircraft • Maintain an efficient telecommunications system for rapid collection and dissemination
It is a branch of the Kenya Meteorological Department situated in Nairobi. Its responsibility is to train personnel in meteorology, hydrology and related geo-sciences in Kenya and Anglophone Africa. It was established in 1964 and in 1965, it was upgraded to the status of the World Meteorological Organisation Regional Training Centre for Anglophone Africa. There are only 23 such training centres in the world, including eight in Africa. The college is a centre of excellence specialised in training meteorology, hydrology, applied meteorology and related geosciences. It has two components: The Institute for Meteorological Training and Research (IMTR) on the grounds of the Kenya Meteorological Department and the University of Nairobi, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Department of Meteorology located at Chiromo Campus. The two work closely, especially in the coordination of international
Y E A R B O O K
news.bbc.co.uk
Institute for Meteorological Training and Research
K E N Y A
Research says sulphur dioxide from factories in Europe and the US has cooled the Northern Hemisphere, driving the tropical rain belt south — away from the Sahel. Rainfall in the region has declined by between 20 and 50 per cent, leading to severe droughts in 1972, 1975, 1984 and 1985. The 1970s and 1980s were the most sustained drought in any part of the world since records began. Sulphur emissions from power stations and factories prevent cloud formation, cooling the Earth below. As this pollution mainly happens in the industrialised North, the Northern Hemisphere became relatively cooler than the south. This made the rain belt move south away from the Sahel.
of meteorological information in accordance with the World Meteorological Organization and the International Civil Aviation Organisation procedures • Coordinate research in meteorology and climatology • Compile training programmes in meteorology and related scientific subjects
507
Environment
training programmes for the World Meteorological Organisation members. (www.meteo.go.ke)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya Meteorological Society
508
It was registered in 1989 as a professional and scientific society to promote the understanding of meteorology and its applications in Kenya and beyond. Its offices are at the Kenya Meteorological Department in Nairobi. Its objectives are to: • Collect, register, analyse and publish proceedings that contribute to the progress of meteorological knowledge • Offer facilities for communicating important discoveries which contribute towards advancement of meteorological knowledge • Maintain a valuable library of scientific works and charts • Liaise with other scientific organisations and institutions in and outside Kenya, especially those related to meteorology, for exchange of knowledge • Promote the use of meteorological knowledge to alleviate poverty and increase food security
Mineral resources Mineral exploration and exploitation are carried out under the Mining Act (Cap. 306) enacted in 1940. But it has been reviewed to match contemporary international mining practice. Other laws are the Trading in Unwrought Precious Metals Act (Cap 309) and the Diamond Indus-
try Protection Act (Cap 310). Kenya is endowed with enormous mineral resources, both metallic and non-metallic (industrial). Mineral exploration and exploitation are governed by the Mining and Minerals Act enacted in 2009. The law is expected to streamline activities within the sector. The new law requires licensees to operate for four years with renewals of up to seven years. The quantity of mineral production declined by 9.4 per cent from 1.545 million tonnes in 2008 to 1.399 million in 2009 mainly due to reduced production of soda ash and fluorspar. But the non-metallic minerals sub-sector registered 34.4 per cent growth. Soda ash and fluorspar production declined from 503,000 tonnes and 130,000 tonnes in 2008 to 405,000 and 6,000 tonnes in 2009 respectively. Soda ash is produced from the mineral trona at Lake Magadi. Fluorspar’s poor performance was a result of the closure of the company in March 2009 due to diminished demand in the export market. Fluorspar is mined east of Eldoret in the Rift Valley system However, production of crushed refined soda, diatomite, gold, and gemstones increased in 2009 compared to 2008. Earnings from mineral production decreased by 23.9 per cent from Sh12.3 billion ($153.75 million) in 2008 to Sh9.3 billion ($116.25 million) in 2009. The value for soda ash
zircon. The expected mine life is 13 years. Capital costs were estimated to be $120 million (Sh9.6 billion). Mining location
It is granted to small-scale miners. A location consists of a block of not more than 10 claims. A claim is an area of 20,000m2 (200 x 100 metres) in the case of precious metals (gold, silver) and precious stones (ruby, emerald, opal). It is 50,000m2 (250 x 200m) for other minerals (copper, lead, graphite, baryte).
Taxation
The maximum rate of income tax is 30 per cent. The highest rate of VAT is 16 per cent and the lowest 12 per cent. Royalties
The law provides that royalties be paid for all minerals. The rates of are negotiable within the Commonwealth. The proposed legislation will specify rates for different classes of minerals.
Y E A R B O O K
A mining lease or special mining lease is granted for the exploitation of a mineral deposit discovered following successful prospecting. An exclusive prospecting licence or special licence is granted over an area selected by the applicant with a valid prospecting right, deposited Sh2,000 ($25) with the Provincial Commissioner, written consents from local authorities and land owners.
2 0 1 0
Leases
K E N Y A
decreased from Sh8.8 billion ($110 million) in 2008 to Sh6.08 billion ($76 million) in 2009. And for fluorspar, the earnings dropped from Sh1.9 billion ($23.75 million) in 2008 to Sh123 million ($1.53 million) in 2008. Salt production declined from 24,345 tonnes in 2008 to 24,125 tonnes in 2009. But the earnings increased from Sh139 million ($1.73 million) in 2008 to Sh155 million ($1.93 million) in 2009. Carbon dioxide production in 2008 hit the 22,030 tonne-mark, but it declined to 15,711 in 2001. The earnings followed the same trend, falling from Sh118 million ($1.475 million) to Sh84 million ($1.05 million). But diatomite production rose from 72 tonnes in 2008 to 231 tonnes in 2009 as did the earnings — from Sh4 million ($50 million) to Sh14 million ($1.75 million) Gold output also rose, from 0.3 tonnes in 2008 to 1.1 tonnes in 2009 — and so did the earnings: Sh593 million ($7.41 million) in 2008 to Sh2.2 billion ($27.5 million) in 2009. Gemstone production also increased from 21 tonnes in 2008 to 39 tonnes in 2009. But the earnings dropped from Sh179 million ($2.23 million) to Sh141 million ($1.76 million). Tiomin Resources of Canada holds licences for titanium mining in the Kilifi, Kwale, Mambrui and Vipongo heavy mineral sands deposits. During the first six years of the project, Tiomin is expected to produce 330,000 tonnes a year of ilmenite, 77,000 of rutile and 37,000 of
509
Environment
Mines and Geology Department
•
Kis A and Shelton D, International Environmental Law, Andsley Park; Transnational Publishers
The mandate of the department is mineral exploration, mining and minerals policy; geological survey and inventory of geological and minerals information. It offers services such as identification and analysis of geological and mineral samples and other substances. It also issues licences and permits for mineral exploration, mining and commercial explosives. It is also within its mandate to sell geological and mineral exploration information and reports. The department has Geochem and Assay laboratories. The former analyses rock and soil samples, while the latter analyses water
•
References
•
Kisoyan M (2007). Management of Arid and Semi-arid (ASAL) Lands, lecturer, Egerton University
•
Makindi, Lecture notes on biological diver-
•
Ministry of Culture and Heritage: National
sity, Egerton University, 2006. Museum of Kenya, Department of Antiquities, Sites and Monuments •
Nairobi Safari Walk Magazine, Kenya Wildlife
•
NEMA, Biodiversity Conservation: Retrieved
Service Education Centre, 2007 August 25, 2009 http://www.nema.go.ke/ index2.php •
NEMA News Magazine (2008), Kicking the Habit: Reduce Air Pollution, Save Lives; National Environmental Management Authority, Nairobi
•
NEMA News Magazine (2009), Climate Change and Global Warming; National Environmental Management Authority, Nairobi
•
Nyamongo D, Technical Manager Seeds for Life Project and officer in-charge, Gene Bank of Kenya, KARI, personal communication, September 26, 2009
•
(1991), An Introduction to Environmental
Capital News (2009, August 6), NEMA
Education; Nairobi; Nairobi University Press
2 0 1 0
Focuses on Noise Pollution; Retrieved Sept 13, 2009 from http://www.capitalfm. •
Y E A R B O O K
• •
•
K E N Y A
Post J and Furedy C (2004), Solid Waste
co.ke/news
Management and Recycling: Actors, Partner-
Ecofinder, (2007- 2009), Kenya Progress
ship and Policie;. Rerieved Sept 24, 2009 from http://books.google.com
Education Officer, Kenya Wildlife Educa-
•
UNEP (2000), Tunza: Aquaculture
tion Centre
•
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Cen-
FAO, National Aquaculture Overview in
tre: Conservation of the Natural Environment
Kenya
of Kenya and their Flora and Fauna
Internet sources: http://unfcc.int/Kyoto_ protocol; http://www.UNEP.org/ozone;
•
www.meteo.go.ke
http://www.unep.org/ozone/montreal.htm
•
www.environment.go.ke
•
www.minesgeology.go.ke
•
mackphilisa.net/kenyametsociety
Kenya (2007) Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management Project:
510
•
Report for Yala Wetland, www.kws.go.ke •
Otiende J E, Ezaza, W P, and Boisvert R
Environmental and Social Management Framework
14
life better for Kenyans. The Government has embarked on major forest conservation efforts, built dams and completed many water projects
K E N Y A
Water and forestry are key in making
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water and forestry
511
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Water and forestry
512
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
60
2 0 1 0 0 9
K
enya is a water-scarce country. Surface waters cover only 2 per cent of the total surface area. The climate varies from tropical along the coast of the Indian Ocean to arid in the interior, and two-thirds of the country is covered by semi-desert or desert land. Per capita available water is about 650 m3/year. Future projections show that by 2025, per capita water availability will drop to 235m3 as a result of population growth. The level of water scarcity in some regions is a serious limiting factor for development BY NUMBERS activities. Consequently, the need to change the scattered structure and functioning of the water management system has arisen. In 2002, major reforms The number of dams were initiated with the reviidentified for construction sion of the Water Act, which in the next few years. defines clear roles for the difAlready, 4,100 dams ferent actors involved in the have been constructed in decentralised institutional recent years framework that separates policy formulation from regulation and services proviSee more information below sion. Where possible, the participation of stakeholders in
513
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
514
the decision-making processes was promoted by involving communities and other actors such as NGOs, community organisations and the private sector. In 2009, water services boards undertook to develop urban water supplies infrastructure, while the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation provided water schemes in rural areas. The major works were on expansion and upgrading of the water supply systems. To provide clean water to households, the Government continued to maintain water purification points across the country. The water points increased from 192 in 2008 to 209 in 2009 following the construction and completion of 17 water projects in Central, Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley and Western provinces. In regard to boreholes, 124 were drilled in 2009, up from 115 in 2008 — Eastern 36, Rift Valley 32, North-Eastern 28, Coast 12, Nyanza 6, Central 5, Western 3 and Nairobi 2. And to improve availability of water to more Kenyans in rural areas, the Government constructed major dams such as Chemususu, Badasa, Kiserian and others in Koibatek, Marsabit, Kajiado and Kitui districts.
Background The present institutional arrangements for the management of the water sector in Kenya can be traced to 1974 with the launch of the National Water Master Plan whose
aim was to ensure availability of potable water to all households by 2000. The plan aimed to achieve this by developing supply systems, sinking boreholes, building catchment dams and providing conveyance infrastructure — pipes and furrows. To do so required that the Government provide water services to consumers, make policy, regulate the use of water resources and finance the water sector. The legal framework was in the Water Act (Cap 372). In line with the Master Plan, the Government upgraded the Department of Water Development in the Ministry of Agriculture to a full ministry, which embarked on a water supply development programme. In 1988, the Government established the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) to take over the management of Government-operated water supply systems that could be run on a commercial basis. Large municipalities were also licensed to supply water. In the 1980s, the Government began to experience budgetary constraints and it became clear that it could not deliver water to all by 2000. Attention turned to ways of involving others, a process that came to be known as ‘handing over’. There was general agreement to hand over Government water supply systems, but less agreement on what it meant. In 1997, the Government pub-
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
www.eoearth.org/kenya
lished guidelines on handing over rural water systems to communities (Ministry of Land Reclamation, Regional and Water Development, 1997). The manual indicated that the ministry would only transfer management, and communities would act as custodians. The criteria for handing over — capacity of the community, ability to pay, capacity to operate and maintain the system, involvement of women in management and ability and willingness to form community groups with legal status. In 1999, the Government developed a policy, the National Water Policy. It tackled issues on water management, sewerage
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water sources Kenya has five main drainage areas: Lake Victoria covers 8 per cent of the country Rift Valley and inland lakes — 22.5 per cent Athi River and Coast — 11.5 per cent Tana River — 21.7 per cent Ewaso Ng’iro — 36.3 per cent The renewable surface water is estimated at 20.2km3/ year, while 3.5km3 of groundwater is produced annually, of which 3km3/year overlaps the surface water. It is estimated that 10km3/ year of water enters the country via trans-boundary rivers. The annual safe abstraction yield of groundwater is estimated at 0.6km3 — 0.4km3 is the yield from shallow wells and 0.2km3 from boreholes.
515
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Water use Kenya’s water demand is about 5.8km3 by 2010. Agriculture is the main user and consumes 80 per cent, and domestic and commercial use the rest. There are close to 2,000 domestic water schemes, 700 managed by the Ministry of Water. Communities manage the rest. Kenya has about 10,000 boreholes. Water use conflicts among irrigation, livestock, wildlife, and environmental conservation are common in Ewaso Ng’iro North, upper Tana and Athi basins.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.eoearth.org/kenya
516
development, institutional framework and financing. The Government’s role was redefined from service provision to regulatory functions. Service provision would be left to municipalities, the private sector and communities. The Government also established a National Task Force to review the Water Act and draft a Bill to replace it. The Water Bill was published on March 15, 2002 and enacted on July 18, 2002. It was gazetted in October 2002 as the Water Act, 2002 and took effect in 2003.
Reforms The Ministry of Water and Irrigation goals are to conserve, manage and protect water resources for socioeconomic development. Its aim is to improve people’s living standards and ensure access to available water resources. The ministry was created in 2003 when it was separated from the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The split was aimed at consolidating the responsibility for the management and development of water resources. To address water services’ concerns, the Government has imple-
In Kenya, dams were initially built for hydro-electric power generation. There are five major generation stations along the Tana River — Kiambere, Kindaruma, Masinga, Gitaru and Kamburu with a combined capacity of more than 400MW. Kindaruma was commissioned in 1968, Kamburu 1974, Masinga 1981, Kiambere 1987 and Gitaru in 1999. Turkwel Dam, along the Turkwel
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Dams
K E N Y A
mented reforms in supply and management. They include: Creating institutions to manage water and provide services Limiting the ministry’s role to policy formulation, implementation and resource mobilisation Regulation and service delivery are left to the new institutions Involving local communities in management through Water Resource Users Association. And the policies have revolutionised the work sector. Community participation has resulted in reduced illegal abstractions and
catchment encroachment, rehabilitation of catchment areas and river bank protection. The commercialisation of service has been accepted as a more efficient way of providing water, more than 500 boreholes have been drilled and water service to the poor has received greater focus in rural and urban areas. Consequently, water coverage has reached 40 per cent and 60 per cent in rural and urban areas respectively. Sewerage and basic sanitation coverage of 20 per cent and 55 per cent respectively have been achieved, 119,000 hectares irrigated, 4,100 dams built and 60 more identified for construction. Communities in ASALs have been helped to use rain water harvesting to produce food crop and fodder. Re-vegetation of 4,500 hectares of arid environments has been realised and 16 shallow wells built as points of clean water to communities. Seasonal rivers have been tapped for community irrigation schemes
517
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
518
Gorge in north-western Kenya, was commissioned in 1991 and has a power output of 106 MW. Sondu Miriu is the most recent project, with an output of 60 MW. Kenya has small hydro-stations — Mesco, Ndula, Wanjii, Tana, Gogo Falls and Selby Falls — with a combined output of 40 MW. As a result of erratic rainfall, innovative methods have been devised to store surface runoff for use during the dry spell. Sand dams in Kitui are good examples. A sand dam is a reinforced concrete wall built across seasonal riverbeds — two to four metres high and up to 90m across. A pipe is built into the dam, going 20km upstream. In between one and three seasons, the dam fills up with water and then sand, which filters water through the pipe. Water is then collected from the pipe on the lower side of the dam or holes dug in the sand behind the dam. Each dam provides clean water for up to 1,200 people, animals and nurseries for trees and vegetables. This improves water availability in a 20km radius. A sand dam can benefit up to 100,000 people directly and indirectly. The ministry has boosted efforts to reduce unaccounted for water, most of which is lost through illegal connections and poor infrastructure. In Nairobi, the rehabilitation of Sasumua Dam to bring in an extra 12 million m3 of storage is about to be completed. A new water source
Masinga Dam It is a man-made lake that produces much of the hydroelectric power used in Kenya, including Mombasa. Masinga is one the seven folks Tana River projects and was completed in 1981. It is managed by the Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority. The valley that it drowned has a convoluted shoreline and a number of islands. The maximum depth is 50m. The area is semi-arid. Masinga Dam borders Yatta and Mbeere and stretches to Thika in the west. It holds marine life, fish, hippotamus and crocodiles. Much of its fish is supplied to Thika, Embu, Nairobi, Matuu and Masinga towns.
http://wikimapia.org
for Nairobi is also being sought with efforts focusing on development of storage dams in the Aberdares catchment area. At the Coast, the Government has started a major rehabilitation programme at Baricho Water Works, Mzima Pipeline and Marere, which will double the supply from 90,000m3 per day to 180,000 m3. About 40 per cent of the production loss will be prevented through rehabilitation and other interventions. Construction of the proposed Mwache Dam in the South Coast
The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation is constructing the dam to supply water to Marsabit town. The project comprises a 52m embankment on Buji River in the Mt Marsabit forest reserve, intake works, diversion culvert, raw water pumping station and a water treatment plant. Others are treated water pumping and booster stations, treated water rising main and storage facilities of about 3,000m3 capacity. Marsabit town, about 500km north of Nairobi, is the main market centre of the district.
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Badasa Dam
K E N Y A
and a 25km interconnection pipeline between Mzima and Baricho pipeline systems will give Coast residents of additional water should either of the two systems break down. In regard to other towns, the Government has allocated funds to improve water infrastructure. In Kisumu, the gains that have accrued under the completed short-term project will be consolidated when the longterm plan is implemented. In Kisii, water supply and sewerage will be improved after the proposed projects. In the Mt Kenya region, the Government has set aside funds from development partners to improve water and sewerage facilities in Isiolo, Meru, Nyeri, Murang’a and Embu. In the Rift Valley, funds have been set aside to improve water infrastructure. Projects such as Kapsabet, Nakuru and Naivasha water supplies are under construction. On rural water supply, the Government supports initiatives aimed at boosting coverage, which is currently below 50 per cent. Concerted efforts to reduce the cost of water in urban slums and ensure good quality.
519
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kamburu Dam
520
It was the second major power station in Kenya after Kindaruma. The feasibility studies started in the 1960s and they confirmed the viability of an upper reservoir for the Seven Forks cascade hydropower complex with a potential of 11 power plants — Masinga, Kamburu, Gitaru, Kindaruma, Kiambere, Karura, Mutonga, Low Grand Falls, Usheni, Adamsons Falls and Kora. The first five were developed between 1968 and 1988, while the others await implementation. The project took seven years from feasibility studies to construction. The ground was broken on June 29, 1971 and plant commissioned on July 5, 1974.
The Badasa Dam site is 9km from the town, whose water supply is from Bakuli Springs constructed in 1970 and boosted in 1995. The water production capacity ranges between 800m3 a day during the rainy season and 300m3 during the dry season, against a demand of 2,750m3 for a population of 30,000. Maruba Dam
The dam, the source for the Machakos Water Supply, is across River Maruba. It supplies water to parts of Machakos town and its environs. The town has a population of 210,000 and its water demand is 8,000m3/ day. Maruba is a 17m high dam. It was constructed in the 1950s and its yield then was 4,000m3/day. However, the storage capacity had reduced to about 2,000 due to siltation. But it has been expanded and completed.
Umaa Dam
It is in Kitui District on Nzeu River, downstream the confluence of Mukoleyka and Muvati rivers. It is 200km east of Nairobi and will serve about 25,000 people. Construction commenced in January 2009. The design process, however, began in 1992. During the restructuring of the water sector, the responsibility for the construction of the dam was brought under NWCPC. But due to the time lapse between original design and implementation — of more than 15 years — there was need to review it. The review was completed in 2008 and the process moved to the tendering stage. The Government is funding the con-
Recurrent floods in western Kenya will be managed through construction of dams along rivers Nzoia and Nyando. The Government will develop two multipurpose dams — with a storage capacity of 2.4 billion cubic metres — along the rivers. An additional 24 multi-purpose dams with a capacity of two billion cubic metres will be built to supply water for domestic, livestock and irrigation use in ASALs. They include Bunyunyu, Munyu, Londiani, Itare, Upper Narok, Chemususu, Kiserian, Yatta, Kitui, Mwingi Thwake, Rare, Thiba, Umma, Rumuruti, Badasa and Archers’ Post. Others are Awasi, Kora, Ndarugu, Mwachi, Ruiru A, Siyoi and Nyahururu Water dykes will also be built along the lower reaches of the two rivers. In addition, a 54km interbasin water transfer canal will be undertaken in Rahole, connecting Tana River and Garissa districts. A High Grand Falls Multipurpose reservoir that can store 5.4 billion cubic meters will be undertaken. The canal will help tame the lower River Tana and redistribute water resources to arid areas downstream.
Irrigation and drainage Irrigation in Kenya has a long history, spanning more than 400 years.
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is on the Chemususu River, a tributary of the Tigiri River, 80km north-west of Nakuru town and about 15km west of Eldama-Ravine. The dam is intended to improve storage by storing 10.94 million M3 and enhance uninterrupted water supply of about 35,000 M3 a day to Nakuru town and parts of Baringo and Koibatek districts, including Eldama-Ravine town.
Water harvesting and storage
Y E A R B O O K
Chemususu Dam
struction of the dam. Upon completion, the assets will be transferred to Tanathi Water Service Board.
K E N Y A
There are two other sources of water for Machakos town — Nol Turesh Pipeline and Iveti boreholes. Nol-Turesh draws water from Nol Turesh Springs in Mt Kilimanjaro in Loitokitok and was constructed in the 1990s.
521
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Water international Kenya shares a number of rivers with other countries: The Umba, Mara, and Pangani basins are shared with Tanzania. The Sio, Malaba, and Malakisi basins are shared with Uganda. The Omo and Daua basins are shared with Ethiopia. The Nile basin is shared with nine other countries — Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt, Burundi, DR Congo, Rwanda Save for the Nile basin, there is no framework between the countries for the use and management of the shared water resources.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.eoearth.org/kenya
522
Records show that irrigation has been practised for many years along the lower River Tana and in Keiyo, Marakwet, West Pokot and Baringo districts. Rice irrigation activities along river valleys in Kipini, Malindi, Shimoni and Vanga, where slaves were used to construct rice schemes in the early 19th century, are also well-known. Indian coolies (workers) who built the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway also started irrigation activities near Makindu and Kibwezi. In 1946, the African Land Development Unit (ALDEV) identified irrigation as part of a broad agricultural rehabilitation programme. It initiated a number of irrigation schemes — Mwea, Hola, Perkerra, Ishiara and Yatta — using cheap labour from Mau Mau detainees. Many detainees were eventually settled in the schemes. The Government is implementing projects that will increase water storage per capita from 5m3 to 80m3 (16 times). This will support the country from perennial water shortage. Further, the storage capacity will contribute to the growth of irrigated agriculture by 50,000 hectares. The dams are estimated to cost Sh85 billion ($1.1 billion) in the next 10 years. It is estimated that irrigation can increase agricultural productivity four-fold and, depending on crops, incomes can be multiplied 10 times. In addition to rain-fed agriculture, the Government has promoted irrigation farming for food and cash crops. The flagship projects are: • Construction of the Tana Delta project • Expansion of schemes in Bura, Hola, Kano Plains, Nzoia (upper, middle and lower), Perkerra, Kerio Valley, Mwea, Taita Taveta, Ewaso Ng’iro North and Ngurumaini (Kajiado) • Extension of the Yatta Canal for another
Tana Athi
205,000 40,000
Lake Victoria
200,000
Kerio Valley
64,000
Ewaso Ng’iro
30,000
Total
539,000
Source: Ministry of Water, National Water Masterplan
Land reclamation The mandate of the department is to transform Kenya’s arid and semiarid lands into vibrant economic development areas. The ASALs cover 467,200km2, 80 per cent of the country’s landmass of 584,000km2. The ASALs have expanded due to land degradation and settlements as people migrate from the high potential areas. The ASALs cover 44 districts, 28 of which are about 30 per cent ASAL, seven between 30 per cent and 85 per cent ASAL and nine more than 85 per cent ASAL.
Sanitation and sewerage To improve sanitation and hygiene and reduce environmental pollution in towns located on shared water basins, the Government plans to undertake liquid waste treatment feasibility studies at Malaba, Lagdera, Lodwar, Wajir/Elwak and Liboi towns. These are areas
2 0 1 0 0 9
Irrigation potential (ha)
• Rehabilitation and acquisition of new hydro-metric that will be installed in strategic and vulnerable water resources (surface and groundwater) countrywide, and linked to the World Hydrological Observation Cycle • Rehabilitate 600 hydro-metrological stations • Capacities of water associations will be facilitated to collect records and monitor data acquisition • Groundwater hydro-geological mapping will be undertaken in Turkana and Marsabit for ground water development in the two districts and replicated in other ASAL districts • Formulation of four water catchment management strategies for Lake Victoria South, Ewaso Ng’iro North, Ewaso Ng’iro South and Athi catchment areas to be completed through stakeholder involvement • Establishment and rehabilitation of water quality monitoring station
Y E A R B O O K
Basin
Water resources information management
K E N Y A
100km to cover Yatta, parts of Kitui and Mwingi districts • Smallholder irrigation schemes Geography and weather patterns make irrigated agriculture indispensable since only about 20 per cent of the country has a high or medium potential for agricultural production. The estimated potential area for irrigation and drainage in Kenya is about 540,000 hectares (3,240km2) and 600,000 hectares (3,600km2) respectively. See table below.
523
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
524
where the water table is high and local councils have adopted ‘bucket latrines’. The focus of this programme is to implement appropriate technological approaches in line with the Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy 2007 to improve the situation. Other urban areas, especially within the Lake Victoria Basin, will be targeted under a joint initiative between the Government and UN Habitat. • The projects aim at expanding the Mzima pipeline to meet the demands of coastal towns,
including proposed resort cities of Lodwar and Isiolo. It will also cover urban water supply and sanitation in satellite towns near Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru, Kisii and 26 small towns with the potential to support manufacturing and tourism. • They include Narok, Machakos, Maralal, Wajir, Wote, Hola, Chuka, Ruiru, Athi River, Siaya, Ol Kalou, Matuu, Maua, Moi’s Bridge and Limuru. Others are Moyale, Kapsowar, Maseno, Kapenguria, Kitui, Lokitaung, Karuri, Lamu and Chogoria.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Nairobi River basin It comprises three main rivers — Ngong, Nairobi and Mathare. Nairobi River flows through the Central Business District. It is the main river of the basin. The rivers are narrow and highly polluted. About 56 per cent of Nairobi residents live in highly congested 46 informal settlements with many located along the banks of the Nairobi River. Nairobi basin rivers join east of Nairobi and meet the Athi River, eventually flowing to the Indian ocean. They are mostly narrow and highly polluted. Nairobi River has several tributaries — Ruiru, Kamiti, Ruui Ruaka, Karura, Gitathuru, Kirichwa Motoine-Ngong.
In recent years, water management has become imperative because of growing demand and the need to plan how it is used. Water resource management involves quality and quantity management. In quality management, natural and man-made processes cleanse wastewater returned to a stream so that it can be used again. The quality of effluent must, therefore, be maintained at acceptable standards for human and industrial use. Reuse must be a fundamental element of water resource management, otherwise water shortages may become worse than is the case now. Water quantity management involves rational planning for use and conservation of supplies. Water is scarce in Kenya. The largest inland water bodies are lakes Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha and Baringo. The highlands are the source of major permanent rivers — such as the Tana, Kenya’s longest river — traversing the drier lowlands. Kenya’s surface water resources originate from five main catchment basins — Lake Victoria, Rift Valley, Ewaso Ng’iro, Tana River and Athi River. Rivers draining into Lake Victoria provide the largest share of renewable surface water supply at 65 per cent, while the Athi River drainage provides seven per cent, the lowest among the five. Together, the catchment areas cover 903,962 hectares and supply 20.291 million cubic metres of water a year. Ground water aquifers in Kenya are closely related to the three main rock types that form the major hydro-geological areas — volcanic, metamorphic basement and intrusive rocks, and sedimentary rocks. It is estimated that the country has a ground water potential of 632.3
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water management
525
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
526
million cubic metres a year. In the beginning, a spring or well was the unit of water resource development planning. Population pressure was low and water did not have to be transported over long distances. However, as urbanisation increased and more farms and factories occupied vast spaces, it became necessary to consider water management on a larger scale, including the basin or watershed. The main challenges facing the water sector are: • Shortages due to rising population • Flooding • Ground water depletion • Catchment degradation • Water pollution These lead to decline and deterioration of water resources and damage to freshwater and coastal environments. The biggest challenge is, therefore, to balance between protecting and restoring the environment, and pursuing rapid economic and social development.
Hydrology Hydrological conditions in Kenya have experienced temporal and spatial changes. The evidence of these is erratic weather patterns, and diminishing surface and groundwater reserves. This can be attributed to causes that can be categorised as natural and anthropogenic (manmade). Deforestation and industrialisation have affected Kenya’s
hydrology. A case study of land cover changes in the Njoro River catchment, for instance, showed that changes in hydrological conditions were largely a result of deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture. This has led to decreased water quality and reduction in groundwater recharge, as well as related impacts to the local ecology.
www.danidadevforum/Kenya challenges
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Water scarcity The water resource is under most stress in the dry period. Water should be stored during the rains. This requires investment, regulation and enforcement of the rules. Kenya is ranked 26th of the most water-scare countries in the world. Kenya had 1500 m3/person a year in renewable fresh water, in the early 1970s. This had reduced to about 600 m3/ person a year in 2007. By 2010, Kenya will have a renewable freshwater supply of just over 500 m3 per capita per annum. Uganda and Tanzania have renewable water supplies of 2,940 and 2,696 cubic metres per capita a year. The ground water table in parts of Nairobi has been falling by three metres a year due to illegal over abstraction.
This is an important part of managing water resources. Adequate knowledge of climate, water use and sources of pollution leads to wise decision-making on allocation, pollution control, planning and design of infrastructure and investment in better catchment management. Monitoring also allows early detection of water quality and flow problems, and thus enables intervention before problems escalate. The Water Resource Management Department of the ministry protects, conserves and manages resources, controls, apportions and controls pollution. Its key functions are: • Pollution control • Ground water exploration • Water rights • Applied water research • Conservation. The department is also responsible for: • Policy on water resources management • Strategy • Coordination of stakeholders’ activities at policy level • Advising the Government on technical issues and agreements on internationally shared water resources • Monitoring and evaluating conformity of projects to Government policy • Developing and enforcing standards for water resources management • Guiding national water resources management strategies • Monitoring and evaluating performance of water resources • Formulating water quality and pollution control guidelines
2 0 1 0 0 9
Monitoring water resources
527
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
528
Water resource availability
Role of management
Water resources are unevenly distributed. This is due to variability in rainfall and diverse climatic and geological conditions. As a result, the flow of rivers and groundwater potential vary considerably. Encroachment in water catchment areas has led to degradation with increased threats to water resources, not only in siltation, but also run-off, water balance and groundwater recharge. The effect of this has been diminishing water resources, some of which have disappeared or dried up. The solution lies in sustainable management and development of water resources within acceptable standards. This calls for effective river basin administration, taking recognition of the role environmental management plays in the conservation of water resources. Thus, water catchment areas need to be identified and delineated, and programmes instituted in collaboration with the Forestry ministry. In addition, ground water conservation zones need to be identified and effectively managed. The Government is determined to make every effort to conserve water resources and regulate their use for the benefit of all. Water tariffs will be introduced where necessary to ensure good quality and to support relevant research. Emphasis will be given to the protection and development of non-conventional sources such as reuse of waste water.
The decision-making process has been decentralised by adopting three levels —national, catchment and subcatchments. The process includes setting up and strengthening institutions and defining their roles and responsibilities, as well as identifying and gazetting water catchment areas. Water development contributes to economic productivity. With growth in population and socio-economic pursuits such as manufacturing, tourism and agriculture, demand for water is ever on the rise.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
The legal issues in the sector are in the Water Act 2002. There are, however, 26 other Acts of Parliament that have a bearing on water issues. For example, the Agriculture Act defines water courses and catchment areas in relation to crop production and related activities. It is necessary to have a mechanism that ensures that legislation and by-laws on the use and management of water are regularly reviewed, rationalised, enacted and enforced. This requires an appropriate institution with enforcement capacity. On the international scene, Kenya shares water resources with her neighbours. In the absence of national laws governing the use of the waters, it is necessary to examine the requirements of international treaties and adopt those that are appropriate to the needs of the country.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Legal framework
529
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
1929 Nile Agreement
530
The pact was between Egypt and Britain, which represented Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika (Tanzania) and Sudan. It was concluded by an exchange of letters between the Egyptian Prime Minister and the British Ambassador in Egypt on May 7, 1929, in Cairo. It stated that no works would be done on the Nile, its tributaries and the lake basin that would reduce the volume of water reaching Egypt. It gave Egypt the right to inspect the length of the Nile up to the remote sources. The agreement allocated Egypt 55.5 billion cubic metres of water a year, and Sudan 18.5 billion. The treaty bound eight other countries — Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and DR Congo, which were colonies save for Ethiopia. Sudan and Egypt renegotiated the agreement in 1956, resulting in a 1959 pact allowing the construction of the Aswan High Dam. But in May 2010, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Uganda and Tanzania signed a new treaty on the equitable sharing of the Nile waters despite strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan.
http://works.bpress.com
Quality The Government’s long-term objective is to ensure access to clean and portable water for all. But this is only possible if water resources are protected from pollution. In this regard, stream effluent discharge standards have been developed to manage discharges into water bodies. A water quality monitoring process and control inspection of potential pollution sources have been introduced. Factories and other waste water generating sources are required to incorporate treatment facilities in their designs.
Water management institutions Water management includes dealing with treatment, industrial water, sewage or waste water, floods, irrigation and the water table. Kenya has several water management institutions: Water Resource Management Authority
It is a State corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act and the lead agency in water resource management. Its duties are: • Water apportionment and allocation • Catchment protection and conservation • Water resource assessment and conservation • Delineation of catchment areas • Gazetting water protected areas • Protection of wetlands • Gazetting water schemes to be State and community-owned • Establishing catchment management strategies • Collecting water and effluent discharges For the Authority to achieve its responsibilities, the Water Act provides for decentralised
and stakeholder involvement. This is implemented through regional offices based on catchment areas. They are helped by Catchment Area Advisory Committees. At the grassroots, stakeholder engagement is through Water Resource User Associations.
Water Services Regulatory Board
It is a non-commercial State corporation established in March 2003 as part of reforms in the water sector. Its mandate is to: • Oversee the implementation of policies and strategies on provision of water and sewerage services • Set rules and enforces standards
Y E A R B O O K
english.aljazeera.net
K E N Y A
The new agreement by Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda is more favourable to their interests. The upstream countries want to be able to implement irrigation and hydro-power projects in consultation with Egypt and Sudan. But this should be without Egypt exercising the veto power it was given by the 1929 colonial-era treaty with Britain. The new agreement, the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework, is to replace a 1959 accord between Egypt and Sudan that gave them control of more than 90 per cent of the water flow. The Nile Basin Initiative, which spearheaded the talks, will become the Nile Basin Commission and will receive, review and approve or reject projects related to Africa’s longest river. The commission will be based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, and have representation from the nine Nile Basin countries.
2 0 1 0 0 9
2010 Nile pact
531
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water access
532
•
•
• •
that guide the sector in ensuring that consumers are protected and have access to efficient, adequate, affordable and sustainable services Issue licences to water service boards (WSBs), which are responsible for efficient and economical provision of services in their jurisdictions Monitor the performance of WSBs and water service providers (WSPs). WSBs provide water and sewerage services in their areas of jurisdiction as licensed by the regulatory board Develop guidelines on service provision agreements between WSBs and WSPs Develop operational standards relating to water services — design, construction,
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation 2008 estimates show that 59 per cent of Kenyans (83 per cent in urban areas and 52 per cent in rural areas) had access to improved water sources. Nineteen per cent of Kenyans (44 per cent in urban areas and 12 per cent in rural areas) have access to piped water through a house or yard connection. Access to improved water sources in urban areas decreased from 91 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 2008. But access in rural areas increased from 32 per cent to 52 per cent. The 2009 Impact Report says in 2006-2007, 37 per cent of Kenyans had access to water close to their homes.
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is a State corporation established under the Water Act to help finance the provision of water services to areas without adequate services. The Fund mobilises resources and provides funds for capital investment in the provision of water and sanitation services. Its mandate is to: • Support capacity building that enables communities to plan, implement, manage, operate and sustain water services • Educates and provide information • Encourage participation of communities in the implementation and management of water services The Fund’s objectives are to:
Y E A R B O O K
Water Services Trust Fund
• Mobilise adequate resources nationally and internationally to boost the provision of water services. It expects to raise Sh9.89 billion by 2013 for rural and urban areas • Develop systems that ensure proper targeting, financing and implementation of water and sanitation projects. It expects to fund 1,127 projects — 605 in rural, 160 in urban slums and 362 water resources management Establish and nurture partnerships with stakeholders and achieve 80 per cent customer satisfaction rating It raises funds through four instruments — Community Project Cycle (rural projects), Urban Project Cycle, Water Resources Users Association Development Cycle and Output Based Aid. The Water Trust Fund works with water services boards, the Water Resource Management Authority, Water Services Regulatory Board, marginalised communities, service providers and consultants, development partners and the Government. Priority areas are compiled from national poverty survey reports. From this, 350 most deserving locations were selected, 50 from each water service board. Other criteria are the poverty index, level of investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, access to quality water services and sanitation coverage. The Fund has two kinds of donors — financial and technical. Accord-
K E N Y A
operations and maintenance of water and wastewater systems. • Set guidelines for tariffs and dispute resolution • Determine technical, water quality and effluent disposal standards • Gather information on water services and publish forecasts and projections on water services The objective is to establish tariffs that balance commercial, social and ecological interests and ensure water access to all even as WSBs and WSPs recover justified costs The regulatory board applies the guidelines when setting customer tariffs, which WSBs and WSPs must follow when submitting adjustment proposals to the regulatory board.
533
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
ing to the Water Act, the Fund receives most budgetary allocations from the Government. Development partners have supported the Fund — Danish International Development Agency, German Development Agency, German Development Bank, the Swedish International Development Agency, European Union, UNICEF and the African Development Bank. Since inception in 2004, 192 water and sanitation projects in rural areas, with a reach of about 1.4 million men, women and children, have been funded. Of these, 30 are complete and 163 under implementation. In collaboration with the seven WSBs, the Fund has identified 362 poor locations that will receive funding for water and sanitation projects. They are in the seven WSBs — Coast, Tana, Athi, Rift Valley, Lake Victoria South and Lake Victoria North and Tana-Athi
534
Water Appeals Board (WAB)
It determines appeals and disputes. It arbitrates in water-related disputes between institutions and customers or organisations. The board’s verdict is final although disputes over matters of law, the players can appeal to the High Court.
to develop schemes and construct dams and dykes, flood control, land drainage and recharge ground water using flood water. It also develops and expands water supply to service boards and providers and drills and equips boreholes. Kenya Water Institute
National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation
It was established under the State Corporation’s Act on June 24, 1988. The corporation’s core mandate is
Training for the water sector began in 1960 with a unit in the Hydraulic Department of Public Works set up to train water supply operators. In 1970, the unit was upgraded to
Their responsibilities include holding or leasing and developing water assets, contracting water service providers (WSPs) as their main agents and preparing plans for service improvement, including expanding coverage and reviewing tariffs. WSPs include community groups, NGOs or private companies, including those set up by local authorities to provide water services. Eight water services boards were formed as part of the water sector reform programme. They are Lake Victoria South, Lake Victoria North, Athi, Tana, Tana-Athi, Coast, Northern and Rift Valley. Lake Victoria South Water Services Board
It covers 23,000km2, comprising 18 districts in Nyanza and Rift Valley provinces: Kisumu, Kericho, Nandi North and Nandi South. Its main functions are own and hold water and sewerage assets on behalf of the Government, plan, develop and expand water and sewerage services, contract waste and sewerage services provision to WSPs and monitor water and sewerage services provision in its jurisdiction.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water service boards
Y E A R B O O K
As of March 2010, the assessment of water quality in Kenya was based on two indicators. The first provides information on the percentage of drinking water quality tests carried out by Water Service Providers — on average 78 per cent of the water supplied for drinking was tested in 2006-2007. The second indicator measures the level of compliance with residual chlorine standards — the latest figure is about 88 per cent. A citizens’ report in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu in 2007 provides information about customers’ perception of water quality. About 70 per cent of households using water said they found the taste and smell acceptable, and that the water was clear. But the majority treat water prior to consumption.
a training section and then Water Development Staff Training School in 1974 when the Water Department became the Ministry of Water Development. In 1985, the school became the Kenya Water Institute (KEWI). The KEWI Act 2001 established the institute as a semi-autonomous institution serving the water sector. The Applied Water Department was incorporated into the institute in 2003. The college has 700 students enrolled in higher diploma, diploma and certificate courses. It also offers short courses.
K E N Y A
Water quality
535
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Coast Water Services Board
It became operational in 2004 and is the sole licensee for provision of water and sewerage services in the Coast region. The board provides services through contracted WSPs, which must be public companies, sponsored by local authorities with wide representation and participation. The board’s area of jurisdiction is Coast Province’s 10 districts. The board aims to increase access and availability of water and sanitation services and expand, rehabilitate and develop water and sewerage assets. Athi Water Services Board
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Water demand
536
According to the Water ministry, Kenya’s per capita water supply stands at 696 cubic metres a year against a population of about 40 million. This is below the internationally required benchmark of 1,000 cubic metres per capita a year. The Water ministry also discloses that only 22 of the 120 companies formed in 2002 can meet their expenditure. According to the Athi Water Services Board that manages water in Nairobi, daily demand stands at 750,000 cubic metres against the supply of 530,000 cubic metres. With Nairobi’s population climbing to over five million, water demand will rise to 1.6 million and 2.2 million cubic metres in 2020 and 2030. http://allafrica.com/ stories
It is a State corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation providing water and sewerage services in Kiambu East, Kiambu West, Gatundu, Thika and Nairobi. Its mandate covers about 15,000km2 and a population of 4.5 million. The Athi WSB was licensed in 2004, and its main functions are to own water and sewerage assets, plan, develop and expand water and sewerage infrastructure, contract water and sewerage service provision to WSPs and monitor water and sewerage service provision in its jurisdiction, Tana Water Services Board
It covers 32 districts in parts of Central and Eastern provinces: Nyeri North, Nyeri South, Kirinyaga, Murang’a South, Murang’a North, Embu, Mbeere, Imenti South, Meru Central, Imenti North and Igembe. Others are Tigania, Tharaka, Meru South and Maara. The board covers 19,401km2, with an estimated population of 4.3 million. Of the total area, 42 per cent — Tharaka, Mbeere and parts of Nyeri North, Igembe and Tigania districts — is arid and semi-arid.
It was established and licensed in 2004. It covers 26 administrative districts in Western and parts of Rift Valley provinces — 18,000km2 — with an estimated population of 6.5 million. Its responsibilities are to provide water and sanitation services, increase access and availability of water and sanitation services and ensure good governance, gender and HIV/Aids awareness. It operates in Siaya, Bondo, Nyando, Kisii Central, Kisii North (Nyamira), Kisii South (Gucha), Trans-Mara, Bomet, Bureti and Rachuonyo. Others are Suba, Kuria, Homa Bay and Migori.
Irrigation The Government has expanded the area under irrigation and opened new schemes and rehabilitated previously non-commercial ones. As a result, the area under crop irrigation increased from 9,092 hectares in 2008 to 10,072 hectares in 2009. In 2009, the total area cropped and the number of plot holders increased. However, paddy production declined by 7.2 per cent to 37,198 metric tonnes from 40,065 in 2008. This was due to poor weather,
National Irrigation Board It was established in 1966 through an Act of Parliament (Cap 347) to take over the activities of the African Land Development Unit (ALDEV. The board took over the running of Mwea, Hola and Perkerra, and developed Ahero, West Kano, Bunyala and Bura schemes. It later expanded Hola and Mwea schemes, developed as pilot schemes in the 1960s and early 1970s, and transferred the control of the Bura Irrigation Scheme to the Ministry of Agriculture. The board is now in charge of six national irrigation schemes. It has also facilitated research leading to the development of public irrigation schemes such as the Yala Swamp and South West Kano. The mandate of the board is to: • Control and improve national irrigation schemes • Conduct research and investiga-
2 0 1 0 0 9
Lake Victoria North Water Services Board
with some schemes facing a shortage of water for irrigation because of the prolonged drought. Production in the Mwea Scheme, the largest producer, fell by 16 per cent to 32,406 metric tonnes compared to 38,560 in 2008. This was a result of a decline of plot holders in the scheme by 32 per cent. The Ahero Scheme resumed growing rice and produced 2,939 metric tonnes of rice paddy, while the Bunyala scheme doubled production.
Y E A R B O O K
Created in June 2008, its jurisdiction was hived off Kajiado, Machakos and Makueni districts from Athi and Kitui and Mwingi districts from the Tana.
K E N Y A
Tanathi Water Services Board
537
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
538
tion into the establishment of irrigation schemes • Design, construct, supervise and administer irrigation schemes • Coordinate and plan settlement on national irrigation schemes • Determine the number of settlers to be accommodated in national irrigation schemes • Promote marketing of crops and produce grown in irrigation schemes together with organisations that marketing of agricultural produce NIB relies mainly on the Exchequer for funding. Grants are provided to construct and rehabilitate irrigation and drainage infrastructure and other civil rehabilitation works. The Board also recovers from its clients (farmers) the cost incurred for operations and maintenance of irrigation and drainage infrastructure and the scheme’s road network. Through NIB, the Government has invested in the Mwea Rice Mills Ltd (55 per cent) and Western Kenya Rice Mills Ltd (60 per cent). Mwea Rice Mills is a limited liability company owned by National Irrigation Board (55 per cent) and Mwea farmers through the Mwea Rice Growers Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd (45 per cent). The major activity is milling and storage of paddy from the Mwea Irrigation Scheme. The company has four milling units with a capacity of 15 tonnes an hour, which is sufficient to handle the paddy pro-
duced in Mwea and nearby regions. The company has long experience in processing and marketing of rice by-products. The company’s major client is the National Cereals and Produce Board. To position itself for privatisation, the company buys paddy from farmers, mills and markets to two supermarkets chain — Uchumi and Tusker Mattress. Western Kenya Rice Mills is another limited liability company owned by National Irrigation Board (60 per cent) and the farmers in Ahero, Bunyala and West Kano through their cooperative societies (40 per cent). Just like Mwea, the major activities area milling and storage of paddy from the Ahero, Bunyala and West Kano schemes. The company has one milling unit with a capacity of 3.5 tonnes an hour, sufficient to handle the paddy produced in the three schemes and nearby regions. The company has a storage capacity of 80,000 bags of paddy. Bura Irrigation Scheme
It is along the Tana River. It is 50km north of Hola town, about 400km north-west of Mombasa. The construction of the scheme started in 1978 and was funded by the World Bank, ODA, EEC, UNDP, Finnish government, the Netherlands and Kenya. The project was modelled on the Tana Irrigation Scheme, 50km south of Bura. The population was esti-
and distributed free of charge to farmers. In December 2005, the scheme again changed hands and was taken over by the National Irrigation Board. Bunyala Irrigation Scheme
Its operations stalled in the 1999/2000, but it was revived in 2004. In 2005, the board started an expansion programme — 80 acres in Muluwa and 140 acres in Munaka were developed and supplied with water. In 2006/07, the infrastructure to irrigate an additional 100 acres in Muluwa was developed. An additional 100 acres were developed in the 2007/2008 period. NIB has also improved irrigation and drainage infrastructure for Rwabwa Mudembi irrigation scheme. In 2006/07, two pumps were installed to boost water supply in 250 acres.
Y E A R B O O K
It is in Kirinyaga District. The scheme is about 100km south-east of Nairobi. Farming started in 1956 and rice has been the dominant crop. The scheme has 30,350 acres, with 16,000 acres developed for paddy production. The rest of the scheme is used for settlement, public utilities, subsistence and horticultural farming. Two main rivers — Nyamindi and Thiba — serve the scheme. Water is abstracted from the rivers by gravity and fixed intake weirs, conveyed and distributed through unlined open channels. A
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mwea Irrigation Scheme
K E N Y A
mated at 65,000. The families were to be settled in 23 villages and to be supported through agricultural production. Cotton was the main cash crop and farmers were to cultivate 1.25 hectare plot each a year. Maize and groundnuts were the main food crops and farmers were to cultivate 0.65 hectares plot each a year. For vegetables and other legumes, farmers were to cultivate 0.05ha plot, and choose what crops to grow The construction of Phase I ended in 1982. At the start of implementation, the Government scaled down the project to 3,900 hectares. This curtailed some components — gravity water supply system, ginnery and staff housing. Currently, the project irrigates 1,000 hectares with a population is 2,245. Because of lack of adequate water, 3,900 hectares could not be fully used. As a result, a third of the farmers have gone back to their rural homes. The project produced cotton and maize between 1982 and 1990, and 2,500 hectares were irrigated. But in the next 15 years, there was little or no crop harvest due to lack of adequate water and frequent breakdown of the Nanighi Pumping Station. But in 2003, when President Kibaki took over the reins of Government, the scheme management changed hands from the Ministry of Agriculture to Ministry of Water and Irrigation and maize growing resumed. One pump was revived, while seeds and fertiliser were acquired
539
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
link canal joins the two rivers. Land tenure is on tenancy basis. In 1998, the Mwea Rice Farmer’s Cooperative Society took over. However, the farmers could not go it alone due to unskilled personnel and lack of finances and machinery. In 2003, the farmers sought Government for help in management. Now, the scheme is run by the NIB and farmers’ organisations. NIB is responsible for infrastructure, the cropping programme and land administration. Farmers decide where to sell rice, but the National Cereal and Produce Board (NCPB) is the main player. The farmers pay NIB Sh2,000 ($25) for infrastructure, maintenance and water management.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya’s forests
540
Mau Kericho Forest Station Njuki-ini Murinduko Hill Leshau Aberdare Marmanet Rumuruti Iveti Kilombe Hill Mt Londiani Molo Western Molo Kiamuti Kiambicho Kangure Kaya forests Karura Kiambu Arboretum Menengai Bahati Forest Reserve Olbolossat Kapsaret Thika River Meru Upper Imenti Nanyuki Western www.kfs.go.ke
Perkerra Irrigation Scheme
It is 100km north of Nakuru, near Marigat township in Baringo. It derived its name from the Perkerra River, the source of water and the only permanent river in the district. Construction started in 1954 after feasibility studies showed that the land was suitable for irrigation In the scheme, 5,800 acres have potential for irrigation, but due to water shortage, only 1,500 of the 2,000 acres have been developed for gravity furrow irrigation. The scheme started horticultural production from the onset and was a major source of onions, chillies, watermelon, pawpaws and cotton in the past. However, due to marketing problems, seed maize was introduced in 1996. The crop is planted under a contract with the Kenya Seed Company. With an assured market, better and prompt payment, seed maize became a turning point for crop production in the scheme.
West Kano Irrigation Scheme
The scheme operations stalled in the 1999/2000 cropping season. But it was revived in 2003. Phase one covered 1,158 of 2,229 acres and
phase two the entire 2,229 acres, 915 of which had been cropped before production was suspended to allow installation of new pumps. But inadequate funding, high cost of operation and receding lake levels have hindered full exploitation of the scheme. However, increased Government funding of NIB, a cost-effective water supply system through gravity, and construction of a protection dyke and water storage pans make it easier to boost production and efficiency at the scheme
It was established in 1991 through a Kenya and Japan programme. The centre is under NIB and has a guesthouse, hostel and seminar facilities and a soil testing laboratory, which offers services to farmers at an affordable fee. Research programmes in progress are: • Malaria control — MIAD, ICIPE and University of Illinois, US • Malaria habitat reduction — ICIPE/IWMI and University of Nairobi • Human parasitic control — KEMRI and JICA • NERICA rice adaptability trials — JICA, AICAD and KARI, among others • Trials on maize production in paddy field — JICA Kenya and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development (MIAD) Centre
Y E A R B O O K
It was started in 1953 by the colonial government as a holding camp for detainee labour and is among the oldest NIB schemes. It is in Tana River District and the gazetted area is 4,800 hectares. But only 900 hectares are under cultivation. The scheme has 700 families in six villages. The main cash crop is cotton although other crops — groundnuts, maize and cowpeas — are grown at a small scale. Agricultural activities stopped in 1989 when River Tana, the main source of water, changed course at the Laini water intake point, leaving the scheme without water for irrigation. Most families have gone back to their original homes. But since 1990, the Government has made efforts at reviving the scheme. The Government acquired funds from Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa for a feasibility study for the scheme. It pledged to rehabilitate the scheme with Sh500 million ($6.25 million). This was to cover phase one of the programme on the developed 900 hectares. The scheme was to be expanded by 2,500 hectares in phase two. Similarly, plans are underway to develop gravity systems. Currently, phase one is in good progress. Rehabilitation works are on.
K E N Y A
Tana (Hola) Irrigation Scheme
541
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
• Trial on rice and soya bean cultivation after rice — MIAD, KARI, IWMI and IPIA • Cotton rotation in paddy field — MIAD and KARI The centre has a model farm where irrigation technologies are demonstrated to farmers. Among the crops grown are bananas, passion fruits, mangoes and soya.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Forestry
542
Kenya is lightly forested with about 1.7 per cent of forest cover, but with an additional 27 per cent of other wooded land cover. The forest plantation stocking decreased from 114,000 hectares in 2008 to 107,000 hectares in 2009, due to high planting failures and bushfire damages , totalling to 8,700 hectares in 2009 compared to 1,000 hectares in 2008. The area planted declined 5,700 hectares in 2009 to 3,500 hectares in 2009. But the area of forests cleared declined from 3,000 hectares in 2008 to 1,800 hectares in 2009. The majority of closed forests are upland broad-leaved forests of either semi-deciduous or evergreen type. The largest areas of upland forests occur on the main mountains — Mt Kenya, Mt Elgon and the Aberdare range. About 6 per cent of forests are protected in national parks, sanctuaries and reserves. Forested areas are widely distributed within Central, Coast, Rift Valley and Eastern provinces. Rift Valley has the highest forest
cover estimated at 47 per cent. The forests are the source of raw material used in wood and wood product industries. Kenya has a wide range of forests, from coastal through central high mountain to the thick and wet rainforests of the west. They support more than just a diverse range of tree and plant species; they are also the territory of a wide range of wildlife, from rare chameleons to elephant herds, elusive leopards to colourful butterflies, monkey families and prolific birdlife. The forest sector plays vital roles in the livelihood of the population through the provision of invaluable goods and services. The most significant contribution is in energy supply for domestic and industrial processes, provision of timber for construction and trees for regulation of water flow. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the population uses biomass energy, while urban development and hydro energy rely heavily on water. Forests will continue to provide essential goods and services such as timber, poles, fuel-wood, food, medicines, fodder and other non-wood forest products. Forest resources and forestry development activities contribute significantly to the economy by supplying raw materials for industrial use and creating employment. As important as forests are to the national economy, their development and management are ham-
lenges to ensure fair contribution of forestry in economic development. The implementation of the policy has improved the social welfare of the population without compromising environmental conservation
Y E A R B O O K
Trees are the lungs of the environment. They take much of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen through photosynthesis. Therefore, the greenhouse gas load is reduced and effects of global warming are also brought down. Dead trees that are buried in the soil eventually provide fossil fuels like coal and gasoline products. Trees have an indisputable role in bringing rain to earth. Moreover, they provide a cover over the top surface of earth, preventing excessive heating up by solar rays. Forests provide not only environmental protection, but also significant income and livelihood options for more than one billion forest-dependent people. They also provide a wide range of products (timber, fruit, medicine, beverages and fodder) and services (carbon sequestration, shade, beautification, erosion control and soil fertility). Without trees human life would be unsustainable. Forests also play an important cultural, spiritual and recreational role in many societies. In some, they are integral to the definition and survival of indigenous and
2 0 1 0 0 9
Role of forests and trees
K E N Y A
pered by several factors: Inadequate financial resources. In addition, rising population exerts pressure on forest resources. This is witnessed in illegal logging, illegal charcoal making and encroachment for agriculture and settlement. These challenges have undermined Government efforts in forest management. Internationally, Kenya is considered a low forest cover country as it has less than 10 per cent of total land area classified as forest. The Government has put in place measures to significantly increase the area under forest cover, with the aim of attaining at least 10 per cent within the next decade. To attain this, the Government will promote farm forestry, intensify dryland forest management, involve the private sector in the management of industrial plantations and promote community participation in forest management and conservation. The key elements of the new policy are: • A new forest legislation — Kenya Forest Act 2005 • Expanded mandate in the management of forests • Involvement of communities and other stakeholders in management and conservation • The former Forest Department has been transformed into a semi-autonomous Kenya Forest Service The policy addresses local and global forestry issues and chal-
543
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
544
traditional cultures. Forests and trees are symbolically important in most of the major religions. Trees symbolise historical continuity, link the earth and heavens and, to many traditions, are home to good and bad spirits, and the souls of ancestors. They offer recreational opportunities and spiritual solace. They are powerful symbols, a physical expression of life, growth and vigour to urban, rural and forest dwellers alike. Medicinal products from trees help to cure diseases and increase fertility. Trees preside over community discussions and marriages. They are planted at the birth of a child and at burial sites. Trees are the unsung heroes of our environment. They add value to homes, and help cool them and neighbourhood. Local authorities often plant trees along city and town streets. City trees serve architectural and engineering functions. They provide privacy, emphasise and screen out objectionable views. City trees also reduce glare and reflection. Trees and shrubs improve air quality. Leaves filter the air and remove dust and other particles. Rain then washes the pollutants to the ground. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form carbohydrates that are used in the plant’s structure and function. Leaves also absorb other air pollutants —ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide — and give off oxygen.
Reclaiming Kenya’s forests The dependence on forest resources, especially by the rural citizenry, has increased over the years. With the expanding population, the demand for forest goods has gone up and this has led to reduction in the forest cover. Kenya has a forest cover of 1.7 per cent, far below the globally recommended minimum of 10 per cent. The management of forest resources faces several challenges. The main one, however, is the conversion of forestland into agriculture and settlement. This has jeopardised efforts to conserve forests and maintain major water towers. Environmental conservation calls for collective responsibility and commitment. Kenya is a signatory to multilateral environmental agreements and this should strengthen the country’s resolve to live up to the commitments. Fires that ravage forests, especially the Mau Forest Complex and other water towers, are a major setback to reforestation efforts and the catchment functions of the forests. Kenyans are committed to conservation and protection of the country’s natural resources. This is why leaders, the private sector and citizens have in recent years organised tree-planting drives. Billion Tree Campaign
It is a worldwide tree-planting initiative facilitated by the United Nations Environment Programme. People,
communities, businesses, industry, civil society and governments are encouraged to enter tree planting pledges on-line. The campaign encourages planting of indigenous trees and those that are appropriate to the local environment. By the end of 2009, more than 7.4 billion trees had been planted in the campaign — far in excess of the year-end target of 7 billion – by participants in 170 countries. In 2010, the Billion Tree Campaign made a substantial contribution to the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity,
raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity for our well-being. Trees play a crucial role as fundamental components of the biodiversity that forms the foundation of the living networks and systems that provide health, wealth, food, fuel and vital ecosystem services. They help provide breathable air, drinkable water, fertile soils and a stable climate. The billions of trees through the Billion Tree Campaign will contribute to biodiversity across the planet.
ATHI
• Rugita Water & Sanitation Project, Kiambu district
• Target population: 6,000
• Pumping scheme, water kiosks distribution lines, VIP latrines Kent meters and community training
• Total Budget: Sh3,269,939 with WSTF contributing Sh2,368,168
Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Community Water for Poverty Alleviation (COWAPA) - NGO
• Total Budget: Sh4,166,200 with WSTF contributing Sh3,315,600
• Community’s own CBO Thairira Water & Sanitation Project, Kajiado district
• Target population: 2,500
Pumping scheme; elevated steel tank water kiosks & training
• Total Budget: Sh2,965,420 with WSTF contributing Sh2,870,420
• Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
Community’s own CBO Kamuthanga water project, Machakos district Purchase & installation of Plastic rainwater harvesting, Sanitation and community training Community’s own CBO
• Target population: 1,360 • Total Budget: Sh3,963,100 with WSTF contributing Sh3,472,650
• Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
Y E A R B O O K
• Gravity piped scheme; storage tank, VIP latrines, bathrooms & training.
• Target population: 7,000
K E N Y A
• Kimana Community Water & Sanitation Project, Kajiado district
545
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
• ACK/Sida Water & Sanitation Project., Makueni and Kitui districts
Target population: 18,000
• Sub surface dams; shallow wells rainwater harvesting tanks, spring protection & training
• Total Budget: Sh12,266,964 with WSTF contributing Ksh 10,095,859
• Ukamba Christian Community Services (UCCS), ACK, Machakos & Kitui Dioceses.
Kituro Borehole, Kajiado district Equipping of existing borehole, installation of generator and construction of communal water points WASPOR
• Revival Adult Literacy SHG, Kiambu district • Rainwater harvesting tanks & training. • Community’s own CBO
• Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Target population: 2,000 • Total Budget: Sh1,948,000 with WSTF contributing Sh1,948,000
Planned activities completed; Final report submitted; Extensions made through authority of the Athi WSB.
• Target population: 1,000
• Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Total Budget: Sh7,176,100 with WSTF contributing Sh5,986,100
COAST • Target population: 719 • St John Girls Secondary School Water & Sanitation Project, Kilifi district
2 0 1 0 0 9
Baghau water project, taita Taveta district
Target population: 2,097
• Gravity piped scheme, Sanitation & training
• Total Budget: Sh6,038,100 with WSTF contributing Sh5,438,100
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
• Total Budget: Sh4,110,000 with WSTF contributing Sh3,420,000
• Rainwater harvesting tanks VIP Latrines 8 No. and training
546
• Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• School Board of Governors
• PWF
Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• Mwakitau water project, Taita Taveta district
Total Budget: Ksh 1,500,000 with WSTF contributing Sh1,500,000
Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Pipe line extension • Plumbers Without Frontier (PWF) NGO
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006);
• Target population: 1,460 • Bamba Ganze Water Project, Kilifi district
Target population: 1,500
• Procurement and installation of pumping equipment
• Total Budget: Sh900,000 from WSTF
• Institute of Participatory Development.NGO
Mchombo water project Taita Taveta district • Gravity piped scheme and VIP latrines & training. • Plumbers Without Frontiers (PWF)
Target population: 15,000
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted. • Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Total Budget: Sh11,800,720 with WSTF contributing Sh10,816,512
RIFT VALLEY Lodwar Catholic Church Water & Sanitation Project. Turkana district
• Target population: 17,000
• Rock catchment dams, earth dam, Shallow wells; formation of water committees & training.
• Total Budget: Sh11,527,255 with WSTF contributing Sh10,000,000
All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Community’s own CBO Matebei Water & Sanitation Project, Koibatek district • Borehole Pumping scheme, masonry storage tanks, pumping & distribution lines VIP latrines and community training • Community’s own CBO
Target population: 5,000 • Total Budget: Sh11,297,654 with WSTF contributing Sh9,149,490
All planned activities completed; Final report submitted; Project commissioned in August 2006.
Y E A R B O O K
• Rainwater harvesting VIP latrines 8 No. and training
• Total Budget: Sh3,341,000 with WSTF contributing Sh2,954,000
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
K E N Y A
arget population: 600 • Enaretisho Water & Sanitation Project, Narok district
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Diocese of Lodwar Catholic Church
547
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Nyakairu Water & Sanitation Project, Nakuru district Pumping scheme, installation of a pump set, masonry tanks water kiosks VIP latrines and Training.
Target population: 2,400 • Total Budget: Sh4,268,939 with WSTF contributing Sh3,918,939
• • All planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• Community’s own CBO urkana Drought Intervention Project, Turkana district • Repair and replacement of hand pumps
Target population: 500 • Total Budget: Sh300,000 from WSTF
• Diocese of Lodwar Catholic Church Baringo Drought Intervention Project • Replacement of engine, gensets
Target population: 1,000
• World Vision Kabarnet office.
• Total Budget: Sh905,000 from WSTF
Mashiaro Women Water & Sanitation Project, Nyandarua district
• Target population: 1,320
• Rain harvesting tanks, VIP Latrines and training
• Total Budget: Sh8,767,000 with WSTF contributing Sh7,199,000
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted. This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted. Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Community’s own CBO
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
• West Pokot Drought Intervention Project, West pokot district
548
• Repair of hand pumps & replacement of parts
• Target population: 1,647 • Total Budget: Sh750,000 with WSTF
• Shammah S.H.G
• Gitare Shallow Wells , Nyandarua district • Hand pumps, VIP Latrines & Training • Community’s own CBO
• Target population: 1,020 • Total Budget: Sh2,737,000 with WSTF contributing Sh2,337,000
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
LAKE VICTORIA • Vihiga-Siaya Improved Water & Sanitation, same districts
• Target population: 31,000
• Spring protection; rainwater harvesting tanks; VIP latrines; Establishment of Watsan committees & training.
• Total Budget: Sh12,485,100 with WSTF contributing Sh10,000,000
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted in Feb 2006.
• Africa Now - NGO • Duong’a Women Group Water & Sanitation Project, Rachuonyo district
• Target population: 7,000
• Rainwater harvesting in individual homesteads; Demonstration VIP latrines & training.
• Total Budget: Sh8,217,050 with WSTF contributing Sh6,766,920
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted in September 2006.
• Community’s own CBO • Integrated Water Resouce Mgt. Project (RWD), Transmara district
• Target population: 16,600
• Spring protection; rainwater harvesting tanks; provision of water purification units; construction of soil/water conservation structures; planting of tree seedlings & training.
• Total Budget: Sh16,083,050 with WSTF contributing Sh11,773,330
• All planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• Borehole drilling and equipping. • Community’s own CBO
• Total Budget: Sh3,000,000 from WSTF
• Integrated Water Resource Management Kisii
• Target population: 45,500
• Spring protection, rainwater harvesting tanks, VIP latrines & training.
• Total Budget: Sh18,135,407 with WSTF contributing Sh14,792,829
• Kisii Network for Ecological Agriculture And Development (KNEAD)
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
Y E A R B O O K
• Target population: 1,500
K E N Y A
• Yawo Women Group W/p, Migori district
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Rural Water Dev. (RWD) - Catholic Diocese of Ngong.
549
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
LAKE VICTORIA NORTH • Spring Intervention Project, Busia/Teso District
• Target population: 11,500
• Spring protection, rainwater harvesting tanks, VIP latrines & training. • Interdenominational Church Services (ICS)
• Total Budget: Sh18,351,217 with WSTF contributing Sh14,973,900
• Community Water Supply & Sanitation Phase 3, Uasin Gishu, Keiyo & South Marakwet
• Target population: 15,000
• Shallow wells, rainwater harvesting tanks, VIP latrines & training • Anglican Church of Kenya, Eldoret Region.
• Total Budget: Sh17,961,650 with WSTF contributing Sh10,996,150
• Iguhu Community water project, Kakamega district
• Target population: 6,050
• Spring protection; community training on hygiene and sanitation.
• Total Budget: Sh1,565,085 from WSTF
• Gombosio Development Women Group (CBO) • Lugari water project, Lugari district • Spring protection, Rainwater harvesting, VIP latrines & Training • Kazi Mashambani Dev. Programme (KAMADEP)
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Sitikho water project, Bungoma district • Spring protection, Rainwater harvesting, VIP latrines & Training • Rural Agro-forestry Water Energy and Technology - (RAWETO) • South Maragoli project in Vihiga district • Springs protection, rainwater harvesting tanks, VIP latrines, cattle troughs and community training
K E N Y A
• Total Budget: Sh11,378,742 with WSTF contributing Sh9,118,742 • Target population: 3,850 • Total Budget: Sh3,464,312 with WSTF contributing Sh3,124,312
• Target population: 4,150 • Total Budget: Sh3,678,135 with WSTF contributing Sh3,082,535
• All planned activities completed; Final report being awaited.
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted. • All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• All planned activities completed; Final report being awaited.
• Empowerment and participatory Development Agency (EPADA) • Butere/Mumias water project, same district
550
• Target population: 12,000
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• Spring protection, Rainwater harvesting, Shallow wells; Ecosan and VIP latrines & Training • Kenya Water for Health Organisation (KWAHO)
• Target population: 52,000 • Total Budget: Sh32,982,185 with WSTF contributing Sh27,000,000
• All planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
NORTHERN • Ngobit Water & Sanitation Project, Laikipia district
• Target population: 16,000
• Gravity piped scheme, laying of a distribution lines & training.
• Total Budget: Sh22,165,540 with WSTF contributing Sh17,178,245
• Menyeni Development Agency (MEDEVA) NGO • Storage tank Water project, all district in Northern
• Target population: 5,000
• Procurement and distribution of storage tanks.
• Total Budget: Sh1,948,000 from WSTF
• Northern Water Services Board • ALDEF, Wajir Town Ecological Sanitation, Wajir district
• Target population: 15,000
• Ecological sanitation & training.
• Total Budget: Sh16,090,000 with WSTF contributing Sh14,106,750
• Arid Lands Dev. Focus (ALDEF) - NGO • Kinamba Juacom water project, Laikipia district
• Target population: 2,000
• Procurement and installation of 50 plastic rain harvesting tanks, sanitation and community training
• Total Budget: Sh5,524,000 with WSTF contributing Sh4,819,500
• Planned activities completed; Final report submitted.
• This was a drought mitigation project (early 2006); Planned activities completed; Final report submitted. • Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
• Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
Y E A R B O O K
• Takaba Pastoral Community Project (TAPCT)
• Total Budget: Sh4,104,000 from WSTF
• Planned activities completed; Final report yet to be submitted.
K E N Y A
• Desilting of pan, check dam, public toilets, environmental conservation & training
• Target population: 4,422
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Community’s own CBO • Khayu water project, Mandera district
551
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
land. A team, the Interim Coordinating Secretariat in the Office of the Prime Minister, will oversee the reclamation of Mau Forest. The secretariat is mandated to set up a programme for ministries involved in the reclamation of the water towers. The 12-man team’s terms of reference are to coordinate the implementation of the short-term recommendations made by the taskforce to restore the Mau Forest Complex and to develop the framework for long-term measures to restore and
Kenya Vision 2030
The blueprint has a medium term goal of attaining 4 per cent forest cover by 2012. Reclaiming the Mau Forest, among other water towers, is part of the effort. Mau is no ordinary water catchment area. Covering 320,000 hectares, it is the largest single indigenous forest in Kenya. Eight major rivers and five major lakes owe their existence to it. Its conservation began in October 2009 when the Government repossessed 2,430 hectares of grabbed
Completed projects District
Name Pan (P) Dam (D)
Works
Volumem3
Amount (Sh)
Kajiado
Iseuri(P)
New
16,000
2,486,000
Kisua(P)
New
10,000
2,910,000
Kinguutheni (D)
Expansion
15,000
2,519,900
Kalimani (P)
Desilting
10,000
1,300,000
Ngomano (D)
New
15,000
3,342,000
Nzembete (D)
New
15,000
3,183,000
Musukini (D)
New
15,000
3,009,000
Mutyambua (P)
New
15,000
2,074,500
Kilombo (D)
Desilting
15,000
2,354,300
Mikoini (D)
New
25,000
2,528,000
Kwa Nzilu (D)
New
15,000
2,200,000
Ithaeni (P)
New
15,000
2,488,000
Syuuni Makilu (D)
New
15,000
4,039,000
Ngangani (D)
Desilting
15,000
2,609,000
Kolooso/Nthunguni (D)
New
15,000
3,200,000
Kwa Nthenge (D)
New
15,000
2,611,000
Katangi (P)
New
15,000
2,034,000
Kyangui (P)
New
15,000
3,916,500
Kwa mita (P)
New
15,000
2,134,000
Nzaini (D)
New
15,000
3,353,300
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Makueni
552
Machakos
Works carried out
Volume m3
Amount (Sh)
Mandera
Chirokoi (P)
New
11,000
3,500,000
Wargarassi (P)
Rehab
16,000
3,449,400
Qarasa Qhoromai (P)
New
12,000
2,500,000
Chebibari (P)
New
15,762
3,800,000
Dandu IIIi (P)
New
12,000
2,200,000
Gubai (P)
Rehab/ Linning
7,000
3,500,000
Malkamari Tank I (Tank)
New
250
2,200,000
Malkamari Tank II (Tank)
New
250
2,200,000
Warankara Ii (P)
New
20,000
4,500,000
Chiroko Tank (Tank)
New
250
2,200,000
Wajir
Rift Valley
Coast
New
20,000
3,200,000
Bute IIi (P)
New
25,000
3,249,000
Samburu
Naisunyai’ A’ (D)
New
20,000
3,097,000
Garissa
Benane/Dogobi (P)
New
20,000
3,040,000
Laikipia
Majani (D)
New
20,000
3,375,000
Koibatek
Nitilili (P)
Desilt
12,000
1,752,300
Menereri (P)
Desilt
16,000
2,864,900
Narok
Enkiloriti ‘B’i (P)
Desilting
15,000
2,904,900
Baringo
Chepkoghioi (P)
New
12,500
2,800,000
West Pokot
Chepkogh Mogheni (P)
New
12,000
2,181,980
Aparukii (P)
New
12,000
2,443,800
Sosioni (P)
New
12,000
2,164,500
Kakongi (P)
New
10,400
2,500,000
Kanaikii (P)
New
10,400
2,028,600
Lokwamsingi (P)
New
10,400
2,573,520
Turkana
Tana
Hadika/Butei (P)
Nakuru
NYSi (P)
New
20,000
Nyeri
Ndiriti Aguthi (D)
New
28,000
3,368,000
Tharaka
Kirwiro- Nkarini (D)
New
18,000
2,076,500
Tana River
Kilifi
Metii (P)
New
8,000
1,200,000
Rododalei (P)
Desilting
14,000
2,446,000
Tulai (P)
Desilting
15,000
3,285,000
Ngoja Papoi (P)
New
19,000
2,800,000
2 0 1 0 0 9
Name Pan (P) Dam (D)
Y E A R B O O K
District
K E N Y A
Water Service Board
553
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Lake Victoria South
2 0 1 0 0 9
40,000
2,517,500
Olgos Sopia/Kiribwet (D)
Desilting
20,000
2,948,500
Works
Volume m3
Amount (Sh)
Koibatek
Nitilil
Desilt
12,000
1,752,300
Menerer
Desilt
16,000
2,864,900
Narok
Enkiloriti ‘B’
Desilting
15,000
2,904,900
Baringo
Chepkoghio
New
12,500
2,800,000
West Pokot
Chepkogh Moghen
New
12,000
2,181,980
Aparuki
New
12,000
2,443,800
Sosion
New
12,000
2,164,500
Kakong
New
10,400
2,500,000
Kanaiki
New
10,400
2,028,600 2,573,520
Lokwamsing
New
10,400
Nakuru
NYS
New
20,000
Nyeri
Ndiriti Aguthi
New
28,000
3,368,000
Tharaka
Kirwiro- Nkarini
New
18,000
2,076,500
Tana River
Meti
New
8,000
1,200,000
Rododale
Desilting
14,000
2,446,000
Tula
Desilting
15,000
3,285,000
Ngoja Papo
New
19,000
2,800,000
Olchete
New
40,000
2,517,500
Olgos Sopia/Kiribwet
Desilting
20,000
2,948,500
Transmara
Y E A R B O O K
New
Name Pan (P), Dam (D)
Kilifi
K E N Y A
Olchete (D)
District
Turkana
554
Transmara
Water Service Board
District
Name Pan (P), Dam (D)
Works
Volume m3
Amount (Kshs.)
Tana
Nyeri
Ndiriti Aguthi
New
28,000
3,368,000
Tharaka
Kirwiro- Nkarini
New
18,000
2,076,500
District Tana River
Kilifi
Name Pan (P), Dam (D)
Works
Volume m3
Amount (Kshs.)
Meti
New
8,000
1,200,000
Rododale
Desilting
14,000
2,446,000
Tula
Desilting
15,000
3,285,000
Ngoja Papo
New
19,000
2,800,000
District
Name Pan (P), Dam (D)
Works
Volume m3
Amount (Sh)
Kilifi
Ngoja Papo
New
19,000
2,800,000
Transmara
Olchete
New
40,000
2,517,500
Olgos Sopia/Kiribwet
Desilting
20,000
2,948,500
Ongoing projects Construction/Rehabilitation of dams/pans, Tana Athi Water Services Board District
No.
Name Pan (P) Dam (D)
Works to be carried out
Volume m3
Status
Cost (Sh)
Kajiado
1
Olgusua (P)
New
17,000
Complete
3,110,500.00
TOTAL
17,000
Kajiado Machakos
1
TOTALS
2
Nzaini (D)
New
15,000
Complete
32,000
3,353,300.00 6,463,800.00
Coast Water Services Board
Kwale
5
Lamu
3
Taita Taveta
5
Malindi
3
TOTALS * S/D - Sand dam
Name Pan (P) Dam (D)
Works
Volume m3
Status
Cost (Sh)
1
Witu (D)
New
15,000
Complete
2,721,000.00
2 0 1 0 0 9
Lamu
No.
1
15,000
2,721,000.00
Y E A R B O O K
PC Pans/ Dams
K E N Y A
District
555
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
manage the Mau Forest Complex. It has been given two years to restore the Mau to its original state. The focus includes resettlement, management, restoration and resource mobilisation. The Government plans to enact a law establishing a national coordination authority that will be conserve the Mau and other water towers — Mt Kenya, Cherangany Hills, Aberdares and Mt Elgon.
Other efforts
The Government has published regulations requiring land owners to plant trees on at least 10 per cent of their holdings. It has also barred agricultural activities within 30 metres from a river. REDD+
It is an abbreviation for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Sustainable
Regular courses Course Title
Duration
Higher Diploma course • Higher Diploma in Water Engineering
2years
Diploma Courses • Diploma in Water Engineering (Modular)
3 years
• Diploma in Water Resources Management
3years
• Diploma in Irrigation and Drainage
2years
• Diploma in Water and Wastewater 3years Laboratory Technology
2 0 1 0 0 9
• Diploma in Information Technology
2years
Certificate Courses • Certificate in Water Engineering (Modular)
2years
• Certificate in Water Resources Management
2years
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
• Certificate in Water and Wastewater
556
2years Technology • Certificate in Irrigation and Drainage
2years
Short courses Course Title
Target Group
Duration in days
Fees (Kshs)
Water supply operators, foremen in metering, meter readers. Plumbers / pipe fitters
14.09.09 – 25.09.09 (10 days)
33,100
Water Supply 1. Metering and Installation of Consumer Service Connection
2. Leak Detection and Repair Techniques
Water supply operators, foremen, plumbers / pipe fitters.
28.09.09 – 09.10.09 (10 days)
33,100
3. Emergency Water Supply Systems
Technical managers, NGO and international NGO staff in refugee and emergency support, water and sanitation staff
26.10.09 – 30.10.09 (5 days)
16,700
4. Operation and Maintenance of Water Treatment Plants
Water supply operators, scheme managers / water, electrical / mechanical technicians
02.11.09 – 06.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
5. Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Network
Water supply operators, foremen. Plumbers/pipe fitters
16.11.09 – 27.11 09 (10 days)
33,100
6. Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Systems
Sewer operators, foremen in sewer system, sewer attendants.
26.10.09 – 30.10.09 (5 days)
16,700
7. Operation and maintenance of wastewater stabilization ponds
Sewerage operators, foremen, sewer attendants.
30.11.09 – 04.12.09 (5 days)
16,700
8. On-Site Sanitation Mechanical and Electrical Courses
Technical staff of sanitation networks
23.11.09 – 26.11 09 (4 days)
13,900
Waste Water
28.09.09 – 09.10.09 (10 days)
33,100
10. Refresher Course for Drivers and Transport Officers
Transport officers and drivers
12.10.09 – 16.10.09 (5 days)
16,700
11. Operation and Fault Finding of Electrical Equipment
Electricians, plant mechanics
19.10.09 – 23.10.09 (5 days)
16,700
12. Occupational Safety and Health
The course is intended for senior managers/ officers in supervisory positions or whose responsibility is safety and health in work place / operations
02.11.09 – 06.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
13. Renewable Energy Use
Electro-mechanical technicians, maintenance staff responsible energy use and provision, water technicians/supervisors
09.11.09 – 13.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
Y E A R B O O K
Mechanics, technicians whose responsibility involves pump maintenance
K E N Y A
9. Refresher Course for Pump Mechanics
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mechanical and Electrical Courses
557
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
14.Pump Selection and Installation
Electrical / mechanical technicians, water technicians, scheme managers, pump sales and marketing personnel
16.11.09 – 20.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
15. Refresher Course for Pump Operators
Pump attendants / caretakers under water service providers and community water projects
23.11.09 – 27.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Management of Water and Wastewater Utilities
558
16. Tariff Setting for Water Supplies
Senior management in water industry and regulatory responsibilities
21.09.09 – 21.09.09 (3 days)
11,100
17. Culture Change in Water Supplies
Technicians, supervisors, water utility personnel
28.09.09 – 30.09.09 (3 days)
16,700
18. Billing and Revenue Collection
Billing clerks, revenue collection clerks
05.10.09 – 09.10.09 (5 days)
11,100
19. Water and Waste Water Management
Directors and managers in water sector, factories, environmental management
12.10.09 – 14.10.09 (3 days)
16,700
20. Essentials for Meter Reading
Meter readers, supervisors
26.10.09 – 30.10.09 (5 days)
11,100
21. Development of Performance Indicators
Managers and senior staff of organizations
02.11.09 – 04.11.09 (3 days)
13,900
22. Budget Preparation and Control
Management staff, supervisors
09.11.09 – 12.11.09 (4 days)
13,900
23. Customer Care and Public Relations
Commercial staff in direct contact with clients
16.11.09 – 18.11.09 (3 days)
11,100
24. Implementation of Performance Targets
Managers, supervisors
23.11.09 – 26.11.09 (4 days)
13,900
25. Water Sector Reforms and Legislation
Personnel in water resources management, Water technicians and allied personnel
23.11.09 – 25.11.09 (3 days)
11,100
Water Resources and Environmental Management 26. Ground Water Development and Management
Groundwater technicians, water resources managers
21.09.09 – 02.10.09 (10 days)
33,100
27. Ground Water Exploration
Ground water inspectors & technicians
05.10.09 – 08.10.09 (4 days)
13,900
28. Solid Waste Management
Sanitation managers, public health officers, trainers
12.10.09 – 16.10.09 (5 days)
16,700
29. Drilling Techniques
Ground water inspectors & technicians
02.11.09 – 06.11.09 (5 days)
16,700
30. Water Analysis and Quality Standards
Laboratory technologists, water supply operators, water technicians, scheme manager
09.11.09 – 20.11.09 (10 days)
33,100
31. Integrated River Basin Management
Middle level managers, technical experts, trainers and researchers, environmental officers, water resources managers, catchment area advisory committees
23.11.09 – 04.12.09 (10 days)
33,100
32. Water Resources and Environmental Management
Hydrologists, hydro-geologists, geologists, water engineers, environmentalists, water resources managers
23.11.09 – 04.12.09 (10 days)
33,100
Human Resources Management 33. Culture Change in Water Supply
Managers and supervisors of water and waste water utilities
23.11.09 – 25.11.09 (3 days)
11,100
34. Staff Performance Appraisal
Managers, supervisors and section heads
30.11.09 – 03.12.09 (4 days)
13,900
35. Effective Communication
Managers /supervisors, water operators and allied personnel / accounting staff
25.11.09 – 27.11.09 (3 days)
11,100
12.10.09 – 23 10.09 (10 days)
33,100
37. Rain Water Harvesting
Small scale farmers, communities and individuals
23.11.09 – 04.12.09 (10 days)
33,100
Y E A R B O O K
Small scale farmers, individuals
K E N Y A
36. Irrigation Practices in Small Scale Farming
2 0 1 0 0 9
Irrigation and Rain Water Harvesting
559
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
Irrigation revolution Kenya plans to invest Sh12..6 billion ($157.5 million) on irrigation schemes to reduce dependence on rain-fed agriculture and grow more high-value crops. The country will invest Sh4.3 billion in the next five years on small irrigation projects and marketing infrastructure for horticultural crops, and Sh8.3 billion to expand the Mwea irrigation scheme by 3,500 acres. The schemes are supported by the African Development Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. The Government will expand cultivated land area by one million acres, boost productivity and build a plant to make fertiliser and agro-chemicals.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.skyscrapercity. com
560
Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest carbon stocks in Developing Countries. The basic idea in REDD+ is that tropical developing countries like Kenya be encouraged to: • Conserve forests through sustainable management • Increase forest cover by preventing further conversion of forestlands to other uses and reclaiming degraded areas, protecting water catchments and promoting energy conservation technologies to reduce fuelwood consumption • Building the capacity of local communities to participate in forest management and conservation activities • Strengthening forest management institutions • Working with local, national and international organisations to promote management and conservation • Implementing social mobilisation and awareness campaigns • Improving fire monitoring and management
Direct forest values It is estimated that forest products and services contribute about Sh7 billion ($87.5 million) to the economy and directly employs 50,000 people and 300,000 indirectly. The timber industry alone is estimated to have investments of more than Sh44 billion ($550 million). In addition, more than 530,000 households within a 5km radius from forest reserves depend on forests for cultivation, grazing, fishing, fuel wood, honey, herbal medicine, water and other benefits. In 2009, total sale of forest products decreased from 503,000 cubic metres in 2008 to 359,000 in 2009. The reduced sale of
Proposed rehabilitation and expansion programmes Current annual value (KShs ‘m)
Annual value after new development (KShs ‘m)
Mwea
6,000
10,000
1,200
2,000
Ahero
860
3,000
160
560
West Kano
900
900
170
170
Bunyala
213
6,000
40
1,200
Perkerra
740
740
60
60
Hola
870
2,500
Approx 150
Approx 450
Bura
2,500
6,700
Approx 450
Approx 1,200
timber was due to non-production of forest products by Pan Paper Mills after it became insolvent in 2009. But this will change because the Government revived the company in July 2010. The August 2010 announcement by the Minister for Forestry and Wildlife that the decade-long ban on logging will be lifted is expected to boost timber production and sales. Gazetted forests contribute 80 per cent of timber, 93 per cent of poles and posts and 25 per cent of fuel wood requirements. The value of the 24 million cubic metres of fuel wood materials sourced from farmlands is estimated at Sh4.8 billion ($60 million). Among the many handicraft activities, woodcarving forms the most important component in Kenya. Research shows that the industry has about 80,000 wood carvers. Overall, the industry supports more than eight million people with a turn over of about Sh1.5 billion ($18.75 million) a year.
The wood sector in Kenya can broadly be divided into two categories: Wood and wood products; paper and pulp products. Wood is an important fuel source in Kenya. The forest industry uses coniferous and non-coniferous species. Moderate volumes of sawn timber, wood panels, pulp and paper are produced, almost entirely for domestic consumption. In saw milling, millers combine timber production and manufacturing of furniture and joinery. Likewise, smaller factories combine the manufacture of furniture and joinery products. Many firms belong to small or informal sector. Secondary wood processing in Kenya is not developed to the full potential for world export. About 15 companies operate in the paper and pulp industry, but only one is licensed to process paper directly from trees and wood — Webuye Paper Mills. Other leading millers are Madhupaper and Kenya Paper Mills. The rest use waste paper as
2 0 1 0 0 9
Area after new development (ha)
Y E A R B O O K
Existing area (ha)
K E N Y A
Scheme
561
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
raw material. The other flourishing business is woodcarving, principally for the tourist market. Kenya exports various wood products — cork, wood carving, paper and wattle bark extract among others — to Sudan, DR Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Cameroon, Zimbabwe and Western Sahara. Others are Israel, Italy, England, Belgium, Norway and China.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Indirect values
562
They include catchment protection values of watershed forests and carbon sequestration. A reduction in forest cover implies an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and an increase in greenhouse effect. The carbon capacity of tropical forests has been estimated at 144 tonnes of carbon a hectare for above ground biomass and 66 tonnes for soil and below ground biomass. The total forest area (2.3 million hectares) has a capacity to sell 483 million tonnes of carbon equivalent in proto-carbon credits at $20 a tonne. This translates to Sh77 billion ($962.5 million)
Optional Values This is the value that people put on conserving forests, which would be forgone if they were destroyed. This can best be valued in terms of budgetary costs of managing forests, about Sh860 million ($10.75) a year.
Laws on forests Forest Act
The 2005 legislation was a turning point in the way forest resources are managed. It provides for the establishment, development and management of forest resources for the country’s socio-economic development. This is because forests stabilise soils and ground water, support reliable agricultural activity, protect water catchments and moderate climate by absorbing greenhouse gases. Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (Cap 376)
It was adopted in 1976, but since then eight amendments and revisions have been done. The Act provides for the process of forest gazetting and de-gazetting, which requires parliamentary approval so the heightened level of decisionmaking and legitimacy of the whole process ensures no grabbing of protected areas. Agriculture Act (Cap 318)
It promotes soil and water conservation and prevents the destruction of vegetation. It addresses the biggest threat to forest conservation — short-term shifting cultivation or the slash/ burn agriculture, the main force behind forest degradation. Under the Act, the Minister can prohibit, regulate, control clearing of land for cultivation, grazing or watering of
Facts on trees
livestock. Enforcement of the Act has been the biggest problem especially on protection of riverbanks. Antiques and Monuments Act (Cap 215)
It has been used for gazettement of areas of historical importance and threatened heritage. The Kayas at the Coast have been protected under this law. Forest management decisions depend on the elders, while other management decisions are vested with National Museums of Kenya.
Fisheries Act (Cap 378)
It regulates trout fishing in forests and protects breeding areas and is relevant to mangrove management at the Coast. International conventions
The Convention on Biological Diversity Ramsar Convention on wetlands of international importance. Kenya signed it in 1990. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. It was signed in 1979 and protects endangered fauna and flora. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kenya signed and
2 0 1 0 0 9
It empowers county councils to make by-laws to control cutting of timber, destruction of trees and shrubs and afforestation. It also authorises local authorities to control bush fires, quarrying for minerals, sand, gravel, clay or stones. The Act is applicable in trust lands where resource exploitation needs control. Fires have been listed as major threat to our forests so an opportunity is available for engaging communities in fire fighting and control.
Y E A R B O O K
www.kfs.go.ke
Local Government Act (Cap 265)
K E N Y A
The cooling effect of a young, healthy tree is equivalent to 10 roomsize air conditioners operating 20 hours a day Trees can boost the market value of your home by 6 or 7 per cent Landscaping with trees, increases property value by 20 per cent One acre of forest absorbs six tonnes of carbon dioxide and emits four tonnes of oxygen Trees around buildings reduce air conditioning needs by 30 per cent and save between 20 and 50 per cent energy used for heating Shade from trees could save up to $175 a year a structure in air conditioning costs
563
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
ratified it on August 30, 1994. The UN Convention to Combat Desertification. Kenya signed it in 1994 and ratified in 1997.
State corporations
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Forest Service (KFS)
564
It began operations on February 1, 2007 after the enactment of the 2005 Forest Act. KFS replaced the Forest Department. Its core functions are conservation and management of forests with the aim of increasing forest cover. It is also mandated to contribute to the growth of natural resources through development, conservation and management of forest resources. This entails increasing supply of forest products and services to meet the needs of the present and future generations. KFS has six divisions: Kenya Forestry College in Londiani, Corporate Services, Enforcement and Compliance, Forest Plantation and Enterprise, Forest Extension Services and Forest Conservation and Management. It has 5,500 staff, 430 of them based at the headquarters. The Enforcement and Compliance Division provides security for forest resources. It is headed by a commandant with 2,500 rangers and officers in stations, bases, and at the KFS headquarters. Its roles are to protect forests, arrest and prosecute offenders, collect intelligence, investigate forest offences and participate in national events involving the disciplined forces.
The other roles are to inspect forest stations, plantations and natural forests, support field officers during emergencies or security threats and be prepared for fire disasters. The Plantation and Enterprise Division is involved in industrial forest plantations programme. Kenya has about 125,000 hectares of industrial forest plantations composed of mainly cypress, pines and eucalyptus. Plantations are expected to be a major revenue earner for KFS when fully operational. Sustained planting will be done through Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS) which currently covers over 8,000 hectares. Streamlining of the sawmill industry has been done through prequalification of suitable sawmillers. Already over 2790 sawmillers have been selected and this is expected to create 20,000 direct jobs. The division has also rolled out a national forest inventory to establish the existing quality and value of forests resources, as well as establish the country’s forest cover. It is estimated that gazetted forests cover 1.7 million hectares out of which 125,000 hectares are plantations. The plantations are expected to buffer the natural forests against destruction as well as adequate supplying the market with timber products.
Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) (See chapter on Science and
Research)
2 0 1 0 0 9
on forestry practice. Many courses are organised in collaboration with institutions such as Moi University’s School of Natural resources Management, and the Kenya Forestry Research Institute. Graduates have found jobs in the private and civic society sectors, and the Public Service. The diploma programme is tailored to facilitate further training at degree level. From January 2010, the college has been offering information technology training at diploma and certificate level for the youth from surrounding communities. The college also trains community scouts to enable them play an effective role in forest protection. The college has acquired a modern sawmill and will teach sawmilling, saw doctoring, carpentry and joinery. In August 2010, the college launched an ultra-modern convention centre to boost continuing education —workshops and training of public and civic agencies in the South Rift.
Y E A R B O O K
It was established in 1956 and is the training institution of KFS. It is in Kipkelion, Kericho, on the main Nakuru-Kericho road. It is on a 10,000-acre piece of land (Masaita forest block), which is a model for teaching, research and demonstration. The college is in a quiet rural setting conducive for study and research with beautiful scenery for site seeing, bird watching and camping. The college trains technical personnel in forestry and allied natural resources. So far, 1,866 forest rangers, 2,328 certificate and 1,512 diploma graduates have passed through the college. It offers diploma and certificate courses, and short courses in forestry and related fields. More than 100 such programmes are on offer. The college admits local and foreign students — Rwanda, Somalia, Zambia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Burundi, Comoros, Grenada, Botswana, Tanzania, Uganda, Namibia, Swaziland, Angola and Southern Sudan. Basic paramilitary and forest management training is also offered to rangers. Technical foresters are at diploma and certificate levels. Forest rangers from KFS, natural resource management institutions, forest protection agencies such as county councils are also trained. Communities and civic organisations involved in natural resource and environmental conservation are also offered short-term courses
K E N Y A
Kenya Forestry College
565
Economy, Water resources Finance and Planning
References
•
•
Kenya Assessment Report
•
•
WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
•
•
•
•
•
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
566
The Forest Act 2005 The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act Cap 376
(JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation
•
The Agriculture Act Cap 318
Water and Sanitation Coverage - WASREB
•
Antiques and Monuments Cap 215
Impact Report 2009, pp.20-23.
•
The Local Government Act Cap 265 L
Water Service Quality - WASREB Impact
•
The Fisheries Act Cap 378
Report 2009, pp.27-31.
•
www.kenyaforestservice.org
Ministry of Water and Irrigation: Annual
•
www.wildlifeclubsofkenya.org
Water Sector Review 2009, pp.11-16
•
www.forestryandwildlife.go.ke
“Water sector financial turnout.”
•
www.unep.org
African Ministers’ Council on Water, AMCOW
•
www.wildlifeclubsofkenya.org
and Water and Sanitation Program (2006)
•
www.water.go.ke
Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs
•
www.environment.go.ke
on Water Supply and Sanitation - A Status
•
www.wrma.go.ke
Review of Sixteen African Countries, pp.33-
•
www.wstfkenya.org
43.
•
www.nib.or.ke
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Sup-
•
www.nwcpc.go.ke
ply and Sanitation: Improved Drinking Water
•
www.kewi.or.ke
Coverage Estimates - Kenya, 2010
•
www.kfs.go.ke
Kenya Forestry Master plan
•
www.fao.org/forestry
•
wikipedia.org
15
Government has given full support. Roads are being built in a scale never seen before as airports are expanded, and new ports and railway lines planned
K E N Y A
Infrastructure development is a priority the
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Roads and transport
567
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Roads and transport
568
Gateway to East Africa
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
65
2 0 1 0 0 9
T
ransport is a major driver of economic activities. Over the years, the Government has increased efforts to improve the transport system to boost and accelerate economic growth. The Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (20032007) and Kenya Vision 2030 identify transport as the third pillar to economic recovery. BY NUMBERS The Vision envisages a safe and secure integrated transport system, with airports as the gateway into and out of Africa; free ports capable of handling all sizes of vessels; an efficient and reliable road Percentage of classified transport network and transit roads that are in a good state as a result of points in major cities. It aims Government efforts in the to create a world class transpast six years port system that contributes to improved quality of life.
569
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
Roads
ment of the ministry and facilitate mobility on a national scale. Traffic on the roads is associated with long distance travel and their design allows for high speed and minimal interference from crossing traffic. Further classification of roads is based on function. Class A are international trunk roads linking international boundaries or terminating at international ports, Class B are national trunk roads that link provincial headquarters and centres of national importance. Class C are primary roads linking district headquarters to one another or to higher class roads.
An efficient road system is crucial for economic and social development. Roads are the primary communication links to all sectors of the economy and the population. Kenya has a more developed transport system than other countries in the region. The country has a road network of about 180,000km, of which 63,000km are classified, 14,000km unclassified urban roads and 100,800km unclassified rural roads (including 9,000km in game parks and national game reserves). Of the total road network, about 11,500km are paved and the rest unpaved low volume roads. Roads in Kenya can broadly be categorised as national, district, urban and special purpose roads, depending on the authority primarily responsible for their management.
District roads
They comprise classes D and E, and other unclassified rural roads (excluding urban roads) and are managed by District Roads Committees. They primarily serve local traffic. The design speeds are lower, while access control is more relaxed than that for trunk roads. Further classification of roads is as defined
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
National roads
They are the main highways of the classified road network. They are managed by the Roads DepartRoad Class International Trunk Roads (A)
K E N Y A
Premix 1,243
Surface Dressing 1,564
Gravel 715
Earth
Total
94
3,616
National Roads (B)
350
1,166
819
346
2,682
Primary Roads (C)
568
2,198
3,602
1,628
7,996
77
1,183
5,702
4,088
11,049
100
542
8,216
18,049
26,906
Secondary Roads (D)
570
Length by Surface Type (km)
Minor Roads (E) Special Purpose Roads (SPR) All classes Total
25
115
4,930
6,254
11,323
2,362
6,768
23,984
30,459
63,572
They fall within urban areas and are administered by city, municipal and town councils. Urban roads primarily serve local traffic and are usually associated with shorter distance travel and lower design speeds. Urban roads are classified as adopted and non-adopted streets.
Y E A R B O O K
Urban roads
K E N Y A
http://users.telenet.be/ driving
in the opposite page. Class D are secondary roads and link important centres or higher class roads, Class E are minor roads that link minor centres and Class F special purpose roads that include those for tourist, township, agriculture or strategic purposes.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Drive on the right? Today, 66 per cent of the people are in right-hand traffic countries and 34 per cent in left-hand ones — 72 per cent of the world’s road distance carries traffic on the right and 28 per cent on the left. In 1789, the French Revolution gave impetus to right-hand travel. A keepright rule was introduced in 1794, in Denmark (1793) and spread to Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Spain and Italy as French Emperor Napoleon conquered Europe. But States that resisted him kept left – Britain, Austria, Hungary and Portugal. Left-hand driving was made mandatory in Britain in 1835. Japan drives on the left. North America drove on the left during British rule, but right after freedom. A law on this was passed in Pennsylvania (1792), New York (1804) and New Jersey (1813).
571
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Adopted streets are administrated by the council in charge. A council can declare a street adopted if it or a part has been levelled, paved, metalled, kerbed, channelled, lighted, sewered and drained or otherwise constructed to the satisfaction of the council, and in conformity with the Streets Adoption Act. Urban roads carry higher traffic volumes than rural roads and are required to provide a higher level of service. This entails incorporation of features such as multi-lane roads (dual carriageways) and high capacity junctions (traffic lights, flyovers and interchanges). Urban roads also traverse areas with large populations and require facilities for non-motorised traffic (cycle tracks and footpaths) and other pedestrian-friendly features such as kerbs, underground drainage and street lighting. As a result, urban roads are usually more expensive to build and maintain than rural roads.
572
Special purpose roads
They include roads within national parks and game reserves. Forest and security roads are managed by various Government agencies such as Kenya Wildlife Service and the Kenya Forest Service. Government efforts in the last six years has ensured that 65 per cent of the classified road system is in good condition and maintainable. There is a substantial rehabilitation and upgrading backlog, estimated at Sh180 billion, to raise the road
network to maintainable standards. Lack of funds has also held up the upgrading of several important roads. Ongoing major road rehabilitation and construction projects are worth Sh116 billion ($1.6 billion).
Current status In 2009-2010, 715km of new roads were constructed, 1,112km reha-
Thika Road revolution University Way 6-8 lanes Murang’a Road 6 lanes Forest Road 4 to 6 lanes Museum Hill Road 6 lanes Muthaiga-Kasarani 8 lanes Kasarani-KU 6 lanes KU-Juja - 6 lanes 4-lane fly-over at Globe Roundabout Fly-over on Limuru Road Fly-over at Muthaiga Fly-over at Kasarani Fly-over at Githurai 6-lane fly-over at Eastern bypass Underpass at Pangani Underpass at ex-Nakumatt site Underpass at Kahawa Underpass at KU Underpass at Ruiru Sports Club and Mang’u High Muthaiga to KU - Highspeed highway Interchange at GSU Subway at Survey of Kenya Project cost - Sh28 billion ($350 million) Date of completion - 2011
(ERS) investment programme geared to accelerating economic growth and development. Part of this strategy has targeted the rehabilitation, reconstruction, upgrading and maintenance of the dilapidated national and regional road network. In the last four years, the Government has completed major projects. They include:
K E N Y A
bilitated and 1,142km maintained. To boost road construction, the Government will spend Sh78.6 billion ($982.5 million) on roads in the 2010-2011 financial year, up from Sh42 billion in 2009-2010. Since 2003, significant developments have taken place in improving the road infrastructure under the Economic Recovery Strategy
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.skyscrapercity.com
573
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
574
■ Rehabilitation of Mtito AndeiSultan Hamud road (131km) ■ Reconstruction of Kisumu-Yala road (42km) ■ Tarmacking the Kisii-Chemosit road (66km) ■ Gravelling the Londiani-Fort Ternan road (44km) ■ Gravelling Chesoi-Maron-Chesogon road (51km) ■ Reconstruction of Juja Road (57km) ■ Gravelling the Kipsomba-Kimilili road (21km), Nkubu-Mitunguu-Kionyo road (42km) and Mariakani-Bamba-Ganze road (96km) ■ Rehabilitation of Othaya township loop roads (20km), NabkoiKapsabet road (82km), MeruMau road (81km) and 35km Maji ya Chumvi – Miritini Road ■ Gravelling and tarmacking of the Nanyuki-Doldol road (60km) ■ 16km Lanet-Nakuru-Njoro turnoff road at Sh2.9 billion ($36.25 million) ■ Machakos Turnoff-Machakos Town and 9km Machakos TownKaseve Other completed projects serving key productive sectors such as agriculture, agro-processing zones and tourism include: ■ Gravelling and tarmacking of Olenguruone-Kiptagich road (37km) and Meru-Marimba road (85km) ■ Gravelling of Olkokwe-WasegesMuchongoi road (27km) ■ Tarmacking of Kipsigak-Serem
Engineers board The Engineers Registration Board was established through an Act of Parliament in 1969. A revision in 1992 accommodated the Technician Engineer grade. The Board regulates the conduct of practising engineers. It is illegal for an engineer to practise or call himself an engineer if not registered with the Board. Registration is a license to practise engineering in Kenya. The Board consists of seven members — four are appointed by the Minister and three by the Institution of Engineers of Kenya. The Minister nominates one member to be the chairman, while the vice-chairman is elected from among members.
www.erbk.go.ke
(54km), Ndori-Owimbi (22km) and Makutano-Embu (43km), Nkubu-Meru-Lewa (40km), Kisian-Bondo (55km), BondoUsenge (35km) and KatitoKendu Bay roads (42km) ■ Reconstruction of Mbagathi Way (2.6km) and Sagana-State Lodge access road (47km) Access to Mombasa and the greater Coast tourist circuit has improved with the rehabilitation of the 35km Maji ya Chumvi-Miritini
road at a cost of Sh2.3 billion ($28.75 million). In addition, the construction of Athi and Ikutha bridges on the Kangonde-Kibwezi road (B7) will promote economic potential in Kibwezi, Makueni and Kitui districts as well as the new Kyuso District in Eastern Province.
The road transport links in the agricultural productive Mt Kenya region, which also has great tourism potential, received a boost with the completion of the 77km Nairobi-ThikaRuiru road at a cost of Sh1.7 billion ($21.25 million)
Y E A R B O O K
Support for agriculture
K E N Y A
More than 60 projects on rehabilitation, upgrading, tarmacking and regravelling works worth over Sh110 billion ($1.375 billion) are at various stages of implementation, with funding from the Budget and the Fuel Levy. Projects funded from the Budget in agricultural and tourism potential areas include the rehabilitation of the Mombasa-Nairobi-Nakuru-Eldoret highway. Key sections of the corridor are: ■ 55km Sultan Hamud-Machakos turnoff road worth Sh3 billion ($40 million). The project is 84 per cent complete. ■ 33km JKIA-Machakos turnoff-Athi RiverEmbakasi road, including a dual carriage from Athi River to Embakasi at Sh4.2 billion ($52.5 million). The project is 81 per cent complete. ■ 96km Maai Mahiu-Naivasha-Lanet road at a cost of Sh6.1 billion ($76.25 million) ■ 83km Njoro turnoff-Mau Summit-Timboroa road at Sh4.3 billion ($53.75 million). The project is 80 per cent complete.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Ongoing projects
575
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Northern corridor
576
In 2010, the World Bank released Sh20 billion ($250 million) for the construction of the Mau Summit-Kericho, Kericho-Kisumu and Kisumu road, part of the northern corridor. Several feeder roads in Kisumu municipality will be constructed. Other roads in the Northern Corridor include the Maji ya Chumvi to Miritini road in Mombasa; Machakos turn-off to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and the Njoro turn-off to Mau Summit to Timboroa. The section between Lanet near Nakuru and Njoro turn-off has been completed. Total cost of the projects is Sh77 billion ($962.5 million)
www.businessdailyafrica.com/ Northern Corridor
■ Sh1.1 billion ($13.75 million) 35km EmbuThuci road ■ Sh1.3 billion ($16.25 million) 67km ThuciNkubu road ■ Sh868 million ($10.85 million) 42km Thika-Gacharage-Githumu-Kangare road. Other roads being improved in the region to facilitate transportation of farm produce and cash crops such as tea and coffee include the Sh2.7 billion ($33.75 million) 60km Ena-Ishiara road; the Sh1.3 billion ($16.25 million) 38km Farm Kawilu-Kachilu road; the Sh502 million ($6.275 million) 18km Embu-Mutunduri-Kianjokoma road and the Sh743 million ($9.28 million) 18km Rukenya-
Support for tourism
The ongoing reconstruction of the 136km Athi River-Namanga road, besides promoting international trade, will support tourism by pro-
Nairobi roads The Ministry of Roads has improved roads in Nairobi, including reducing traffic congestion. Important ones include Processional, Mbagathi, Juja, Nairobi-Ruiru-Thika roads and the 22km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport through Uhuru High-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
viding an efficient communication link for tourists visiting the Masai Mara and Amboseli game reserves. The upgrading of the 100km Emali-Oloitoktok road will also increase tourist travel to Tsavo East, Tsavo West and Amboseli national parks. Reconstruction of the 90km Maai Mahiu-Narok road at a cost of Sh3.7 billion ($46.25 million) is progressing well. Its completion is expected to promote trade, tourism and investment not only in Kenya, but also in the East African region. The Narok-Sekenani road (C12) — 37km of unpaved and 38km of paved road — was recently improved at a cost of Sh80 million ($1 million). Work has also begun on 75km, starting at the AitongMaralienda junction. The road is unpaved and is expected to cost Sh131 million ($1.6375 million). The European Union has proposed to fund the upgrading of 9km of park access roads to bitumen and 85km park roads to gravel standards under the 10th EDF Transport Infrastructure Component. Galana Bridge in Tsavo East will also be constructed at a cost of Sh714 million ($8.925 million).
K E N Y A
Forest Rangers road. The European Union, through the EDF Transport Infrastructure Component, has proposed to fund improvement and rehabilitation 500km of roads in Eastern Province under the Roads 2000 Project Phase III, at a cost of Sh1.2 billion ($15 million). Other major roads being upgraded to bitumen standards in high agricultural potential areas are the Sh780 million ($9.75 million) 27km Bungoma-Bokoli-Kimilili road; the Sh1.2 billion ($15 million) 45km Kitui-Kangonde road; the Sh997 million ($12.4 million) 57km Keroka-Nyangusu road and the Sh1.4 billion ($17.5 million) 57km Ruiri-Isiolo-Muriri road. Others include the Sh1.1 billion ($13.75 million) 78km Machakos turnoff-Masii road; the Sh1.8 billion ($22.5 million) 74km Kisii-Kilgoris road and the Sh1.1 billion ($13.75 million) 25km Owimbi-LuandaK’Otieno road. The construction of the Sh3.4 billion ($42.5 million) 100km DudoriOlkalou-Njambini road is going on. The road will contribute significantly to the marketing of farm produce from Nyandarua District, a major source of fresh agricultural and horticultural produce for the local and international markets.
577
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
China comes to Kenya
578
The Chinese have put a shine on road construction. With images such as the one above, a paved road linking Kenya to Ethiopia is no longer a mirage. Chinese engineers have helped to lay down the first kilometres of tarmac to replace a 530-km rock track. China Wu Yi is building the road at a cost of Sh4.3 billion ($53.75 million) from the African Development Bank and the Kenyan Government. Paving the road between Isiolo, 340km north of Nairobi, and Moyale could boost trade between Kenya and Ethiopia fivefold to $175 million from the $35 million a year. Barely 50km past Isiolo lie three game reserves. This is where Born Free author and naturalist Joy Adamson settled to raise lions until her murder.
dalje.com/Chinese-buildnew-highway-to-Kenya
way. Work is underway on the Eastern and Northern bypasses and Nairobi-Thika highway (50km). Other roads in the city are being improved under the Nairobi Roads Project at a cost of Sh2.4 billion ($30 million). The construction of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) road included expanding the Museum Hill Road up to Gigiri (UNEP headquarters), street lighting and traffic lights at a cost of Sh2 billion ($25 million). An extra lane was added between JKIA and Nyayo Stadium and Runda Whispers Bridge constructed. Upgrading works of the Nairobi-Thika highway involve expansion to eight lanes as well as construction of interchanges at six locations to replace roundabouts. The project will also involve improvement of major arteries — Outering, Ngara, Murang’a and Forest roads linking Pangani to Uhuru Highway as well as rehabilitation of drainage and bridges. Construction began in February 2009 and is expected to be complete by July 2011. In Nairobi, four bypasses are under construction. When completed, they will ease traffic congestion in the city. The Eastern bypass (40km) starts at City Cabanas, passes through Ruai and ends at Ruiru. Sections of this bypass are already motorable. The Southern bypass (30km) starts on Mombasa Road near the former American Embassy and ends on Naivasha Road after Kikuyu town. The Northern bypass (25km) starts after Ruaka trading centre on Limuru Road, passes through Runda and joins the Eastern bypass, ending at Ruiru. The 20km Western bypass (link road) connects the Northern and Southern bypasses through Westlands. The Chinese government is funding the construction of the Northern and Eastern bypasses under a design-and-build arrange-
Regional roads The Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Programme’s objective is to enhance domestic and regional trade through improvement in the transport system in the Northern corridor which connects Mombasa with Nairobi, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and DR Congo. The project is being implemented with support from the World Bank, the Nordic Development Fund and the Government. When completed, 368km of the Mombasa-Nairobi-Malaba road will have been rehabilitated in the next five years. Some of the projects include the Sultan HamudMachakos turnoff; Machakos Turnoff-Athi River-Embakasi; JKIAUhuru Highway-Gigiri; Mai MahiuNaivasha-Lanet; Lanet-NakuruNjoro turnoff and Njoro TurnoffMau Summit-Timboroa.
2 0 1 0 0 9
A number of road maintenance projects are ongoing funded by the Road Maintenance Levy. They include re-carpeting of the Sh574 million ($7.17 million) 55km NyaliKilifi road; the Sh485 million ($6.06 million) 64km Kilifi-Malindi road; the Sh340 million ($4.25 million) 20km Likoni-Ukunda road; the Sh443 million ($5.53 million) 45km Redhill-Gachie-Karura-WangigeMwimuto and Westlands-KIA roads and the Sh209 million ($2.61 million) 18km Nyayo Stadium-KWS Gate road. The Road Maintenance Levy funded gravelling projects include the Sh294 million ($3.675 million) 160km Mandera-Elwak road; the Sh118 million ($1.475 million) 52km Migori-Muhuru Bay road; the Sh137 million ($1.712 million) 40km Awasi-Katitu road; the Sh182 million ($2.275 million) 40km Mathatani-Kaseve road and the Sh95 million ($1.187 million) 36km Kombewa-Maseno road. Other roads being improved are the Sh148 million ($1.85 million) 44km Oria-Pala-Magina-Mirogi
Y E A R B O O K
Road maintenance
road; the Sh109 million ($1.36 million) 22km Butere-Ugunja road; the Sh126 million ($1.575 million) 25km Bondo-Lihunda road; the Sh159 million ($1.98 million) 43km Kakamega-Ingotse-Shihanda road; the Sh287 million ($3.58 million) 50km Naromoru-Laimuria-Ngobit road and the Sh98 million ($1.225 million) 30km Kiburu-Kiandagae road. Once completed, the improved road network will facilitate the transport of farm produce and inputs, and access to health and education facilities.
K E N Y A
ment at a cost of Sh8.6 billion ($107.5 million). The EU, Chinese and Japanese governments have shown interest in funding the Western bypass. The Government is looking for funds to build the Southern bypass. Plans are underway to improve and expand Outering and Ngong roads.
579
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
580
The East African Road Network Project is critical to trade and investments in the region. The partner states have identified five corridors. The projects also constitute priority investments under the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) initiative. More than 3,000km of regional roads in Kenya will be improved. They include: Nairobi-RuiruThika; Isiolo-Merille River; Athi River-Namanga and EmaliOloitoktok. A contract for the
136km Athi River-Namanga road was awarded in September 2007 at a cost of Sh6.2 billion ($77.5 million). Rehabilitation will help to accommodate the increasing trade volumes between Kenya and Tanzania and promote tourism by linking Kenya’s Masai Mara and Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park. A Sh4.8 billion ($60 million) contract for upgrading the 136km IsioloMerille River road was awarded in September 2007. Upgrading it to bitumen standard will promote trade between Kenya and Ethiopia
and develop the northern parts of the country. Once complete, the tarmacking of the Sh748 million ($9.35 million) 20km GarissaNuno road will complement Government efforts to develop transport links in the northern region. A Sh4.2 billion ($52.5 million) contract for the construction of the 100km Emali-Oloitoktok road was awarded in August 2007. It increase trade between Kenya and Tanzania and promote tourism. The East African Road Network Project is critical to trade, investment and integration in the region. Partner states, with the support of development partners, have given priority to road projects to hasten integration.
www.krb.go.ke
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Kiganjo-Narumoru Road Kibirigwi-Sagana Road Limuru-Uplands Blue Post Hotel-Sagana Bridge Kiriaini-Muranga Road Nyeri-Nyahururu Road Thika-Garissa Road Makongeni Area Makutano-Embu Road Kiambu-Muthaiga Road Nkubu-Embu Road Mombasa Road Konza Junction-Salama Mombasa-Nairobi Chumvi Area Salama-Sultan Hamud Road Emali-Simba Market-Kibwezi Mtito - Tsavo River Stretch Nanyuki-Isiolo junction at Subuiga Machakos-Wamunyu Road Mlolongo-Small World Club Junction to Namanga Mto wa Mawe Bridge
Rehabilitation of the 145km Mau SummitKericho-Kisumu road started in 2009. That of the Timboroa-Eldoret-Webuye-Malaba road is also expected to start soon. (See Annex 2). The Kenya Vision 2030 aims to make Kenya a globally competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life in 20 years. It is necessary to employ cost-effective, worldclass infrastructure facilities and services in support of socio-economic development. The development of the following roads to world class standards will support Kenya’s Vision 2030: Connecting Kenya to other countries ■ Northern Corridor connecting major towns in Kenya ■ Roads connecting tourist sites — Isiolo and the northern tourist circuit; Diani and Kilifi; Masai Mara and Tsavo national parks ■ Roads connecting the 209 district headquarters, with emphasis on bitumen standards of roads.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Plans for roads sub-sector Blackspots in Central and Eastern provinces
581
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
582
The World Bank, through the Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project, is improving the corridor from Mombasa to the Malaba and Busia border points. The Government will upgrade or develop other roads to support Vision 2030. Design and feasibility studies have been done for some. (See Annex 4 for priority roads to support Kenya Vision 2030)
Road agencies Kenya’s road system accounts for more than 93 per cent of the country’s passenger and freight traffic. To promote efficiency and a more structured system of roads management, agencies have been established. They are responsible for the development and maintenance of roads under the coordination of the Kenya Roads Board.
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.scribd.com/ Decongesting Nairobi
The State corporation was established in 1999 to manage the Road Maintenance Levy Fund (RMLF) and coordinate rehabilitation, maintenance and development. It is the principal adviser to the Government on road matters. The Board assigns the management of roads to designated agencies. The Kenya Roads Board Act designates the following road agencies: District Roads Committees and the Kenya Wildlife Service. The Act was amended in 2003 to include a city or municipality council with institutional and technical capacity. In recognition that local government plays a key role in infrastructure development, the Board approved the designation of the following sub-agencies: Urban Development Department of the Ministry of Local Government. It is responsible for public streets under the jurisdiction of local authorities except Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret and Nakuru The Nairobi City Council and Mombasa, Nakuru, Kisumu and Eldoret municipalities are responsible for public streets in their jurisdiction. From 2003, key milestones have been achieved. RMLF collections have grown from Sh8 billion ($106.6 million) to Sh18 billion ($240 million) a year. This was partly due to effective revenue collection by the Kenya Revenue Authority and the adjustment of the RMLF charge. Through KRB lobbying, the RMLF charge was adjusted from Sh5.80 ($0.07) to Sh9 ($0.11) a litre of petrol and diesel in June 2006. Transit toll collections have also grown from Sh200 million ($2.5 million) to Sh300 million ($3.75 million)a year in 2009. The collections are now channeled through KRB. Coffee cess has been used for road main-
Y E A R B O O K
The 22km JKIA-Uhuru Highway-Museum Hill-Gigiri road was expanded and completed a year ago. The work included the construction of an extra lane on both sides of the road to reduce traffic snarl-ups. This is a plan to decongest Nairobi and includes expansion of trunk roads. The project also includes expansion of the eight-metre 15km Outering Road that connects Mombasa and Thika roads to a three-lane dual carriageway. Kiambu Road has also been expanded. Other busy roads that need attention are Kangundo, Bomas of KenyaOngata Rongai, Jogoo and Juja, among others.
Kenya Roads Board
K E N Y A
Decongesting the city of Nairobi
583
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
584
tenance, with collections rising to Sh40 million in the 2008-2009 financial year. Other sources, mainly interest on funds not immediately usable for road works, have yielded Sh95 million ($1.18 million). KRB will pursue other agricultural cess (tea, horticulture and sugar) and other sources of funds. The period the funds from KRB should reach road agencies at the districts has reduced from three months to 15 days. The board coordinates the implementation of policies on the development, rehabilitation and maintenance of the road network. KRB facilitated the Joint Reforms Steering Committee out of which the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 was enacted. The board commissioned a Road Inventory and Condition Survey Consultancy for the road network. The data is vital for planning. A road reclassification study was done so that all roads are reclassified according to KRB rules, regulations, procedures and guidelines for use by road agencies. District Roads Committees (DRCs)
Members of the committees are: The chairman or mayor of every local authority and MPs in the district, the DC and district roads engineer. Two members co-opted to represent special interests. The committee’s functions are performed by the Ministry of Roads through district roads engineers.
Road authorities The Kenya Roads Act 2007 established three road authorities — Kenya National Highways Authority, Kenya Rural Roads Authority and Kenya Urban Roads Authority. The authorities manage, develop, rehabilitate and maintain trunk roads, urban roads and rural roads in Kenya. They started work in the 2009/2010 financial year. Kenya National Highways Authority (KNHA)
It is an autonomous agency responsible for the management, develop-
It is a State Corporation whose mandate is to offer guidance in the construction, maintenance and management of the rural road network. KeRRA is responsible for the management, development and rehabilitation,of rural roads (D, E, F, G, K, L, P, R, S, T, U and W). Its role is to construct, upgrade, rehabilitate and maintain rural roads and control reserves for rural roads and access to roadside developments. It also implements road policies in relation to rural roads. ■ Ensure that motorists adhere to guidelines on axle load control ■ Ensure that the quality of road is in accordance with standards defined by the Minister ■ In collaboration with the Transport ministry and the police, KeRRA oversees the management of traffic on rural roads and road safety. ■ Collect data on use of rural roads ■ Monitor the use of rural roads ■ Plan the development and maintenance of
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.krb.go.ke
Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA)
Y E A R B O O K
Kinungi-Naivasha-Gilgil Gilgil-Mbaruk Road section Molo GSU Camp-Salgaa Salgaa-ADC Farm section Timboroa-Burnt Forest Chepsir-Kipkelion Junction Kericho-Litein road section Kericho-Kaitui section Endebes-Eldoret road Nanyuki-Isiolo junction Nyeri-Nyahururu-Wiyumiririe Gilgil-Nakuru Road Kasambara Area Garissa-Madogo-KBC Station Modogashe-Habaswein Ukasi-Bangale Bangale-Hola Road Junction Kasarani-GSU stretch Westlands-Museum Hill Westlands-Kabete Road Zain and City Cabanas Near Maziwa Stage Kangemi Fly Over
ment, rehabilitation and maintenance of trunk roads linking centres of international importance and crossing international boundaries or terminating at international ports (Class A), national trunk roads linking internationally important centres (Class B), and primary roads linking provincial centres or two higher class roads (Class C). Its core functions are to construct, upgrade, rehabilitate and maintain Class A, B, C roads, implement road policies on national roads and ensure adherence to guidelines on axle load control in the Traffic Act. Its other roles are to ensure that the quality of roads is in accordance with defined standards and to collect data on use of national roads.
K E N Y A
Rift Valley, NEP and Nairobi danger spots
585
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
rural roads ■ Prepare road work programmes for rural roads Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA)
It manages and maintains urban roads in cities and major municipalities. KURA is responsible for planning, design and implementation of road projects in urban areas, comprising the City Council and municipalities. It has 10 regions: Coast, Upper Eastern, Lower Eastern, Nairobi, Central, North Rift Valley, South Rift Valley, North-Eastern, Western and Nyanza. Kenya Wildlife Service
It is responsible for roads under in national parks and reserves under its jurisdiction, as well as access roads allocated to it by the ministry.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Reforms
586
The ministry’s Materials and Mechanical departments and the Kenya Institute of Highways and Building have been transformed into semi-autonomous Government agencies.
Funding Budget allocation to the roads sub-sector has been rising since in recent years. In the 2010-2011, the development budget is a whopping Sh76.8 billion, Sh60 billion in 20092010, while in 2008-2009 Sh42.3 billion ($56 million) for development. Development partners comple-
ment Government efforts on the upkeep of the road network in the country. (See a summary of donors’ projects in Annex 2.) The World Bank is funding the Northern Corridor Improvement Project at Sh11.1 billion as follows: Emergency holding maintenance recently completed under the Road Maintenance Fuel Levy funding. The ministry is waiting for a ‘No Objection’ from the World Bank for award of contracts of the following sections: Intervention
km targeted
Periodic maintenance of all roads (resealing and regravelling)
365
Rehabilitation of all roads
240
Construction of new roads
252
Roads 2000 Maintenance Programme
2,000
Routine maintenance
42,000
■ Mau Summit-Kericho ■ Kericho-Nyamasaria ■ Nyamasaria-Kisumu Airport ■ Nadapal on the border with Southern Sudan — 700km ■ Kibwezi-Kitui-Mwingi-Maua-Isiolo corridor. ■ Best alternative route linking northern Tanzania and Narok ■ Mombasa’s Dongo Kundu bypass.
Development partners Partner
Road Project
World Bank
Northern Corridor Nairobi-Mombasa Mai Mahiu-Naivasha-Lanet
European Union
■
Central Kenya roads, Nyeri District
Reforms
Northern Corridor backlog
Axle load enforcement Traffic rules on axle load control
Nordic Development Fund
Maji ya Chumvi-Miritini Kipsigak-Serem Shamakhokho
Chinese Government
JKIA-Uhuru Highway-UNEP headquarters, Gigiri Nairobi Northern and Eastern bypasses Wote-Makindu
BADEA and OPEC
Emali-Oloitoktok
Sweden (SIDA)
Roads 2000
France (AFD)
Roads 2000
Dundori-Ol kalou-Njabiini
Arusha-Namanga-Athi River African Development Bank
Nairobi-Thika Highway Roads 2000 Isiolo-Moyale Roads 2000
Agence Francaise Development (AFD)
Mai Mahiu-Narok
are administered by several departments: Registration and Insurance of Motor Vehicles Unit in the Ministry of Transport ■ Motor Vehicle Inspection Unit, Ministry of Transport ■ Axle Load Enforcement Unit, Ministry of Roads ■ The police ■ The Judiciary
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mai Mahiu Narok Germany (KfW)
Y E A R B O O K
■ To address the challenges in the road sector, the Government has initiated several reforms: ■ Enactment of Kenya Roads Act 2007 and subsequent establishment of three road agencies — the Kenya National Highways Authority, Kenya Rural Roads Authority and Kenya Urban Roads Authority ■ Enhanced budgetary support ■ The road maintenance budget increased from Sh9 billion ($112.5 million) in the 2005/06 financial year to Sh19 billion ($237.5 million) in 2008/09. The development budget rose from Sh13.2 billion ($165 million) in the 2005/06 financial year to Sh42.4 billion ($530 million) in the 2008/09 financial year. In 2010-2011, it is a whopping Sh76.8 billion ($960 million). ■ Acquiring and maintaining vehicles, plant and equipment ■ Enhanced capacity building through training of contractors, engineers and planners ■ Decongestion of traffic in urban areas
K E N Y A
■ Kisumu Bypass In addition, the World Bank is funding a feasibility study and detailed design consultancy services for: ■ Leseru through Kitale
587
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
588
The responsibility for law enforcement falls under the police. The Axle Load Enforcement Unit provides technical support — setting up, operation and maintenance of weighbridge stations . The challenges in axle load operations are: ■ Perceived corruption and inefficiency at weighbridges ■ Delays as weighing systems are manual ■ Poor condition of roads and holding yards ■ Not all vehicles are weighed ■ Identification of offenders is problematic as vehicle register details are not available
Weighbridges Mariakani and Athi River weighbridges will be upgraded to full traffic control centres under the World Bank-funded Eastern African Trade and Transport Facilitation Project at Sh1 billion ($12.5 million). This will include installation of weigh in motion facilities on both sides of the road. Tender documents for the design and build contract have been forwarded to the World Bank. The Gilgil weighbridge is being upgraded under the EU-funded Maai Mahiu-Naivasha-Lanet road project. The Government proposes to upgrade Eldoret, Webuye and Malaba weighbridges under the
and weighbridges operators on axle load control and court procedures
Legal frameworks Overloading is a criminal offence. The Traffic Act has been amended, increasing maximum penalties for improper vehicle condition or overloading from Sh20,000 ($250) to Sh400,000 ($5,000) and maximum penalties for breach of traffic rules from one to four years. The Minister for Transport, amended the rules on axle control in the Traffic Act to harmonise them with COMESA rules, including repeal of the four-axle group and ban of a vehicle or trailer with hydraulic, mechanical and pneumatic mechanism for lifting axles.
Y E A R B O O K
It is a strategy for the maintenance of the public road network using local resources and labour. It is aimed at improving accessibility in rural areas. The programme is designed to: ■ Be labour-intensive ■ Use simple and local tools ■ Use locally available materials ■ Create jobs for local communities ■ Address gender parity (at least 30 per cent women to be employed) ■ Enhance local contracting capacity The Roads strategy fits within Kenya Vision 2030 and emphasises improvement and maintenance of the country’s road network using
2 0 1 0 0 9
Roads 2000 Programme
K E N Y A
EU-funded rehabilitation of the Timboroa-Malaba road. The Juja weighbridge is to be upgraded to full traffic control centre in the reconstruction of the Nairobi-Thika road funded by the African Development Bank and the Government. The other six weighbridges are scheduled for upgrading under contracts for rehabilitation of roads. The Ministry of Roads has transferred axle load control to the Kenya National Highways Authority. The management of weighbridges will be outsourced to private contractors. A special police unit has been proposed for axle load and heavy vehicle safety enforcement. The ministry floated tenders for installation and commissioning of the management system in 2008. Installation and implementation of computerised traffic management systems will allow: ■ Automatic entries into a database from high-speed/ low-speed weigh in-motion and static scales ■ Connectivity with registers of vehicles and drivers to help verify data for prosecution ■ Identification of repeat offenders and provision of alerts to weighbridge operators ■ Monitoring operations by supervisors at the head office ■ Regular calibration of weighbridges to strengthen prosecutions Regular training of police officers
589
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Blackspots in Nyanza and Western provinces
590
labour methods. The benefits are: Kenya has a large unemployed and underemployed workforce that can be used to improve and maintain infrastructure. By using labour-intensive methods, the country will save foreign exchange that would have been used to import equipment, fuel, lubricants and spare parts from developed countries. The strategy can create about 200,000 jobs a year. Various development partners have agreed to support the Roads 2000 Programme in 37 districts. (See table below). The donors are KfW (a German development bank), ADB, AFD, SIDA, DANIDA and the EU. The partners have pledged
Awasi-Ahero Road Kiboswa-Kisumu Road Daraja Mbili-Bondo Junction Oyugis-Katito Road Migori-Kakrao Road Gucha Bridge Ogembo-Nyanguso Road Mwembe Area, Kisii town Daraja Mbili Area, Kisii Mbale-Vihiga Road Kakamega-Chavakali Road Kakamega-Kisumu-Ilesi Museno Kakamega-Mumias Road -Makunga Kakamega-Webuye-Lubao Kambi Ya Mwanza Ejinya Corner Malava Forest Bungoma-Eldoret-Chemoi Kitale-Webuye Lugul-Misikhu www.krb.go.ke
Mobile Scale
Static Scale
Min of Public Works
Police Department
Mariakani
Mombasa-Athi River (A109)
-
2
30
46
Athi River
Athi River-Nairobi (A104)
1
1
27
37
Gilgil
Nairobi-Nakuru (A104)
-
2
23
12
Webuye
Eldoret-Webuye (A104)
-
1
9
2
Mtwapa
Mombasa-Malindi (B8)
2
2
12
5
Isinya
Namanga-Athi River (A104)
1
-
10
13
Juja
Nairobi-Thika (A2)
2
-
12
6
Mai Mahiu
Rironi-Mai Mahiu (B3)
2
-
12
8
Eldoret
Nakuru-Eldoret (A104)
2
-
15
6
Malaba
Webuye-Malaba (A104)
2
-
13
5
Busia
Kisumu-Busia (B1)
2
-
12
7
Kisumu
Kisumu-Busia (B1)
2
-
11
7
Isebania
Isebania-Kisii
-
1
8
5
15
9
194
159
TOTAL
Sh6.241 billion ($78 million) in the next five years. The Government will contribute Sh1.1 billion ($13.7 million) in the same period. In 2006/07 and 2007/08, 1,300km of roads were graveled. An additional 650km were targeted for similar improvements in 2008/09 ROOLA project
ROOLA stands for Road/Railway, Oil Pipeline, Oil Refinery, Lamu Port and Airport. ROOLA is meant to establish another transport corridor that links Kenya to her northern neighbours to boost trade in the region. With the return of peace in Southern Sudan, Kenya seeks to establish a link from Ethiopia and Southern Sudan to its Coast to
exploit the huge economic potential in the region. The new transport corridor will comprise a new port at Lamu, a railway line, highway, an airport, oil refinery and oil pipeline linking the proposed port to Southern Sudan and Ethiopia. A paper has been developed on the project. ROOLA proposes to implement it as a build, own, operate and transfer basis at an estimated cost of between $15 billion and $20 billion (Sh1.2 trillion to Sh1.6 trillion) for 20 to 30 years. EATTFP
The World Bank is funding the East Africa Trade and Transport Facilitation Project (EATTFP),
2 0 1 0 0 9
Road Section
Y E A R B O O K
Station
Staffing Levels
K E N Y A
Weighing Equipment
591
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
592
a programme for Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda that aims to reduce transport delays, uncertainty and costs along the Northern Corridor. A $120 million (Sh9.6 billion) credit agreement was signed in April 2006. The project incorporates the ministries of Transport, Roads and Public Works. The Kenya Railways Corporation covers the concession process, plans development of a railway bypass and light rail system in Nairobi, and works on the relocation action plan and rehabilitation of houses for new-look KRC & Pension Fund start-up. The Kenya Ports Authority integrates a Port Security Improvement System and Port Community-Based System to implement procedures and an information system that will contribute to reduction of time for clearance of goods within at the port. The Kenya Revenue Authority deals with Customs reforms and modernisation, as well as convergence with other Customs departments for cargo tracking to facilitate movement along the corridor. The ministries of Roads and Public Works will install fixed weighbridges at Kilindini, Mariakani and Athi River on the Northern Corridor and establish one-stop border posts at Malaba, Busia, Lunga Lunga, Namanga, Taveta and Isebania. In Kenya, the Ministry of Transport is the coordinating agent of the project. The Permanent Secretary
chairs the project’s National Steering Committee, comprising CEOs of the implementing agencies. The National Steering Committees meet as a Regional Oversight Committee under the East Africa Community.
Transport Transport is a major driver of economic activities. Over the years, the Government has increased efforts to improve the transport system to boost and accelerate economic growth. The Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003-2007) and Kenya Vision 2030 identify transport as the third pillar to economic recovery.
It is estimated that 25,000 matatus (minibuses) operate on Kenyan roads, constituting the bulk of public transport. In February 2004, the Ministry of Transport introduced new regulations governing the oper-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Public transport
ation of matatus, including fitting of safety belts and speed governors. In addition, carrying excess passengers in buses and matatus was banned. The implementation of the regulations led to a drastic reduction in the number of people killed or injured in road accidents. In Nairobi, the number of large buses plying city routes have increased. They include City Hoppa, Double M, Kenya Bus Service and the Smart Bus. The growth of bus transport companies has been buoyed by the need to decongest city roads, especially in the Central Business District (CBD). The Government has built a
K E N Y A
The Vision envisages an integrated transport system, with airports as the gateway into and out of Africa; free ports able to handle all sizes of vessels; an efficient and reliable road transport network and transit points in major cities. It aims to create a world-class transport system that contributes to better quality of life.
593
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
major bus terminus outside the CBD, where buses and matatus terminate their journeys. There are plans to construct more terminals on the outskirts of the city, as well as build parking bays for private cars to decongest the CBD. Across the country, the Ministry of Transport has improved standards of comfort and safety in public transport through continuous inspection of public service vehicles. Because it oversees a robust sector that attracts new investors every day, the ministry has developed a regulatory framework that is enforced by various agencies. The Transport Licensing Board ensures harmony in the provision of road transport services.
594
Blackspots in Coast
Urban transport
Tsavo-Maungu-Voi Road Wundanyi-Mwatate Road Maungu-Tsavo East Gate Road Maktau-Taveta Road Mazeras-Miritini Road Rabai-Ribe Road Kaloleni-Dzitsoni Road Kilifi-Vipingo Road Kibarani-ChangamweMakande Kwale-Matuga Junction Road Mombasa-Malindi Road Tembo Disco Area Kengeleni Traffic Lights Buxton Traffic Lights Saba-Saba Lights Kibarani Area Sportsman-Changamwe Navy Junction Shika-Adabu Area Waa School Area Gede Area
Urbanisation in Kenya has increased rapidly since Independence, but without commensurate development of infrastructure and services. Yet an efficient urban transport system is a major factor in development of socioeconomic activities. The ministry has spearheaded policy development and contributed to plans to decongest urban centres, especially Nairobi, through the development of the Bus Rapid Transit System. In Nairobi, the system will cover a 38km distance from Athi River to Kikuyu town; Thika to Nairobi (50km) and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) to the CBD (25km). With financial support from the African Development Bank, the ministry commissioned a feasibility study to determine the suitability of transport systems such as tramways, subways, metros and suburban rails. The Government allocated Sh600 million ($7.5 million) in the 2010 Supplementary Budget. The upgrading of the Nairobi com-
www.krb.go.ke
KFW
Kericho, Nakuru, North Nandi, South Nandi, Bomet, Bureti, Nyamira
SIDA
Gucha, Kuria, Migori, Suba, Homa Bay, Rachuonyo, Kisumu, Siaya, Bondo, Kisii, Nyando
EU
Meru North, Meru South, Meru Central, Tharaka, Embu, Mbeere, Machakos, Makueni
ADB
Trans Nzoia, West Pokot, Uasin Gishu, Keiyo, Marakwet, Kajiado, Transmara, Narok
AFD
Nyandarua, Murang’a, Maragua
DANIDA
Malindi, Kilifi, Kwale, Taita Taveta, Kitui, Mwingi, Makueni
Rural areas are productive and have many socio-economic activities based on agriculture, horticulture, livestock, wildlife and fishing. They hold more than 65 per cent of Kenya’s population, 98 per cent of which do not own vehicles. More than 85 per cent of mobility in rural areas takes place off the road (on tracks and paths) between homes and farms, markets, rivers, meeting grounds, schools, dispensaries, churches and local administration offices.
Y E A R B O O K
Rural transport
2 0 1 0 0 9
■ Encourage public transport operators to shift to high occupancy vehicles and urban traffic flow be redesigned to create infrastructure exclusive for public transport vehicles ■ Encourage urban authorities to provide park and ride facilities where passengers in low occupancy vehicles transfer to high occupancy ones ■ Expand the use of rail transport in urban areas to reduce commuter travel time and link with other modes of transport through central stations ■ Provide transport services to the disadvantaged
K E N Y A
muter rail system will begin as from October 2010 and involve about 160km. The Kenya Railways Corporation has already advertised the tender to build a modern station in Nairobi. In the 2010-2011 Budget, the Government has allocated Sh1.9 billion ($23.75 million). Eventually, the project will cost Sh24 billion ($300 million). The project will include the construction of a 7km track to JKIA’s Unit 3 and rehabilitation and construction of stations and other facilities. When completed, the rail system will reduce traffic jams in the city and introduce a regular and efficient commuter service. Each passenger coach will be designed to carry up to 200 passengers and most trains will have eight coaches with a capacity of 1,600. It is expected to carry 60 million passengers a year or 200,000 a day. The current commuter system ferries five million a year or about 20,000 a day. A 17.2km railway bypass will be built from Kibera to Ayany at Sh930 million ($11.625 million). It will then be extended from Ayany to Mukuru and Dagoretti — 18km long. Other initiatives are to:
595
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
596
The journeys facilitate the supply of inputs and enable the supply of produce to urban areas. Ideally, inter-urban passenger and freight transport serve rural transport needs. However, there are peculiar access-related needs in rural areas that must be addressed. To enhance passenger transport services, the Government will: ■ Work with the relevant sectors and communities to establish schools, health centres, water and energy supply as close to the population as possible ■ Plan rural development and other social and economic land use programmes with transport needs in mind ■ Promote non-motorised transport to ferry passengers where
motorised vehicles are insufficient ■ Boost the use of water transport along ■ Evaluate how public-private partnerships can be developed to offer low-cost transport services
Road safety initiatives The construction of three roadsover-rail and an interchange near Naivasha town on the Maai Mahiu-Naivasha-Lanet road, and an interchange near Athi River, have addressed glaring safety measures The design of the ongoing rehabilitation of the Nairobi-Thika road has also addressed road safety. Roundabouts will be removed and replacing with six interchanges and bridges to ease traffic congestion.
Inter-Ministerial Joint Reform Committee constituted, including representation from the European Union
May 2006
Stakeholder conference on road reforms held
Sep 2006
Parliament approves Sessional Paper No 5 on Development and Management of Roads for Sustained Economic Growth
Jul 2007
Kenya Roads Act 2007 enacted
Jun 2007 –
Interim Management Committee set up
Apr 2008
Road authorities’ boards appointed and secretariat constituted
July 2008
Recruitment advertisements commence
Sept 2008
Road authorities launched
Nov 2008
Chief executives recruited
Dec 2008
Chief executives start work
Jan/Feb 2009
Recruitment for general managers and managers done
Feb-June 2009
Recruitment of other support staff, procurement of vehicles and equipment
2 0 1 0 0 9
Jan 2006
In 2003, the Ministry of Transport improved the Traffic Act to ensure orderly and safe travel and motoring. It introduced mandatory installation of speed governors and seat belts, limits on loading capacity, identification and suitability tests for drivers of public service vehicles. It also demanded inspection and licensing of PSVs and uniforms for drivers and conductors. Government agencies charged with the responsibility of ensuring compliance with the regulations are the Motor Vehicle Inspection Unit and the Transport Licensing Board (TLB). The former’s mandate is to ensure that PSVs are mechanically sound and comply with safety standards. The latter issues PSV licences to operators, drivers and conductors and regularly inspects PSVs to ensure adherence. Implementation and enforcement of road safety regulations has had its challenges. Road safety requires the input of many players. The causes of road deaths and injuries have been identified as: 85 per cent human factors, 11 per cent vehicle condition and the environment four per cent. Kenya has a low motorisation level of an estimated 1.3 million vehicles — 60,000 are registered annually. Despite this, more than 13,000 road traffic accidents occur annually, resulting in an average fatality of 2,600 and more than 11,000 injuries. The socio-economic loss occasioned by accidents is a big drain on the economy, especially in
Y E A R B O O K
GOK/Development Partner Liaison Group meeting reaches agreement on reforms
K E N Y A
Dec 2005
597
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
ANNEX 1: Road projects Construction PROJECT NAME Kisii-Chemosit (C21) NyamiraKadongo VO (E199, D222/ D221)
Nyamira
Bumala-Busonga-Port Victoria (C30/D251)
Busia
Mai Mahiu-Naivasha-Lanet (C88/A104)
2 0 1 0 0 9
AWARD DATE 2/10/2001; Addendum (25/07/2005)
48.2
1,037,068,118.40
14/12/2004
Naivasha/ Nakuru
96
7,742,212,192.00
15/12/2004
Kitui-Kangonde (B7)
Kitui
45
1,019,817,184.90
17/12/2004
Ruiri-Isiolo-Muriri
Isiolo
57
1,449,831,592.65
19/05/2005
Kabati-Kagundu-ini (C70) JN Mutheru-Mareira (D416/E518/ Jun C71)
Murang’a
28.5
1,034,427,710.00
4/6/2006
89.4
3,780,519,355.05
6/9/2006
Embu-Mutunduri-Kianjokoma
Naivasha/ Narok Embu
17.5
502,026,888.00
14/12/2006
Garissa-Modika-Nuno (A3/C81)
Garissa
20
782,214,113.58
14/12/2006
Owimbi-Luanda Kotieno (C28)
Bondo Embu/ Siakago Nyando/ Rachuonyo Kisii Central/ South Kiambu
Katitu-Nyakwere-Kendu Bay (C19)
Y E A R B O O K
CONTRACT SUM (SH) 1,246,373,740.32
Ena-Ishiara (C92/ E789)
K E N Y A
LENGTH KM. 89
Mai Mahiu-Narok (B3)
598
LOCATION
Kisii-Kilgoris (C17) Thogoto-Gikambura (D411)
25
1,049,472,915.39
11/12/2006
60
2,798,526,782.82
14/12/2006
40
784,242,687.20
30/11/2006
74
1,873,743,671.81
27/09/2006
32
1,042,884,660.00
28/04/2006
CONTRACT SUM (SH)
AWARD DATE
St. Mary’s-Nyakahura-Gitugi (E540/E539/E538/D427)
Murang’a
30
889,936,236.16
28/04/2006
Bungoma-Bokoli-Kimilili (D279)
Bungoma
27
812,228,860.17
1/2/2007
Daraja Mbili-Nyatieko-Eronge (E216/E208)
Kisii Central/ Nyamira
42
1,803,695,791.40
4/6/2007
Isiolo-Merille (A2)
Isiolo
136
4,875,409,271.00
4/9/2007
Athi River-Namanga (A109)
Kajiado Emuhaya/ Butere & Mumias Kilifi Emuhaya/ Butere Buret/ Bomet
136
6,208,685,234.74
4/9/2007
25
743,717,065.45
7/8/2007
56
2,564,748,836.20
7/9/2007
31
1,034,412,217.20
8/2/2007
42
1,498,321,502.30
6/12/2007
Ndumberi-Limuru (D409)/ Nduota-Kigwaru (E1518)
Kiambu
33.4
1,848,172,193.00
10/12/2007
Farm-Kawiro-Kachilu (E817, E831,D486)
Meru North
37.5
1,388,857,282.80
13/03/2007
Mukurwe-ini-Gakonye (D429/ E559/E554)
Nyeri
30
1,113,073,375.50
13/03/2007
Whispers-Runda
Nairobi
2.5
272,546,292.00
Kamukuya-KaptamaKapsokwony (D275)
Bungoma/ Mt. Elgon
67
2,699,623,834.35
13/04/2007
Makutano-Kikima-Tawa (D516/ D517)
Makueni
47
1,895,094,559.84
13/06/2007
Dundori-Olkalou-Njabini(C69)
Nyandarua
100
3,484,554,917.83
13/10/2007
Karima-Kiandu-Nyeri (E540/ E539/D427
Nyeri South
13.7
519,839,616.00
8/11/2007
40
1,885,694,927.73
30/11/2007 14/12/2007
Stand Khisa-Khumusalaba (C39) Mariakani-Kilifi (C107) Ebuyangu-Ekero (C33) Bomet-Litein (C24)
Keroka-Nyangusu Phase II Laikipia Airforce Base-Army Barracks-Mt Kenya Safari Lodge
Laikipia
25
711,362,648.50
Rukenya-Forest-Rangers Post (E615/D456)
Kirinyaga
18
743,824,800.00
Rongo-Homa Bay (C20)
Migori/ Homa Bay
39.5
1,109,958,232.20
Kagio-Baricho-KerugoyaKibirigwi (D455/D454)
Kirinyaga
25
1,371,968,882.82
13/03/2007
16/04/2007 17/12/2007 21/12/2007
2 0 1 0 0 9
LENGTH KM.
Y E A R B O O K
LOCATION
K E N Y A
PROJECT NAME
599
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
PROJECT NAME Miiri-Itundu (D452/E604/ E599/E600) Project Name
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Location
52 Road length in km
CONTRACT SUM (SH) 1,100,784,383.50
Contract sum (Sh)
AWARD DATE 22/11/2007
AWARD DATE
Nairobi
22.5
2,099,371,386.00
Meru-Mikinduri-Maua (D482)
North Imenti/ Tigania/ Igembe
52
1,843,023,145.98
Kendu Bay-Homa Bay (C19)
Rachuonyo/ Homa Bay
38
3,359,623,063.87
26/11/2008
Mihuti-Kayu-WanjerereRwathia (E543) & GithigaKibutha-Kanyenyaini (E523)
Murang’a
33.3
1,451,153,840.00
27/03/2008
100
4,236,198,771.59
14/08/2008
29.5
1,586,023,782.82
11/4/2008
Lewa-Isiolo (A2)
K E N Y A
Nyeri
LENGTH KM.
Nairobi roads
Emali-Loitoktok (C102)
600
LOCATION
Kajiado/ Loitoktok Meru Central/ Isiolo
24/05/2007
25/05/2007
Rang’ala-Siaya-Bondo (C28/ D246)
Siaya/Bondo
42.5
1,528,732,984.50
18/7/2008
Othaya-Konyu (D433) Jun C70 Kariki-Kairo (E549/E547) Gachami-Dhudi Primary School (E567)
Nyeri
28.8
967,801,279.68
28/1/2008
Michael S M Kamau The Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Roads, he was born on September 19 1958. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from the University of Nairobi. He received an award for the best dissertation in the 1981 civil engineering class and holds a Master of Science degree in engineering from the University of New Castle Upon Tyne (UK). He has received extensive training in the field and management locally and internationally. He is a registered consulting engineer with the Engineers Registration
Board, Fellow of Institution of Engineers of Kenya (IEK), Associate Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators of UK, Council Member of the Kenya Institute of Management (KIM) and a council member of IEK. He started his Civil Service career as an assistant engineer in the Structural Department in 1981 in the Ministry of Works. He designed and supervised the construction of numerous projects between 1981 and 1990, including the Baringo District headquarters and the Chancellor’s Court of the University of Nairobi.
Rehabilitation Contract sum (Sh)
Award date
RD0417 Sultan Hamud - Machakos turnoff
Machakos Makueni
55
3,040,616,512.54
22/6/06
RD0418 Machakos turnoff - JKIA
Nairobi, Machakos
33
4,258,041,088.15
22/6/06
RD0419 Lanet - Njoro turnoff
Nakuru
16
2,971,818,573.21
22/6/06
RD0420 Njoro turnoff - Timboroa
Nakuru
84
4,383,603,852.42
22/6/06
Murang’a-Sagana-Marua (A2)
Nyeri
55
1,613,267,471.00
3/1/2003
Sagana-State Lodge access roads
Nyeri
47.4
416,752,920.00
12/8/2003
Machakos turnoff-Masii (C97)
Machakos
78
1,302,039,493.00
1/4/2005
Junction C51 Iten-Kapsowar-Chesoi (D329/D340)
Marakwet
71
607,841,354.00
14/03/2005
Masii-Kitui (C97)
Machakos Kitui
73
722,141,899.20
14/03/2005
Embu-Thuchi (B6)
Embu
35
994,851,953.85
14/03/2005
Thika-Gatanga-Gatura-GatangaNdakaini (C67)
Thika
31.9
1,431,535,482.50
25/04/2005
Thika-Gacharage-GithumuKangari(C70/D414/E504)
Thika
42
868,111,891.00
27/04/2005
Thuchi-Nkubu (B6)
Nithi/ Meru Central
67
1,360,961,256.00
28/07/2005
Ruiru-Thika (A2)
Thika
46
771,080,130.00
13/03/2007
Nairobi (Globe Cinema-Ruiru) (A2)
Thika
46
1,254,894,600.40
13/03/2007
Kirigiti-Riuki-Ngewa (C64)
Kiambu
22
688,548,102.00
13/03/2007
He was seconded to Moi University as a university engineer between 1990 and 1997. He was also the resident engineer for several projects — the upgrading of Uasin Gishu District and Eldoret Memorial hospitals to Moi National Referral and Teaching Hospital. On his return to the Ministry of Roads and Public Works in 1997, he became Deputy Chief Engineer (Structural Department) up to March 2006. He oversaw the implementation of several projects
and was instrumental in starting the Programme of Construction of Pedestrian footbridges in rural areas. In 2004, he was conferred with the Head of State commendation (HSC) for his contribution to infrastructure development. He was appointed Chief Engineer (Roads) in 2006. He steered the implementation of several major roads projects, notably the procurement and awarding of Garissa-Nuno road (part of GarissaModogashe road), Isiolo-Merile
Road, Emali-Loitoktok and also the inception of the upgrading of Nairobi-Thika Road. He was instrumental in reforms in the roads sub-sector, culminating to the Roads Act 2007, paving the way for the formation of three authorities — Kenya National Highways Authority, Kenya Rural Roads Authority and Kenya Urban Roads Authority. He was promoted to be the first Roads Secretary in August 2007 and subsequently appointed Permanent Secretary.
2 0 1 0 0 9
length in km
Y E A R B O O K
Location
K E N Y A
Project name
601
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
Highways institute
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Institute of Highways and Building Technology is a public institution that trains Ministry of Roads staff and other Government employees and private sector trainees and foreigners in various technical fields. It offers higher diploma courses in highway, building, civil, electrical, electronic, mechanical and structural engineering and building economics. Diploma courses are in land survey, computer studies, architecture and quantity survey, while certificate studies are in road construction, electrical installation, vehicle mechanics, plumbing, pipe fitting, refrigeration and air conditioning, among others. The main campus of is on Commercial Street in Nairobi’s Industrial Area. It has campuses at Kibiku, Ngong, and the Kisii Training Centre.
602
www.roads.go.ke/ KIBHT
Project
km
Status
Mau Summit -Kericho**
57
Award awaited
Kericho-Kisumu**
76
Award awaited
Nyamasaria-Kisumu Airport (and Kisumu bypass)
12
Award awaited
Lanet-Njoro turnoff (dualing)
16.5
Ongoing
Machakos turnoff -JKIA
33
Ongoing
Njoro turnoff -Timboroa
83
Ongoing
Sultan Hamud-Machakos turnoff
55
Ongoing
the health sector and labour force. To improve road safety, the Transport ministry will introduce electronic driving licences, which will eliminate the use of forged driving documents. The ministry is also reviewing the driving school curriculum to regulate courses offered. A Transport Licensing Appeals Tribunal has been set up to give dissatisfied operators, drivers and conductors a platform for appeal when their vehicles are grounded or PSV licences suspended. For instance, between June and midAugust 2009, TLB suspended operations of 700 vehicles and licences of a similar number of drivers and conductors. On-the-spot ticketing and fining traffic offenders have been introduced. To realise greater results, the ministry has launched a National Road Safety Council to coordinate, monitor and evaluate road safety, maintain a database and conduct research to improve policy. The council will publish regular reports, set standards for road safety equipment and recommend precautionary measures to prevent accidents. The 24-member council, comprising stake-
55
Status
ADB
Ongoing
Isiolo-Merrile River
136
ADB
Ongoing
Namanga - Athi River
136
ADB
Ongoing
ADB
Ongoing
AFD/KFW
Ongoing
AFD
Ongoing
100
BADEA/OPEC
Ongoing
Ndundori-Olkalou-Njabini
100
BADEA/OPEC/ SAUDI
Ongoing
Nairobi bypasses
80
CHINA
Mobilisation by contractor
Nairobi Roads Rehabilitation
25
CHINA
Ongoing
Roads 2000 (rural roads rehabilitation)
EC
Ongoing
Central Kenya roads
EU
Mobilisation
District Rural Roads Rehabilitation Project Mai Mahiu-Narok
90
Roads 2000 (Road Maintenance) Emali-Oloitoktok
Mai Mahiu - Naivasha – Lanet
94
EU
Completed
Timboroa-Eldoret
63
EU
Tenders evaluated, award of contract awaited
Eldoret-Turbo-Webuye
59
EU
Tenders evaluated, award of contract awaited
Webuye-Malaba
61
EU
Tenders evaluated, award of contract awaited
Mai Mahiu-Narok
90
KFW
Ongoing
Maji ya Chumvi - Miritini
35
NDF
Completed
SIDA
Ongoing
Roads 2000 (Nyanza Roads Programme) Merille River -Marsabit
120
ADB
Marsabit-Turbi
56
ADB
Turbi-Moyale
193
ADB (expected)
Voi-Taveta
109
ADB
2 0 1 0 0 9
Nairobi-Thika
Development partner
Y E A R B O O K
Length (Km)
K E N Y A
Road project
603
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
Lot No. LOT 1: City Arterial connectors (University Way-Murang’a Road- Pangani-Muthaiga; Museum Hill-Pangani; Haile Sellasie Avenue Roundabout-Ring Road NgalaKariokor-Pangani)
LOT 2: Muthaiga-Kenyatta University
LOT 3: Kenyatta University-Thika
• • •
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
604
Length (km)
Contractor
Contract Sum (Sh)
12.4
M/S China Wu Yi Company Ltd.
8,030,386,596.64
14.1
M/S Synohydro Corporation Ltd.
8,690,568,489.73
23.9
M/S Shengli Engineering Construction Group Co. Ltd.
9,441,732,008.29
Marsabit-Turbi: African Development Bank is funding 97 per cent of construction, while Kenya will fund the remaining three per cent involving land compensation. Turbi-Moyale: ADB is willing to fund the construction in the next ADF 11 programme Voi-Taveta: ADB funded the design and is expected to finance construction under the East African Road Network Programme. Nairobi-Thika: Civil works have started in the three lots as shown above:
Maragi-Kiawambeu-Gitui-Karuri Road (E537)
20km
Giakanja-Tetu Mission (D434)
50km
Ihithe-Aberdare Forest-Kahuruko-Ndunyu Njeru Road (E1687/E580/D389)
20km
Njabini-Kinyona (E454)
40km
Kianyaga-Kiamutugu-Githure (D459/D458)
19km
Kangema-Gacharage (C70)
60km
Kagere-Munyange-Kihome/Ndunyu-Gituiga-Kirai-Gura River
87km
Kaharati-Njiiri’s (D417/D418)
60km
Witu-Lamu-Kiunga (C112/D568/E865)
180km
Hola-Garsen (B8)
93km
Isiolo-GarbaTula-Modogashe (B9)
195km
Embu-Kibugi-Kathangariri-Kianjokoma/Kianjakoma-Runyenjes (D467)
55km
Mwingi-Thuchi River (C93)
140km
Emali-Ukia Road (C99)/Kilala Loop (E476)
52km
Kikima-Kitungo-Mbumbuni (E478)
28km
Garissa-MadoGashi-Wajir (C81/B9)
330km
Wajir-Mandera (B9)
350km
Kisumu Ring Road (C87/C85)
60km
Mbita-Karungu and Mbita Causeway (D210) (plus replacement of causeway with bridge)
105km
Mosoriot-Chepterwai (D289/D297)
48km
Kesses-Lessos (D305/E284)
12km
Londiani-Fort Ternan-Muhoroni (C35)
61km
Kapenguria-Kunyao
83km
Nyaru-Iten (C53)
52km
Jn C39-Kaiboi-Turbo (C37)
59km
Turbo-Nzoia River-Sikhendu (C44)
60km
Kisumu-Kakamega-Webuye-Kitale (A1)
190km
KCC(Sotik)-Ndanai-Gorgor (C15)
28km
Gor Gor-Kilgoris Road (C14)
30km
Luanda-Majengo Road (C38)
16km
Makutano-Miu-Kyangondu-Mulu-Kaumoni-Wote (C101)
80km
Gor Gor-Kaboson-Sigor-Kyogong Road (C14)
57km
Kitale-Lodwar-Nandapar
324km
Y E A R B O O K
31km
2 0 1 0 0 9
Output
K E N Y A
Activities All St Cathedral Junction-City Mortuary roundabout-Dagoretti Corner-Ngong
605
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
606
Estimate Cost (US$mn)
Road
km
Required Intervention
Mombasa-Malindi (B8)
110
Rehabilitation/ dualing
126
Design review underway
Outering Road (C58)
10.4
Rehabilitation/ dualing
10
Holding works ongoing
Merille River-Moyale (A2)
400
Tarmacking
343
Feasibility study and design ongoing
Isiolo-Modogashe (B9)
193
Tarmacking
170
Design ongoing
Nuno-Modogashe-Mandera (C81/ B9)
708
Tarmacking
607
Design ongoing
Malindi-Manyani (C103)
206
Tarmacking
177
Feasibility and EIA ongoing
Tsavo Gate-JunctionC102
142
Tarmacking
122
Feasibility and EIA ongoing
Junction C102-Namanga (C103)
111
Tarmacking
95
Feasibility and EIA ongoing
Kitale-Kapenguria-LodwarNandapar (A1)
573
Rehabilitation/ tarmacking
491
Feasibility study and design ongoing
Modika-Liboi (A3)
175
Tarmacking
150
Routine Maintenance
Nairobi-Ngong Road
10
Rehabilitation/ dualing
10
Design ongoing
Westlands-Limuru-Uplands (A104/ B3)
48
Rehabilitation
41
Feasibility study and design completed
Limuru-Maai Mahiu (A104)
25
Rehabilitation
21
Feasibility study and design completed
Status of Studies
Garsen-Hola (B8)
225
Tarmacking
193
Feasibility study and design already exist
Nanyuki-Isiolo (A2)
80
Rehabilitation
50
Feasibility study and design required
Isebania-Mukuyu-Kisii (A1)
85
Rehabilitation
32
Feasibility study and design required
Kisii-Ahero-Kisumu (A1)
87
Rehabilitation
87
Feasibility study and design required
Kisumu-Kakamega-Kitale (A1)
158
Rehabilitation
91
Feasibility study and design required
Thika-Mwingi-Garissa (A3)
318
Resealing
68
Design ongoing
Mombasa-Lunga Lunga (A14)
118
Rehabilitation
84
Feasibility study and design ongoing
km
Required Intervention
Voi-Mwatate (A23)
24
Rehabilitation
14
Design review ongoing
Mwatate-Taveta (A23)
85
Tarmacking
45
Design ongoing
Nakuru-Marigat-Loruk (B4)
130
Resealing
28
Feasibility study and design exist
Loruk-Marich Pass (B4)
150
Tarmacking
129
Feasibility study and design required
Nakuru-Nyahururu-Nyeri (B5)
159
Rehabilitation
114
Feasibility study and design required
Rumuruti-Maralal-South HallNorth Hall-Marsabit (C77/C82)
630
Tarmacking
540
Feasibility study and design required
Kibwezi-Kitui (B7)
145
Tarmacking
41
Feasibility study and design required
Wajir-Moyale (C80)
268
Tarmacking
230
Feasibility study and design required
Moyale-Ramu (D504)
303
Tarmacking
260
Feasibility study and design required
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Status of Studies
K E N Y A
Estimate Cost (US$mn)
Road
607
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
holders in road transport, professional organisations, special groups and NGOs, is expected to enlist the goodwill of other organisations in the public and private sectors, development partners and at the same time seek other sources of funding besides the Exchequer.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Infrastructure
608
The Government has improved infrastructure for motorised and non-motorised vehicles and encouraged people in rural areas to form cooperative societies to sell their produce and buy inputs at central markets. The Government has also enforced axle load regulations and restructured other transport systems. Plans are underway to explore privatisation and modernisation of weighbridges and introduction of weigh-in-motion facilities. The Government has also encouraged the use of rail transport to reduce traffic and boost the economy, as well as extend rail services across borders. It is keen to ensure that railway operations are improved through adequate financing for development and maintenance.
Way forward The Government will ensure that the public transport policy is linked to economic, budget and fiscal, competition, urban and land-use, urban transport, social, education and research policies. It will develop
and update an Integrated Transport Master Plan (ITMP)covering transport modes in rural and urban areas. It further plans to strengthen implementation and monitoring of regional transport agreements under COMESA, EAC and other bilateral and multilateral agreements. As part of the master plan the Government will develop and implement an Air Transport Master Plan that will facilitate development and maintenance of aviation infrastructure and services to remote parts of the country and promote tourism, agriculture, manufacturing and trade. The ITMP also includes
Railway Museum It is situated at the northwest end of Nairobi station. The Nairobi Railway Museum was established in 1971 by the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation to preserve and display relics and records of the railways from inception. Steam locomotives and rolling stock have been collected, among other exhibits. With the privatisation of Kenya Railways, the museum is under the National Museums of Kenya. It is open between 0845 and 1645 all week, including most public holidays.
Y E A R B O O K
regulation of traffic-by-traffic signals, monitoring road traffic offenders and accidents and providing Webbased information on the conditions of roads. The Government also plans to establish a management information system that provides integrated road transport infrastructure It will also install a National Traffic Information System (NaTIS) so that traffic authorities can effectively control road users. Plans are underway to introduce new generation driving licences (smart card driving licences), logbooks, and identity cards linked to NaTIS This is a sector that will interest
K E N Y A
an Inland Waterways Transport Master Plan, Maritime Transport Master Plan and Rail Transport Master Plan. With the private sector, the Government will establish ICT systems for efficient development and management of the transport sector. Besides using ICT in road planning, design and monitoring, the systems will be strengthened to cater for different networks, modes and economic activities. Use of ICT (weigh-in-motion) in axle load control at weighbridge stations will also be given due attention. Other areas where ICT use needs to be strengthened are in the
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.greywall.demon.co.uk/ rail/Kenya
609
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
local and international investors. Application of ICT in the transport sector is still limited, ranging from the level of technology to nonapplication. Road transport has no freight tracking facilities, while traffic information management is predominantly manual.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Rail transport
610
Rail is the second most important mode of transport in Kenya after road, for both freight and passenger services. It is suitable for transporting bulky and heavy commodities over long distances. The railway system comprises 2,156km of metre gauge track. Part of this is a 146km branch line between Magadi and Konza owned by the Magadi Soda Company, which operates trains between Konza and Mombasa through a rights agreement with the Kenya Railways Corporations (KRC). The railway line runs across the southern part of the country from the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa to Malaba along the border with Uganda. There are also branch lines connecting Nakuru-Kisumu and Nairobi-Nanyuki. Other branch lines are Kisumu-Butere, Kitale and Nyahururu. The rail network was handed over to a concessionaire — the Rift Valley Railways (RVR) — in November 2006. Other partners have since joined, including Kenya’s Transcentruy Group and Citadel, an Egyptian company. Prior to the concession,
Railway history The first railway in East Africa was a two-foot gauge trolley line in Mombasa operated by hand-propelled wagons. The original route was 11km from Mombasa. In 1896, the building of a railway from Mombasa to Lake Victoria began. The plate-laying ceremony was on May 30, 1896. Most labour was imported from India. By 1898, the line had reached the Tsavo River. The construction was held up by two lions, which killed African and Asian workers. By 1899, 500km of track had been laid and reached Nairobi. A new route was surveyed from Nakuru to Winam Gulf. The railhead reached Lake Victoria, 930km from Mombasa, in December 1901.
www.greywall.demon.co.uk/ rail/Kenya
KRC’s core function was to provide freight and passenger transport services. The corporation now provides rail transport services through the concessionaire and manages other assets, including land, buildings, workshops, track, signaling and telecommunication facilities, locomotives, passenger coaches and freight wagons, a wagon ferry on Lake Victoria and the Railway Museum. But Kenya and Uganda have had challenges over the concessioning. The two countries have agreed to upgrade the railway system to Stan-
dard Gauge. This will increase the capacity of the line from 14 to 30 trains a day, reduce transport costs, shorten transit time from Mombasa to Malaba from two days to 12 hours and increase annual cargo tonnage from five million to 29 million. Railway freight services
This constitutes 80 per cent of railway operations and makes up 25 per cent of freight transport in the country. About 75 per cent of railway freight business is local, while the rest is transit. The decline in the use of rail transport is attributed to low quality services, low speed and inadequate integration with other modes of transport.
Airports Airports link Kenya to the outside world. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) is Kenya’s largest airport, followed by Mombasa’s
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It was incorporated in 1978 to provide rail and inland waterways transport services to the country and the region. KRC is a Government-owned enterprise regulated under the Kenya Railways Corporation Act and the State Corporations Act. The Government supervises the corporation through the Ministry of Transport. Kenya Railways continues to play its role as provided for in the law and the concession agreement. Its revised mandate includes the management of the concession and nonconceded assets, promotion, facilitation and participation in national and metropolitan railway development, the development and management of inland waterways and the Railway Training Institute in Nairobi. (www. krc.co.ke)
2 0 1 0 0 9
The Kenya Railways Corporation
611
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Fly540
612
The airline started operations between Nairobi and Mombasa on November 24, 2006. The airline’s name refers to its price of Sh5,540 for return fare between Nairobi and Mombasa. In May 2007, it introduced two aircraft to increase capacity for new domestic routes. Passenger numbers rose by 93 per cent to 171,160 in September 2008, from 88,571 in 2007. The load factor amounted to 63 per cent, down from 65.8 per cent in 2007. The original scheduled flights included – except for freight flights – scheduled passenger traffic between Nairobi and Mombasa, while Kisumu became a destination in January 2007. Daily flights on the NairobiMalindi-Lamu route were added in February 2007. International operations started in October 2007 to Juba in Sudan and Goma in DR Congo. Entebbe was added in February 2008. The company aims to become a pan-African carrier. It received authorisation to start operations in Angola in April 2009 and was setting up a regional franchise in Zimbabwe.
Moi International Airport and the Eldoret International Airport. Kisumu Airport in western Kenya is under renovation to expand its runaway and elevate it to international status. Kenya Airports Authority (KAA)
It is responsible for the management of major airports and provides infrastructure for aviation services between Kenya and the outside world. It is an autonomous company established in 1991 through an Act of Parliament to provide and manage a coordinated system of airports in the country. KAA’s functions are to: Administer, control and manage aerodromes ■ Provide and maintain facilities ■ Provide rescue and fire fighting equipment and services ■ Construct, operate and maintain aerodromes and other related activities ■ Build or maintain aerodromes on an agency basis on the request of any Government department ■ Provide other facilities for passengers and other people using KAA services ■ Approve the establishment of private airstrips and control of operations. Prior to its formation, the Aerodromes Department under the Ministry of Transport handled this responsibility. For security at airports, KAA issues two types of passes: Permanent and temporary security passes. Application for permanent security passes is done at KAA headquarters. Temporary security passes are given to people who want to access restricted areas in airports and are issued at the discretion of the managing director, general manager security or airport manager. Valid reasons with documentary evidence must be given when applying for a security pass. Temporary ones are issued at the Secu-
JKIA It is the biggest airport in East and Central Africa, and the focal point for major aviation activities in the region. Located 18km east of Nairobi, JKIA has direct flight connections to Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Far East and numerous African
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
The following may be carried in your hand luggage if they are stored in containers up to 100mls and in a transparent resealable plastic bag. The capacity of the transparent plastic bag must not be greater than one litre. Liquids, gels and aerosols are: ■ Water and other drinks. ■ Syrups ■ Creams, lotions and oils ■ Perfumes and sprays ■ Gels — hair and shower ■ Pressurised containers such as shaving foam and deodorants ■ Pastes, including Vaseline and eye shadow ■ Other items with similar consistency The following are allowed in hand luggage: ■ Medicine needed during the flight ■ Baby food needed during the flight ■ You may buy liquids beyond security check points, including duty-free items or in-flight. Items bought must be packed in security tamper-evident bags and accompanied by proof of purchase at the security check point.
K E N Y A
rity office at the International Arrivals JKIA. A Sh2,000 ($25) fee is charged for each security pass a day. Identity card, passport and driving licence are left at the security office before being security passes are issued. Staff at the country’s airports are required to go through security checks when they report on duty or access restricted areas ■ Entrance and exits to and from restricted areas are through staff gates. ■ Before entering the restricted area, staff remove any items carried and they are passed through the X-ray machine ■ Staff go through metal detectors. No yellow fever vaccination certificates are required of travellers from East African Community partner States, Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, North and South Africa No cholera vaccination certificates are required of travellers from all over the world. But yellow fever vaccination certificates are required of all travellers more than a year old arriving from yellow fever-infected countries mainly in Central and West Africa, South and Central America, South East Asia, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Vaccination for international travellers are obtainable from international air and sea ports, city and major municipal councils NB: Yellow fever certificate is valid for 10 days after vaccination.
613
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
614
destinations. The airport has risen from humble beginnings since it began operations in 1978 to become a leading regional hub in the African aviation industry. It serves 49 scheduled airlines and five million passengers a year. The airport is being upgraded and once the works are complete, it will have ultra-modern facilities and be able to handle more than nine million passengers. In 2009, and for the second year running, JKIA won the prestigious Routes Airport Marketing Award
(African Category). The award was presented at the World Routes Event, attended by more than 2,000 participants from leading airports and airlines in the world. The award is given after a thorough peer review by airlines, the key stakeholders in airports, for excellence in marketing and world-class service. Like other major airports, JKIA was hard-hit by the effects of the world economic downturn. Airlines sought to stay afloat by cutting capacity, withdrawing from some routes, merging or even shutting
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
down operations. Against this background, the marketing action at JKIA focused on retaining customers, maintaining market share and providing quality customer service. This saw a growth in passenger movement of three per cent, from 4.784 million to 4.922 million, and a five per cent increase in aircraft movement. To provide better amenities for customer comfort and improve the image of the airport, KAA is undertaking a $200 million (Sh16 billion) expansion programme that will result in additional aprons and taxiways, new terminal buildings, new retail areas, multi-storey car parks and refurbishment of terminal buildings. Another expansion programme will be under a public-private partnership. The project includes setting up an airport exhibition centre comprising a five-star and a four-star hotel, convention centre, exhibition centre, five office blocks, a VIP/tourist hospital and apartments. In the public-private partnership, three freight-handling warehouses, a fresh produce centre and cold rooms are under construction. Facilities and services at JKIA include duty free shops, bars and restaurants, passenger facilitation and coordination, airport lounges, foreign exchange, information, wireless, Internet, postal, advertising and banking services. Others are business centres, children’s play area, courier services, left luggage, prayer area, taxi, car rentals and tour agencies. The airport also has hotel booking booths, aviation fuel uplift, air charters and brokerage, cargo consolidation, flower and catering services (in-flight catering. Aircraft technical services, clearing and forwarding, ground handling (aircraft and cargo), salon and VIP lounges are the other services provided as are First Aid, ambulance and vaccination Services
615
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
Cargo services
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Jetlink Express
616
It is a Kenyan company incorporated in 2006 and an IATA member airline. It offers air services in the East African and horn of Africa region, including southern Sudan. Jetlink Express operates aircraft Fokker28, CRJ100ER, MD11 Cargo. It offers scheduled flights to regional destinations — Juba (South Sudan), Goma (DRC) and Bujumbura (Burundi). It also offers charter services and cargo services. Jetlink pioneered direct commercial flights to Juba in 2005, connecting Southern Sudan to the rest of the world. With the recent arrival of two modern jets into its fleet, Jetlink’s strategy is to spread its wings to Zanzibar, Dar-es-Salaam, Khartoum and Kigali. It is e-ticket compliant and committed to new partnerships with world class airlines. Jetlink has signed agreements with Emirates, SN Brussels and Qatar Airways. To date, the company has carried more than 300,000 passengers and delivered over 100 tonnes of goods and medicines to various destinations.
www.jetlink.co.ke
JKIA has cargo facilities that can handle 200,000 tonnes a year, and an animal holding facility, which occupies 4,318.95ft. At the Kenya Airfreight Handling Ltd (KAHL), the export and import area measures 85,720 sq feet. The main cold room is 5,200sq feet and the export cold room 262sq feet. The cold room capacity is 100,000 tonnes and the temperatures are between -18 and +2 degree Celsius. The fresh produce area measures 33,133 sq feet, while KAHL occupies 9,352 sq feet of office space. The remaining office space is occupied by different operators. Also available at KAHL is a strong room, banking facility, business centre and 642 vehicle parking slots and communication facilities through intercom and telephone extensions. The Transglobal Cargo Centre is a multipurpose facility, the only one of its kind in East Africa designed as a modern air cargo and freight operation. It is in the heart of the Specialised Freight Area at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Its facilities include Customs bonded warehouses for 300 vehicles and export and import goods, predelivery inspection preparation facilities for vehicles, 18,000sq feet transit shed and ample loading and offloading ramps. It also has twochamber cold store, security cage for high risk items, five floors of office space for airline customers, a standby generator and a cafeteria. The Nairobi Cargo Centre is at the JKIA’s Specialised Freight Area on a six-acre site. It is sponsored by the Commonwealth Development Corporation, German Investment and Development Company, Commonwealth Africa Investment Fund, Acacia Fund Ltd, BOC Cargo Services, Flughafen Frankfurt Main and African Cargo Ltd. Its facilities
Category 1 Status Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is under refurbishment to achieve Category One status so that Kenya Airways can start direct flights to the US. The aim is to separate international and domestic passenger traffic. The Air Force unit at Embakasi will move to Moi Air Base. The old airport’s terminal buildings and baggage facilities will be upgraded to handle local flights. The domestic terminal (Terminal 3) will be upgraded to become the third international departure terminal. This will increase international traffic. The future of JKIA is four terminals for international traffic and one for domestic traffic.
system, power back-up generator and catering facility, communication is through intercom, telephone and radio The Cargo Service Centre has leased the facility from the Kenya Airports Authority. It is 63,725 sq feet, the export area is 538.2sq feet and import area is 11,840.4sq feet. The cold room is 1,614.6sq feet with
K E N Y A
include an export area 62,969 sq feet, import area 62,969.4 sq feet, cold room is 7,459.46 sq feet with a capacity of 100,000 tonnes and temperatures of 4 degrees Celsius. Others are 120 office units for rent, a strong room, a banking facility, a boardroom and conference room, 120 vehicle parking slots, master cargo handling computer
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
http://africaspotter.com
617
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
A bigger JKIA
618
temperatures at +4 degrees Celsius and the fresh produce area 6,458.4sq feet. It has four office units for clients, a strong room and 30 vehicle parking slots. The Signon Freight complex is 161,460 sq feet, the export area 9,680sq feet and the import area 9,680sq feet. Cold rooms measure 9,687.6sq feet, and three bonded warehouses measuring 29,040 sq feet. The car park bay has 20 slots and the building has 40 offices.
Kenya Airports Authority has expand Jomo Kenyatta International Airport since 2005. As a result, airport facilities have improved. The expansion was necessary when annual passenger flow topped four million (now it has hit five million) for an airport built to handle 2.5 million passengers. When the expansion is complete, the capacity will be nine million passengers. JKIA’s size will be more than doubled. Aircraft parking will increase from 200,000sq metres to over 300,000. The expansion is meant to give it Category 1 status that will allow direct flights between Kenya and North America.
Moi International Airport It handles 18 airlines flying directly to and from Europe, and offers connections to more
www.airport-technology.com
Eldoret International Airport Located 16km south of Eldoret town, the airport is open daily from 0330 hours to 1730 hours GMT,
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
but the time can be extended on request. The airport has three scheduled international cargo flights and several others a week. The airport was built in 1997 and commissioned in 1998 to accelerate economic growth in western Kenya and open up the region to local and international markets. In the beginning, however, commercial activities were slow. The Government appointed a commission to recommend how business could be promoted at the airport. The commission recommended that the private sector be involved in building a cold and dry cargo storage facility. In 2007, Cancen International Ltd, a private company, commissioned a dry cargo warehouse of 150 metric tonnes. Signon Freight had earlier leased a warehouse of similar size. A year later, a cold storage of 230 metric tonnes was completed, boosting the capacity of cold storage for the fresh produce. The export of fresh produce and cut flowers continues through the airport. To forestall emissions, 600 acres of eucalyptus trees were planted at the airport. Trees have also been planted on another 100 acres at the Eldoret Airstrip. The services and facilities at airport are passenger facilitation and coordination and information, courier, Internet, advertising, catering, clearing and forwarding, ground handling, banking, postal and taxi and car rental services.
K E N Y A
than 20 cities in the region. The airport has received a face-lift — the old terminal has been rehabilitated, increasing space to handle an additional 500,000 passengers. The airport has duty-free shops, passenger facilitation and coordination, lounges and foreign exchange, information, postal, advertising, courier and banking services. It also has a business centre, area for left luggage, a prayer area, taxi and car rental services and tour agencies. Others are hotel booking booths, aviation fuel uplift, air charter and brokerage services and cargo consolidation The airport also offers in-flight catering, aircraft technical, clearing and forwarding and ground handling (aircraft and cargo) services. Moi International Airport has one cargo facility with a capacity to handle 500 tonnes of export and import a month. The handling agent is Kenya Airfreight Handling Limited (KAHL). The facilities include an export warehouse (5110sq ft) and import warehouse (5380sq ft), radio active room (100.4sq ft), strong room (841.1sq ft), security cage (328.17sq ft) and a freezer room (15.25sq metres) Others are a cold room (25sq metres), 55 offices, 150 vehicle parking slots and communication facilities (telephones, intercoms faxes and emails).
619
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
It also has a prayer area for Muslims and Christians, tour agencies, aviation fuel uplift, exporters and importers’ warehousing, air charter, brokerage and cargo consolidation services, a VIP lounge, First Aid, ambulance and vaccination services and a dispensary. The airport has two facilities with a capacity to handle 1.2 million tonnes annually, and a cold storage capacity of 250 metric tonnes. The cargo facilities are Signon Freight Ltd and Cancen International.
Kisumu Airport
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Airkenya Express
620
It is based at Wilson Airport, Nairobi. It operates domestic scheduled and charter services and scheduled flights to Tanzania. Airkenya Express started operations in 1987 after the merger of Air Kenya and Sunbird Aviation. Airkenya Aviation became Airkenya Express in 2007. Regional Air Services, Airkenya’s subsidiary company, is based in Arusha, Tanzania. Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam are served by the airline company’s scheduled services. Airkenya Express is e-ticket compliant and customers and agents can transact business with the company online.
www.airkenya.com
The airport is north-west of Kisumu town. The site is bordered to the west and south by Lake Victoria and on the eastern and northern sides by the main road to Uganda. . In 2009, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the expansion and rehabilitation of Kisumu International Airport. As the fourth busiest airport in Kenya, it has expanded over the years to attract eight airlines up from two in 2005. Passenger numbers have also gone up from 70,000 in 2005 to 240,000 in 2008. These could reach 300,000 when the project is completed. The airport expansion project is a Sh3 billion ($37.5 million) investment which will improve services in the region. The scope of work includes renovating and extending the runway from two to three kilometres and widening it from 30 metres to 45 metres. New ground lighting and approach lights will be installed and the airport’s parking bays — the apron — will be extended by 40,000sq metres. A new airport terminal building will be built. The one-storey terminal building of about 3,000sq metres will be equipped with state-of-the-art baggage handling facilities complete with natural ventilation and lighting.
Malindi Airport It is 2.5km west of Malindi town in the rich historical town within the Indian Ocean seafront. The airport’s secondary runway is linked with the apron by a liaison taxiway 15m wide. The apron is about 4,500m square and can accommodate two aircraft of F-50 type. The passenger terminal building is a single storey 300m square. It is composed of three main parts: ■ A terminal consisting of a com-
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is to the south of Nairobi city centre, 2km south-west of the junction to Mombasa Road. It is a busy airport that handles local flights and freights. Many chartered planes operate from the airport. The airport has been in operation since 1933, serves domestic and international traffic and is used mostly by light aircraft. It was founded as Nairobi Aerodrome. The airport was renamed Wilson Airport in 1962 after Florence Kerr Wilson, who founded one of the first airlines in Kenya, Wilson Airways. Air mail service was the main use of the airport, and passenger services started in 1944. Major runway development took place in 1997. Industries that use its services extensively are tourism, health care and agriculture. The airport gets about 120,000 landings and take offs annually. Small airlines use Wilson Airport for scheduled domestic passenger services, instead of JKIA the main airport in Nairobi. The airport is used also for flight training. As a
Y E A R B O O K
Wilson Airport
result of quicker check-in times and fewer flight delays, Wilson Airport is commonly used by business people to fly to local towns such as Kisumu and Mombasa for meetings as opposed to JKIA. Domestic airlines such as Air Kenya, Aero Kenya and Safarilink use Wilson Airport for flights around Kenya, usually for tourism. Through domestic flights, destinations like the Masai Mara, Mombasa, Kilimanjaro, Amboseli, Eldoret and Lamu are just a short flight away. A unique feature of Wilson Airport is hosting the annual Nairobi International Airshow. The show features aircraft formation flying, bombing fly-bys, helicopters, and skydiving performances, as well as entertainment on the ground. Displays of aircraft on the ground let you see the planes up close. In 2007, the show also held the first Kenyan Aviation Career Day, for people to learn more about aviation.
K E N Y A
A 3,500sq metres car park, that can accommodate 200 cars at a time, will be constructed. To ensure constant electricity supply, a new power sub-station will be built. When completed, Kisumu Airport will be upgraded to international status to handle larger aircraft. Planes such as Boeing 737, DC9 and Airbus A310 will land here.
621
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
622
mon arrival/departure hall, including a bar, cafeteria, ticketing office, check-in weighing desk and embarkation lounge. ■ An office block for airport staff ■ A private VIP lounge is on the apron side near a small garden The airport is equipped with a meteorological station installed behind the fire station. The fuel farm on the western side of the apron has a storage capacity of 15 cubic metres of AV-GAS and 35 of JET-A1. The control tower and ATC block are to the west of the terminal. This is a two-storey building with a visual control room on the upper floor. Malindi became famous and by the 1820s and 1830s, the presence of European holiday makers increased. By 1944 and after the Second World War, hotels were built on the sea front. Among these was Eden Roc, founded by Lord Cabri. A small airstrip was put up within the hotel — that was the birth of Malindi Airport. By the late 1960s, European tourists flew directly to Malindi after transiting at Nairobi Airport. As traffic grew, the airstrip was overwhelmed and in 1958, the colonial government moved the airport to its present location. While the founders’ dream of direct international flights has not been realised, Kenya Airports Authority, who took over the management of the facility in 1992, is about to make this a reality.
Currently, the Airport serves domestic routes and international charters that enable the international society sample the rich coastal tourist sites and relax in the fine sand beaches.
Wajir Airport It was built by an Israeli construction company, HZ, between l977 and 1978 as a military airbase. On September 7, 2007, President Kibaki commissioned the airport to accommodate civil and military aircraft operations. The airport is 5km west of Wajir town. It occupies 566.48 hectares and plans underway to acquire more land for expansion to 801. 77 hectares. It has a 2.8km long runway designated as runway 15/33 and eight taxiways named A-H. The airport opens daily operations at 0630 hours and closes at 1830 hours. It is open to propeller aircraft at its current state due to loose chips on the runways, taxiways and apron, and it is restricted to jet-engined aircraft for safety purposes. It has a terminal building which houses the arrivals and departure lounges, check in, screening and transit areas. The administration wing, police station, Immigration, Customs and port health are in the same building. On the western side of the building is a borehole, the source of water for the airport. The control tower, crash gate and fire station are 50 metres south of
Lokichoggio Airport
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
and Porthealth — are represented. The airport is able to handle international and domestic arrival and departure passenger and cargo aircraft. As of now, the only passenger flight are by Echo, which lands twice a week to drop or pick passengers, mostly NGO staff. Other flights are charter, cargo or military. The Airport gets seven flights a day most of which are cargo.
K E N Y A
the terminal building. The airport accommodates two military camps in its perimeter fence. The Airforce camp is half a kilometre to the south, while the Army camp is almost the same distance to the west of the terminal building. Entrance to the airport is through a single gate, which is manned by armed military officers. Wajir Airport has a work force of about 100, most of them from the police department. However, several other agencies — KAA, KCAA, Immigration, Customs, NSIS
It is about 800km north west of Nai-
623
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
African Express Airways African Express Airways is the second Kenyan designated airline to over 30 countries in four continents. The oldest private airline in East Africa is based at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. It targets business and leisure travelers, and operates a daily departure from Nairobi. It is now possible for a customer to make a booking and print a ticket. The firm has an Associate Jet Aircraft Maintenance Company near its offices. It also has a hangar at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, the first private one in East and Central Africa.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.africaexpress.co.ke
624
robi and 214km north west of Lodwar town, 24km to the Southern Sudan border. The Government took over the running of the airport in 1999 and officials from Government departments and the Kenya Airports Authority were deployed. The airport is on 600 acres, but only 250 acres are in use. It operates between 03301530. The runway is 1,800m long and 20m wide and There are no designated taxiway systems in Lokichoggio. However, aircraft are guided to designated parking positions through radio control and physical marshalling. The apron surface is both tar, marked and murramed. However, there are no marked apron bays. It is divided into a caravan ramp for general aviation, main apron for mainly World Food Programme (WFP) operations and medium aircraft, buffalo and murram ramps and a 748 ramp for private parking. But Lokichoggio does not have cargo facilities. However, WFP operates a large warehouse at the airport for storing relief supplies. Other small-scale cargo is handled by individual operators. The airport’s has a temporary and movable terminal structure, control tower, police post, Immigration and Customs offices and passenger canteens. The services at the airport include passenger facilitation and coordination and air navigation, taxi, air charter, aviation fuel and fire and rescue services. It also has duty free shops, bar and restaurants.
Kenya Airways It is the national carrier, presently flying to 50 destinations. It was established in February 1977 after the break up of the East African Community and subsequent disbanding of the jointly-owned East African Airways. In 1986, the Government made the first
ships and is a respected member of the global airline community. Kenya Airways focuses on profitable network expansion through direct access and alliances with other carriers. Sustainable improvement in yield will be pursued through new revenue management systems and better discipline. Management will also place emphasis on greater productivity, cost restraints and reduction in wastage.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Airways is in deed the pride of Africa. In the last decade, it has won many awards for exemplary performance, boosted its fleet, posted huge profits and positioned itself as a world-class airline. In 2008, KQ won the COYA (Company of the Year) top awards for strategic planning and emergency preparedness as well. Travel News & Lifestyle magazine, a Kenyan publication, voted Kenya Airways the African Airline of Choice and Best Regional Airline. Kenya’s Airways Flying Blue was also voted the best frequent flier programme and Msafiri the best inflight magazine. In 2007, Kenya Airways was awarded a two-year renewal on its IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) registration. It joined SkyTeam as an Associate Airline. In 2006, it was voted East Africa’s Most Respected Company for the second year running and won the prestigious African Aviation Award from the African Aviation Magazine, a
2 0 1 0 0 9
The pride of Africa
K E N Y A
move towards privatisation with the publication of the Sessional Paper No.1 on ‘Economic Management for Renewed Growth’. The document spelt out, for the first time, the Government’s intention to divest from corporations, which the private sector could run better. In 1991, a new board was appointed with the mandate to commercialise and prepare the airline for privatization. The commercialisation process produced the first profits in 1992. In 1995, a Shareholders’ Agreement and a Master Cooperation Agreement with KLM were concluded. A memorandum was sent to 154 airlines in search of a ‘strategic partner’, culminating in the selection of KLM. Since then, Kenya Airways has never looked back. The airline provides customer satisfaction and upholds the highest level of safety and security. It is the most dominant airline in Africa and offers worldclass standards in service delivery, product quality and operational performance. It has invested in world-class information gathering capacity, analysis and interpretation to facilitate faster business decision-making. Kenya Airways has boosted its ability for rapid response to opportunities, threats and challenges. In the next 10 to 20 years, the airline plans to have notable presence in Asia, Europe and the Americas and operate a modern fleet of 30 to 40 aircraft. It has forged strong partner-
625
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
626
UK publication. It had scooped the same award in 2005, 2003, 2000 and 1999. In 2005, the airline achieved the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit), becoming the first carrier in sub-Saharan to get the rigorous safety certification. . In 2004, Travel News & Lifestyle Magazine ranked Kenya Airways the Best Domestic Airline in 2003, Best Regional Airline in 2002 and 2003 and with the Best In-flight Magazine in 2002 and 2003. In 2003, it was voted the Best User of information technology in Kenya by the Computer Society of Kenya.
It was also ranked second in the award for the Most Respected Company by East Africa business leaders. In 2003, the airline acquired 49 per cent shareholding in Precision Air, a Tanzanian carrier. The airline has bought Boeing 777, 767, 737aircraft for domestic and African regional services. It has launched new routes to many parts of Africa and the world — Monrovia, Cotonou and Mayotte, Istanbul (Turkey), Bamako (Mali) and Dakar (Senegal ) and Lubumbashi (DRC), among others.
Kenya Airways has opened a leadership centre — Pride Centre — for the training of staff. It also has a Flying Blue Service Centre. The airline has a ticketing office at the Village Market, Nairobi
Local airlines A number of local airlines operate in Kenya’s lucrative domestic market. They include African Express Airways, Fly540, East African Safari Air, Airkenya and JetLink Express. The industry is still young and investment opportunities are many in this business. African
Visas are required for most nationals and cost $50 (Sh4,000). A visa can be obtained on entry. But it should be obtained before arrival to avoid lengthy queues. Visa application forms are available online. A visa is required by visitors travelling to Kenya with the exception of those holding a re-entry pass to Kenya and citizens of Ethiopia, San Marino, Turkey and Uruguay. A valid passport with sufficient number of unused pages for endorsements abroad is also vital. The passport must be signed and
Y E A R B O O K
Passenger information
K E N Y A
East African Safari Air It was first incorporated as Car Hire Services (Aviation) Ltd in 1989. It later changed its name to East African Safari Air Ltd in 1998. In 1990, it got a licence to operate scheduled and coach services to the Masai Mara. In 1992, the firm became the first private Kenyan carrier to operate charter flights to South Africa and Italy from Mombasa. In 1993, operated charter flights from Nairobi and Mombasa to Paris. In 1993, it provided charter services to Southern Sudan. In 1998, the airline got designation on Bilateral Air Service Agreements to COMESA, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Switzerland and Germany. In 2004, an investor joined the company.
They are Air Arabia, Air India, Air Italy, Air Madagascar, Air Mauritius, Air Seychelles, Air Uganda, Air Zimbabwe, British Airways, Brussels Airlines, Cameroon Airlines, Daallo Airlines, EgyptAir, Emirates, and Ethiopian Airlines. Others are Iberworld, KLM, Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, Marsland Aviation, Monarch Airlines, Nasair, Precision Air, Qatar Airways, Rwandair Express, Saudi Arabian Airlines, South African Airways, Sudan Airways, Swiss International Air Lines, Turkish Airlines, Virgin Atlantic.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Foreign airlines
627
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
Aero Club of E Africa It was founded in 1927. In March 1928, it became the official representative of the Royal Aero Club and the name changed to Aero Club of East Africa. The same year, the government sought the Club’s advice on the site for the Nairobi Aerodrome (Wilson Airport) to replace the Ngong Landing Field at Dagoretti. During the Second World War, the government took over the airfield and made it a military base. In 1939, Aero Club moved temporarily to near Nairobi Dam. In 1947, the Clubhouse went back where it belonged: Nairobi West Aerodrome. From 1964 to the late 70s, the Club organised an annual Flying Safari. The Aero Club also organises airshows.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.aeroclubea.com
628
valid for at least six months. Other requirements are a visa application form completed and signed by the applicant, two passport size photographs attached to the application form, valid round trip ticket or a letter from a travel agent certifying that the applicant holds pre-paid arrangements. Also required is a self-addressed stamped envelope for express mail, courier or registered mail if the visa is urgently required. Metered stamps are not acceptable. Also provide home and work telephone numbers, enclose the photographs and payment to avoid delay.. Visa fees payable by cash to the
Embassy of Kenya — multiple entry visa $100 (Sh8,000), single journey visa $50 (Sh4,000), transit visa at entry $20 (Sh1,600). Multiple entry visas are normally issued for six months. )
Ports The maritime transport system in Kenya consists of one major seaport —Mombasa — and several smaller ones at the Coast. Managed by Kenya Ports Authority (KPA), Mombasa is one of the most modern ports in Africa. It handles all types of ships and cargo services, not only for Kenya, but also Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Ethio-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
pia, Southern Sudan, north-eastern Tanzania and Somalia. The port has 16 deep-water berths — three handle containers and 13 conventional cargo. Two oil jetties are for refined and crude oil, with the capacity to handle tankers of up to 80,000 DWT. Mombasa is the second largest port in Africa (Durban in South Africa is the largest) in tonnage and containers handled. Total cargo traffic through the port averages 16 million tonnes a year. After Durban, Mombasa is also the second best connected port in the region, with 17 shipping lines calling and direct connectivity to more than 80 ports.
KPA also owns and operates Inland Container Depots (ICDs) or ‘dry ports’ in Nairobi and Kisumu. The ICDs are connected to the port by a special rail service (railtainer) that transports containerised imports and exports. Expansion of the port is high on the Government’s agenda. Its annual cargo turnover is projected to reach 30 million tonnes by 2030. In this regard, the Transport ministry, through KPA, has started developing port infrastructure at Kilindini harbour to expand the ship turning basin, dredge the channel to increase the depth of the berthing areas and construct additional cargo termini. The port has initiated computerisation programmes to enhance quick and efficient processing of cargo. It now operates a 24-hour, seven-days-a week work system. The Ministry of Transport has initiated the development of a second transport corridor, starting with the construction of a port at Lamu. It will be connected to Southern Sudan and Ethiopia by rail, road and oil pipeline. An oil refinery will also be constructed at Lamu and this will lead to the development of resort cities and other amenities along the transport corridor. The second transport corridor will be of immense economic benefit to Kenya and is estimated to cost billions of shillings. The Government has embraced Public Private Partnerships to develop the projects on build, operate and transfer (BOT)
629
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
630
Kenya Maritime Authority
To strengthen maritime administration, the Government established the Kenya Maritime Authority (KMA) in 2004 and transferred the responsibility over shipping from the Merchant Shipping Department of the Kenya Ports Authority to an independent authority. KMA implements international instruments relating to maritime transport. It aims to broaden and modernise the institutional and legal framework for maritime safety, security and preservation of the marine environment. National maritime legislation is one of the primary tools for attaining international standards in safety and security and the preservation of the marine environment. The establishment of KMA marked a milestone in Kenya’s maritime industry. It was established to regulate, coordinate and oversee
2 0 1 0 0 9
On maritime and shipping, the milestone in recent times is the enactment of the Merchant Shipping Act. The law is crucial in boosting the development of the sector and domesticating international treaties and protocols. This will create employment and business opportunities for Kenyans. The law will also promote seafaring. The Government and private international shareholders own the Kenya National Shipping Line. It was established to take advantage of business opportunities offered by international sea trade under the provisions of the UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Line Conferences. Kenya’s coastline is about 600km long. Within the country are also inland waterways that include lakes Turkana, Baringo, Naivasha and Victoria. Fishing is an important economic activity and a valuable source of protein. Six seagoing fishing vessels of slightly above 1,000 GRT (Gross Registered Tonnage) are recorded on the Kenya Ships Register, but most fishing is by artisan fishermen. Only about 10 per cent of traditional fishing craft is motorised. The
Y E A R B O O K
Maritime services
rest comprises small non-motorised boats such as out-riggers, dhows and planked pirogues. Kenya relies almost exclusively on shipping for imports and exports. It is estimated that 50 ships are in the major shipping lanes off the Kenyan coast at any given time. Up to 10 are oil tankers carrying between 50,000 and 250,000 tonnes. Mombasa plays an important role in servicing the trade needs of transit countries — Uganda, DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Southern Sudan, among others, with traffic using the Northern Corridor.
K E N Y A
basis through concession arrangements. The corridor will not only open up the northern parts of the country and boost business activities, but also increase trade with Southern Sudan, Ethiopia and the Great Lakes region.
631
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Airstrips
632
Kenya has over 250 airstrips. They include: Ukunda in Mombasa Manda in Lamu Amboseli in Maasailand Eliye Springs Kalokol in Turkana Garissa Hola in Tana River Kilaguni in Tsavo Kericho Kitale Lodwar in Turkana Loyengalani Mandera Marsabit Moyale Nyeri Nakuru Nanyuki Eastleigh in Nairobi Samburu Bungoma Busia Embu Garba Tula in Isiolo Homa Bay Kakamega Kisii Lewa Downs in Laikipia Loitokitok www.kenyaairports.co.ke
activities in line with national standards and international conventions. It regulates and coordinates maritime affairs, ensures safety of lives, security of ships and port facilities and protection of the marine environment in compliance with national and international conventions. Only through such regulations can the Government enforce conventions, especially those from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The regulations are relevant for maritime safety, security and marine environment programmes. A relevant development for KMA is the Government’s decision to involve the private sector in the operations of the port. This will enhance the development of a vibrant shipping industry and help the Government achieve its objectives. The laws that guide the operations of Kenya Maritime Authority are the KMA Act 2006 and the Merchant Shipping Act, 2009.
Inland waterways Inland ports and waterways are managed by the Kenya Railways Corporation to facilitate links with landlocked countries in the region. The Port of Kisumu is along Lake Victoria, the third largest fresh water lake in the world and source of the River Nile. It is along the Winam Gulf, which came into existence after the completion of railway line in 1901. It was then known as Port Florence. Due to its strategic position, the Kenya Railways has rehabilitated the facility to meet the demands of clients. Other inland ports include Homa Bay, Kendu Bay, Mfangano, Kotieno, Mohoru Bay and Mbita. The security at the ports is provided by the marine police. Railways’ clients also hire private security.
Ferry Disaster on April 27, 1994. A ferry bound for the mainland capsized just 40 metres from the port of Mombasa, killing 272 of the 400 people on board.
The ferries at Likoni were initially run by Kenya Bus Services on a franchise arrangement with the Municipal Council of Mombasa. The bus company also operated a network of buses in the coastal town and Nairobi. The company operated the ferries between 1957 and 1989 when it pulled out. The Government took over the operations of the ferries and bought all the ferry crafts, including Pwani, Mvita, St Michael, Pombo and Mtongwe 1 at Sh10.5 million ($131,250). The staff was retained. The Government directed the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) to run the services on its behalf and KPA changed one of its subsidiary companies, Bunty Estates Ltd, to Kenya Ferry Services Ltd and commenced operations on November 1, 1989. In 1990, the Government bought four new ferries — mv Nyayo, mv Harambee, mv Kilindini and mv Mtongwe 2 at Sh376 million ($4.7 million). In 1998, the Government formalised the ownership of the company through a Sessional Paper transforming its and KPA’s contributions into equity. Share capital was thus increased from Sh2 million ($25,000) to Sh500 million ($6.25 million). The Government owns 80
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Ferry Service (KFS)
Y E A R B O O K
The Government, through the Kenya Ferry Services Ltd, provides services across the Likoni Channel at Likoni and Mtongwe. The Government is keen to ensure that quality ferry services are provided to facilitate rapid and safe movement of passengers and freight. Two new ferries — mv Likoni and mv Kwale — have been bought at Sh1.3 billion ($16.25 million). They arrived at the port in June 2010 and will reduce passenger and vehicle congestion at the Likoni Channel. Ferry services have been offered at Likoni since 1937, and have played a pivotal role in linking the island to the mainland south of Mombasa. It offers the only infrastructural lifeline between the two areas. It is the backbone of communication and economic development. Unlike the northern side of Mombasa that is linked by bridges at Nyali, Mtwapa, Kilifi and Sabaki, the South Coast depends solely on ferries. Ferries that were used in the early years were mere pontoons driven by motorboats on either side and extensively used human labour to help them land. Vehicle and passenger carrying capacity was very low. The alternative crossing was by canoes. This practice is still in vogue at Lamu. Such canoes do not provide for the transportation of vehicles. The greatest tragedy for the ferry services was the 1994 Mtongwe
K E N Y A
Ferry services
633
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Top 10 airlines
634
• Singapore Airlines — flies more passengers than the population of Singapore a year. • Cathay Pacific — top ranked Asian airline • Qantas — services score well with passengers • Thai Airways — flight attendants wear traditional clothes • Asiana — flies to over 50 cities in 17 countries. • Malaysia Airlines — red and blue in logo said to represent equilibrium. • Qatar Airways — in business for less than 15 years, but has international attention • Air New Zealand — small but wins over passengers with excellent service • Emirates — hires many foreigners as flight attendants and wins awards • Etihad Airways — calls itself the UAE national airline
http://airtravel.about.com/ airlines
per cent of KFS and KPA 20 per cent. The Kenya Ferry Services provides a service that caters for human and vehicular traffic. The design of ferries has improved. The service is free for passengers as a Government social obligation. Motorists pay a minimal charge. In the past 12 years, statistics show a steady annual increase of 8 per cent of passengers and 5 per cent for vehicle traffic. KFS will expand infrastructure and buy more ferries. Studies have shown that a bridge or tunnel is practically impossible to build across the channel. As an alternative, KFS and other stakeholders have advocated the construction of the Dongo Kundu bypass, which will not only ease congestion at the ferry, but
Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA)
It is a State corporation established through the Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act of October 24, 2002. It succeeded the Directorate of Civil Aviation, which was a department in the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Kenya is a member of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and through KCAA, which is responsible for regulating aviation in Kenya, implements standards and recommended practices for civil aviation. The ministry has completed the first phase of a multi-million project to expand Jomo Kenyatta International Airport to accommodate more aircraft. The second is under progress. Other projects include the expansion of Kisumu Airport to international standards,
Aeronautical Information Services
Its role is to ensure the timely flow of aeronautical information for the safety, regularity and efficiency of national and international air
2 0 1 0 0 9
The Air Transport Department oversees aviation safety and security, reviews and facilitates the formulation of appropriate aviation sector policy and concludes bilateral air services agreements with other states. It also oversees and maintains public airstrips, coordinates ratification of conventions and protocols in the aviation and aviation facilitation.
Y E A R B O O K
Aviation safety and security
while Moi International Airport in Mombasa and 40 aerodromes in the country have been rehabilitated. Further, KCAA has ensured that the country’s airspace is safe for air operations by improving navigation equipment under the Kenya Aviation Modernisation Programme and the Aeronautical Information Services and Communications Project. KCAA has also completed the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) procedures for JKIA and Moi Airport, Mombasa. Civil aviation involves two major categories — passenger and cargo flights on regularly scheduled routes and general aviation, which includes other civil flights, either private or commercial. Other duties of KCAA include regulation of personnel licensing, flight operations, airworthiness and air traffic services. It also offers training at the East African School of Aviation. The Authority’s key functions are: ■ To regulate the aviation industry in Kenya ■ To provide air navigation services within Kenya’s Flight Information Region (FIR). ■ The Authority also offers training for aviation personnel through the East African School of Aviation. ■
K E N Y A
also open up access to the vast fallow resources of the South Coast. KFS would then commercialise its operations and reduce dependency on the Exchequer.
635
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
636
navigation. AIS collects, collates, assembles, edits, formats, originates, publishes and distributes aeronautical information and data on Nairobi Flight Information Region (FIR). To achieve the basic function, AIS publishes several publications in line with the requirements of ICAO. The components are the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), AIP Amendments, Aeronautical Information Circulars, NOTAM and Pre-flight Information Bulletin and IP Supplement. AIS also manages flight planning within the Kenya airspace.
KCAA operates a number of AIS aerodrome units from where pilots file their flight plans. Other services provided by the unit are pre- and post-flight briefing, pre-flight information bulletins and flight planning.
Search and Rescue This is a unit at KCAA that promotes efficient organisation and coordinates search and rescue service operations in Kenya. COSPASSARSAT, a satellite-aided tracking system, provides accurate and reli-
Air Traffic Control Services The service is provided by ground controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. Its primary purpose is to prevent collisions, organise and expedite the flow of traffic and provide information and support for pilots. The Air Traffic Control Department manages and operates air traffic services and search and rescue activities within the Nairobi Flight Information Region. With the
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
It is a boat service across the Kilindini Harbour, serving the island town of Mombasa and the mainland one of Likoni. Two double-ended ferries alternate across the harbour, carrying road and foot traffic. The ferries are operated by the Kenya Ferry Services (KFS). The ferry started operating in 1937. Passenger services are free but vehicle owners have pay a toll. The Mombasa side terminal of the Likoni line is at the southern end of the island. The distance is about 500 metres. There is a passenger-only peak hour service between Mtongwe and Mombasa next to Bandari College. The Dongo Kundu bypass is planned to ease congestion. The road will run from Shika Adabu (between Likoni and Diani) to Miritini (on the Mombasa-Nairobi highway). The shortest route by road from Likoni to Mombasa Island is through Kwale, 30km southwest of Mombasa. A bridge or tunnel from Likoni to Mombasa have also been proposed.
able distress alerts and location information to Search and Rescue authorities worldwide. KCAA maintains an International Beacon Registration Database on behalf of the COSPAS-SARSAT secretariat. The Authority requires aircraft to be equipped with 406 MHz Emergency Locator Terminals so that they can be detected by the COSPASSARSAT system. The database is open for all emergency position-indicating radio beacons, Emergency Locator Transmitters and Personal Locator Beacons. Mobilisation of resources is done through the National Security Council, which manages national disasters. SAR is divided into Maritime and Aeronautical in accordance with the ICAO and International Maritime Organisation agreements. The jurisdiction of the Marine SAR is the territorial waters of the State, including lakes and the Indian Ocean. The facilities include naval ships, police and KPA boats, personnel from the Disciplined Forces and volunteers from Government. The Marine and Aeronautical SAR organisations share resources — aircraft, vessels and personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, police, Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya Forest Service and the National Youth Service.
K E N Y A
Likoni Ferry
637
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
use of radar, the Air Traffic Services Department has minimised delays in arrivals and departures, maximised the use of the airspace, improved safety, optimised flight profiles and routes during adverse weather, and enhanced security in the Nairobi FIR.
Training
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Bandari College
638
The Kenya Ports Authority owns the maritime college in Mombasa, where staff and other students get specialised training. Bandari College — whose name means ‘seaport’ in Kiswahili — opened its doors to the first students in 1980 to train staff, from dock workers to senior managers. Over the years, however, the college has opened its doors to national and international students. Bandari College hosts regional and international conferences, courses, seminars and workshops. The college offers KPA staff courses in port operations, administration, management and marine studies. For school leavers, the college offers a nine-month certificate course in maritime studies. A diploma course is also on offer. It also offers courses for drivers of tugmasters, crane/winch and forklift trucks. Special courses are also offered in conjunction with Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and Kenya International Freight and Warehousing
Association. Seafarers, who must have an STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping) certificate as required by the International Maritime Organisation, are also trained at Bandari College. East African School of Aviation (EASA)
It is recognised by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) as an Aviation Security Training Centre. EASA is mandated to offer training in aviation security in East, Central and southern Africa.
Bus business
It was established in 1956 to develop human resources for the then East Africa Railways & Harbours. In 1988, it was upgraded to the Railway Training Institute, offering certificate and diploma courses. Fully owned by the Kenya Railways Corporation,
the institute now teaches commercial training programmes. The institute may double its enrolment after opening a campus in the city centre. With the concessioning of the Kenya Railways, it has become necessary that the institute rethinks its vision and become competitive in the market. Towards this end, it has developed a five-year strategic plan (2007-2011) and a Service Charter on its new mandate.
Y E A R B O O K
Railway Training Institute
wikipedia.org/transport in kenya
K E N Y A
Anglophone countries in West Africa also train their staff at the institution. In partnership with ICAO security experts, EASA offers comprehensive training in aviation security.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya has about 25,000 matatus (mini-buses), which constitute the bulk of the public transport system. The Kenya Bus Services has reduced the number of buses in operation after financial difficulties. The Akamba Public Road Services, a private company which runs the Akamba Bus Service, operates day and night bus and courier services to western Kenya, Rift Valley, Mombasa, Kampala (Uganda) and Mwanza (Tanzania). A new service has been started from Kisumu to Kigali in Rwanda. During the 2010 World Cup bonanza in South Africa, the company operated a service that ferried football fans to the tournament. Other bus companies include Coast Bus, Modern Coast, Easy Coach, MASH and Crown Bus. Other firms offer inter-city services — Eldoret Express, Kalita Coaches and Palmdam.
639
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Roads andFinance transport and Planning
640
Pride Centre
References
Kenya Airways and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) offer courses at the airline’s Pride Centre, an IATA regional training base where airline management integration, airside accident investigation, station and ground handling management are offered. The Pride Centre opened its doors in 2007, and provides training to the more than 4,000 Kenya Airways employees. In December 2008, two Virtual Procedures Trainers (VPT) were installed at the Centre. The VPT is a flat panel that replicates the aircraft flight deck and provides users with a graphical representation (via touch panel displays) of the cockpit, including simulation of aircraft systems. Besides growing aviation expertise in Africa, the Pride Centre will save money for airlines that have in the past sent staff to Europe, North America or Asia for training.
•
Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck. (1999). The Struggle for Regulatory and Economic Sphere of Influence in the Matatu Means of Transport in Kenya: A Stakeholder Analysis Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
•
Kimani, Ndugu P., Kibua, Thomas, and Masinde, Muyundo. (2004). The Role of the Matatu industry in Kenya: Economic Costs, Benefits and Policy Concerns. IPAR Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper No. 053/2004. Kenya Institute of Policy Analysis and Research. Kenya: Regal Press.
•
www.transport.go.ke
•
www.kenyaairports.co.ke
•
www.kenyaairways.com
•
www.kenyaferry.co.ke
•
www.kcaa.or.ke
•
www.transport.go.ke
•
www.roads.go.ke
•
www.krb.go.ke
•
wikipedia.org
16
key attention — stalled projects have been completed and others started to boost Government capacity to offer citizens a roof over their heads
K E N Y A
Public works and housing have received
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Public works and housing
641
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Public Works and Housing
642
2009 strategic plan, the ministry made many achievements: Completion of 156 stalled buildings since 2004, electrification of 700 Government housing units and installation of 22 modern telephone exchange systems (PABXs) in offices. The ministry also held fire drills and lectures for more than 20,000 public servants, reconstructed more than 3,000 metres of sea wall, rehabilitated two jetties at the Coast and constructed 12 footbridges in various parts of the country. The ministry has completed 173 of 224 projects identified in 20032004 by the Government as major
180
Number of projects that had stalled but now have been revived and completed since 2003. They include health centres and dispensaries, training colleges, offices, dykes, dams and water schemes
See more information below
2 0 1 0
BY NUMBERS
Y E A R B O O K
I
n the past six years, Government buildings have been constructed, repaired and maintained in an unprecedented scale. Stalled Provincial Administration headquarters, police quarters and public universities’ projects, among others, have been completed. Many more have been planned and built since then. The Government has achieved a lot and the Ministry of Public Works is constructing houses for the Army, police and prison staff. In Nairobi alone, eight police housing projects are being built. They are Kamukunji, Pangani, Central Police, Ndaredoro, Industrial Area, Ngong Kabete, Nairobi West and Embakasi for the Administration Police. Construction work for prison staff housing is also going on in 15 prisons. On completion, the programme will provide nearly 260 housing units. In 2009, 192 housing units were completed in Langata, Nairobi Remand and Nairobi West Prisons, and 10 at the Garissa Prison. Several law courts are undergoing expansion. Major works are going on in Kisumu, Malindi, Nyeri and Narok. A notable and major project is the refurbishment and conversion of the former Income Tax House in Nairobi into law courts. In the implementation of the 2003-
K E N Y A
Introduction
643
Public Works and Housing
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Housing Finance
644
It is the leading mortgage finance institution in Kenya. For 44 years, Housing Finance (HF) has provided easy access to mortgage finance and enabled its clients to save money as they build, buy and own their homes. It was incorporated in 1965 as Housing Finance Company of Kenya (HFCK). The founding shareholders are the Commonwealth Development Corporation and the Government. In 1992, HFCK offered shares to the public at the Nairobi Stock Exchange. In its first year of operation in 1966, HFCK provided 34 loans of a maximum Sh100,000 each. Today, HF serves more than 40,000 customers with deposits of Sh8.4 billion. Shareholding is as follows: Government 3.7 per cent, Equity Bank 24.9 per cent, BAICL 7.5 per cent, NSSF 6.8 per cent and the public 60.8 per cent. www.housing.co.ke
building schemes that needed to be completed. The projects include health centres and dispensaries, training colleges, office blocks and civil engineering works (dykes, dams and water supply schemes). The Public Works ministry was mandated to complete the stalled construction schemes. The first phase of the programme identified 28 projects, which were completed in June 2004. By the end of the 2008/2009 financial year, the number had risen to 173 and as at July 2010, the figure had reached 186. In 2009/2010 financial year, the ministry was to complete 13 projects — Bondo Hospital Phase III, Nyamira Divisional Police Headquarters, Mitihani House Phase III, Runyenjes Hospital Flats, Longisa District Hospital Phase II, Kitui Teachers Training College and Garissa Teachers Training College Phase II. Others are Kagumo Teachers
Economic stimulus In the 2009-2010 budget, the Government set aside Sh16 billion ($200 million) in the implementation of 1,280 projects across the country. These are aimed at bringing development to the grassroots. The projects under the Economic Stimulus Infrastructure
Ongoing projects • Rehabilitation of Mokowe and Manda jetties in Lamu • Construction of footbridges in Thika and Kiambu districts • Rehabilitation and extension of sewerage works at Prisons Staff Training College, Ruiru
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Framework will involve construction of primary and secondary schools, health centres, wholesale markets and jua kali sheds in all constituencies. The Public Works ministry was mandated to design and supervise the projects. The stimulus involves construction of: • Two primary schools in each constituency at Sh3.5 million ($43,750) each • A secondary school (centre of excellence) in every constituency at Sh30 million ($375,000) each • A health centre in every constituency at Sh20 million ($250,000) each • A fresh produce and wholesale market in 180 constituencies at Sh10 million ($125,000) each • Industrial development centre (one jua kali shed) in each constituency at Sh25 million ($312,500) • 70 new district headquarters at Sh30 million ($375,000) each. The ministry completed the designs, calculated the material and labour inputs for 1,280 projects. The Treasury advertised the tenders for the works and working is going on.
K E N Y A
Training College Multipurpose Hall, Kenya Industrial Training Institute Phase IV in Nakuru, Sigowet Sub-District Hospital, Muriranja Sub-District Hospital Phase II, Kibabii Primary Teachers Training College and Migori District headquarters. The ministry is also involved in developing and maintaining sea walls, landing infrastructure for water transport and construction of footbridges. This financial year, the ministry plans to complete the Faza and Vanga seawalls in Lamu and also overhaul and refurbish the Lamu Terminal Jetty. Mistakes in the past have cost the country colossal sums of money in sunken capital. But the lessons from past mistakes have strengthened the Ministry of Public Works’ resolve to only undertake budgeted for projects. Most importantly, implementation of the projects will be done in phases. This is cost-effective and guarantees taxpayers value for their money. The ministry is finalising a bill on the vetting and registration of contractors.
645
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Public Works and Housing
646
• Construction of Faza seawall and Ndau breakwaters Projects near completion are the rehabilitation of Kizingitini seawall and breakwaters and upgrading of trunk sewer at National Youth College, Mtongwe.
Customer service The Ministry of Public Works ensures that designs for public buildings are available within three months from the date of request and submit bills of quantities for
approval within three months from the date of design approval. It will also seek tenders within seven days from the date of approval of and issue final accounts within three months of completion of works. The ministry prepares interim payment certificates for building contractors within four weeks of application and pays for goods supplied and services rendered within 14 days of receipt of proper documents. It communicates the outcome of tenders to applicants within 21 days of the clos-
ing date of bids at no cost. All letters to the ministry are responded to within seven days.
www.constructionkenya.com
Building sub-sector The sector registered a remarkable growth of 14.1 per cent in 2009 compared to an expansion of 8.2 per cent in 2008. Growth was reflected in cement consumption, which went up 21.1 per cent in 2009. In the Public Works ministry, the sector is maned by three key sections: Architectural,
Y E A R B O O K
Statistics from leading property developers reveal that up to 80 per cent of the people buying property in the country are Kenyans of all walks of life. They get loans from mortgage providers and financial institutions. Almost all of the remaining 20 per cent of the purchases are by Kenyans in the Diaspora. The Kenyan real estate is not driven by speculation, but genuine demand and supply. There is high demand for housing and rental prices have skyrocketed.
K E N Y A
Building construction
Steps have been taken to boost the construction business. This will give local companies the needed shot in the arm to compete with foreign firms. A National Construction Authority will be created with the mandate to register, regulate and enhance the capacity of local contractors. It will also provide a level playing field for local companies. The authority will also oversee vetting and registration of contractors and help local builders to compete with foreigners whose capacity and expertise give them an edge in most major works. To improve services offered by architects and quantity surveyors, the ministry has proposed new laws. A Quantity Surveyors Bill seeking to regulate the practice has been drafted. When it becomes law, it will allow the creation of a Quantity Surveyors Registration Board that will register the practitioners and streamline professional practices. The ministry is reviewing the 1934 law on architects, which was last revised in 1978, and preparing a Public Works policy that will boost the construction industry. The ministry and other partners are also reviewing the Building Code so that affordable housing can be boosted.
2 0 1 0
Legal reforms
647
Public Works and Housing
structural and electrical/mechanical departments. Architectural Department
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The department’s vision is to achieve excellence in the construction and maintenance of buildings and other public works. Its main objectives are to: • Facilitate construction and maintenance of buildings • Capacity building through training • Facilitate provision of cost-effective and environmentally friendly buildings by reviewing legislation, research on building technologies, dissemination of research findings and promotion of a wider application of innovative building materials and technologies • Develop and maintain residential and non-residential accommodation to the Government through policy design, construction supervision and regulation of standards.
648
Quantities and contracts
The Department provides services to all ministries. It prepares: • Estimates for building and construction projects and tender documents • Evaluates tenders and presents them to the relevant tender boards for adjudication and award of contracts • Values interim payment certificates of the works during construction • Ascertains the cost of authorised
•
• •
•
•
•
variations and advises on savings or need for extra funds in case of cost overruns Advises on contractual matters — claims and other contract administrative issues Gives final accounts when projects are completed Advises on commissioning of quantity surveying consultants and control and co-ordination of their work and payment of professional fees. With the Attorney-General’s office, advises other ministries and departments on building construction contracts in conjunction with the AttorneyGeneral Liaises with national universities, Kenya Institute of Highways and Building Technology and national polytechnics on the training needs and manpower requirements of quantity surveying staff in Government or the private sector Provides secretarial services to boards of registration of architects and quantity surveyors and contractors’ registration committee.
Structural Department
It is responsible for the design, documentation and supervision of civil and structural engineering in Government buildings and institutions. The department is also responsible for the design and supervision of construction of sea protection
www.wisegeek.com
Electrical and Mechanical Department
It is under the Chief Electrical and Mechanical Engineer and has 700 officials, including 78 engineers and assistant engineers. It is responsible for the installation of electrical and mechanical services in the public sector — lifts and elevators, electrical and PABX installations, cabling and closed circuit television (CCTV) systems. Others are refrigeration services, ventilation and air
Y E A R B O O K
works (seawalls and jetties). Moreover, the department gives structural advice on bridges, major structures and buildings in the country.
K E N Y A
An architect is a professional who is central to the planning and designing in the construction of a building. An architect produces a design that meets aesthetic, structural and safety factors that go into the construction. The architect designs a structure that offers the best of all worlds. New buildings are designed to comply with local building codes and standards. As part of a team of construction professionals, the architect ensures that the original design is carried through with no alterations that would raise safety issues or compromise the quality of the building.
2 0 1 0
Role of an architect
649
Public Works and Housing
heating installations, public health facilities, solar heating and power generation systems, kitchen and laundry equipment and fire protection services. It also inspects pressure vessels such as boilers, calorifiers, air receivers, lifts and elevators. The inspection is done to conform to the requirements of the Factories Act. Fire prevention and investigation form a core function of the department. Fire personnel conduct lectures and inspect public departments, schools and colleges. If a fire breaks out in a public building, officials from the ministry and the police investigate. Supplies Department
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Saving Kibera
650
Kibera is one of the largest slums in Kenya. It is undergoing intensive slum upgrading. The Government and UN-HABITAT are behind the facelift. The slum clearance is expected to take two to five years. The project will rehouse residents at a cost $1.2 billion (Sh90 billion). Schools, markets, playgrounds and other facilities are included. The first 1,500 people were rehoused in 300 new apartments on September 16, 2009. They will pay Sh1,000 ($13.3) a month.
With support of the Treasury, it procures user items and annual term contracts for ministries, departments and agencies. The pooling of services has increased efficiency. The department is independent of the ministry’s support services though it gets support from the Ministerial Tender Committee. The ministry is seeking more funds and authority to recruit staff, especially for new districts, so that it can work effectively and efficiently.
Kenya Building Research Centre It was established in the 1960s and first called the Kenya Building Centre to facilitate the development, production and use of indigenous building materials and technologies. It was renamed Kenya Building Research Centre (KBRC) in 1981. It helps reduce building construction costs by ensuring affordable building materials are available. The other objective is to promote energy efficient and environment friendly technologies. Its main objectives are to: • Identify potential sources of innovative building materials by accessing funds for
creating awareness on use of local materials and technologies. It also undertakes limited professional work for other Government departments.
Y E A R B O O K
The housing sector plays a critical role in economic growth, wealth creation and employment. The Government, therefore, makes deliberate efforts to strengthen the institutions responsible for housing. The Government has increased funding for housing development programmes and projects. Since 2003, Sh1.1 billion has been allocated for the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme and the Civil Servants Housing Scheme. The Government has also supported the National Housing Corporation (NHC) in its efforts to recover monies owed to it. To consolidate the gains, the Government has adopted a new National Housing Policy and formulated the Draft Housing Bill. The proposed law is aimed at providing the legislative framework for effective coordination, regulation and monitoring of the housing and human settlements sector. Further, the National Housing Policy for Kenya underscores the need for a comprehensive housing legislation to spur housing and human settlement development. Representatives of professional bodies, universities and research institutions, local authorities, the private sector, NGOs, public bodies
2 0 1 0
Housing
K E N Y A
research and development • Develop and rehabilitate physical infrastructure to enhance service delivery • Promote innovative building materials for wider use to lower pressure on traditional construction materials • Provide up-to-date information to stakeholders and streamline the standards of building To reduce the cost of building material, the centre: • Identifies and documents proven materials and technologies for innovation to suit local situations • Facilitates promotion of new materials and technologies through awareness creation • Keeps data on proven building materials and technologies for the benefit of the industry. The data centre will be networked regionally with similar institutions. The centre has a specialised library devoted to the collection and dissemination of information on physical planning, engineering and architecture. It is meant for architects, engineers, surveyors and manufacturers of building materials. Membership is open to all. Work is in progress at the Kenya Building Research Centre for a hall for indoor and outdoor exhibition of building materials and technologies. It will be the hub for communication and information at a fee. The centre has a graphic design section for documentation and
651
Public Works and Housing
and elected representatives were involved. Once the proposed law is enacted, the ministry will become a one-stopshop for approvals of housing development. This will streamline the approval process and uphold the approval roles of other concerned institutions. Institutions such as the National Housing Corporation (NHC) have been strengthened so that they undertake their functions better.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Achievements
652
Since 2005, the ministry has initiated and accomplished many projects, programmes and initiatives. It has established 10 appropriate building technology centres and disseminated information on low-cost building materials and technologies and best practices. Particularly, land has been identified for the construction of 10 training centres. Already, five centres are operational and equipped with machines for making building blocks, tile-making machines and manual block presses. Provincial Housing Officers have been trained on the use of the technologies. Classrooms, offices and health centres have been constructed using the technologies in urban and rural areas. In 2009, a housing sub-sector committee was launched, comprising officials from the ministry and the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA). This effort will boost pub-
lic and private sector partnerships. Currently, the ministry is developing public-private sector guidelines to boost the participation of the private sector in low-cost housing. The Government has the regulatory and facilitative tools and the private sector the expertise, efficiency and resources. A draft Housing Bill is ready. A report on housing incentives, some of which were included in the 2007/2008 Budget, is another success story in the sector. The ministry has also implemented the first phase of the Kenya
www.nhckenya.co.ke
Before 2001, the Government provided subsidised housing to employees at Governmentowned or leased housing or paid house allowance. But this had many challenges — the provision only benefited 12 per cent of staff, unfair allocations, due to scarcity of houses, were reported and disparity between officials receiving house and owner–occupier allowances. To address the issues, the Government announced a new housing policy that would harmonise the terms and conditions of service with respect to housing. The major changes entailed paying house allowance to Public Service employees at market rates, charging rent at the market rate and phasing out leased housing accommodation. A key objective was to relieve the Government of the responsibility of housing
2 0 1 0
Civil servants housing
Y E A R B O O K
The National Housing Corporation’s (NHC) origins date back to 1953 when the colonial government created a Central Housing Board. In 1965, the Board started building houses where local authorities were unable or unwilling to do so. NHC later replaced the Central Housing Board. The corporation’s schemes are Tenant Purchase, Outright Sale, Rural and Peri-Urban Housing Loans and Rental Housing. Since 1967, NHC has developed more than 43,000 units. Housing development in the Tenant Purchase category include town estates. In Nairobi — Ayany, Olympic, Onyonka, Kyuna, Uhuru Gardens, Kibera Highrise and Jonathan Ng’eno. In Mombasa — Magongo Changamwe. In Kisumu, Milimani, Kisumu USAID and Okore. In Nakuru, Section 58. In Thika, Section 9 and Kiboko. In Nyeri — Pembe Tatu. In Eldoret — Elgon View and Kapsoya and in Kitale — Milimani.
Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) Implementation Strategy at Kibera in Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa. In Kibera, 600 housing units were completed and families whose structures will pave way for upgrading were moved to the houses in 2009. The construction of infrastructure and provision of services such as roads, water, sewerage system, electricity, sanitation, and garbage collection points has commenced in Kisumu and Mombasa. Under the Civil Servants Housing Scheme, the ministry is building houses for sale to civil servants. Government houses have been refurbished and collection of rent from tenants enforced. The Rent Restriction Tribunal Act is under review to make it relevant to the current trends in the market. For now, the law only applies to landlords and tenants whose rent is Sh2,500 and below.
K E N Y A
NHC
653
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Public Works and Housing
654
employees except those involved in essential services. Instead, they were encouraged to own houses. A major challenge to this is lack of affordable finance for civil servants. In 2001, the Government initiated a programme to sell non–strategic houses in Nairobi. The proceeds supplemented a budgetary deficit of Sh2 billion. However, when President Kibaki was elected in December 2002, the sale exercise was suspended because the proceeds bridged a budgetary deficit instead of benefiting civil servants by increasing the housing stock. The plan was not exhaustive because the houses listed for sale did not include those unprocedurally allocated to individuals More importantly, the prices were too high for civil servants and the houses were thus beyond the reach of most of them. The terms, which required civil servants to pay 10 per cent deposit on application and the balance within 90 days, was not affordable. Civil Servants Housing Scheme Fund
A Cabinet memorandum to establish the fund was approved in 2004. The objective of the fund is to provide loans to civil servants to buy or build residential houses and develop housing units for sale and renting by civil servants. Initial capital of Sh300 million ($3.75 million) was set aside in the 2004/2005
financial year. The sale of non-strategic houses started in Nairobi, Phase I, in 2004 — 1,081 houses were sold to civil servants. The second phase covered 34 districts and commenced in 2007 as follows: 1365 sold, 337 houses for validation and 218 plots hived off and developed for validation. The Fund identified 11 sites in Nairobi for re-development for 852 housing units and 80 serviced plots at Sh1.5 billion in Phase I of the housing development process. The housing units were advertised for sale in, 2007. The buyers paid 10 per cent of the sale price and the remaining 90 per cent was issued as mortgage by the Fund to be paid at an interest rate of 5 per cent. The maximum repayment period is 18 years, and the maximum age is 60 years to allow civil servants about to retire a privilege to own a house. In the 2007/2008, the ministry set aside Sh600 million ($7.5 million) to be given as loans to civil servants willing to buy houses developed by private developers. Civil servants will be entitled to a maximum loan of Sh5 million ($62,500). Through the scheme, loans were given to civil servants and they were offered houses at Madaraka, Nyayo Highrise and Embakasi in Nairobi. A framework on loans for civil servants who want to develop houses in their own plots is being worked out.
2 0 1 0
Nairobi. The private sector has not been left behind — the Kenya Private Sector Alliance, Architectural Association of Kenya, Law Society of Kenya, the Kenya Institute of Planners, the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, financial institutions and housing development agencies and contractors. The partnerships are based on the principle of comparative advantage. The parties avoid duplication of
Y E A R B O O K
They include international organisations such as UN-HABITAT, UNEP, ShelterAfrique, Swedish International Development Agency and the UK’s Department for International Development. Others are NGOs such as Shelter Forum, NACHU, Pamoja Trust, Umande Trust, Amani Housing Trust Research Triangle, ITDG, HABITAT for Humanity and the Catholic Archdiocese of
K E N Y A
Partners
655
Public Works and Housing
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Quantity surveyors
656
The Institute of Quantity Surveyors of Kenya is a non-political and nonprofit making organisation founded in 1994. The institute: • Promotes quantity surveying in Kenya • Prints, publishes, sells and distributes reports, papers and treaties of quantity surveying • Works with the Board of Registration of Architects and Quantity Surveyors and others on training and examinations The institute has committees on academic and professional standards, membership and training www.iqskenya.org
efforts and conflict. In this regard, partners perform the roles that relate to their core mandate and where they have demonstrated advantage.
Slum upgrading The Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme is a key anti-poverty programme aimed at addressing housing problems affecting the urban population who live in slums and informal settlements. In 2003, the Government and the UN-HABITAT signed an agreement to upgrade slums starting with selected slums in Nairobi, Mavoko, Mombasa and Kisumu. The programme aims at improving the lives of people living and working in the slums and informal settlements in urban areas and to reduce poverty reduction and achieve the Millennium Development Goal of improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. Implementation of the programme falls under three institutions: Government, local
Programme components
The components are: • Community mobilisation, organisation and participation • Preparation of development and
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Project units have been established in local authorities to facilitate the formation of Settlements Project Implementation Units, co-ordinate their work, help plan, design and construct facilities and provide technical, logistical and resource support. Settlements projects link the programme secretariat and the community. They mobilise actors and coordinate their activities at the settlement level. The Settlement Executive Committee’s main role is to act as the link between the Programme Implementation Unit and settlement community. A stakeholders’ support group comprises representatives of development partners, civil society, Government, local authorities and communities. It is a set up for programme review and feedback. It is an ideal forum for fundraising and partnership participation. A slum upgrading programme fund has been established as a key element in the agreement between the Government and HABITAT. It is a central depository of financial resources from donors, CBOs, the private sector and Government. It is run by a board whose members are from the public and private sectors, and donors.
K E N Y A
authorities and UN-HABITAT. It is coordinated through the InterAgency Steering Committee (IASC), which is the supreme organ comprising accounting officers of relevant ministries, local authorities, HABITAT and development partners. The IASC gives policy direction and reports to President Kibaki, who is the patron of the programme. This brings it to the centre of national decision-making and provides an opportunity for fundraising. The ministries involved are Housing, Provincial Administration, Finance, Lands, Information & Communication, Local Government, Roads, Public Works, Planning, Industrialisation, Health and Water and Irrigation and The Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee (IACC) is the intermediary between the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) and IASC. It provides a mechanism for coordination and monitoring inputs in slum upgrading. In itself, IACC is a repository of skills and experience in various technical areas and policy. IACC includes NGOs and civil society, providing an opportunity to tap skills and experience of other parties. The KENSUP secretariat is the nucleus for coordination, building capacity for local authorities and local actors and information management. It has a programme coordinator and 12 officials, six seconded from other ministries.
657
Public Works and Housing
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS S/No
Projects
Project Cost (KSh)
No. of units
1
Ngara Phase I
Sh248 million
130
2
Ngara Phase II
Sh573 million
500
3
Pangani
Sh80 million
(80 plots)
4
Jogoo Road
Sh59 million
50
5
Upper Hill Matumbato
Sh69 million
24
6
Nyeri Road Kileleshwa
Sh215 million
60
7
Kenton Camp Kileleshwa
Sh43 million
16
8
Makueni Road Kileleshwa
Sh43 million
16
9
Kileleshwa Depot
Sh31 million
10
10
Gichugu Road
Sh46 million
16
11
Kilimani Off Dennis Pritt Rd
Sh104 million
30
TOTAL
Sh1.5 billion
852
OTHER PROJECTS
2 0 1 0
Expected
No
Location
1
Jogoo Road Phase II
2
Accommodation
completion
Area
of
selling
(M2)
units
price KSh
50
1,500,000
Infill Houses, Jogoo Road Two bedrooms
September 2007 66
Ngara Desai Road
June 2007
Two bedrooms
Y E A R B O O K
3
K E N Y A
5
Nyeri Road Kileleshwa
6
Kilimani Likoni Road,
658
Provisional
date
Three bedrooms
63
76
2,000,000
85
54
2,900,000
150
10
4,000,000
Gichugu Road, Kileleshwa, Site I
4
No.
Four bedrooms
October 2008
Gichugu Road, Kileleshwa, Site II
Two bedrooms attic
October 2007
Four bedrooms
Off Dennis Pritt Road
100
4
2,600,000
125
12
3,800,000
Four bedrooms
December 2007
165
40
4,500,000
Four bedrooms
February 2008
171
30
4,500,000
settlements were developed. The Kibera Settlement was given priority Production of the programme and Kibera Soweto Project document An agreement between the Government and HABITAT was developed and signed in 2003. The institutional framework to run the programme was formulated
The programme was conceptualised — basic groundwork and formulation of institutional framework activities that included: A situation analysis in Nairobi as an informative tool to the slum upgrading Multi-stakeholders consultative fora were held to develop understanding and approaches Criteria for identification of priority
Y E A R B O O K
Inception phase
K E N Y A
land use master plans • Shelter improvement • Provision of physical and social infrastructure • Environmental and solid waste management • Income-generating activities • Liaison with micro-financing and credit systems • HIV/Aids concerns •Conflict prevention and management • Support for vulnerable groups
This set the stage for the ground implementation in the identified sites. The activities involved: In 2004, establishing organisational units — KENSUP Secretariat, Programme Implementation Unit, Settlement Programme Implementation Units and Settlement Executive Committees under the City Council of Nairobi. An actors’ study was conducted in Kibera to establish the stakeholders who would play a role in implementation. Identification of land in Nairobi and Mavoko was done and so was socio-economic mapping of Kibera. The physical mapping of Kibera was also done and detailed planning started in 2006. The Decanting Site was identified and design works carried out. A KENSUP Implementation and Financial Strategy 2005-2020 was formulated, giving the roadmap for implementation and the financial implications. The Cabinet approved the establishment of a Low-Cost Housing and infrastructure Trust Fund, a depository for money mobilised for slum
2 0 1 0
Pre-implementation phase
659
Public Works and Housing
upgrading. The Mavoko component has been progressing with community mobilisation activities, and design of house types.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kibera housing scheme
660
This is complete and residents moved in 2009. Before this, sections of the community were moved in phases to the Kibera Decanting Site to free up way leaves for infrastructural services so that construction works in the main project could progress. The site is two hectares (five acres) big and 17 blocks of 600 five-storey flats of three room selfcombined units have been built. A 4.26km spine road and other infrastructure will be constructed parallel to the railway line across Kibera. The proposed infrastructure include roads and walkways, storm water drainage, water reticulation, street and security lighting, sewerage infrastructure and business stalls. Others are bus stops, public toilets and environmental and solid waste management. The project proposals have been forwarded to the Chinese and Malaysian governments for funding consideration. Mavoko programme
Some 405 housing units will be developed in Mavoko-Athi River on a 21.64 hectare piece of land. This is a Government project, while another 21.64 hectares of land will be developed by UN-HABITAT under self-help housing for Mavoko
slum residents. Construction works for the 405 units is in progress. Mombasa component
The municipality is also earmarked for slum upgrading. Construction of critical social infrastructure, comprising a boundary wall and 18 classrooms and a primary school, a health centre, a connecting road, water reticulation and street lighting at Ziwa la Ngombe Informal Settlement, is planned. Kisumu component
The component consists of construction of social infrastructure comprising classrooms, a health centre, early childhood development units, an incinerator, rehabilitation of social halls and market centres and upgrading of roads in slum settlements. Other programmes
• WATSAN–UN-HABITAT initiative in water, sanitation and solid waste management • Umande Trust — water and sanitation for the poor in Kibera • Safer Nairobi initiative — a project of the Undugu Society • Kariobangi Social Welfare Housing Project • Thika Municipality — Kiandutu Informal Settlement Cooperatives
Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme envisages the use of housing cooperatives for mobilising community funds and defining ownership and
Legal concerns
The old Constitution Kenyans repealed on August 4, 2010, has 103 statutes which contradict one another, making implementation difficult and in many cases subjective. The Building Code is based on English law. Given the differences in climatic conditions, some sections may not be applicable in Kenya today. It also concentrates more on urban centres and leaves no room for vernacular construction and technologies. The Building Code lays unnecessary emphasis on materials, ignor-
Rent Restriction Tribunal It was established by an act of Parliament (Cap 296) in 1959. The Rent Restriction Act gives the Rent Tribunal the mandate of increasing rent, the right of possession and fixing standard rent in relation to dwelling houses, and other matters in the relationship of landlords and tenants in urban areas. The Rent Tribunal is presided over by a chairman who has a deputy chairman. The two are appointed by the Minister for Housing and must be advocates of the High Court. The minister also appoints lay members to help the chairman and the deputy to reach fair verdicts. The Department of the Tribunal resolves disputes between landlord and tenants of controlled tenancy — residential premises whose standard rent is up to Sh2,500 ($31.25). Since the Act came into operation, many socio-economic developments have rendered the Sh2,500 ceiling near obsolete. The Ministry of Housing has embarked on the
2 0 1 0
The establishment of the Kenya Slum Upgrading, Low Cost Housing and Infrastructure Fund (KENSUF) is a key element in the agreement between the Government and UNHABITAT. The fund is a central depository of mobilised financial resources for slum upgrading — donors, CBOs, the private sector and Government. The regulations of the fund were gazetted in 2006. A bank account for the fund was opened and the Minister for Housing appointed a board of trustees drawn from public, private, NGO and donor organisations.
Y E A R B O O K
Funding
ing performance. There is need to capture performance in the code so as to include changing technology in the building and construction sector. Crucial clauses are missing in the Building Code — policy on the energy sector to incorporate a solar water heating system in buildings and anti-termite policy, among others.
K E N Y A
tenure arrangements. Cooperatives in Mavoko and Kibera were formed with the support of the Ministry of Cooperative Development. Five are registered in Mavoko and four in Soweto, Kibera, Nairobi.
661
Public Works and Housing
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Architects’ association
662
The roots of the Architectural Association of Kenya date back to 1934 when the Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Act was enacted. The East African Institute of Architects became the association through which members discussed their welfare. But in 1965, Kenyan professionals in the built environment decided to establish a professional association of their own. The first meeting was held on May 26, 1965 and attended by 16 professionals, who picked a committee to draft a constitution. In 1967, 46 members founded the Architectural Association of Kenya. Mr Graham MacCullough was elected the first president and the post of honorary secretary went to a Mr Richards. AAK has the following membership classes: Fellow members Corporate members Licenciate members Student members Visiting members Firm members www.aak.or.ke
review of the Act to reflect economic. In conjunction with the Attorney-General’s office, the Act is being reviewed and a draft Bill has been prepared for stakeholders before it is taken to Parliament for debate. The Department and the Kenya Law Review Commission organises seminars for stakeholders so that their views can be incorporated. The tribunal’s core functions are to resolve disputes between landlords and tenants whose standard rent is up to Sh2,500. It establishes the facts of each case and applies the relevant rules to decide the rights and entitlements of the aggrieved. It also assesses and determines standard rent — assessed by the Rent Tribunal in accordance with the Rent Restriction Act. The tribunal balances the interests of landlords and tenants. This creates an environment that ensures investment in low-income houses and safeguards tenants’ rights to access adequate housing. The tribunal advises on complaints recorded with rent inspectors. Many disputes and requests are dealt with at the offices of the Rent Restriction Department.
References •
Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Housing
•
Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Public Works
•
UN-HABITAT and The Kenya Slum UpgradingProgramme Strategy Document
•
www.works.go.ke
•
www.housing.go.ke
•
wikipedia.org
17
energy
Kenya Vision 2030 recognises as a development enabler — KPLC has 1.2 million customers, while 200,000 are connected to the electricity grid every year. Oil and gas exploration is in high gear and use of LPG is being promoted
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Energy
663
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Energy
664
ment has also gone into alternative sources of energy, especially geothermal and wind. Kenya Generating Company (KenGen) is spearheading this endeavour and its efforts were boosted when it recently floated a bond at the Nairobi Stock Exchange, which was oversubscribed. In the oil sub-sector, the Government has invested in the refinery at Mombasa and extended the pipeline to western Kenya. It will eventually reach Kampala. Oil exploration has not yielded much in the basins explored although there is hope for gas deposits in some parts of Isiolo. Oil exploration continues.
1.2
The number in millions of electricity consumers connected by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company and Rural Electrification Programme at June, 2009
2 0 1 0
BY NUMBERS
Y E A R B O O K
G
reat strides have been made in the energy sector in the recent years. Many homes that had no electricity now do. This has been possible because the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) set a target of 150,000 new connections a year. This figure has since been revised upwards to 200,000. In 2009, the KPLC made 201,000 connections. By June 2009, it had 1.06 million customers. The Rural Electrification Programme had 205,287 customers, adding to a total of 1. 26 million. Nairobi had 595,000 KPLC customers, Coast 139,245, Western 200,266 and Mt Kenya 127,390. Schools and crop buying and shopping centres get priority in power connection. As a result, businesses — milling, welding, hair dressing and Internet, among others — have been set up in rural areas and small markets where electricity has been connected for the first time. Many jobs have thus been created. Kenya has for long depended on hydropower for electricity needs. But invest-
K E N Y A
Introduction
665
Energy
Overview
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
The state of energy in Kenya
666
Fifteen per cent of the population has access to electricity. The KPLC targets 200,000 power connections to domestic consumers a year in order to increase the number of people in the rural areas with access to power to 20 per cent by 2015 and 40 per cent by 2025. Access to liquefied petroleum gas now stands at 7.8 per cent of the population. For wood fuel, household consumption will increase by 38 per cent from 11.06 million tonnes in 2005 to 15.25 million tonnes in 2020.
www.energyrecipes.org
Kenya Vision 2030 recognises electricity as a development enabler. The Government established the Rural Electrification Authority (REA) to boost connections. The authority has completed 170 projects since July 2008. The provision of inexpensive and reliable supply of electricity is the lifeblood of any modern economy. Renewable sources of energy hold the key to transforming the country’s backwaters and stand to give rural areas a new lease of life. In 2009, total electricity generation rose slightly by 0.2 per cent from 6,455.6 giga-watt per hour (GWh) in 2008 to 6,468.8 GWh in 2009. Electricity production from hydroelectric power sources declined by 35 per cent from 3,267 GWh in 2008 to 2,122 GWh in 2009. The decline was attributed to low water levels at power generation dams due to inadequate rainfall. But rains since June 2009 helped reduce power costs by 40 per cent. The number of customers connected under the Rural Electrification Programme grew by 27.2 per cent to 205,287 in June 2009, up from 161,354 as at June 2008. International crude oil prices rose significantly by 81 per cent from $42.1 a barrel in December 2008 to $76.10 in December 2009. This was due to a weak dollar against major international currencies and OPEC’s move to maintain supply at 24.84 million barrels a day. The volume of total imported petroleum increased by 17.6 per cent from 3.97 million tonnes in 2008 to 4.67 million tonnes in 2009. Crude oil intake at the oil refinery rose marginally by 1.4 per cent from 1.58 million tonnes in 2008 to 1.605 million tonnes in 2009. Per capital energy consumption in kilogrammes of oil went up by 4.2 per cent
2 0 1 0 / 1 1 Y E A R B O O K
for cooking will depend more on incomes than on interventions. Implementation of the provisions relevant to household energy will lead to significant environmental gains, including curbs on climate change, lower ozone toxicity and less respiratory infections. It will also potentially lead to significant conservation of land, wood fuel and income. Domestic wood fuel consumption will increase by 38 per cent from 11.06 million tonnes in 2005 to 15.25 million tonnes in 2020. The need to provide adequate and affordable energy is one of the pillars of the Government’s economic strategy. The energy policy was formulated with the realisation that development objectives should increase economic growth, raise productivity, ensure equitable distribution of the national income, ease poverty, improve agricultural production and industrialisation, accelerate employment creation and improve the rural-urban balance. To realise the objectives, the Government has come up with strategies to provide quality, cost-effective and affordable energy services to households, manufacturing, mining and agriculture. The objectives in the energy sector are to: • Expand and upgrade infrastructure • Promote energy efficiency and conservation • Mobilise financial resources for expansion of services to meet
K E N Y A
from 97.5kg of oil a person in 2008 to 101.6kg in 2009. In the 2010-2011 Budget, the energy sector received Sh34.1 billion for development — sh15.6 billion for expansion of the national transmission system and Sh11.6 billion for geothermal development and exploitation of coal resources to boost geothermal capacity by 280 MW by 2013. The Rural Electricity Programme was allocated Sh5.4 billion. In the 2009/2010 Budget, Sh400 million ($5 million) was for solar power generation in arid and semiarid areas. A further Sh500 million ($6.25 million) was allocated for a green energy facility to ease pressure on the national grid. The KPLC has been giving customers three energy-saving bulbs each for free. The only thing they are expected to do is to hand in the other bulbs. The Government is to develop 500 MW in the next four years through Public-Private Partnerships. It will also encourage the development of biomass power from municipality waste and hope that the initiative will raise additional power to 800 MW by 2014. About 15 per cent of the population has access to electricity. The KPLC targets to raise to 20 per cent the rural population with access to electricity by 2015 and 40 per cent by 2025. Access to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is 7.8 per cent of the population. Although this is expected to rise, use of LPG
667
Energy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
demand • Diversify sources of supply in a cost-effective manner • Increase energy access to all In 2001, the Ministry of Energy set up a working group to produce a sessional paper on energy. The team was composed of representatives of the Department of Renewable Energy, the KPLC, the Kenya Generating Company (KenGen), the National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK), the Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC), the Energy Regulatory Board (ERB), a consultant funded by the World Bank, and the Petroleum Institute of East Africa. Four sub-groups were formed to deal with renewable energy, power, biomass and petroleum. The result was the Sessional Paper No.4 on Energy Policy of 2004.
668
Energy policy It has evolved through sessional papers, regulations and Acts of Parliament. The landmark policy paper that set the basis for development, Sessional Paper No 10 of 1965, dwelt on the Electric Power Act (Cap 314) that had been used to regulate the sector. Sessional Paper No 1 of 1986 did not focus much on the power sector, but established a department in the Ministry of Finance to monitor trade and enforce pricing, including petroleum’s. The Electric Power Act (1997), which replaced Cap 314, was meant to facilitate fresh developments and
private sector participation in the provision of electricity. However, the Act did not provide enough incentives to the private sector to accelerate electrification. It saw the birth of the Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) in 1998 to regulate generation, transmission and distribution. It separated generation from transmission and distribution of power, functions that were KPLC’s. Consequently, KenGen was established in 1998. The law also provided for rural electrification on a limited scale using renewable energy technology. In the petroleum sub-sector, the Petroleum Act (Cap 116) has been in use for long. There was also the Petroleum Exploration and Production Act enacted in 1984, which gave NOCK the mandate to oversee oil exploration. The Sessional Paper No 4 of 2004 proposed the replacement of Cap 116 with new legislation consistent with a liberalised petroleum subsector that would establish a onestop shop for licensing importers and wholesalers of petroleum fuels. It also proposed an inspectorate to enforce compliance with petroleum regulations, and oversee industry operations. The petroleum industry was liberalised in 1994 when a law was enacted to harmonise all pieces of legislations, address disparities in regulations and bring regulation and enforcement under the ERB.
Wood, charcoal use Wood fuel is the main source of energy for the rural and urban poor. Ninety per cent of rural population and 10 per cent of urban use firewood to cook and heat. Kenyans use 2.4 million tonnes a year. Nationally, wood fuel accounts for 68 per cent of primary energy consumption followed by petroleum at 22 per cent, electricity at 9 per cent and others at 1 per cent.
There are three main sources of energy: Wood fuel, petroleum and electricity, accounting for 68 per cent, 21 per cent and nine per cent of energy. Renewable energy has become significant. Wood
While wood fuel is the main source of energy for rural and poor urban
households, electricity and petroleum products supply a large fraction of commercial energy needs. Regardless of socio-economic status, rural households use wood or high quality crop residues (like maize cobs) for cooking. Close to 90 per cent of the rural population depends on firewood for cooking and heating, and in urban areas about 10 per cent. Firewood is
K E N Y A
Energy resources
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
www.epzakenya.com
669
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Energy
670
increasingly supplied by private smallholder lands and farms. Other energy sources include solar electricity and thermal and wind power, much of which is untapped. Nationally, wood fuel and biomass account for 68 per cent of primary energy consumption followed by petroleum at 22 per cent, electricity at nine per cent and others at one per cent. Available wood fuel and biomass were estimated at 15 million tonnes in 2000 against a demand of 35 million, a deficit of 20 million tonnes. Charcoal is obtained from communal woodlands and rangelands in the semi-arid lands or where land is cleared for agriculture. It is produced inefficiently using traditional kilns, whose efficiencies range between 10 and 13 per cent. Yet higher recoveries of between 30 and 40 per cent have been achieved using brick kilns. Charcoal is mainly an urban fuel with 82 per cent of households depending on it as part of their energy mix, compared with 34 per cent of rural households. It is estimated that Kenyans consume 2.4 million tonnes of charcoal each year. Hydro-power (electricity)
Electricity is Kenya’s third largest source of energy in Kenya after wood fuel and petroleum and accounts for nine per cent of energy demand. Electricity is mainly generated from hydro, thermal and geo-
thermal sources. Wind generation accounts for less than one megawatt of the installed capacity. Hydro power comprises about 60 per cent of the installed capacity and is obtained from various KenGen stations. Hydro power is generated in a process where mechanical energy produced by falling water is transformed into electrical energy. Thermal electricity is produced by burning fuel (fossil, nuclear, biomass) to produce steam or gas, which turns turbines to produce electricity. Geothermal electricity is generated from underground steam used to drive a conventional turbine to generate electricity. The KPLC ensures an adequate line capacity to maintain supply and quality. The interconnected network of transmission and distribution lines covers about 30,404km. The national grid is operated as an integral network, linked by a 220 kV and 132 kV transmission network. There is a limited length of 66 kV transmission lines. The national grid impacts on energy growth because new generation capacity must take into consideration the network and its capacity to handle new loads. The KPLC reinforces the power transmission and distribution network by constructing additional lines and substations. The efficiency of the transmission and distribution network is boosted in technical and non-technical aspects. Technical improvements include re-conductoring lines, installing capacitors,
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in
Y E A R B O O K
The Kenya Energy and Environment Organisations has developed an energy efficient jiko. The stove uses up to 50 per cent less fuel. It reduces the fuel cost and cooking time. Because of its shape, the stove’s heat is directed only to the desired location, right under the cooking pot. The ceramic jiko lasts 30 months. Since the new stove costs slightly more than the traditional one, there is a need to educate people on the savings in fuel costs.
and constructing additional feeders and sub-stations. Non-technical improvements include introduction of electronic meters, improving meter reading accuracy, fraud control and resolution of billing anomalies. Electricity is second to petroleum in commercial fuel needs. Hydropower generation has ranged between 35 per cent and 75 per cent due to poor rainfall. Thermal energy sources have been used to make up for the shortfall, varying from 16 per cent to 33 per cent of the mix. The KPLC has more than 1.2 million customers. The generation capacity has been enhanced with more generation projects with a combined capacity of 556 MW. Some projects are 60 MW Sondu Miriu plant, and an additional 52.2 MW from Iberafrica Power and 25 MW from Mumias Sugar Company. Kenya has a potential for generating biomass electricity from agricultural waste like sugar cane (bagasse), sisal, timber (saw dust) and meat industries. The country also has a potential for developing small-scale hydropower for remote off grid areas, estimated at 3,000 MW. Currently, medium-size wind generators operate in Marsabit town and Ngong Hills. Though Kenya has diverse sources of electricity, the bulk consumed still comes from geothermal and hydro generation. Hydropower accounts for nearly 60 per cent of the electricity generated, mainly from the five plants on the River Tana basin — Kindaruma, Kamburu, Gitaru, Masinga and Kiambere, with an installed capacity of more than 400 MW. The Turkwel Gorge power station in northwestern Kenya produces 106 MW. Small hydro-stations such as Mesco, Ndula, Wanjii, Tana, Gogo Falls and Selby Falls — all built
K E N Y A
Stove that saves fuel, reduces cooking time
671
Energy
before independence in 1963 — have a combined generation output of 40 MW. The key players in the power sector are KenGen, KPLC, ERB, the Energy ministry and Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Petroleum
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Electricity system
672
Transmission and distribution lines — 30,404km. Total installed capacity — 1,361 megawatts Effective geneation capacity — 1,310MW Peak demand — 1,072 Annual sales — 5,432GWh Number of custormers — 1,267,198 Total system loss — 163 per cent National access to electricity — 15 per cent Hydropower accounts for 60 per cent of the electricity generated from Kindaruma, Kamburu, Gitaru, Masinga and Kiambere dams with a capacity of more than 400mw. Turkwel Gorge power station produces 106mw.
www.kplc.co.ke
Petroleum is Kenya’s major source of commercial energy. It has over the years accounted for more than 80 per cent of the requirements in transport, commerce and industry. There are four prospective petroleum basins in Kenya. About 30 exploration wells have been drilled to date. Although there has been no commercial discovery, a number of drill stem tests have recovered or tested gas. The country relies entirely on imported petroleum products. Oil imports have not seen major shifts apart from the sharp increases witnessed during the power crisis of 1998- 2000 when the country imported extra tonnes to meet increased demand. Since 2004 when the petroleum sector was liberalised, direct Government involvement in the industry is now limited to the oil refinery it co-owns through the Kenya Petroleum Refineries Ltd (KPRL) with three private companies (Shell, BP and Chevron) on a 50-50 equity basis, and the oil storage facilities at Kipevu, capable of holding 1.5 million barrels. Kerosene
Kerosene is an important energy source for poor rural and urban populations. They use it for cooking and lighting. Since kerosene serves as a substitute for wood fuel, efforts to increase its consumption will relieve pressure on wood use.
Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
The Government has given the IPPs incentive to produce electric power
Sugar firms
Leading sugar companies such as Mumias, Chemelil and South Nyanza Sugar Company (Sony) are rolling out electricity projects to take advantage of tax incentives offered by the Government to encourage investment in energy. Mumias has invested Sh6.5 billion ($812.5 million) in co-generation and supplies 26 MW to the national grid. State-owned Sony and Chemelil are finalising details on co-generation projects. It is estimated that six of Kenya’s 13 sugar companies have a co-generation capacity of 300 MW
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
and import power generation equipment duty-free. There is also an emergency power producer. KenGen competes with IPPs — Iberafrica Power, Westmont Power and Tsavo Power Company — which produce 18 per cent of the country’s electricity. However, in early in 2010, one was stopped when hydropower production hit its full potential following the heavy rains. The IPPs entered the market in 1997 when Iberafrica and Westmont began commercial production with a combined capacity of 87 MW. Their entry followed a crippling shortage due to drought. Reducing the cost of electricity, which is higher than regional economic competitors like South Africa and Egypt, and investing in upgrading the national electricity grid to provide constant quality power to industrial consumers remains a challenge.
Y E A R B O O K
It is generated using natural steam tapped from volcano-active zones in the Rift Valley. Some 127 MW is fed into the national grid from the three plants at Ol Karia. A considerable amount of power also comes from thermal sources, mainly power stations in Mombasa and Nairobi. Government investment plans in geothermal power are extensive and include construction of power generation plants. This entails construction of a 280 MW geothermal capacity, extension of the Olkaria I power station by two 70 MW units and construction of a new power station of two 70MW units at Olkaria IV site. The proposed plants will be within or adjacent to geothermal plants where KenGen has completed exploration. A feasibility study in 2009 concluded that the Greater Olkaria Geothermal Area reservoirs could sustain exploitation of 430 MW worth of steam for 25 years. Of this capacity, 115 MW is in operation by KenGen at Olkaria I and II and 35 MW were commissioned in May 2010. The remaining 280 MW is available for development. The fifth component involves technical assistance to support the energy policy. This will advance activities that facilitate competition, investment and private sector participation.
K E N Y A
Geothermal energy
673
Energy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
and will require $4.45 billion (Sh356 billion) to build the plants. This is an investment the Government hopes to attract the private sector. Mumias and Muhoroni will become the first Kenyan companies to implement the Kyoto Protocol of reducing greenhouse gas emission by selling certified carbon emission over a 10-year credit period. The two companies produce 35 MW of electricity from bagasse (fibrous residue), used to power their factories. The two projects are key to economic development because more power will offset the supply deficit. The projects will save the country significant foreign exchange now used in thermal power plants to address marginal shortfalls and, therefore, contribute to supply diversification and security.
674
Wind energy Some 550 kilowatts are installed in Ngong and Marsabit, generating 0.4 gig watt-hours (GWh) of electrical power. Kenya uses wind power from KenGen’s turbines at Ngong and Marsabit. The viability of power generation depends on the speed of wind, which can reduce the amount of oil used in fuel-fired generators. It also helps to conserve water at hydropower stations. Studies have recommended Ngong, Lake Turkana, Marsabit, Kinangop and Malindi as areas of investment in wind energy.
www.kengen.co.ke
Proposed transmission lines Three 132-kV lines — KindarumaMwingi-Garissa, Eldoret-Kitale and Kisii-Awendo — are major investments in the energy sector. The lines will expand electrification to the disadvantaged North-Eastern Province, replace diesel generation and improve supply reliability to major agricultural areas in Western and Nyanza provinces. The Kindaruma-Mwingi-Garissa line will connect Garissa — the NEP provincial headquarters — to the national grid. Livestock rearing is the main economic activity, but the region has agricultural potential.
The development of the transmission line will generate employment during the construction phase and lead to opportunities for small and larger-scale industries. The scope of work includes construction of 230km of a 132-kV transmission line from Kindaruma, via Mwingi, to Garissa, and include new substations in Mwingi and Garissa. The Eldoret-Kitale line will serve a heavily populated area with important agricultural activities. Wheat and maize production and dairy farming are among the main activities. Informal sector activities
The programme supports the Government in supplying electricity to rural areas. The ministry coordinates projects under the donorsponsored Government/Rural Electrification Fund. A final stakeholders’ workshop on the Rural Electrification Master Plan (REM) was held on April 29, 2009. It updates a 1997 one and provides a plan that will be implemented in two five-year phases. About Sh90 billion ($1.125 billion) is being used for 650,000 connections during the first five years to 2013. It will scale up rural electri-
2 0 1 0 / 1 1 Y E A R B O O K
Rural electrification
K E N Y A
such as fabrication of small household items, woodcraft, and basketry are also substantial sources of income. The Kisii-Awendo line will serve an area with rapid population growth. Kisii and South Nyanza have a large primary agricultural industry in tea and sugar. Kisii is a significant regional town. The line will improve the quality of power supply in Kisii and South Nyanza and enhance the security of supply in Kisumu. The component will extend the 132 kV Kisii sub-station and construct 44km of the 132kV line and a sub-station at Awendo. It also will complete the Chemosit-Kisumu 132kV ring. To give more access to electricity, the distribution network in urban and peri-urban areas should be upgraded. This will enable the KPLC to connect one million new consumers over five years (200,000 connections annually). New customers will come from lower income, peri-urban and rural areas. This will support measures to enhance the affordability of new connections, including staggered payment of connection fees and installation of pre-paid meters that enable consumers to control electricity use more effectively.
675
Energy
Co-generation The Treasury has given tax incentives to companies to invest in energy. Sugar companies have led the way. Mumias, which has invested Sh6.5 billion ($812.5 million) in co-generation, supplies 26 megawatts to the national grid. Sony and Chemelil are finalising co-generation projects. Mumias and Muhoroni produce 35 MW of electricity from bagasse (fibrous residue), which powers their factories. Six of Kenya’s 13 sugar companies have a cogeneration capacity of 300 MW and require $4.45 billion (Sh356 billion) to build the plants.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
http://allafrica.com
676
fication activities by 130,000 off-grid connections every year between 2009 and 2013, and 850,000 between 2014 and 2018. The focus of rural electrification is to provide power to public facilities, especially district headquarters, trading centres, secondary schools and health facilities by 2012. Some 18,000 target loads have been identified throughout the country of which 9,700 are non-electrified. Rural electrification gives particular attention to target loads without access to electricity. About 5,400 such loads have been geo-referenced. It is estimated that 1.6 million households near the target loads will get access to electricity. There are two types of rural electrification programmes: The national grid extension projects (at the constituency level) and subprojects at trading centres and stand-alone load centres; and projects off the national grid that can get power through regional grids supplying small and large areas. The Government has identified priority projects under the socio-economic development perspective, especially those that contribute to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These will provide power to areas with little or none, especially in North Eastern Province. The overall investment in rural electrification up to 2013 has provisionally been put at $1.2 billion (Sh96 billion). The overall cost of providing power to remote areas is estimated at $175 million (Sh14 billion), with about 33,000 connections to poor households under the social tariff at Sh20 ($0.25) kWh. The overall cost of grid extension is about $1.05 billion (Sh84 billion) with 750,000 connections to poor households eligible for the
Renewable energy The Renewable Energy Department of the Energy ministry was set up in 1998 by merging the Biomass Energy Department (BED) with the Alternative Technologies Division, formerly in the Electric Power Department. The director of Renewable Energy is in charge of the department. To coordinate the departmental activities are programme heads in charge of biofuels, solar and wind, mini/ micro hydropower and energy conservation divisions.
Wind energy
Wind energy has been used in Kenya primarily for water lifting since the beginning of the 19th century. Its use, however, declined with the advent of oil-driven combustion engines. With the rising cost of oil,
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
NGOs play a critical role in ensuring rural Kenya has electricity. In Central Province, Green Power is developing 17 micro-hydro sites in Kirinyaga District and has planned 10 100kW and seven 40kW installations. The University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada, supports the project through research on smallscale community managed hydropower.
This is the largest form of primary energy accounting for 68 per cent of the national primary energy supply. Its demand was estimated at 2.7 per cent annually, while sustainable supply was rising at the slower rate of 0.6 per cent a year. The principal drivers of biomass energy demands are population growth and lack of access to energy substitutes. The biomass energy supply and demand imbalance exerts considerable pressure on forest and vegetation stocks, accelerating land degradation. In addition, the production of biomass energy poses a threat to agriculture, forestry and human settlement. The Government’s biomass policy seeks to ensure sufficient supplies to meet demand even as associated environmental impact is minimised. Other potential sources of energy are nuclear power and natural gas. The contribution of renewable energy sources, other than biomass, to the overall energy supply is minuscule. However, with concerted efforts, renewable energy may be significant in the years ahead.
Y E A R B O O K
Community initiatives
Biomass
K E N Y A
social tariff at Sh20 ($0.25) a kWh. The masterplan aims at developing renewable energy to match demand in rural electrification schemes off the national grid in areas with potential hydropower schemes or favourable wind conditions — the western shores of Lake Turkana — or solar radiation. Solar technology offers an affordable supply option in rural areas where other sources are scarce and solar radiation is high.
677
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Energy
678
exploitation of wind energy has become more attractive, particularly in areas far from the grid and oil supply outlets. To promote investment in wind energy, the ministry has prepared a National Wind Atlas. In addition, the Government is promoting winddiesel hybrid systems for generation under the rural electrification programme. In the meantime, 550 kilowatts are installed in Ngong and Marsabit, generating about 0.4 gig watthours (GWh). The viability of wind power generation is site specific and depends on the speed of wind, which can reduce the amount of oil used in fuel-fired generators. It also helps to conserve water at hydropower stations. In general, there are few sites in the country. In the feasibility study, areas recommended for investment include: Ngong, Lake Turkana, Marsabit, Kinangop and Malindi. Kenya uses wind power from KenGen’s 400 KW wind turbines at Ngong and Marsabit. KenGen is installing 5 MW at Ngong. Solar energy
Kenya’s geographical location across the equator gives it a unique opportunity for a vibrant solar energy market. It would provide cheap electricity to homes and institutions, especially those far from the national grid. The country receives four to six KWh a square metre of solar energy daily. However, only
an insignificant amount of this vast resource is harnessed. Diverse applications of solar energy include solar thermal for heating and drying, and solar photovoltaic (PV) for lighting, water pumping, refrigeration and telecommunications. An estimated 220,000 solar PV units are currently in use. About 7,000 solar thermals are used for drying and water heating. The Government is implementing a solar PV electrification of schools and other institutions in selected districts to boost the contribution of renewable sources. About 300 public institutions in arid and semi-arid areas need to be equipped with PV systems. This is an opportunity for investors not only in installation, but also in the manufacture of solar panels and their accessories. They are easy to use and maintain. In 2008, the Government launched a blueprint for promoting renewable energy and conserving non-renewable sources.
Oil exploration Petroleum exploration began in the 1950s. The first well was drilled in 1960. British Petroleum (BP) and Shell began exploring in 1954 in Lamu and drilled 10 wells. None was fully evaluated for production despite indications of oil staining and untested zones with gas. In 1975, several consortia acquired land in the upper part of the Lamu basin. Texas Pacific and others drilled Hargaso-1 in
www.wecarnkenya. interconnection.org
2 0 1 0 / 1 1 Y E A R B O O K
A cubic foot of gas can be made from one pound of livestock manure, enough to cook meals for five people. The manure one cow produces in a year can be converted to methane, equivalent to more than 200 litres of kerosene. One biogas unit can save 0.3 acres of forest a year.
1975 and encountered oil and gas shows. In 1976, Chevron and Esso drilled Anza-1 and Bahati-1 wells in the southern part of Anza basin. The tests were suspected to have hydrocarbons and micro-fossils that contaminated the geochemical and cuttings. An interest in the offshore portion of the Lamu basin resulted in the drilling of three deep wells — Simba-1, Maridadi-1 and Kofia-1 —by a consortium of Cities Services, Marathon and Union in 1982. Seismic data revealed salt structures. In 1986, the petroleum exploration and production legislation was revised to provide incentives and flexibility to attract international exploration interest.
K E N Y A
Livestock manure is a source of energy
679
Energy
Why Europe, America use less wood fuel About 90 per cent of rural Kenyans use wood as the major fuel. However, it is different in North America and Europe. Low consumption of timber reflects the availability of a wide range of other fuels — ample supplies of coal and gas and, of course, widespread electric power — and high standard of living. The high consumption of timber as fuel depicts a lack of other fuels and a low standard of living.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
www.africanews.com
680
The Government entered into a joint venture with Petro-Canada International Assistance Corporation. Seismic work was conducted and Kencan-1 was drilled to test deeper strata on the structure adjacent to Garissa-1 well. A group of companies, led by Amoco and Total, drilled 10 wells, eight of them in the Anza basin and two in the Mandera basin between 1985 and 1990. The wells were dry, but with indications of oil and gas. Total exploration drilled Ndovu-1, Duma-1 and Kaisut-1 in the North Anza basin, while Amoco drilled
Sirius-1, Bellatrix-1 and Chalbi-3 in the north-west of the Anza basin and Hothori-1 well in the South Anza basin. Amoco gave 50 per cent of its interest to Shell, who drilled Eliye Springs-1 and Loperot-1 west of Lake Turkana. The Loperot-1 well penetrated a rock with a high Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) and recovered water and waxy oil on a repeat test. While none of the wells revealed commercial reserves, fluorescence and gas shows were reported in the Hothori, Endela and Ndovu wells.
Coal
Since 2000, the Ministry of Energy has been exploring for coal in the
Y E A R B O O K
The prospects of Kenya striking oil were boosted in October 2009 when China National Offshore Oil Corporation started drilling a well at Boghal, near Isiolo town. Geologists believe the region has hydrocarbons, the main component of fossil fuels, including petroleum, coal and natural gas. The corporation was to spend $26 million (Sh2.08 billion) to drill the Boghal well and post-drilling tests had positive signs of oil discovery. It sank a 5km deep well, the deepest ever drilled in Kenya. However, the results were negative for oil, but there is hope for gas. This is Kenya’s 32nd exploratory well. Oil and gas finds have buoyed African economies such as Nigeria, Libya and Angola. In eastern Africa, Sudan is a major oil exporter, and has been joined by Uganda and Tanzania, who now have oil and natural gas respectively. The Chinese company leads European companies — Compania Espanola de Petrolas (Spain), Lundin International and Pan Continental Inc (Sweden) and Woodside Energy (Australia). It has exclusive rights over six of 11 blocks, including the hotly contested blocks 9 and 10A in Mandera. The company thus has 28 per cent of the total exploration acreage in Kenya.
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Drilling
K E N Y A
In 1991, the National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK) initiated a study of the Lamu basin as part of a long-term strategy to re-evaluate the geological, geophysical and geochemical data relating to sedimentary basins in Kenya. The Lamu study was completed in 1995. Based on the reports, Kenya sub-divided the Lamu embayment (onshore and offshore) into 10 exploration blocks, each with a specific exploration play. Two more exploration blocks have been created since 2001. Promotion efforts generated new interests in the offshore Lamu basin, and resulted in the signing of seven Production Sharing Contracts between 2000 and 2002. Woodside acquired the offshore Lamu basin — 7,884km of seismic data between August and October 2003. NOCK has a centre for storage of seismic data, well logs, well and other oil exploration reports obtained through petroleum exploration activities. In addition, it has set up cores and drill cuttings storage facility in which rock samples retrieved from 1960 to date are stored. Kenya’s basins are underexplored. Only 31 wells have so far been drilled. Although some have gas and oil, this is not significant for commercial exploitation. Nineteen of the country’s oil blocks have been taken up for exploration, while investors are being sought for the remaining 19.
681
Energy
Long search for oil Petroleum exploration in Kenya began in the 1950s. The first well was drilled in 1960. BP and Shell began exploring in Lamu in 1954 and drilled 10 wells. None was fully evaluated or completed despite indications of oil staining and untested zones with gas. In 1975, several consortia acquired land in the Lamu basin. Texas Pacific and others drilled Hargaso-1 encountered oil and gas shows. In 1976, Chevron and Esso drilled wells in southern Anza basin. The efforts continued in the ‘80s, ‘90s and the 21st century.
Mui basin of Kitui and Mwingi districts. So far, 40 wells have been drilled and they have intercepted coal seams in 27 wells. The ministry has carried out a few tests on samples and established that the resource is of good quality. The private sector has shown interest in coal exploration should commercially viable deposits be found. In September, 2008, the ministry speeded up exploration in the Mui basin and contacted a private company, Foundation Piling Ltd, to assess the drilling of 20 wells in the basin and assess commercial viability of the coal deposits. The Mui basin has been divided into four blocks to enable concession by the private sector to invest in coal exploration and development. Work in other areas with good potential for coal — Taru formations in Kwale and Kilifi districts — has also started. Geothermal
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
www.nockenya.co.ke
682
In January 2009, the Government set up the Geothermal Development Company (GDC) to explore, appraise and drill in prospective areas. Although Kenya can produce up to 7,000 MW of geothermal electricity, Olkaria yields only 165 MW. The maximum national demand is 1,100 MW, which is projected to rise by 600 MW in the next five years and reach 800 MW by 2030. With the GDC taking up its role, the required electricity will be harnessed. With the ongoing drilling of wells, KenGen is expected to build a 140 MW power plant at Olkaria IV by 2013/14. The company has also started exploration and development of another 140 MW power plant at Menengai, Nakuru, between 2015 and 2016. At Longonot and Suswa, exploration by two IPPs will start soon and, when complete,
The French Government Development Agency (AFD) and the Energy Ministry have inaugurated a rural electrification project in Kakibei, Kericho District. New lines will be expanded to reach 2,000km spread out in Western, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern and Coast provinces. On completion, 38,000 markets, administrative buildings, shops and factories, 114 health centres, 2,000 hospitals, many schools and 47,000 households will be connected to electricity. Three contracts — worth 30 million euros (Sh3 billion) —for the project have been signed. Work started in May 2009 and is expected to take 18 months. The Government has given the project top priority because it is part of its target to connect 20 per cent of the rural population by 2010. The AFD is a major donor to the energy sector. Since 1997, the French government has committed 105 million euros (Sh10.5 billion). In partnership with the KPLC, the
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
To contribute to global efforts at phasing out leaded petrol, the petroleum industry spearheaded the introduction of unleaded petrol and low sulphur diesel at the same pump price. Innovation by the Kenya Petroleum Refinery Ltd (KPRL) in November 2005 led to the improvement of infrastructure. These include changes that resulted in the production of two grades of unleaded petrol — 91 octane premium and 87 octane regular grades. This was aimed at beating the December 31, 2005 deadline set by the Dakar Declaration.
Financing energy
Y E A R B O O K
Global trends
The Government has zero-rated duty on bicycles, resulting in a phenomenal increase in their use as taxis (boda boda) in many towns. This has reduced emission and created employment. In September 2003, the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) set up a taskforce to devise phase-out strategies for leaded petrol.
K E N Y A
the projects will supply the national power grid with up to 210 MW of electricity. KenGen will invest in an additional 500 MW, new geothermal, thermal and wind power generation projects by 2012 to diversify its power sources. Other investments in the pipeline are the Kipevu III thermal, which is a 120 MW project to be completed in January 2011 and a 5MW wind project that was completed in December 2009. KenGen expects to generate additional power from geothermal projects by 2012. They include Olkaria II that was to generate 35 MW by May 2010, Eburu to produce three megawatts by December 2010 and Olkaria IV to generate 140 MW by 2012. The investment in new sources will help cope with additional demand.
683
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Energy
684
agency is also financing the rehabilitation of sub-stations in Nairobi and Coast provinces at 25 million euros (Sh2.5 billion). It has also financed a study on higher connection in rural and urban areas. The agency supports the projects in partnership with the World Bank, the European Investment Bank and NDF, all founders of the Energy Sector Recovery Project. Recently, the AFD approved a 40 million euros (Sh4 billion) lending to KenGen to convert Kipevu turbines. This will increase capacity by 50 per cent (+30 MW) and reduce carbon emissions. The agency is also appraising funding to Olkaria II third unit with KenGen, the World Bank and the EIB. It will also finance the high voltage line between Nairobi and Mombasa to connect future generation capacities at the Coast with Nairobi. A third phase, targeting 17 projects worth 12 million euros (Sh1.2 billion), began recently and is expected to be complete at the end of 2010. Spain aids rural electrification programmes and has given loans worth Sh3 billion ($37.5 million) for various projects. Credit financing by the Spanish government, which has financed 64 projects in phases one and two of the rural electrification projects, ended in 2005 and goes back to 1998. In June 2009, Spain signed a 150 million euro (Sh15 billion) bilateral financial cooperation deal that will benefit energy projects. Some 140
million euros (Sh14 billion) will be extended as concessional loan and the balance of 10 million euros (Sh1 billion) as a grant for project preparation. This agreement is renewable after every two years up to 2012. The 150 million euros (Sh15 billion) will support renewable energy and electricity, among other projects. The Japanese government is another major player in rural electrification and funds hydro-electricity projects through the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and KenGen. Their biggest project was the Sh19 billion ($237.5 million), 60 MW Sondu Miriu hydro-power station in Nyanza launched in July 2009. The Government is building another new power station ( 21MW) downstream Sondu-Miriu River.
State corporations KPLC Kenya Power Lighting Company responsible for transmission, distribution and retail throughout Kenya. The company owns and operates the national transmission and distribution grid, and is responsible for scheduling and dispatching electricity to more than one million customers throughout Kenya. The installed capacity is projected to rise by 1,342 MW between 2004 and 2018/2019 and comprise geothermal (503 MW), hydro (220.6 MW) and thermal (568.7 MW) sources. National consump-
2 0 1 0 / 1 1 Y E A R B O O K
Geothermal, from the Greek word ‘geo’ (earth) and ‘thermos’ (heat), is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. It originates from the radioactive decay of minerals and absorbed solar energy. It has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times. But it is now better known for generating electricity. Kenya was the first African country to build geothermal energy sources. KenGen has built two plants, Olkaria I (45 MW) and Olkaria II (65 MW), with a third private plant Olkaria III (48 MW) on course. Plans are on to increase the production by 576 MW by 2017.
tion was projected to rise from 4.9 billion kilowatt hours in 2003/2004 to 5.1 billion in 2004/2005 and 6.9 billion kilowatt hours in 2009/2010 and to 11.8 billion in 2010/2011. The KPLC is 48.4 per cent Governmentowned and the sole public electricity transmitter and distributor. It has power buying contracts with KenGen and the IPPs. The company is responsible for ensuring that there is an adequate line capacity to maintain supply and quality. The network of transmission and distribution lines covers about 23,000km. The national grid is operated as an integral network, linked by a 220kV and 132kV transmission network. A limited length of 66kV transmission lines is also in use. The KPLC reinforces the power transmission and distribution network by constructing more lines and sub-stations. The network has been growing at an average annual rate of four per cent in the past five years. There are plans to expand it substantially to ensure reliable energy transmission. These include the ongoing construction of 132kV transmissions from Kipevu to Rabai, and the planned 220kV line from Kiambere to Nairobi. Efficiency of the transmission and distribution network is enhanced in technical and non-technical aspects. Planned technical improvements include re-conductoring lines, installation of capacitors and construction of additional feeders and sub-stations. Non-technical improvements include the introduction of electronic meters, improvement of meter reading accuracy, fraud control and resolution of billing anomalies. The KPLC is also undertaking a loss-reduction study to complement measures aimed at reducing system losses currently at about 20 per cent.
K E N Y A
Geothermal: The next big source
685
Energy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
KenGen
686
The Kenya Electricity Generating Company’s history dates back to 1954. Then, the Kenya Power Company (KPC) was registered and commissioned to construct the transmission line between Nairobi and Tororo in Uganda and develop geothermal and other generating facilities in Kenya. The NairobiTororo line was to transmit power generated at the Owen Falls Dam. Since its inception, the (KPLC to which it sold electricity in bulk, managed the company under a contract. But in January 1997, the management of KPC was formally separated from KPLC as a result of reforms in the energy sector and the entire economy. The terms of restructuring the power sector effectively resulted in a separation of functions, with the KPC responsible for power generation and the KPLC transmission and distribution. On October 2 1998, the KPC was re-launched under a new name and corporate identity, The Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. KenGen was born. It took charge of all public-owned power generating plants. KenGen is the leading producer of electric power in Kenya. The company produces about 80 per cent of electricity consumed in the country from a number of sources — hydro, geothermal, thermal and wind. Hydro is the leading source, with 677.3 MW or 72.3 per cent of the company’s capacity.
Kenya holds its breath Kenya’s sedimentary basins are under explored. Only 31 wells have been drilled. Although some have gas and oil, it is not significant for commercial exploitation. Nineteen of the country’s oil blocks have been taken up for exploration, while investors in the other 19 are being sought. The prospects of Kenya producing oil were boosted in October 2009 when a Chinese company, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), started drilling a well at Boghal, near Isiolo town, a region geologists believe contains hydrocarbons, the main components of fossil fuels, including petroleum, coal and natural gas. CNOOC, which is spending $26 million
KenGen, therefore, accounts for more than 80 per cent of the country’s total installed generation capacity. The Government owns 70 per cent of the shareholding and the public 30 per cent. It is the main generator of electric power with an installed capacity of 1,016 megawatts of hydropower, geothermal, thermal and wind. The national electricity access rate is about 15 per cent, with access in rural areas estimated at four per cent. This implies a demand growth potential and the Government, through agencies such as the Rural Electrification Authority, continues to drive efforts towards connectivity. Owing to continued economic growth, the electric power subsector has experienced significant
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
efficiency in consumption. The demand supersedes the supply and this has resulted in stop-gap measures to prevent load-shedding by inviting emergency power supply. KenGen plans to increase its installed capacity by more than 500 MW by 2013 and 2,000 by 2020. This expansion requires significant capital. It is estimated that the expansion of 500 MW will require an investment of more than $1 billion (Sh80 billion), while the 2,000 MW increase will require an investment of more than $7 billion (Sh560 billion). KenGen has embarked on a financing plan for capacity expansion and the first phase was the Sh15 billion bond at the Nairobi Stock Exchange. The funds will be
Y E A R B O O K
growth over the last three years, with the current demand estimated at 8 per cent a year. The forecast projects an energy demand of 22,310.2 GWh in 2020 and 48,775 GWh in 2030. The peak demand is forecast to increase from 1,193.8 MW in 2008 to 3,560.6 MW in 2020 and 7,795.3 MW in 2030. This is an indication that investments in power projects must be implemented to meet the demand. In Kenya’s Vision 2030, electric power provision has been highlighted as a major pillar in the realisation of national development. Development projects recommended under Vision 2030 will increase demand on the energy supply. The country must, therefore, generate more and increase
www.nockenya.co.ke
K E N Y A
(Sh1.95 billion) to drill the Boghal well, said post-drilling tests had shown a likelihood of oil discovery. The corporation is sinking a 5km deep well, the deepest ever drilled in Kenya. This is Kenya’s
32nd exploratory well, the rest having turned out to be dry. The Chinese firm has exclusive rights over six of 11 blocks, including the hotly contested Blocks 9 and 10A in Mandera, giving the company an estimated 28 per cent of exploration acreage. Oil and gas finds have buoyed African economies such as Nigeria, Libya and Angola. In eastern Africa, Sudan is a major oil exporter, and has been joined by Uganda and Tanzania, who now have oil and natural gas respectively. The National Oil Corporation of Kenya was incorporated in 1981, among other things, to coordinate oil exploration ctivities. www.nockenya.co.ke
687
Energy
Kenya goes nuclear
used to finance the first horizon of the expansion programme.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC)
688
Kenya has identified construction sites for a nuclear power plant — the first on the continent outside South Africa. A site has been identified near the coast and construction will begin once an environmental study is complete. A second potential site is in western Kenya near Lake Victoria. The project will cost about Sh80 billion ($1.06 billion), but it will be five years before the plant is working as extensive inspection must be done by the Radiation Protection Board and the National Environmental Management Authority. Construction could begin as early as September 2010. With nuclear energy, Kenya could generate four times what it does now. www.scidev.net
It was incorporated in 1973 and started commercial operations in 1978. It operates a pipeline system for transporting refined petroleum products from Mombasa to Nairobi and western Kenya towns of Nakuru, Kisumu and Eldoret. KPC works with the Government in the implementation of key projects such as the extension of the oil pipeline to Uganda and the LPG import handling and storage facilities. It also assists in fighting fuel adulteration and dumping and ensures efficient operation of the petroleum sub-sector. Unlike some State corporations, KPC does not depend on Government subsidies. Instead, it is a source of revenue for the Government in dividends and taxes. KPC’s mandate is to build a pipeline for the conveyance of petroleum or petroleum products from Mombasa to Nairobi and any other pipelines in East Africa and operate pipelines and pumping, storage and other facilities. It is also its responsibility to market, process, treat and deal in petroleum and other products. The company has the only white oil product pipeline in East and Central Africa. It has performed its mandate well by transporting more than 90 per cent of oil products consumed in Kenya. To maximise its potential, the pipeline’s extension from Eldoret in Kenya to Kampala in Uganda, which started in 2005, is at an advanced stage. This mode of fuel transportation has replaced a significant number of freight trucks that use the country’s roads daily, reducing congestion and air pollution.
The National Oil Corporation of Kenya was incorporated in April 1981 to participate in all aspects of the petroleum industry. The company has a 100 per cent owned by Government. It was formed after the oil crisis of the 1970s (1973-74 and 1979-80) and supply disruptions and price increases for which the oil bill comprised of nearly a third of the total value of imports. This made petroleum the largest single drain of foreign exchange earnings. In the national interest, greater control of this crucial factor of the performance of the economy was thus necessary. NOCK would act as an instrument of Government policy in matters related to oil. It became operational in 1984. Initial activities mainly consisted of exploration activities delegated from the Ministry of Energy. It was not until 1988 that National Oil started importing crude oil. It has spearheaded petroleum exploration on behalf of the Government. Even though there has been no commercial discovery to date, a lot of data showing positive prospects have been acquired. This has raised optimism that if the momentum for intensive exploration is sustained, an economic
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
NOCK
Y E A R B O O K
It replaced the Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) established under the Electric Power Act 1997. When the Energy was passed in 2006, ERB was re-organised as Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), a single sector regulatory agency for economic and technical regulation of power, renewable energy and petroleum sub-sectors. The commission’s mandate is to: • Set, review and adjust tariffs for people who transmit or distribute electrical energy. • Investigate tariff structure even when no application for adjustment has been made. • Enforce environmental and safety regulations in the power subsector • Ensure there is genuine competition • Approve electric power purchase, transmission and distribution service contracts between and among electric power producers, public electricity suppliers and large retail customers. • It regulates the electrical energy, petroleum and related products, renewable and other forms of energy. The ERC also protects the interests of consumers, investor sand other stakeholders. The commission monitors, ensures implementation of and the observance of the principles of fair competition in the energy sector . It is also mandated to
provide information and statistics to the minister The ERC collects and maintains energy data and prepares a national energy plan
K E N Y A
Electricity Regulatory Commission
689
Energy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Kenya Refineries
690
Kenya Petroleum Refineries was set up by Shell and BP to serve East Africa. It was incorporated in 1960 as East African Oil Refineries. The first refinery was commissioned in 1963 and the second in 1974. It processes imported crude oil for marketing companies and they pay a processing fee depending on the type of crude oil. KPRL’s main products are cooking gas, unleaded premium gasoline, regular petrol, industrial diesel, fuel oil and special products. KPRL is a private limited company. The Government owns 50 per cent, and Essar Energy Overseas 50 per cent.
www.kprl.co.ke
discovery will be made. The role of National Oil in petroleum exploration includes to: Ensure that petroleum exploration companies fulfil their obligations in accordance with contracts with the Government. Provide and disseminate exploration data from to oil companies to attract them to Kenya Undertake exploration work in various basins in accordance with available capital, technical expertise and equipment. NOCK started downstream activities in 1988 with the importation of the first crude oil cargo. This was in fulfilment of the Government mandate for the corporation to supply 30 per cent of Kenya’s petroleum requirements. The supplies were sold to major oil marketers at a small margin prior to processing. One of the other major roles at this time was to advise the Government on pricing and other related oil policies. National Oil’s experience in procurement prevented the award of unjustified price increase to the oil marketers. In some instances, the corporation undertook to bring in all the country’s petroleum crude and finished products requirements when private companies declined to do so in order to pressurise the Government to concede to their demands for price increases. This was especially evident during the 1989/90 Gulf War when NOCK’s imports sustained the country for six weeks. Due to this, Kenya was the only country in East and Central Africa, which did not experience a shortage of products. Since 1994, when the oil industry was deregulated, the mandate to import 30 per cent of crude oil ceased and NOCK has been marketing petroleum products to consumers. In 1997, after
Rural Electrification Authority It was established under the Energy Act, 2006 to accelerate the pace
It is a voluntary membership institution patronised by major oil companies in Kenya. It plays a key role in capacity building and awareness creation. The School of Petroleum Studies was incorporated in 2007 as a subsidiary of the Petroleum Institute of East Africa to offer specialised training in oil and gas. A management committee of professionals from the Institute’s member companies leads the institution. Resource people have proven oil industry experience working in the oil industry or in petroleum consultancy. The longer diploma courses
Y E A R B O O K
Petroleum Institute of East Africa
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
of rural electrification, a function which was previously under the Ministry of Energy. Its mandate is to accelerate the pace of rural electrification. Its core functions are to: • Manage the Rural Electrification Programme Fund • Develop and update the rural electrification master plan • Promote the use of renewable energy sources, including small hydros, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hybrid systems and oil-fired components. • Implement and seek additional funds for the rural electrification programme • Manage the delineation, tendering and award of contracts, licences and permits for rural electrification
K E N Y A
the first three petroleum stations were completed, NOCK moved to retail sales. It acquired 10 petrol station sites between 1995 and 1997 to build retail outlets. Of these, six have been developed to fully-fledged stations. They have a forecourt, service, shop and restaurant facilities expected of a modern service station. They include two petrol stations in Eldoret, and one each in Kisumu, Nakuru, Kaplong and Nairobi. They are NOCK’s flagship stations. It has since acquired 60 service stations from individuals and other oil marketers — 13 stations from BP and 33 from Somken. Now, it has 67 service stations all the country. NOCK has also entered into market segments, including LPG and fuel oil. Its share of the domestic market is about 5 per cent. NOCK has a truck loading facility in Nairobi to serve the city and its environs, markets which comprise about 60 per cent of the domestic demand for petroleum products in Kenya. To increase efficiency, NOCK has invested in computer hardware and software and trained staff in the operations. They include efficiency of administration of services and the accounting process to facilitate faster decision-making and strategic planning.
691
Energy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 / 1 1
Power tariffs
692
METHOD DC: Domestic consumers below 15,000 units Sh120 fixed charge Sh2 for 0-50 units Sh8.10 for 51-1,500 units Sh18.57 for over 1,500. METHOD SC: Non-domestic small commercial consumers below 15,000 Units Sh120 fixed charge Sh8.96 a unit METHOD CI1: Commercial and industrial consumers above 15,000 units Sh800 fixed charge Sh5.75 a unit Sh600 demand charge per kVA. METHOD CI2: Commercial and industrial consumers (11,000 volts) Sh2,500 fixed charge Sh4.73 a unit consumed. Sh400 demand charge per kVA. METHOD CI3: Commercial and industrial consumers (33,000 volts) Sh2,900 fixed charge Sh4.49 a unit Sh200 demand charge per kVA METHOD CI4: Commercial and industrial consumers for at 66,000 volts Sh4,200 fixed charge Sh.4.25 a unit Sh170 demand charge per kVA. METHOD CI5: Commercial and industrial consumers at 132,000 volts Sh11,000 fixed charge Sh4.10 a unit Sh170 demand charge per kVA www.kpc.co.ke
are designed to equip people already working and those aspiring to work in the oil sector with broad knowledge. Diploma courses are offered in the evenings and Saturdays for between nine and 12 months. Short five-day courses meet knowledge and skills in specialised areas. Training needs and curriculum have been reviewed to reflect immediate and future needs of the oil industry. Plans are underway to link the School of Petroleum Studies with a university offering energy and petroleum studies. The School of Petroleum Studies is a unique training institution that offers specialised training at subsidised rates. It equips those building careers in the oil industry as employees or entrepreneurs, with the proficiency, skills and competence required to carry out their duties.
References •
Energy Bulletin, volume 3, Issue 3, June 2009
•
KenGen Annual report 2008
•
Kenya: Integrated Assessment of the energy policy with focus on the transport and household energy sectors.
•
Unep (2005) Energy Subsidies: Assessing the impact and designing policy reforms.
•
Energy for Sustainable Development (2003), A new energy policy for Kenya: Briefing no 5, Energy Alternatives AFRICA Ltd Ministry of energy (2004)
•
The Energy bill 2004, Nairobi: Ministry of Energy.
•
www.kplc.co.ke
•
www.kengen.co.ke
•
www.kpc.co.ke
•
www.petroleum.co.ke
•
www.rea.co.ke
•
www.nockenya.co.ke
•
www.petroleum.co.ke
•
www.erb.go.ke
•
wikipedia.org
18
Foreign relations for Kenya have since shifted from non-alignment to a strategy that rests on four pillars — economic diplomacy, peace diplomacy, environmental diplomacy and diaspora diplomacy
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
693
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
694
Introduction
The number of Kenya’s missions abroad with multiple accreditations, bringing the country’s diplomatic coverage to 100 countries.
See more on www.mfa.go.ke
Y E A R B O O K
51
2 0 1 0
BY NUMBERS
K E N Y A
K
enya’s foreign policy has avoided extreme positions either to the right or left, East or West, North or South. Emphasis has been on pragmatism, non-alignment, peaceful coexistence and cooperation with other nations, regardless of their political and economic inclinations, and the avoidance of military or open confrontation.
695
Foreign Relations
Kenya’s consulates and embassies
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kenya has 73 embassies and high commissions in Nairobi and two consulates in Mombasa. It also maintains eight multilateral missions, four of which are accredited to the United Nations and its agencies in New York, Geneva and Vienna. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and HABITAT are accredited to Nairobi. The Food and Agricultural Organisations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) are accredited to Rome, Italy; Brussels, Belgium, to the European Union; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to the African Union (AU) and Lusaka, Zambia, to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
696
At independence from Britain in December 1963, benchmarks to guide relationships with the world were determined by the need to fit in a world divided by the Iron Curtain into the capitalist West and the communist East. But after the collapse of the Soviet Union and its East European satellite states at the beginning of the 1990s, a new shift in international orientation became inevitable. This strategic shift became even more urgent as the world surged towards economic globalisation. Cooperation with the West, especially the US and Britain, remains a major plank of Kenya’s foreign policy in the 21st Century.
Foreign policy The conduct of foreign policy in Kenya is the prerogative of the Head of State, the President. In the old Constitution, these powers are vested in the Presidency by Section 16 of the Constitution Amendment Act No. 28 and in Section 23. Consequently, the President is the initiator, articulator and director of foreign policy. This applies universally and is not unique to Kenya. The Foreign ministry’s responsibility is to advise and execute in consultation with the President. The general execution of foreign policy and conduct of international relations are anchored on the following principles: • Peaceful co-existence with neighbours and other nations • Resolution of conflicts through peaceful means • Promotion of regionalism • Respect for the equality, sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States • Respect for international norms, customs and laws • Justice and equity in the conduct of inter-
International and regional cooperation form a major component of foreign policy. Kenya participates in regional initiatives — she is a member of East African Community, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), ACPEU, Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, among others. This is out of the realisation that the development of Kenya is tied to her neighbours in the region.
New frontiers Foreign policy evolves according to emerging frontiers. The emergence of China and India as economic giants has presented new opportunities. Dealing with economic powerhouses such as China, India,
2 0 1 0
• Promoting economic development by increasing market access and enhancing technological advancement • Enhancing peace and security • Engaging in preventive diplomacy • Combating international terrorism and transnational crimes • Supporting post-conflict reconstruction and development • Addressing regional and global environmental issues • Adhering to international laws on environmental protection • Participating in mechanisms for equitable sharing of resources
Regional integration
Y E A R B O O K
Priorities
• Using Kiswahili as the launch pad for cultural diplomacy and promoting the language to UN status • Promoting Nairobi as a hub of multi-lateral diplomacy by enhancing security and safety of organisations based in the city • Raising the profile and competitiveness of Nairobi as a centre for multi-lateral and conference diplomacy Since independence, Kenya’s foreign policy has been guided and shaped by national interest. This can be grouped into three categories:
K E N Y A
national relations • Adherence to the charters of the UN and the African Union The foreign policy is designed to achieve national objectives: • Promote regional integration and cooperation • Enhance regional peace and security • Advance Kenya’s economic prosperity • Protect the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity • Promote international cooperation and multilateralism • Project Kenya’s good image and prestige • Promote and protect the interest of Kenyans abroad • Enhance partnership with the African Diaspora and descendants
697
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
698
South Korea and Malaysia is set to be one of the new issues in Kenya’s foreign policy. The forces of globalisation have altered the environment and conduct of international relations. Globalisation has cut unit costs and expanded markets. New anchors for Kenya’s external relations will have to be identified to deal with the security threats generated by transnational criminal activities like money laundering, human and drug trafficking and international terrorism. Terrorism is another key issues. Terrorists have attacked Kenya at least twice — August 7, 1998 and November 28, 2002. As international terrorism evolves into one of the biggest threats to global security, foreign policy has to devise new approaches for harnessing global cooperation to deal with it. The collapse of the racist regimes in southern Africa towards the end of the 20th Century, particularly the demise of apartheid South Africa, signaled the end of the anti-colonial struggle as a major agenda for African countries. As a result, the African Union (AU) was formed in 2002 to replace the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), whose main agenda had been the struggle against colonialism in Africa. Other initiatives following the transition include the creation of new continental peace and security mechanisms and the formation of the New Partnership for Africa’s
Development (NEPAD) aimed at stabilising Africa’s socio-economic development. Kenya’s foreign policy will have to adjust to the emergence of regional economic blocs as critical tools for economic development and political integration. While playing a leading role in the revival of the East African Community (EAC), which initially collapsed in 1977, Kenya was also a key player in the formation of two other regional groups — IGAD and COMESA in the 1980s. Through such regional initiatives, Kenya has found critical entry points for environmental, peace and economic diplomacy, which have helped shape its foreign policy.
UN agencies Alongside regional obligations, Kenya is the only country outside Europe and North America that hosts the headquarters of UN agencies. As home to HABITAT and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Kenya is a vibrant member of the community of nations. Accordingly, foreign policy and international relations are tailored to fit local realities and expectations.
Pillars of foreign policy It rests on five major pillars – economic, peace, environmental, cultural and Diaspora diplomacy. Economic diplomacy
Robust economic engagement is
to strengthen regional organisations, particularly the EAC, into more viable economic blocs in an increasingly competitive global environment. It will also strengthen its strategic ties with emerging economies in western and Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and Europe through new frameworks for cooperation, while strengthening those that exist.
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya’s unique geographical position in eastern Africa, bordering several conflict-ridden countries, and its recognition that peace and stability are necessary for development and stability underpin diplomacy for peace, goodwill and good neighbourliness. Over the last 30 years, Kenya has hosted tens of thousands of political and economic refugees from virtually all the countries that neighbour it and beyond — Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique and South Africa. Kenya has also brokered peace in eastern Africa and beyond. From the mid-1970s, Kenya has, at one time or another, been engaged in peace processes in Uganda, Sudan, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi and Angola. Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was brokered and signed in Nairobi in 2005, while the first Provisional Government of Somalia was set up in 2004 and based in the Kenyan capital
2 0 1 0
Peace diplomacy
K E N Y A
necessary for the achievement of Kenya’s regional and international objectives. Kenya uses this as a tool for advancing its goal of becoming a middle income and industrialised economy by 2030. The objectives of economic diplomacy are to: • Increase capital flows to Kenya and the East African region by exploring alternative or non-traditional sources of development assistance and foreign direct investment • Support investment by Kenyans within the region and beyond; • Promote the country as a favourite destination for foreign direct investment, tourism and conferencing • Expand access to traditional markets and identify new destinations in emerging and nontraditional markets in Africa, Europe, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East • Promote just and equitable rules of international trade • Strengthen regional economic organisations, especially the EAC and COMESA, to serve as competitive springboards to emerging and global markets; • Support exploration of alternative sources of traditional and renewable energy • Enhance technological advancement by exploring new sources of affordable and appropriate technology To achieve the objectives, Kenya works with other States
699
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
700
until it went home. The objectives of Kenya’s diplomacy of peace and goodwill are to: • Promote resolution of conflict through peaceful means • Establish a national fund to support regional peace initiatives and to respond to emergency situations • Create capacity to support peace processes by coordinating training of diplomats from the region through the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, appoint and deploy special envoys and work with independent mediators to resolve regional conflicts • Work with other African countries to strength conflict prevention capacity of regional institutions, including EAC, IGAD, Comesa and the African Union • Support regional initiatives that promote sustainable peace and development, including the implementation of the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic of 2004, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of the Sudan of 2005 and the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region of Africa of 2006 • Support AU and UN peace efforts, contribute troops and provide leadership in peacekeeping missions in the continent and beyond • Mobilise support and resources for peace consolidation and
development in African countries emerging from conflict through bilateral, regional and international peace building mechanisms, particularly the AU Policy Framework for PostConflict Reconstruction and Development of 2005 and the UN Peace Building Commission • Establish a peace fellowship which recognises and honours individuals or institutions that contribute to regional peace Environmental diplomacy
A distinct feature of Kenya’s foreign policy is its strong orientation towards environmental issues. This is partly because of Kenya’s special position as the cradle of mankind and geography, which captures contrasts between lush green tropical forest and the ever- expanding semi-desert expanses of its northern region. The objectives for environmental diplomacy are to: • Promote compliance with the relevant national, regional and international environmental legislation, regulations, standards and other procedures and guidelines • Promote the integration of environmental management into national and regional economic activities, including agriculture and tourism, and minimise their possible negative impact on the environment • Train, through the FSI, diplomats with skills and responsibilities to
Cultural diplomacy
This has been recognised as the anchor of a country’s public diplomacy. Through cultural activities, a nation’s idea of itself is best represented. Such diplomacy reaches out to people of all walks of life. The Kenyan athlete who wins the New York Marathon strengthens the Kenyan brand immensely even without saying a word. Kenya’s cultural diplomacy can: (1) Reach influential members of foreign nations who cannot easily be reached through the traditional embassy (2) Provide a positive agenda for cooperation in spite of policy differences (3) Create a neutral platform for contact (4) Serve as a flexible, but acceptable vehicle for engagement with countries
2 0 1 0
www.unhabitat.org
Y E A R B O O K
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (HABITAT) is the UN agency for human settlements. It was established in 1978 and its headquarters is in Nairobi. It promotes sustainable towns and cities whose aim is to provide adequate shelter for all. Its regional centres are called UN Centre for Human Settlements and are in Nairobi, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Fukuoka (Japan).
promote understanding and awareness of and commitment to reducing negative environmental impact • Promote new technologies and encourage innovation to reduce mega environmental impact • Encourage public dialogue and awareness on environmental matters through national, regional and international fora • Maintain robust and open communication channels and promote research in environmental issues International environmental organisations based in Nairobi, such as UNEP, Habitat and the Lake Victoria Basin Commission are valuable entry points in the pursuit of Kenya’s environmental goals. Another channel for environmental diplomacy is the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), which was launched in 1999 to ensure cooperation and good working relations among countries of the Nile Basin.
K E N Y A
Housing the world’s poor
701
Foreign Relations
UN Office in Nairobi
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The UN’s functions have an administrative hub —United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON). It is the key administrative centre of UNEP and UN-Habitat headquarters. It also offers essential services to other UN agencies in Kenya, provides international conference facilities and commercial, cultural and sporting facilities. UNON is headed by a Director-General at Under-Secretary-General level, the senior-most UN official in Nairobi who reports directly to the UN SecretaryGeneral. The UN employs about 800 international staff and 2,000 Kenyans. The UN provides over $20 million worth of business to the local industries.
702
www.unon.org
whose diplomatic relations are strained or non-existent (5) Create awareness of the country’s cultural richness and generate interest in its cultural heritage A fundamental practice of cultural diplomacy is the exchange of ideas, information, art, value systems, traditions and beliefs. The most remarkable cultural diplomacy has been displayed by the impact of Kenyan athletes in the global sporting arena. Kenyan music and literature, the people’s ethos of hard work, and the self-help Harambee spirit of pulling together are steadily making their mark in East Africa and around the world. Also, the promotion of Kiswahili as a critical pedestal of Kenya’s engagement with foreign cultures is another major step. Diaspora diplomacy
In a narrow sense, the Kenyan Diaspora refers to Kenyans living and working abroad. In a broader sense, the concept derives from the Constitutive Act of the African Union, which defines the African Diaspora as people of African descent, particularly those living in Europe, North and South America and the Caribbean. The statutes of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council of the African Union 2004 provide for the participation of the Diaspora in the activities of the AU. The continent, which now recognises the African Diaspora as the sixth region of its components, already draws huge investments, technology transfer, cultural links and diplomatic engagements from the Diaspora. However, in its broadest sense, Diaspora diplomacy must encompass not just the Kenyan and the African components, but also other nationals that view Kenya as their
Regional blocs COMESA (See chapter on Trade)
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya is a member of Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), comprising seven countries in the Horn of Africa. The region suffers perennial problem of drought and IGAD has concerted energies in addressing the issue. IGAD was created in 1996 to supersede the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) which was founded in 1986. Recurring droughts and other natural disasters between 1974 and 1984 caused widespread famine, ecological degradation and economic hardship in eastern Africa. Although countries made substantial efforts to cope and received support from the international community, the magnitude of the problem called for a regional approach to supplement national efforts. In 1983 and 1984, six countries in the Horn of Africa— Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda — established an intergovernmental body for development and drought control. The Heads of State and Government met in Djibouti in 1986 to sign the agreement which launched IGADD with the headquarters in Djibouti. Eritrea became the seventh member when it became independent in 1993. In 1995, the Heads of State and Government resolved to revitalise IGADD and expand cooperation among member states. In 1996, they signed the Letter of
2 0 1 0
IGAD
K E N Y A
‘second home’. They include millions of people from Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi who have, at one time or another, lived in Kenya as political or economic refugees. In recognition of the Diaspora’s important component in the country’s development matrix, Kenya has explored strategies that can boost its potential. For example, in international labour market, the International Jobs and Diaspora Office has been opened in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is developing a databank of professionals, business people and other experts that can match qualified Kenyans to international job opportunities. Capacity at Kenya’s missions abroad has been boosted to provide diplomatic backing needed. Kenya’s diplomatic missions abroad have strengthened their capacity to support the country’s world-class athletes and other nationals who have earned international recognition in various fields. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is working with other ministries to engage Kenyan and other Africans in the Diaspora so that they can invest their skills and financial resources in the country’s development.
703
Foreign Relations
Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter that established the revitalised IGAD. It was launched on November 25 1996 in Djibouti.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
NEPAD
704
As part of the process to integrate NEPAD into the African Union, the secretariat recently became the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA). Kenya supports NEPAD, which is a holistic and integrated framework for the development of Africa. Kenya’s experience in socioeconomic development will be useful in the partnership. Kenya has participated in major summits on NEPAD and will play a major role in the Implementation Committee. The NEPAD offices were established after the adoption of the NEPAD Strategic Framework at the then Organisation for African Unity (OAU) in 2001. The document arose from the mandate given to the five initiating Heads of State (Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa) to develop an integrated socioeconomic development framework for Africa. NEPAD’s primary objectives are to: • Eradicate poverty • Place African countries on the path of growth and development • Halt the marginalisation of Africa in the globalisation process and integrate it into the global economy
UNEP mandate Its headquarters is in Nairobi. UNEP has six regional offices and various country offices. It coordinates UN environmental activities, helping developing countries implement environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded after the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. Its activities cover issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science. www.unep.org
• Accelerate the empowerment of women. The Secretariat deals with: • Agriculture and food security • Infrastructure (water and sanitation, transport, energy and ICT) • Human resources development (education and health) • Science and technology • Trade and market access • Environment and climate change • Culture and tourism • Governance and capacity development • Gender development.
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Kenya is a member of the African Caribbean and Pacific group of 77 countries — 48 from Africa, 15 Caribbean and 14 Pacific. The ACP and the European Union started cooperation in 1975 under the Lome I framework. Since then, they have had successive conventions — Lome I, Lome III and Lome IV. Cooperation between ACP and EU aims at gradual and smooth integration of ACP countries into the global economy. Under trade
development, ACP has enjoyed preferential market access of their products to the EU market. For example, 33 per cent of Kenya’s exports, for instance, are destined for the EU market. The EU accounts for 90 per cent of Kenya’s horticultural exports. The country has also benefited from the stabilisation of Export Earnings (Stabex) facility. Lome IV Convention expired in 2000 and was replaced by the Cotonou Partnership Agreement, which was signed in 2002 in Cotonou, Benin. Unlike the Lome Conven-
K E N Y A
Kenya-ACP/EU Relations
705
Foreign Relations
Diplomatic immunity It is a policy between governments, which ensures that diplomats are given safe passage and not susceptible to lawsuits or prosecution under the host country’s laws. However, they can be expelled. It is an agreement in international law enshrined in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Diplomatic immunity is meant to allow the maintenance of government relations, even during times of difficulties and armed conflict. When receiving diplomats, Head of State grant them certain privileges and immunities to ensure that they effectively carry out their duties.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.ediplomat.com
706
tions, which extended preferential market access to ACP States, the new agreement differentiates between Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs. Countries classified as LDCs will enjoy preferential market access to the EU for all their exports, except arms, up to 2020, while non-LDCs had access up to 2008. Kenya is classified as non-LDC. After that, they entered into World Trade Organisation (WTO) compatible trade agreements with EU. Negotiations to revise the Cotonou Agreement were launched in 2004 and concluded in 2005. The overriding objective was to enhance the effectiveness of the ACP-EU partnership. The revised Agreement entered into force on July 1, 2008. It focussed on several dimensions: Political, development strategies and an investment facility managed by the European Investment Bank. The revision provided, among others, greater flexibility in allocation of resources and use of resources to promote peace and settle conflicts. The second revision — signed in 2010 — adapts the partnership to changes which have taken place over the last decade. For the first time, the EU and ACP recognised the global challenge of climate change. The parties committed to raise the profile of climate change in their cooperation, and to support ACP efforts in mitigating and adapting to the effects. The new agreement recognises the role of national parliaments, local authorities, civil society and the private sector. Kenya and Commonwealth
Kenya is a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of 54 independent States, comprising about 25 per cent of the world population. Members of the Commonwealth, mainly former British colonies,
The Commonwealth Secretariat executes plans agreed by heads of Government through technical assistance, advice and policy development The Commonwealth Foundation helps civil society organisations promote democracy, development and
It is the successor of the Organisation of African Union. Kenya subscribes to the AU Charter and has been an active member since it joined in 1964. It has been at the forefront of regional conflict resolution initiatives and actively participated in the transformation of OAU to the African Union. The advent of the AU was an event of great magnitude in the institutional evolution of the continent. On September 9, 1999 (9.9.1999), the Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity issued the Sirte Declaration, calling for an African Union to accelerate integration in the continent so that it could play its rightful role in the global economy.
2 0 1 0
African Union (AU)
Y E A R B O O K
Commonwealth organisations
cultural understanding The Commonwealth of Learning encourages development and sharing of open learning and distance education. Citizen-to-citizen links are important to the Commonwealth. Its worldwide network of about 90 professional and advocacy organisations continues to grow with a third of them outside the UK. They work at local, national, regional or international levels and play key roles in policy, political or social aspects of Commonwealth life. One such organisation is the Commonwealth Games Federation, which manages the four-yearly sport event.
K E N Y A
dependencies and other territories, subscribe to the Declaration of Commonwealth principles of 1971. Member countries comprise 19 from Africa, Asia (8), Americas (2), the Caribbean (12), Europe (3) and the South Pacific (10). Queen Elizabeth II of the UK is head of the Commonwealth. The secretary-general is the Commonwealth’s global advocate and CEO. The Commonwealth, with roots in the 1870s, believes that the best democracies are achieved through partnerships of governments, business and civil society. The association was reconstituted in 1949 when Commonwealth Prime Ministers adopted what is known as the ‘London Declaration’ — member countries would be “freely and equally associated”. The most recent members are Rwanda — which was admitted at the 2009 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting — Cameroon and Mozambique. The latter is the first country with no historical or administrative association with another Commonwealth country to join the association.
707
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
708
The main objectives of the OAU were to: • Rid the continent of colonisation and apartheid • Promote unity among African States • Intensify cooperation for development • Safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of member States • Promote international cooperation The OAU had provided an effective forum for member States to adopt positions on common continental concerns in international fora. Through the OAU Coordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, the continent worked as one in forging international consensus in the liberation struggle and the fight against apartheid. OAU initiatives paved way for the birth of the AU. In 1999, the Assembly convened an extraordinary session to expedite economic and political integration in the continent. The Sirte Extraordinary Session established an African Union. The Lome Summit (2000) adopted the Constitutive Act of the Union, while the Lusaka Summit (2001) drew the road map for the implementation of the AU. The Durban Summit (2002) launched the AU and convened the first assembly of the Heads of States of the African Union. The AU is based on the common vision of a united and strong Africa and the need to build a partnership
between governments and civil society, in particular women, youth and the private sector. As a continental organisation, it focuses on the promotion of peace, security and stability as a prerequisite for development and integration. The objectives of the AU are to: • Achieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and the peoples • Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of member States • Accelerate political and socioeconomic integration • Promote African common positions on issues of interest • Encourage international cooperation • Promote peace, security and stability, democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance • Promote and protect human and peoples’ rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights • Promote development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies • Coordinate policies among regional economic communities for the attainment of AU objectives • Promote research, especially science and technology • Work with international partners in eradicating preventable diseases and promoting good health
It is the supreme organ of the Union and comprises Heads of State and Government or their representatives. Executive Council
Composed of ministers or designated authorities of members States. AU Commission
Composed of the chairperson, deputy chairperson, eight commissioners and staff members. Each commissioner is responsible for a portfolio. Permanent Representatives’ Committee
Composed of Permanent Representatives of member States accredited to the Union. It prepares the work of the Executive Council. Pan-African Parliament
It was established in 2004 as one of the nine organs provided for in the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community signed in Abuja , Nigeria, in 1991. The Parliament is meant to provide a common platform for African peoples and for grassroots organisations to be involved in decision-making on the problems and challenges facing the continent. It sits in Midrand, South Africa. The ultimate aim of the Parliament is to evolve into an institution with full legislative powers, and members elected by universal adult suffrage. ECOSOCC
The Economic, Social and Cultural Council is an advisory body of the AU designed to give civil society organisations a voice in AU institutions and decision-making processes. Civil
2 0 1 0
www.comesa.int
Assembly
Y E A R B O O K
19 member States • Population of 390 million • $32 billion annual import bill • $82 billion export bill • 12 million sq km geographical area • Policy-making Council of Ministers • 12 technical committees • Headquarters and secretariat are based in Lusaka, Zambia
AU organs
K E N Y A
Facts on COMESA
709
Foreign Relations
The Sudan deal
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
President Mwai Kibaki with the late John Garang of the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (left) and President Omar Bashir of Sudan (right) during the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement on January 9, 2005 in Nairobi. The deal set a timetable for Southern Sudan to vote on independence in a referendum after six years — January 9 2011. Kenya played a big role in ending the Sudanese civil war. Even now, Kenya and other IGAD countries are engaged especially to ensure a peaceful vote.
710
society members are from labour, business and professional groups, service providers and think-tanks in Africa and the Diaspora. Kenya’s Nobel Prize winner Wangari Maathai was the interim president of ECOSOCC. In 2008, she was replaced by Cameroonian lawyer Akere Muna of the Pan-African Lawyers Union. The Court of Justice
It is the principal judicial organ of the AU with authority to rule on disputes over interpretation of treaties. A protocol setting up the Court
was adopted in 2003, and came into force in 2009. Another protocol has created a Court of Justice and Human Rights, which will incorporate the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights with two chambers — one for general legal matters and the other for rulings on human rights treaties. The merger protocol was adopted in 2008. The united court will be based in Arusha, Tanzania. Specialised technical committees
They address sectoral issues and are at ministerial level:
Financial institutions
African Central bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Multi-lateralism
It is made up of five East African countries — Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi — with a combined population of more than 130 million. Its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community was signed on November 30, 1999 and came into force on July 7, 2000 after ratification by the original three partner States — Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Rwanda and Burundi signed the EAC Treaty on June 18, 2007 and became full members
Y E A R B O O K
East African Community
K E N Y A
• Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural • Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs • Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigration • Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural Resources and Environment; • Committee on Transport, Communications and Tourism • Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs • Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources.
2 0 1 0
Kenya supports multi-lateralism through the United Nations system. Kenya prefers this approach in confronting problems at the international stage. It subscribes to UN and African Union charters and seeks to work with like-minded States in the promotion of a new international political and economic order. This is based on the conviction that the multi-dimensional problem affecting mankind must be tackled through a global undertaking. Kenya will, therefore, undertake its responsibilities in the UN system, World Trade Organisation, IMF, World Bank and other multi-lateral institutions.
711
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Foreign Relations
712
from July 1, 2007. The EAC aims at widening and deepening cooperation among partner States in political, economic and social fields for their mutual benefit. For this, the EAC established a Customs Union in 2005 and a Common Market in 2010. A monetary union is expected in 2012 and ultimately a political federation of the East African States. The realisation of a large regional economic bloc of 1.82 million sq kilometres and a combined Gross Domestic Product of $60 billion (Sh4.8 trillion) bears great strategic and geo-political significance and prospects of a renewed and reinvigorated East African Community. EAC is Kenya’s most important foreign policy vehicle and biggest trading and investment bloc. A common East African passport is in use to facilitate free movement of people in the region. With this regional framework, Kenya supports and encourages all efforts focusing on the full implementation of relevant treaty provisions that will lead a federation as quickly as possible. EAC countries are major export destinations for Kenya. In 2008, Uganda was Kenya’s number one export destination. Tanzania and Rwanda were fourth and 10th worldwide respectively. In the same year, Kenya’s exports to the EAC accounted for 51.6 per cent of total exports to Africa. Kenya’s value of total exports to the four partner States increased from Sh64 billion ($800 million) to
Sh84 billion ($1.05 billion) between 2004 and 2008, while imports increased from Sh3 billion ($37.5 million) to Sh12.6 billion ($157.5 million). Uganda is Kenya’s largest export market, followed by Tanzania, accounting for 50 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. The largest importer to Kenya is Tanzania, accounting for 58 per cent of all imports from the EAC. Overall, the value of exports from Kenya grew by 31 per cent between 2004 and 2008, while imports from Tanzania and Uganda grew by 300 per cent. Between 2005 and 2008, the EAC intra-trade rose by 49 per cent, with the value of trade increasing from $1.847 billion (Sh147.7 billion) to $2.715 billion (Sh217.2 billion). Indeed, ensuring the success of the EAC is Kenya’s most important regional objective. Kenya has endorsed Article 123 of the EAC Treaty, which envisages a common foreign and security policy for partner states. The integration of EAC aims at closer and deeper integration among partner states through coordinated policies, projects and programmes in political, economic, social and cultural fields. It is envisaged that the DR Congo and Southern Sudan will join the EAC soon. The EAC Treaty identifies 17 areas of cooperation, including trade, aviation, agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry and environmental protection. The major steps towards full integration are a
International negotiations
The EAC has evolved as a united bloc in multilateral and international negotiations. For instance, the EAC is negotiating an Economic Partnership Agreement with the with the European Union. It is also in process of establishing a tripartite free trade area with COMESA and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). Furthermore, the EAC signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement with the United States in 2008. The agreement provides a platform for EAC engagement with the US as a bloc. The unified approach strengthens the EAC position in negotiating as a single entity rather than each partner State going it alone.
National budgets
Rwanda has migrated to the EAC financial year, while Burundi adjusts hers in the 2010/2011 financial year. This means that Burundi will
Y E A R B O O K
Quality standards applicable on products traded in the region have been attained through harmonisation. So far, 1,100 regional standards have been harmonised, replacing national standards. When Rwanda and Burundi joined the EAC in 2007, the adoption of the tariff and legal regime and subsequent implementation of a Customs Union in 2009 bolstered the market of more than 130 million people.
2 0 1 0
Quality standards
K E N Y A
Customs union, a common market, a monetary union and, ultimately, political federation. The increase in intra-EAC trade is attributed to the liberalisation of tariffs. A free tariff regime on most internal trade was adopted alongside a progressive tariff reduction programme on some products from Kenya imported to Tanzania and Uganda. East African citizens will reap the fruits of integration from the implementation of the Common Market Protocol in which free movement of goods, people, labour, services and capital, as well as right of residence and establishment, are guaranteed. Tariff barriers were dismantled in January 2010. This transition did not have any negative impact on the partner economies. To the contrary, there is evidence of steady and substantial growth of revenue since 2005. Another reality that the EAC Customs Union presents is the adoption of a harmonised Customs tariffs and legal regime. A common external tariff of harmonised Customs duty rates applies uniformly in trade with third parties. The East African Customs Act and Regulations have created stability and predictability in the business environment in the region. No partner State can unilaterally amend the tariff or law to suit its interest. Any changes are jointly made by partner states and takes into account the interests of the region.
713
Foreign Relations
join Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda in reading national budgets on the same day.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Common market
714
With the Common Market, the EAC will witness not only free movement of goods enabled by the Customs Union, but also free movement of people, labour, services and capital. The Customs Union has made successful strides. Partner states agreed that implementation be progressive to ensure elimination of internal tariffs within five years. It was against this background that a gradual phase out of duties on selected goods from Kenya to Tanzania and Uganda was adopted. The EAC trade regime had designated 58 goods as sensitive products and set tariffs ranging from 35 to 100 per cent. The top rate of 100 per cent applied to most sugar. High rates also applied to rice (75 per cent), wheat (60 per cent), milk products (60 per cent) and maize (50 per cent). This measure is intended to protect local production on the assumption that the region had adequate capacity to meet the demand for selected commodities. But this ended on December 31 2009. From 2010, goods have been traded duty-free within the partner states. Significant progress has been made in the implementation of the Customs Union protocol, resulting in huge increases in the volume of intra-EAC trade since 2005.
Organs of the EAC
The Summit, comprising heads of government of partner States, gives general direction towards the realisation of the objectives. The Council of Ministers is the main decision-making institution. It is made up of ministers from partner States in charge of regional cooperation. The Co-ordinating Committee consists of permanent secretaries and reports to the Council. It is responsible for regional cooperation and coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. Sectoral Committees conceptualise programmes and monitor their implementation. The Council establishes the committees on recommendation of the respective coordinating committee. The East African Court of Justice ensures that EAC law is interpreted and implemented in line with the Treaty. The East African Legislative Assembly provides a forum for debate. It has a watchdog function and also plays a part in the legislative process. The Secretariat is the executive organ of EAC. As the guardian of the Treaty, it ensures that regulations and directives adopted by the Council are implemented. EAC achievements
• Harmonisation of municipal laws and judicial training syllabi • A strong foundation laid for part-
•
• • •
• • •
www.eac.int
• •
• • • • •
2 0 1 0
•
Y E A R B O O K
1967: EAC first established 1977: EAC dissolved 1993: Signing of Agreement for establishment of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Cooperation 1996: Secretariat launched 1999: EAC Treaty signed 2000: EAC Treaty comes into force June 18, 2007: Rwanda and Burundi sign EAC Treaty July 1, 2007: Rwanda and Burundi become full members Area: 1.82m km sq Population: 126.6m GDP: $73 billion Headquarters: Arusha First established: 1967 Re-established: July 7, 2000 Languages: English, Kiswahili Secretary-General: Juma Mwapachu
nership development with the rest of the continent and the world. Cooperation and coordination of activities with AU, COMESA, IGAD and SADC Cooperation agreements with the African Development Bank, Agence France de Development, European Union, GTZ, International Labour Organisation and Swedish International Development Agency Removal of non-tariff barriers on crossborder trade Harmonisation of standards and specifications of goods and services 207 standards harmonised — 91 East African Standards have been adopted and the WTO notified Establishment of the East African Association of Investment Promotion Agencies Harmonisation of investment incentives and codes of the Partner States. Publication of the Investors Guide to East Africa Adoption of a standardised single entry document. Launch of the East African Community Customs Union in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda in January 2005 and in Burundi and Rwanda in July 2009. Harmonisation of monetary and fiscal policies Harmonisation of banking rules and regulations. Harmonisation of VAT rates, which range between 16 and 20 per cent. Harmonisation of pre-shipment requirements threshold at $5,000 (Sh400,000). Institutionalisation of Finance Ministers’ pre- and post-budget consultations, sharing of information on budgets, tax proposals, trade and economic performance,
K E N Y A
Facts and figures about the EAC
715
Foreign Relations
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Any legacy for OAU?
716
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded on July 9, 2002 by its last chairperson, then South African President Thabo Mbeki. It was replaced by the African Union. OAU was widely derided as a bureaucratic ‘talking shop’ with little power. It struggled to enforce decisions, and its lack of an armed force made intervention exceedingly difficult. Civil wars in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the OAU could do nothing to stop them. The policy of non-interference in the affairs of member States also limited its effectiveness. When human rights were violated in Uganda under Idi Amin, the OAU was powerless to stop them. But it stood together to safeguard African interests in fighting colonialism.
www.africa-union.org
and the reading Budget Statements on the same day • Implementation of Tripartite Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation • Harmonisation of policies and trading regulations in the three stock exchanges • Establishment of the Capital Markets Development Committee to oversee cross listing of stocks.
References Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations Vienna 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 500 Vienna Conventions on Consular Relations The East African Community Treaty Ministry of Foreign Affairs Strategic Plan wikipedia.org www.eac.int www.mfa.go.ke www.comesa.int www.igad.int http://ec.europa.eu www.commowealth.org wikipedia.org
19
The cooperative movement in Kenya has
12,000 cooperatives and contributes to more than 30 per cent of national savings. Savings and credit societies have mobilised over Sh200 billion ($2.5 billion).
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Cooperatives and Marketing
717
K E KN E YNAY AY E YA E RA BR OB OO KO K2 021001/01 1
Cooperatives and Marketing
718
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
200
2 0 1 0
K
enya has the strongest cooperative movement in Africa, accounting for more than 50 per cent of the continent’s cooperative turnover. About 70 per cent of the population relies on cooperatives directly and indirectly. The movement contributes to more than 30 per cent of the country’s national savings, mostly in domestic ones. Up to 63 per cent of the country’s population also derives their livelihood from cooperatives. The movement is one of the most consistent in growth in Kenya’s economy. It contributes an estimated 30 per cent to the overall economic well being of the country directly and indirectly. For instance, savings and credit societies (saccos) have mobilised savings of close to Sh200 billion. The sector is key in fighting unemployment. Currently, Kenya has more than 12,000 registered cooperative societies. One in every five people is a member of a cooperative and 20 million Kenyans derive their livelihood from the movement directly or indirectly. Cooperatives employ 250,000 people. They contribute up to 45 per cent of the GDP and 31 per cent of national savings and deposits. Cooperatives dominate the agricultural market — 70 per cent of the coffee market, 76 per cent of dairy, 90 per cent of pyrethrum and 95 per cent of cotton. The Government recognises cooperatives as a major player in the country’s economy as it cuts across all sectors of the economy. To strengthen it, the Ministry of Co-operative BY NUMBERS Development formulated the Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (Saccos) Development Strategy and facilitated the drafting of the Sacco Bill, which has now been signed into law. Billions of shillings that close to 5,000 savings and In 1908, European farmers formed the first credit societies (saccos) cooperative — Lumbwa Cooperative Society. have mobilised from Its main objective was to buy fertiliser, chemimembers from all parts of cals, seeds and other farm inputs. It was also the country, making them marketing their produce. key in creating employment In 1930, Kenya Farmers Association was registered as a cooperative society to take over the supply of farm inputs from Lumbwa Cooperative Society.
719
Cooperatives and Marketing
Cooperative policy Co-op movement and organisations Cooperative Alliance (formerly Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives) District cooperative unions 12,000 cooperative societies Cooperative Bank Cooperative Insurance Company of Kenya Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperatives Ltd (KUSCCO) Kenya Rural Sacco Society Union National Housing Cooperative Union Cooperative College of Kenya KPCU New KCC
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.cooperative.go.ke
720
In the Sessional Paper on Cooperative Policy for Kenya of 1975, the Government recognised cooperatives as vital institutions for mobilising natural, human and financial resources for development. This policy was reaffirmed in the subsequent four five-year development plans (1979-1996). The major landmarks include the enactment of the Cooperative Societies Act (1966), which empowered the Government to get involved in the day-to-day management of cooperatives. The Act was revised in 1977, 1997 and 2004 so that it could be in tandem with changes, especially economic liberalisation. The objectives of the movement are to spur economic growth and help improve extension services, access to markets and marketing efficiency. Cooperatives have immense potential to deliver goods and services where the public and private sectors have not ventured. Cooperatives address local needs, employ local talent and are led by local people. They are organised into service and producer societies. Producer cooperatives promote modern technology and production. Service cooperatives are responsible for: • Procurement, marketing and expansion services • Loan disbursement • Sale of consumer goods • Member education Cooperatives have made remarkable progress in agriculture, banking, credit, agro-processing, storage, marketing, dairy, fishing and housing. Service cooperatives are organised on a shareholder basis. Networking helps build relationships and alliances, integrate processes, share knowledge and experiences,
They have a major impact on the economy. The movement employs 250,000 people and the number is expected to grow as societies diversify. Sacco members across the country have mobilised in excess of Sh210 billion ($2.8 billion) in shares and deposits. Through cooperatives, Kenyans have improved their lives and acquired property in major towns
2 0 1 0
It is situated at the Cooperative College of Kenya and was set up in 2006. It caters for senior staff members of the cooperative movement, seminar participants from the Civil Service and the private sector. The targets are Government workshops, non-governmental organisations, local and foreign tourists, business personnel and events such as birthday and wedding parties. It charges Sh2,500 ($3.15) for full board residence a day. Nonresidents pay Sh700 ($8.75) a day. Laptops, LCD, public address system and flip charts are provided.
Y E A R B O O K
Cooperatives and the economy
Ushirika Centre
K E N Y A
enhance innovation and promote online business. Several initiatives have provided links between ICT and agriculture, pastoralism, entrepreneurship and provision of employment information. Good examples are the use of mobile phone text messaging to inform farmers of market prices and sending alerts.
721
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Cooperatives and Marketing
722
and rural areas. The value of the movement’s fixed assets has appreciated over the years and is estimated to be in excess of Sh20 billion ($250 million). Saccos have joined non-core businesses and diversified from their specialties. The movement is involved in production, processing and marketing of food. Cooperatives are active in productive areas, which are the backbone of food production. The movement has made it easy for farmers to access inputs and products. Cooperatives have contributed significantly to industrialisation. The specialties are dairy, cotton, coffee, tea, cashew nuts, transport and jua kali artisanship. Through the cooperative movement, members have bought land and subdivided it among themselves. In this way, many families have acquired land on which to settle and earn a livelihood. Cooperatives have significantly contributed to the mobilisation and distribution of financial capital in urban and rural areas through the creation of employment and income-generating opportunities for members and non-members. Membership is open to all without ethnic, class or professional bias. The societies help to reduce inequality and exclusion in society. Furthermore, cooperatives help nurture skills through education and training for their members. Cooperatives have reinforced tra-
ditional aid systems by opening up opportunities for schemes over expenses on illness, death, social welfare, drought and crop failure. Primary cooperatives
Membership is restricted to individuals in a locality. Primary societies include financial cooperatives formed on the basis of employment, commodity, trade and transport, among other things. Secondary cooperatives (unions)
Membership is restricted to primary cooperative societies. They are ser-
• Comprise secondary and primary cooperatives • Offer specialised services such as commercial and financial services to affiliates • Represent unions and societies at international fora Some institutions have, over the years, played critical roles in the development of the movement. They are: • Cooperative Bank
Y E A R B O O K
National organisations
K E N Y A
vice agencies and operate on a district basis. The unions enhance economies of scale through shared goods and services — bulk purchase of inputs and provision of credit.
The coffee industry in Kenya is noted for its cooperative system of production, processing, milling, marketing and auctioning. About 70 per cent of the coffee is produced by small-scale holders. It is estimated that six million Kenyans are employed directly or indirectly in the coffee industry. The major coffee growing regions are the high plateaus around Mt Kenya, Aberdares, Kisii, Nyanza, Bungoma, Nakuru and Kericho. They provide excellent conditions for growing coffee. Despite proximity to Ethiopia, widely believed to be the region where coffee originated, the crop was not cultivated in Kenya until 1893, when French Holy Ghost Fathers introduced the trees from Reunion Island. Mission farms near Nairobi were used as the nucleus around which coffee-growing in Kenya developed.
2 0 1 0
Coffee cooperative system in Kenya
723
Cooperatives and Marketing
• Cooperative College • Cooperative Insurance Services
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Cooperative Bank
724
The bank was registered under the Cooperative Societies Act (Cap 460) when it was founded in 1965. But this changed on June 27 2008 when shareholders resolved to incorporate it under the Companies Act so that it could list at the Nairobi Stock Exchange. The bank was listed on December 22, 2008. Shares previously held by the 3,805 co-operatives societies and unions were ringfenced under Co-op Holdings Cooperative Society Ltd, which became a strategic investor in the bank with a 64.56 per cent stake. The bank runs three subsidiary companies: a) Co-op Trust Investment Services, the fund management subsidiary. b) Cooperative Consultancy Services (K), the corporate finance, merchant and investment banking subsidiary. c) Kingdom Securities, the stock broking arm, previously Bob Mathews. The bank owns 60 per cent in the company. At the time of listing, Cooperative Bank was owned by more than 116,000 shareholders. Coop Holdings Cooperative Society Ltd owns 64.56 per cent. The bank has an authorised share capital of Sh3.7 billion ($49.3 million) and fully paid capital of Sh3,492,369,900 ($46.6 million) made up of 3,492,369,900 shares of Sh1 each.
CO-OPERATIVE BANK LANDMARKS 2008: The bank lists on the Nairobi Stock Exchange on December 22 after a public offer of 701.3 million shares at Sh9.50. It achieved an 81 per cent subscription to raise Sh5.4 billion ($72 million) in addition to the existing Sh7.4 billion ($98.7 million). 2007: The bank records Sh2.3 billion ($30.7 million) profit before tax compared to Sh2.4 billion ($32 million) loss in 2000. The bank declares Sh8 ($0.1) a share, the highest in many years. 2006: The bank launches SACCO Link, a robust IT system that integrates saccos’ systems with the bank’s. 2004: The bank recapitalises the balance sheet with an additional share capital injection of Sh1.1 billion ($14.7 million) from shareholders of the cooperative movement. The shares drive doubles the bank’s capital base from Sh1.2 billion ($16 million) to Sh2.3 billion ($30.7 million). The bank pioneers mobile banking in Kenya, M-Banking, a service delivered via mobile phone. It enables customers to access their bank accounts and carry out transactions — bank balances, salary alerts and loading airtime on mobile phones, among others.
Co-operative Insurance Company of Kenya (CIC)
It was incorporated and licensed as an insurance company. It traded for 20 years as Co-operative Insurance Services (CIS) before it was renamed CIC. Over the years, the company has improved its position
2002: The bank makes Sh103 million ($1.4 million) profit, a major improvement from a Sh802 million ($10.7 million) loss in 2001. The bank re-occupies Co-operative Bank House after renovations following the 1998 bombing of the neighbouring US Embassy. 2000: The bank links all branches and becomes the second to offer centralised banking in the country. 1994: It becomes a fully-fledged commercial bank offering financial services beyond the cooperative sector to include personal, corporate and institutional customers. 1977: The bank registers a finance company, the Cooperative Finance. It opens its doors on March 8, 1993.
1966: The 1945 Ordinance is replaced
1965: Co-operative Bank is registered as a cooperative society on June 19, 1965. It does not start operations as it is not registered under the Banking Act. It cannot thus provide banking services to the cooperative movement.
in the insurance industry from the bottom-five bracket to the top 10 in less than 10 years. The company’s business has grown more than 10 times from under Sh180 million to Sh2.4 billion in 2008. CIC is a model of success. The company has 14 outlets
throughout the country. Currently, CIC is the most successful cooperative insurer in Africa and virtually the only one surviving in the continent. Apart from a private-public partnership with the National Hospital Insurance Fund to deliver health
Y E A R B O O K
with the Co-operative Societies Act. The Act increases Government oversight of the co-operative movement.
K E N Y A
1968: The Cooperative Bank opens for business with a modest capital base of Sh255,000 ($3,400). The Government supplements this with a Sh214,000 ($2,854) interest-free loan repayable in 10 years. The Banking Act, however, requires banks to have a minimum Sh2 million ($26,667). The Government grants an exemption and offers a grace period for the capital is to be raised.
2 0 1 0
1974: The Co-operative Department, which had operated under several ministries since the colonial period, is upgraded to the Ministry of Cooperative Development.
725
Cooperatives and Marketing
Pioneer cooperatives The first cooperative society in the world was formed in 1844 in Rochdale, England. In Kenya, the first, Lumbwa Cooperative Society, was formed in 1908 by European farmers to buy fertiliser, chemicals, seeds and other farm inputs. The first legislation on cooperatives — Co-operative Societies Ordinance — was enacted in 1931. The Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) was the first cooperative to be registered in 1931. The Kenya Farmers Association (KFA) followed. The Kenya Planters Co-operative Union (KPCU) was registered in 1937 and the Horticultural Co-operative Union in 1951.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.co-opbank.co.ke
726
care and insurance protection, the insurer is also working with cooperatives, microfinance institutions, jua kali associations and other formal groups to make social health care a reality. The firm’s strategic plan for 2009-2013 aims at improving the company’s standing among the big league insurers in Kenya and the region. Co-operative College of Kenya
The college started in 1952 when a training centre was established at Jeans School, Kabete, for the training of Government cooperative inspectors, who were subsequently given the responsibility of overseeing the activities of cooperatives. In 1961, the centre was phased out and a School of Cooperation started at the Kenya Institute of Administration to train Government officials at certificate and diploma levels. In May 1967, the School of Cooperation was moved out of KIA to a site on Allen Road (presently Daystar University Campus near Nairobi Hospital). Cooperative College of Kenya at Karen, Nairobi, was established in 1967 to improve the training of cooperative officials and employees. It teaches, researches and offers consultancy services to cooperatives and related associations. It offers certificate, diploma, degree and basic management and specialised courses in cooperative development and management. The certificate courses are in cooperative administration, cooperative business administration and banking, and targets managers, supervisors, cashiers, tellers, book keepers, clerks and recorders at cooperative societies. Diploma courses are in cooperative management and banking, while the degree programme is in cooperative business. The college has two campuses — Town and Shirika.
Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (KUSSCO)
It promotes the organisation and development of viable cooperative savings and credit societies. It also disseminates information and encourages practices that maintain uniformity. KUSCCO fosters the education and training of members, officials and employees of saccos and helps improve their management. It has encouraged the formation and development of saccos. As the umbrella body of saccos, KUSCCO’s key role has been advocacy and representation. It also offers financial and technical assistance to rural and urban middle and low-income earners. KUSCCO offers products including stationery, SACCO Star Magazine, KUSCCO Housing Fund. It will introduce the following services to large, medium and small sacco societies: Book-keeping and
2 0 1 0
It was registered in December, 2009 as the national apex organisation for the cooperative movement to replace the Kenya National Federation of Cooperatives. Cooperative Alliance of Kenya (CAK) will be the driving force of the cooperative movement aimed at promoting and representing cooperative interests. CAK’s head office is in Karen, Nairobi, at the Cooperative College of Kenya compound. There are plans to eventually open regional offices for better service delivery. CAK by-laws provides for a Governing Council that will comprise 15 elected members — five from national cooperative organizations, three from cooperative institutions and seven from the following regions: Nairobi, Western, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern and Coast/North Eastern. The Commissioner for Cooperative Development is an ex-officio member Sub-committees will be constituted from council members to address issues such as cooperative finance, agriculture, manufacturing, cooperative business and trade, cooperative governance and policy, programmes, projects and proposals and audit. CAK’s affiliates are registered cooperative societies. They include the National Cooperative
Y E A R B O O K
Cooperative Alliance of Kenya
Organisations and (NACOs), Cooperative Bank, Cooperative Insurance Company and Cooperative College of Kenya. Others are the Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (KUSCCO), National Cooperative Housing Union (NACHU), Kenya Rural SACCO Societies Union and New Kenya Cooperative Creameries (New KCC). Other affiliates are the Kenya Cooperative Coffee Exporters, Cooperative Development Information Centre, KPCU, secondary and primary cooperative societies.
K E N Y A
The Agri-Business Training Centre is a training and consultancy institution at the Cooperative College.
727
Cooperatives and Marketing
Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative It is a farmer’s movement started in 1961 with 31 smallholder dairy farmers in Kiambu, 50km from Nairobi. It was formed to help dairy farmers to market milk. It started with one collection centre, but now has 58 fully computerised ones. The cooperative has 17,000 members and an annual turn over of Sh3 billion ($40 million) and an about 170,000 litres of milk a day. In 2004, the society commissioned a milk processing plant. The dairy’s products are Fresha Whole Milk, yoghurt, butter, ghee, cream and lala.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.fresha.co.ke
728
accounting, management, internal audit and IT facilities. Members of the union are savings and credit cooperative societies. To join, a registered sacco submits a copy of the general meeting resolution authorising the application. Payment for at least 100 union shares, affiliation fees and annual subscription for year. Payment for 30 shares may be paid in the first instance and the balance within one year. KPCU
Coffee was first introduced to Kenya in 1893. With time, coffee farmers,
the white settlers, set up umbrella institutions that would offer essential services critical in sustaining coffee production. To share coffee production overheads, the smallholder Africa Coffee Farmers formed coffee growers co-operative societies, which later led to the formation of Kenya Planters’ Co-operative Union (KPCU) Ltd in 1937 at Ruiru. It was a stockist company that cheaply bought essential agricultural inputs such as fertilisers, chemicals, tools and machinery in bulk. They were then resold to the farmers on credit and at affordable
terms. To accommodate tha changing needs of farmers, KPCU diversified its objectives, roles and functions to enable farmers improve the yields, quality and return on their coffee. The company established coffee milling, extension services on husbandry and provision of short-term credit to finance coffee production among others. KPCU has more than 700,000 members represented by more than 3,000 cooperatives and about 2,000 estate farmers who own small, medium and large-scale farms. Other coffee bodies are the Coffee Board of Kenya that offers licensing and regulatory services and the Coffee Research Foundation to carry out research activities. (See chapter on Agriculture)
Y E A R B O O K
The Ministry of Cooperative Development will mobilise additional resources to promote the revival of farm input supply cooperatives Create more capacity to trade in large volumes and thus reduce the cost of agricultural inputs such as fertiliser The cooperative movement will be facilitated to: Mobilise savings Initiate new investments Seek partnerships Boost industrialisation Promote commercialisation of agriculture Increase the use of information, communication and technology in their operations
K E N Y A
Plans for cooperatives
Cooperative development in Kenya is closely linked to the Government’s rural development policy. It aims to use cooperatives to facilitate commercialisation of smallholder farmers. Most smallholders own their farms and produce a wide range of agricultural produce. Farmers’ cooperatives have about 600,000 members. Coffee societies have about 400,000 members and the dairy cooperatives 100,000 members. The coffee sector, which provides foreign exchange, is yet to be fully liberalised. Thus, price and profitability largely depend on the fluctuating world market. Cooperatives represent 70 to 80 per cent of total coffee production. But it is different in the dairy sector. The market was liberalised in 1992, leading to increased competition in the raw material and markets. With the emergence of milk hawkers and new private dairy plants, producer prices have increased substantially. Coffee markets are being liberalised but
2 0 1 0
Agricultural cooperatives
729
Cooperatives and Marketing
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Housing cooperatives
730
National Cooperative Housing Union (NACHU) was established in 1979 to provide financial and technical service. It is a membership organisation for primary housing cooperatives. It offers saving and loan schemes: Nyumba Savings Schemes for saving for housing development. Biashara Savings Scheme for small-scale businesses Elimu Savings Scheme enables parents to plan for education of their children Cooperative Housing Loan facilitates construction of new and decent shelter House Rehabilitation Loan improves semipermanent structures built on land owned by members. Resettlement Loan helps those threatened with evictions to access credit to buy land and build basic structures Infrastructure loans help instal electricity, water, and sanitation facilities. Income generating loans assists groups to develop houses for renting. Biashara Loan Scheme allows members to expand businesses.
www.nachu.or.ke
products and technologies have not changed much. However, in dairy farming, product differentiation is increasing and production technologies are improving. Saccos
Savings and credit cooperatives offer financial services, especially loans, against members’ share capital. The number of clients who are not members or shareholders seeking the services has gone up, a clear sign for demand. They include police officers, teachers and business people working in the locality of the cooperative, but are not from the area.Most saccos make profits and pay dividends to members of up to 18 per cent of their savings and shares. The bulk of sacco incomes is from interest on loans. Those with quasi-banking front office services also make money from ledger fees, banker’s cheques and withdrawal charges. These bankingrelated charges generate more income than loan interest. Interest charges, sale of pass books, levies, standing charges and withdrawal fees, penalties on loan defaulters, interest on investments for fixed deposits and treasury bills, cheque clearance and loan application forms are the primary income sources. Saccos recruit members through sale of shares, which are also the source of funds for lending. They offer loan products and each has unique products, terms and conditions. • School fees: It accounts for between 60 and 80 per cent of loans in saccos • Hospital bill loan: It is a quick disbursing product and the cheque is written to a medical facility. • Medium term loans. These are payable over up to three years. • Development loans are recovered in more
World Cooperatives Day
The UN International Day of Cooperatives is celebrated annually on the first Saturday in July. It underscores the contribution of the movement in resolving global issues addressed jointly by the movement and the UN. In Kenya, the day is called Ushirika Day and aims to increase awareness on cooperatives, highlight the goals and objectives of the UN and the international cooperative movement and underscore the movement’s contribution to the resolution of major problems addressed by the UN. Challenges
• Poor governance in the management of cooperatives. However, financial stability and institutional development programmes have led to a resurgence
2 0 1 0
It was enacted in 2008, but came into force in January 2010, marking the beginning of a more regulated and friendly terrain for the seven million sacco members across the country. The Act provides for the licensing, regulation, supervision and promotion of certain sacco societies, the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority and for related purposes. The Authority is the apex body for saccos. Its functions are to icense saccos to do deposit business, regulate and supervise saccos, manage the Authority’s fund and levy contributions. The licensing of saccos will now be more stringent. Any person or group that wishes to do deposittaking business must be registered under the Cooperative Societies Act. The Authority must publish a list of saccos once a year in the Kenya Gazette and at least in one newspaper of national circulation. The Authority will from time to time prescribe the operations a sacco should engage in. A sacco should not open a branch, a new business
Y E A R B O O K
Sacco Act
premises or change the location of a branch or place of business without the approval of the Authority. Investment of sacco funds will be regulated in line with the interests of members. It may, form time to time, require or oversee saccos’ plan to avert financial difficulties and prescribe the maximum number of years an external auditor may serve the same sacco. Through a Deposit Guarantee Fund, the Act creates a soft landing for depositors. The fund protects members’ deposits for shares up to Sh100,000 each. Every sacco shall contribute to the Deposit Guarantee Fund.
K E N Y A
than three years • Domestic appliances loans Saccos have made several innovations: • Automated teller machines (ATMS) • Centralised banking with branches countrywide • Single tariff current accounts • Credit and debit cards • Low-priced bank cheques
731
Cooperatives and Marketing
• Lack of capacity in market intelligence and market research • Infrastructural weakness and high maintenance costs • Inadequate funding • Lack of ICT awareness in rural areas
References 1
Encountering the Evidence: Cooperatives and Poverty Reduction in Africa; Frederick O. Wanyama, Patrick Develtere, Ignace Pollet (Working Papers on Social and Cooperative Entrepreneurship)
2
The Cooperative College; The Cooperative Movement in Africa - Village Banks - the
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Ministry of Cooperative Development
732
It promotes cooperatives and offers education and training, financing policy, savings, credit and banking services policy. The ministry is responsible for cooperative governance, presides over the Cooperative Tribunal, markets and promotes cooperative ventures and runs the Cooperative College . To improve the performance of cooperatives, the ministry has identified key priorities: • Speeding up the cooperative development policy and realign it with Vision 2030 • Enhancing technical assistance for strategic programmes designed to accelerate the revival of dormant, but viable cooperatives and promote new ones that have potential to reduce poverty • Promoting marketing and value addition in cooperatives • Enhancing the capacity of the ministry to effectively supervise the management of cooperatives • Strengthening governance
Cooperative Movement in Kenya by Stirling Smith - College Associate 3
Supporting SMEs development and the role of microfinance in Africa; Rose Mwaniki Microfinance & Enterprise Consultant, INAFI Africa Trust
4
Survey Report / Baseline Study of Catering Cooperative Society in Kenya; Oyieke, T.O. Nguithi Ba, B.K.Macharia, M.
5
Marketing Cooperatives and Peasants in
6
The Economic and Social role of the Coop-
Kenya; Bager, Torben
erative Movement in Kenya: Towards Stability and Profitability; Henry Osando 7
Evolution, Growth and Decline of the Cooperative sector; Paul Gamba, Isaac Komo
•
www. co-operative.go.ke
•
www.kenyanewsagency.go.ke
•
www.kuscco.com
•
www.co-op.ac.uk/coop movement in Africa
•
www.kpcu.co.ke
•
wikipedia.org
20
of attention from Government. Strategies on risk reduction, early warning signals, amelioration of suffering and posttragedy rehabilitation are in place
K E N Y A
Disaster management has received a lot
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Disaster management
733
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Disaster management
734
Introduction
Districts where the Special Programmes ministry has initiated peace and reconciliation in Rift Valley and Nyanza
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K
13
2 0 1 0 0 9
BY NUMBERS
K E N Y A
H
istorically, disaster management in Kenya was not viewed as an integral part of development planning and disasters were responded to in an ad hoc manner when they occurred. It was not until November-December 1997 when the devastating effects of El Nino floods hit most parts of the country, when the National Disaster Operation Centre was set up in January 1998. According to the First National Water Resources Management
735
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
736
Strategy, the El Nino-induced floods caused $151.4 million (Sh12 billion) in public property damage. Kenya’s disaster profile is dominated by droughts, fire, floods, terrorism, technological accidents, diseases and epidemics that disrupt people’s livelihoods, destroy the infrastructure, divert resources, interrupt economic activities and retard development. To reduce vulnerability to risks, the Government has formulated a National Policy on Disaster Management to institutionalise mechanisms for addressing disasters. The policy emphasises preparedness on the part of the Government, communities and other stakeholders in disaster risk reduction activities. The policy aims at establishing and strengthening disaster management institutions, partnerships, networking and disaster risk reduction in the development process and to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable groups. The Ministry of State for Special Programmes in the Office of President coordinates disaster risk reduction initiatives. This encompasses a continuum from preparedness, relief and rehabilitation, mitigation and prevention. The policy aims to increase and sustain resilience of communities through diversification of livelihoods and coping mechanisms. This entails a shift from the short term relief responses to development. The policy will help preserve life
and minimise suffering by providing sufficient early warning information on potential hazards that may result in disasters. It will also aim at alleviating suffering by providing timely and appropriate response mechanisms for disaster victims.
Background In June 1999, the Government and the United Nations Disaster Management Unit sought to develop disaster management strategies tailored for Kenya. The goal of the National Disaster Management Policy is “to establish and maintain an efficient, effective and coordinated system for managing disasters in order to minimise losses and disruptions of the population, economy and the environment”. It recognises the need to develop capacity to respond to disasters and establishes the institutional framework that enhances coordination and development of expertise. It provides for stronger links with Local Development Plans and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programmes. The policy recognises that disaster management is multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary and promotes close links between sectors at national, district and local levels and involves the local authorities, the private sector, State corporations, UN agencies, NGOs, the media, volunteers, religious groups and development partners in disaster management.
www.povertyenvironment.net
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It recognises the role of communities and aims at promoting consultations and participation in disaster mitigation, preparedness, prevention, response and recovery. Climate is a key causal factor and there is, therefore, need to factor in weather and climate information in disaster management as a vital component of the policy. Strategies for prevention and mitigation of flood disasters include development of policies on settlement; improvement of catchment conservation and protection and development of flood control infrastructure. A number of regions in Kenya have suffered devastating disasters. Although the most common are weather-related — floods,
2 0 1 0 0 9
Types of disasters A number of regions in Kenya have suffered devastating effects of disasters. The most common are weather-related natural phenomena — floods, droughts, landslides and lightning. In the recent past, maninduced disasters — traffic accidents, civil conflicts, terrorism and industrial hazards have become common. Whenever they occur, the consequences are enormous — disruption of human settlements, destruction of shelter, damage to infrastructure, crop failure, disease outbreaks and environmental disruption. The Government, through the Office of the President,
737
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
Displaced IDPs Rift Valley Province was the hardest hit, with 408,631 people from 84,947 households displaced, Nyanza — 118,547 people from 24,984 homes Western Province — 58,677 homeless people from 12,385 homes Central Province — 46,959 people from 1,092 households. Nairobi — 19,416 people from 5,349 households. Eastern, Coast and North Eastern provinces accounted for 11,691 displaced people from 2,685 homes.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.sprogrammes.go.ke
738
droughts, landslides and lightning — anthropogenic factors causing land degradation, deforestation of catchment areas, poor agricultural practices, inappropriate land use and changing living conditions, among others, have contributed to increased impact from the various natural hazards. In the recent past, the emergence of man-induced types of disasters such as traffic accidents, civil conflicts, terrorism and industrial hazards have become common. Whenever hazards occur, the consequences of the disasters
are enormous — disruption of human settlements and destruction of shelter, damage to infrastructure facilities, crop failure, disease outbreaks and disruption of the environment. These are accompanied by human distress, suffering and fatalities. To cope with the hazards, the Government, through the Office of the President, has formulated a National Policy on Disaster Management. The policy spells out what ought to happen and sets aside money for rescue and mitigation
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
food security and reducing livelihood vulnerability in drought-prone and marginalised communities in ASAL districts. The Disaster Management Policy is linked to a number of other laws, including the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, which have a provision for hazards prevention. The Kenya Red Cross Society Act (Cap 256) mandates the voluntary society to respond to emergencies. The St John’s Ambulance of Kenya Act (Cap 259) provides for a reserve of technical
K E N Y A
against catastrophes. To fulfil this mandate, theMinistry of Special Programmes has developed a five-year strategic plan covering 2005-2010. It aims at addressing the incidences and emergence of slow and rapid disasters. The plan seeks to boost ways of saving lives during disasters, and helping victims start life afresh afterwards. It also provides for a mechanism to forewarn people of impending disasters on a 24-hour basis and a response mechanism. The strategic plan sets out priorities, including boosting
739
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
staff that supplements the medical services of the Government during times of disaster. The Local Authority Act (Cap 265) provides for the establishment of a Disaster Management Office in every local authority. It also sets out special powers for resource mobilisation that may be used in the event of a local disaster. The policy recognises international agreements, treaties and conventions (such as UNCCD, UNFCCC, UNCBD, GEF) that Kenya has signed and the need to operate. Other relevant acts include the Public Health Act, the Forest Act and the Chief’s Act.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
National policy
740
In the last two decades, Kenya has faced increased vulnerability to disaster risk. Communities are predisposed to disasters by a combination poverty, aridity, flooding and poor infrastructure and services in informal urban settlements or people living in poorly constructed buildings. These factors, coupled with droughts, floods, HIV and Aids, landslides, epidemics and climate change pose high disaster risks to the society. According to the Ministry of Planning and National Development, Kenya’s population rose to 38.6 million towards the end of 2008 and is estimated to hit the 40 million mark by 2010. This population, growing at the rate of 2.7 per cent is bound to affected by unemployment, HIV and Aids scourge and an
Houses for IDPs The Government has rehabilitated 78,254 houses destroyed in the chaos. UNHCR built 6,263 houses in Kipkelion, Nakuru and Molo Royal Media Services donated 3,500 iron sheets to families in Uasin Gishu. Kenya Red Cross has built 433 houses in Uasin Gishu, Matharu and Lugari Japan has rebuilt 4,023 houses Hope Africa Management Initiative built 500 houses in Molo, Nakuru and Kitale Catholic dioceses built 127 houses in Trans Nzoia West, Molo and Uasin Gishu. China donated 105,000 iron sheets Morocco gave $1 million National Humanitarian Fund rehabilitated 921 houses in Trans Nzoia East 199 houses built in Naivasha and Burnt Forest www.sprogrammes.go.ke
economy largely dependent on rainfed agriculture. Life expectancy is 53 per cent for men and 55 per cent for women compared to 50.5 per cent and 48.7 per cent for women and men respectively in 2007. Such a population can be highly vulnerable to disasters that may result in emergencies of high proportion, often culminating in national disasters that require external assistance. The Government recognises the need to establish an institutional, policy and legal framework to effec-
tively manage disaster risk and disasters in general. This policy, which has been reviewed and redrafted in the past 10-15 years, is the product of a participatory process. It outlines the objectives and strategies of an effective disaster management system for Kenya. In the past, the Government and relevant stakeholders have managed disasters reasonably well. Institutions such as the Kenya Food Security Meeting, the Kenya Food Security Steering Group, the Arid Lands Resource Management Project, the National Disaster Operations Centre, St John’s Ambulance and the disciplined forces have done well. But much more could be done to strengthen disaster management in this country.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
The response to the effects of the unfortunate events of early 2008 is a clear indication of the preparedness of the Ministry of Special Programmes. When political violence engulfed the country after the disputed 2007 General Election, the ministry coordinated the activities of other stakeholders like the Kenya Red Cross Society, the military, police and humanitarian organisations in rescuing the displaced Kenyans in need of food, clothes, drugs and shelter. Later, some displaced families sought refuge with their relatives, while others pitched tent in camps. About half of all the displaced persons, 313,921, were integrated in neighbouring communities. To establish the magnitude of the problem, the ministry started profiling the displaced families at a cost of Sh53 million ($662,500). The results were astounding: 140,459 households, making up 663,921 people, had been uprooted from their homes. Profiling further showed that Rift Valley Province was the hardest hit,
2 0 1 0 0 9
Post-election chaos
741
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Molo and Nakumatt fires fundraising team
742
Naushad Merali — Chairman Peter Munga Martin Oduor-Otieno Bethwel Kiplagat Eddah Lisigi Co-opted sub-committee members to represent special interests: Daud A. Mohamed — Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Special Programmes (now the PS in the Environment ministry) Abbas Gullet - Director, Kenya Red Cross Francis Kimani- Director of Medical Services Steve Smith - (former) Chairman of the Private Sector Alliance Joseph N. Macharia — secretary of the committee www.sprogrammes.go.ke
with 408,631 people from 84,947 households displaced, and followed by Nyanza with 118,547 people from 24,984 homes. Western Province had 58,677 homeless people from 12,385 homes and Central Province 46,959 people from 1,092 households. In Nairobi, 19,416 people from 5,349 households were displaced. The other provinces — Eastern, Coast and North Eastern — accounted for 11,691 displaced people from 2,685 homes. After profiling displaced families, the Government rolled out several programmes to mitigate their suffering, starting with Operation ‘Rudi Nyumbani’, aimed at helping the victims to return to their homes. With the support of the World Food Programme (WFP), the Government promised to provide food to displaced families until
ministry has overseen the return of 98 per cent of IDPs to their homes.
Y E A R B O O K
To coordinate the exercise, the Government established the National Humanitarian Fund for Mitigation of Effects of Post-Election Violence in January 2008. The Government has given Sh2.885 billion ($36.06 million) to IDPs. Of this, Sh1.42 billion ($17.75 million) has been paid to 142,832 households as start up capital of Sh10,000 ($125). Rift Valley Province received the lion’s share (Sh1.09 billion or $13.6 million), followed by Nyanza (Sh162 million or $2.025 million), Western (Sh132 million or $1.65 million), Central Sh47.9 million ($598,750) and Nairobi Sh37.9 million $473,750). Coast Province got Sh8.2 million ($102,500) and Eastern Sh3.2 million ($40,000). Another Sh984.6 million ($12.3 million) has been paid to 38,074 households — Sh25,000 each — for reconstruction of burnt houses. Of the Sh667 million ($8.3 million) given to to 23,683 heads of households, Rift Valley got Sh580 million ($7.25 million), Central Sh73 million ($912,500), Nairobi Sh10 million ($125,000), Western Sh2.8 million ($35,000) and Coast Sh375,000 ($4,687). The beneficiaries used the money to start small businesses, buy farm inputs or pool resources to buy land. Of the 15,286 families that benefited in Rift Valley, 7,311 built modest houses at Sh18.2 million ($241,700).
2 0 1 0 0 9
Cash grants
K E N Y A
they harvested their crops, and at the same time facilitated peace and reconciliation meetings among communities. To alleviate the suffering of displaced families, the Government reconstructed destroyed schools and infrastructure and facilitated counselling to heal the effects of post-election violence. Through Operation Rudi Nyumbani, 347,800 people returned to their farms, leading to the closure of IDP camps in Nakuru, Naivasha, Uasin Gishu and Trans Nzoia. Eldoret, which was the hotbed of post-election violence, became home to 34,000 IDPs who pitched camp at the Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK) showground. However, 2,200 people, who were hawkers and squatters prior to the upheaval, were stranded at the Eldoret camp. The Government gave them Sh35,000 ($437.5) a household. The money was paid from September 2008. Another category of IDPs migrated to camps near their homes so that they could work on their farms during the day and return to the camps in the evening since their houses had been destroyed. The ministry established 30 transitional camps for 7,188 families in Uasin Gishu, which had 18 camps accommodating 5,500 households; Trans Nzoia West and Kwanza with 852 families in eight camps and Molo, which hosted 836 families, in four camps. Against heavy odds, the
743
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
Kenya Red Cross
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
In 1859, Austrian and the Franco-Sardinian armies fought at Solferino, Italy — 40,000 died, were wounded or missing. Many of the wounded died for lack of care. In a church, a young Swiss, Henry Dunant, organised for help with the aid of the residents. In 1862, he wrote a book, A Memory of Solferino. He proposed supplementing army medical services during war. To promote the book’s aims, four Geneva citizens joined Dunant in setting up the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded, which later became the International Committee of the Red Cross. In 1863, specialists from 16 countries met in Geneva and adopted 10 resolutions that made the charter of the Red Cross — functions and work methods of the Committees for the Relief of the Wounded.
744
www.kenyaredcross.org
Some 6,802 IDPs who received Government support organised themselves into 19 selfhelp groups and bought 340 acres of land in various places. An additional Sh1.4 billion ($17.5 million) is required to conclude payment to IDPs. Land resettlement
On September 25, 2009, the Government allocated each member of a self-help group two and a quarter acres of land. So far, 1,928.7 acres have been allocated to 798 households in Giwa, San Marco, Managu, Baraka, Kiambaga and Rwang’ondu farms. Another 326 households will be settled on 962.9 acres of land in Gakonya, Konjoketty, Asanyo,
Great effort has gone to building new houses for the displaced people and rehabilitating destroyed ones. The ministry has rehabilitated 78,254 houses destroyed in the
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Housing
K E N Y A
Rwang’ondu and Marmanet in Molo, Laikipia and Kuresoi districts. Fifteen farms — 6,465.7 acres — have been identified. Eight have been paid for at Sh186.599 million ($2.33 million), while Sh857.037 million ($10.71 million) will be spent to acquire five farms of 4,102 acres.
chaos. The international community and local humanitarian organisations have offered invaluable support to the displaced families. Some development partners have helped the ministry to reconstruct some houses and infrastructure destroyed during the skirmishes. Through a three-year project Sh1.5 billion from the African Development Bank, the Government targets to build 19,000 houses and provide the households with farm inputs in Molo and Uasin Gishu. So far, 2,425 houses have been completed. Another 6,900 households of the targeted 8,500 received farm inputs in the 2009-2010 financial year. The Government has collaborated with the private sector, UN agencies, NGOs and religious groups to rebuild houses for IDPs. Under this arrangement, 28,939 houses have been built. For instance, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees built 6,263 houses in Kipkelion, Nakuru and Molo, while the Royal Media Services donated 3,500 iron sheets worth Sh2.1 million ($26,250) to displaced families in Uasin Gishu. The Kenya Red Cross Society, the lead agency in disaster management in the country, has constructed 433 houses in Uasin Gishu, Matharu and Lugari, while the Japanese government has rebuilt 4,023 houses. A humanitarian organisation, Hope Africa Management Initiative, has built 500 houses in Molo, while the
745
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
746
To bring conflicting communities together, the ministry has initiated peace and reconciliation programmes in 13 districts in Rift Valley and Nyanza provinces at a cost of Sh13 million ($162,500. However, the ministry is seeking Sh212.5 million ($2.65 million) to replicate the peace and reconciliation meetings in 85 districts in five provinces. The Department of Mitigation and Resettlement has held counselling sessions to ease the pain and suffering the victims went through as they witnessed their loved ones killed and property destroyed. Consequently, 135 counsellors contracted by the Government and assisted by social workers have counselled 77,525 displaced persons at a cost of Sh17.2 million ($215,000). Challenges
Post-election violence challenges have not yet been fully overcome as the Government did not provide all families with seeds and fertiliser
2 0 1 0 0 9
The ministry has spent Sh242 million ($3.025 million) on the reconstruction of 138 schools destroyed during the violence. The Kenya Army, which was involved in the rescue mission, built 16 schools in Molo and Uasin Gishu districts at Sh123 million ($1.53 million). The US Army, in conjunction with the Government, built Ruku-ini primary and secondary schools at Sh24 million ($300,000). The Kenya Red Cross Society rehabilitated Sugoi, Ng’arua, and Anernsens secondary schools, while Mabati Rolling Mills reconstructed 55 houses in Molo and Uasin Gishu. Soon after the violence erupted, some areas were rendered inaccessible. More than 300,000 IDPs were placed on a feeding programme, which ended in March 2009. The United Nations Development Programme has also chipped in
Peace and reconciliation
Y E A R B O O K
Reconstruction of schools
with a $1.66 million (Sh132.8 million) programme to restore the lives of youths and women in Kisumu, Uasin Gishu, Trans Nzoia, and Nakuru distructs. The African Development Bank (ADB) has loaned the Government Sh1.5 billion ($18.75 million) for the restoration of farm infrastructure and rural livelihoods of the displaced families in Molo and Uasin Gishu.
K E N Y A
Catholic Dioceses of Nakuru and Kitale have constructed 127 houses in Trans Nzoia West, Molo and Uasin Gishu. China has donated 105,000 iron sheets to 1DPs, while Morocco gave $1 million (Sh80 million). The National Humanitarian Fund has spent Sh12 million ($150,000) in rehabilitating 921 houses that were vandalised in Kachibora, Trans Nzoia East District. A further 199 houses have been built in Naivasha’s Jikaze area and Burnt Forest, Uasin Gishu.
747
Economy,management Disaster Finance and Planning
as had been envisaged. Some 15,078 households are still waiting for the Sh10,000 ($125) start up cash. Some of the transitional camps set up near the farms of the displaced families do not have proper sanitation and clean water. The Government’s plan to pay all the households Sh10,000 ($125) hit a snag after some of the households split up, bloating the budget by 15 per cent.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Floods
748
Floods have ravaged most parts of western Kenya for too long, causing great economic loss in terms of livelihoods and assets. Dealing with floods has basically been on responseterms of relief supplies. Construction of dykes has not helped much because it has concentrated on the flood plains. The Western Kenya Project — to ward off floods and their destructive effect — is a collaborative effort of the Government and the World Bank. The project operates in 10 districts (eight in Western Province and two in Nyanza Province). However, since the Nzoia and Yala catchment cover areas outside this zone, project resources will be made available for specific catchment management activities in six non-core districts — Nandi, Uasin Gishu, Keiyo, Marakwet, Trans Nzoia and East Pokot. The Government has taken measures to ensure that nobody dies in Budalang’i, which has over the years witnessed heavy losses as a result of the flooding whenever River Nzoia bursts its banks. The Government and the World Bank plan to
spend Sh6 billion ($75 million) in the next six years to construct new dykes along the Nzoia basin. A survey has been done and the exercise has begun. At the same time, the ministry has sent food and nonfood rations such as tents, mosquito nets and emergency medical kits to flood-prone areas. A radio station, Bulala FM, has been started at Sh28 million ($350,000). The Meteorological Department monitors the river levels and relays the information to the radio station, which in turn warns the people to evacuate before the river bursts its banks. A Sh15 million ($187,500) rescue centre equipped with toilet facilities, food and accommodation serves as a focal point for operations during emergencies. Similar steps have been taken in other vulnerable areas in NorthEastern Province, the Tana Delta and the Coast region to avert rainrelated fatalities. The Government and Japan have built small dams in Migori to pre-empt the overflowing of rivers in the lake basin. A fully-equipped and functional National Disaster Centre has been set up at Nyayo House, Nairobi. The centre receives and disseminates reports from all parts of the country and relays them to other parts of the world. The centre is served by military and police staff. They coordinate and mobilise resources when disasters strike. Other stakeholders in disaster management are the Kenya Red
Forest fires The country has witnessed serious fire outbreaks in many forests. This is attributed to prolonged drought conditions, heavy fuel loads in the forests and their inaccessibility. The fires increased in the early days of March, 2009 in the Mau Complex, Mt Kenya ecosystem, Aberdares. They were successfuly put out. Others fires put out were in Nakuru, Koibatek, Lariak, Chogoria and Kipipiri forest areas. District forest officers helped mop up the fires and monitored the situation. With the onset of the rains at the end of March, most forest stations reported that the raging fires had been put off.
Nakumatt and Molo fires The Nakumatt Supermarket fire broke in the afternoon of January 28, 2009. The cause of the fire was an electric power surge. On its part, the Molo fire broke out three days later at Sachangw’ani, 3km from Salgaa trading centre on the Nakuru-Eldoret highway. It involved a Mercedes Benz truck that was carrying 50,000 litres of petrol from the Kenya Pipeline Nakuru depot to Juba, Southern Sudan. The effect of the two fires was
2 0 1 0 0 9
During the drought in 2009, the Ministry of Special Programmes spent Sh1 billion ($12.5 million) a month to distribute relief food to people facing starvation in urban and rural areas. In the period, Nairobi received 16,200 bags of maize, beans and rice monthly at Sh45 million ($562,500). In Nyanza, the ministry spent Sh5 million ($62,500) to feed residents in 13 districts with 32,100 bags of maize, rice and beans. Rift Valley Province, which was affected by the 2009 drought, received relief supplies worth Sh11 million ($137,500) to help former IDPs and victims of the drought. Central Province got food rations worth Sh9 million ($112,500) and Eastern Sh9.2 million ($115,000). Between October and November 2009, Coast Province received 18,000 bags of maize and 13,200 of rice worth Sh5.9 million ($73,750). North-Eastern Province got 19,800 bags of cereals at Sh2.4 million ($30,000), which were delivered by military trucks. At the same time, the ministry coordinated the drilling of 200 boreholes across the country and distributed three 10,000 cubic litre water tanks to 22 districts. The ministry is involved in a Sh40 billion ($500 million) programme,
Y E A R B O O K
Drought
Total War on Aids (TOWA), funded by the US to strengthen the National Aids Control Council. TOWA gives money to communities for intervention and to support United Nations agencies involved in the fight against HIV/Aids.
K E N Y A
Cross Society, ministries of Public Health and Sanitation, Agriculture and Water, UNHCR, WFP and the Nairobi Fire Brigade.
749
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Disasterprogrammes Economy, Special management Finance and Planning
750
enormous in human casualties and property. They also tested the effectiveness of the response systems. Several interventions followed — establishment of the Nakumatt/ Molo fire Victims Fund and a management committee. When the fires broke out, the responses were timely and major response agencies took part. For the Nakumatt fire, Nairobi Fire Fighters were at the scene in 15 minutes, while for Molo the General Service Unit personnel arrived even before the fire started. But the teams were overwhelmed and sought help from other response agencies — private and public. In the Nakumatt tragedy, 29 people died and one survived. At Sachangwan, 130 people died and 243 were treated in hospitals in Molo and Nakuru. A number of victims were airlifted to Nairobi hospitals the same day. On February 6 2009, President Kibaki established the Nakumatt/Molo Fire Victims Fund and a Fund Raising and Management Committee through Kenya Gazette Notice No. 1171. The objective was to provide help in paying medical bills and humanitarian assistance to the victims of the tragedies. The funds were donated by leaders, the private sector, the Public Service, civil society, development partners and well wishers.
visited hospitals and the scene of the fire and met patients, doctors, volunteers and the Provincial Administration. Its next step was to raise funds for the victims. On February 19 2009, a fund raiser presided over by President Kibaki raised Sh80.7 million ($1.1 million) — 80 per cent by public servants, and the rest from private sector. The committee established other initiatives to get more money and Sh111.4 million ($1.13 million) had been raised as at April 2, 2009. Donations in medical supplies, food and volunteer services were worth about Sh20 million ($250,000). The committee gave Sh50,000 ($625) each to the relatives of the victims to help in burial costs and other needs. Survivors who were in hospital for more than 15 days were also paid Sh50,000 each as did 300 others. In regard to the Nakumatt fire, Nakumatt Ltd paid the bills, including the cost of DNA tests and Sh100,000 ($1,250) for every victim that died. The money was collected by relatives. The committee resolved to build a memorial site where the accident took place and 78 people were buried in a mass grave. It also agreed to set aside funds to construct a Burns Unit at the Rift Valley Provincial General Hospital.
Committee’s achievements
Molo fire statistics
Its initial task was to establish the facts on the disaster. The members
Some 373 people were affected. Of these, 31 stayed long in hospital —
Special Programmes ministry It was created in 2004 and is based in the Office of the President. Its core functions are to develop special programmes policies, manage disaster-risk reduction programmes, and arid and semi-arid lands resource management project. It also coordinates the campaign against HIV/Aids, supervises the National Aids Control Council, the El Nino Emergency Project and the Disaster Emergency Response Coordination.
It responds at the national level before, during and after disaster management activities. National Aids Control Council (NACC)
(See chapter on Governance) Western Kenya flood mitigation
It supports and promotes economic empowerment of communities and organisations in western Kenya and supports local initiatives that mitigate the effects of poverty. The project demonstrates viable approaches that communities can use to contain floods and improve grassroots programmes. It is done through the Provincial Administration in eight districts in Western Province and four in Nyanza. National Operations Centre
It was established in 1998 at the height of the El-Nino floods to coordinate response and relief activities. It monitors the occurrences of disasters in the country on a 24-hour basis. Relief and Rehabilitation
It was formed during the1992/1993 drought and charged with the responsibility of responding to drought and famine emergencies. It deals with prevention, mitigation, and awareness programmes. It also provides relief to affected communities. The department has an early warning system in 22
2 0 1 0 0 9
Twenty-nine people died — 18 were identified through DNA and 11 yet to be identified in second round DNA testing. Initial reports said there were no survivors, but it later emerged that two people survived — one was admitted to the Kenyatta National Hospital for long and the other was treated at Nairobi West Hospital and discharged.
Disaster Emergency Response
Y E A R B O O K
Nakumatt fire statistics
Departments
K E N Y A
six at Kenyatta and 25 at the Rift Valley Provincial Hospital. Seventy-two died in hospitals and a similar number had minor injuries, were treated and discharged on the same day. Sixty-eight of the victims were admitted to various hospitals, but did not stay long. But 130 were badly burned and 78 were buried in a mass grave at Shachangw’an, 42 were identified and claimed and 10 identified, but unclaimed.
751
Disasterprogrammes Economy, Special management Finance and Planning
drought and floods-prone districts. The warning system will be expanded to cover more districts and disasters.
Kenya Red Cross It is constitutionally mandated to help the Government carry out humanitarian work in times of peace or conflict and natural disasters such as drought, famine and floods, among others. It trains personnel, field staff and volunteers on clear guidelines and procedures to carry out efficient and effective relief operation in accordance with the principles of the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement and the Code of Conduct for Disaster Response. KRC works through its departments — Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Response and Tracing.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Army
752
It has been involved in disaster response and providing various services during drought, floods, landslides, earthquakes, terrorism and structrual failures. Soldiers provide relief, security, medical services, logistical support and temporary shelters. They also treat water, construct dams, search and rescue, evacuate, open communication routes, clear debris, share intelligence, boost surveillance and fight fires.
St John’s Ambulance, Kenya It is a leading provider of First Aid and emergency medical services. It is one of the largest volunteer movements in the country (about 15,000 members) in all parts of the country. They offer First Aid and emergency care at accidents and public events, and train the youth in personal development and leadership programmes. St John Kenya operates in nine regions. North Eastern Province, the latest entrant, started operations in 2009. The St John Association for Kenya is part of a worldwide network of The Order of St John, which traces its origins to more than 900 years ago. It was first introduced in Kenya in 1923, with the first division set up within the Kenya Police in 1925. In 1929, Kenya became a District of St John with Sir Cavendish as the first Commissioner. In 1959, St John’s Ambulance in Kenya was created by an Act of Parliament, (Cap 259). Since then, it has been at the forefront in providing First Aid services and its membership has grown. Its regions of operations are Nairobi, Coast, Eastern, Western, Rift Valley, Central and Nyanza. St John also operates within the Kenya Railways and the Kenya Ports Authority.
Kenya Food Security Meeting (KFSM) It is the main coordinating body that brings together food security actors in a forum where information is exchanged, options debated and decisions formulated for referral
Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)
Significant changes in the institutional and operational framework of food security structures began in 1999. Such developments included a revised direction for the Kenya
National Youth Service (See chapter
on Sports) Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Resource Management Project (See chapter
on Agriculture)
Fire fighting Public service providers — local authorities’ fire brigade departments — have faced many challenges that have affected their services. Many times the equipment fails them and the state of the infrastructure in cities
2 0 1 0 0 9
They provide technical expertise and set standards within sectors for data collection, analysis, assessment and intervention. The groups are Agriculture and Livestock (FAO/ Agriculture/OP), Water and Sanitation (UNICEF/Water ministry), Health and Nutrition (UNICEF and Ministry of Health) and Disaster Management (Kenya Red Cross and OP-Relief and Rehabilitation ) Others are Education – School Feeding Programme, Food Aid Estimates (WFP/OP-Relief and Rehabilitation) and the Kenya Food Security Meeting Membership.
Y E A R B O O K
KFSM Sectoral Working Groups
Food Security Meeting, the formation of Geographical Review Teams and the establishment of the Kenya Food Security Information Steering Group. As the country moved into a period of drought stress and potential emergency, these developments had a positive impact. In June 1999, the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Drought and Food Security was established. The strengthening of the food security and drought management structure helped mount a coordinated effort to assess drought conditions. A methodology was developed and a needs assessment report compiled. The findings of the research signaled a need to strengthen and redefine the role of the Food Security Information Steering Group. It was in recognition of the central role played by the steering group that the KFSISG changed its name to the Kenya Food Security Steering Group.
K E N Y A
to the Government and donors. It is responsible for addressing food security issues and maintaining institutional memory of the key national actors. KFSM meets once a month, and is chaired by the Office of the President. Its members include food security-related ministries, UN agencies, the Red Cross Movement, NGOs and donors. Although better known for its role in coordinating response to drought emergencies, KFSM has six working groups that deal with the issues of the sectors.
753
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Disasterprogrammes Economy, Special management Finance and Planning
754
and towns affects their response rate. When they are overwhelmed, they seek help from the disciplined forces (Army) and Government agencies such as the Kenya Airports Authority. As a result, the private sector has, in a big way, entered the fire-fighting service, the largest section being private security firms. Entry of security firms into the firefighting business is also informed by insurance industry trends where premiums for fire policies are pegged on proof of better protection arrangements. Kenya’s private firefighting business is estimated to be worth Sh5 billion, a large fraction of which is in the hands of G4S security company. The business is expected to double in the next two years as corporations and foreign missions turn to the companies to manage their fire risks.Hiring private security firms represents a new way of doing business in Kenyan cities where fire outbreaks cannot be ruled out. Private fire operators also offer awareness training, sale and maintenance of equipment and rents fire engines, especially to event managers. A three-hour fire awareness training session for 25 employees costs about Sh25,000. The training covers
basic knowledge such as causes of fire, evacuation, fire risk assessment, use of extinguishers and dealing with burns. It costs between Sh25,000 ($312.5) and Sh40,000 ($500) to hire a fire engine for an eight-hour event, but companies can pay Sh30,000 ($375) a month for rapid response in the event of a fire. It costs more to call in private fire fighters in case of a fire outbreak in premises for which they have not been retained to offer the service. It can be as high as Sh2 million ($25,000) down payment. When the building is not on an annual contract, fire fightingcompanies assess the cost on site before asking the owners of the property to agree in writing that they will pay
References •
National Policy for Disaster management on Kenya. Nairobi 2009
•
Onywere , Simon Mang’erere The Status of Disaster Management in Kenya: The Need for Training Programmes. Nairobi 2002
•
www.sprogrammes.go.ke
•
www.kenyaredcross.org
•
www.kenyafoodsecurity.org
•
www.stjohnkenya.org
•
www.mod.go.ke
•
www.businessdailyafrica.com
•
allafrica.com
21
tremendously in recent years — licensing and regulation procedures have eased as public and private financial institutions lend to all sections of society
K E N Y A
Trade and industrialisation have improved
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Trade, investment and industry
755
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Trade, Investment and Industry
756
Introduction
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
35
2 0 1 0 0 9
K
enya’s economy is deregulated and licensing procedures have been simplified. The roles of the public and private sectors have evolved over time, enabling continuity of the economic development strategy. The Government’s economic and liberalisation reforms aim to widen the economic base beyond agriculture, Government divestiture from State enterprises and development of free trade areas. Through the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation, Kenya became a good environment for trade, business, tourism and foreign direct BY NUMBERS investment. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy. It accounts for 23 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 63 per cent of exports. Services account for The number of business licences a working commit63 per cent of GDP and mantee of Government recently ufacturing 13 per cent. The eliminated in an effort to sector comprises medium make Kenya a more tradefriendly country for local and and large enterprises with international investors. They major foreign multinational were among 86 licences up for review companies from Europe, US and Asia.
757
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
758
Business made easier
Licensing reforms
Kenya is the gateway to eastern and Central Africa. It is a regional hub for investment and commerce. Enormous business opportunities await investors. Investing in Kenya has been made easier. The country has signed tax treaties and investment promotion and protection agreements. Exports from Kenya enjoy preferential access to world markets under special duty reduction. Factors that favour local and foreign investment are political stability, stable macro-economic policies, competitive incentives, guarantees to investors and preferential market access. Others are a friendly tax system, developed human resource and good infrastructure. Since the early 1990s, the Government has set up various schemes to encourage investment. They offer fiscal and infrastructural benefits to the business community. The Government continues to improve the investment environment. Some of the policy initiatives include liberalisation of exchange controls to make them market-driven, removal of price controls, abolition of import licensing except for products that relate to national security, health and environment. Others are the opening up capital markets to foreign participation, generous investment and capital allowance, remission of duty and VAT, manufacture under bond status, export processing zone
A new law, the Investment Promotion Act, came into force in 2005 to: Promote and facilitate investment by assisting investors to get the necessary licences and providing incentives. Recently, the Government set up a taskforce to consult the public on business licensing reforms on the more than 1,300 licences in Kenya. The licences have affected the growth and competitiveness of the private sector. The Government plans to delete many or simplify the licences. This will make the licensing regime simpler and more transparent and focus on legitimate regulatory purposes. A committee has completed the first phase of the licensing reforms, which included the review of 86 licences. The Government eliminated 35 licences and simplified four, excluding the double counting out of simplification and consolidation of licenses. The committee will apply the guillotine strategy to the remaining licences. The team is required to review 514 licences and establish a permanent electronic registry at the Attorney-General’s office.
Foreign trade Key international trade indicators include merchandise trade balance, terms and volume of trade, current account balance and overall balance of payments position. In 2009, the trade deficit widened from Sh425.7 billion ($5.32) in 2008 to Sh443.1 billion ($5.53 billion). In
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
www.fastmoving.co.za/ kenya retail sector
2007, the deficit was Sh330.4 billion ($4.13 billion). In 2009, domestic exports grew marginally by 0.3 per cent, while re-exports declined by 4.1 per cent. Total imports grew by 2.3 per cent compared to a 27.4 per cent in 2008. This resulted in the volume of trade growing by 1.6 per cent compared to 26.8 per cent in 2008. The low volume of trade is attributed to reduced aggregate demand in the main trading partners. Tea, coffee, horticultural products and apparels and clothing accessories were the leading export earners, collectively accounting for 50.5 per cent of the total domestic export earnings.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Supermarket business Nakumatt and Tuskys are leaders in the retail market business. Nakumatt opened its first store in 1987 and has 26 outlets now. It has expanded to Rwanda and Uganda. Tuskys, the second largest retailer, re-branded from Tusker Mattresses to Tuskys, a transformation from a family business to a corporate entity. It has expanded from Nairobi to Thika, Athi River, Rongai and Kisumu. Uchumi Supermarkets has had financial problems. When it was about to collapse, the Government moved in and drew up a rescue plan that saw Uchumi open its doors to customers again. Kenya has many other but smaller retail outlets found in Nairobi and other towns and estates. Due to the success of local retailers, foreign players have shown interest.
759
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
Museveni visits Brookside Dairies It is a Kenyan enterprise, which also does business in Uganda and Tanzania. Its products are available in COMESA and SADC blocs, and the Middle East. Brookside has milk collection and cooling centres throughout Kenya, including Eldoret, Kiganjo, Eldama Ravine, Ol Kalou, Kinangop and Nyeri. It is the leading milk processor with a capacity of 750,000 litres a day. Its facilities are in Ruiru, Eldoret and Kiganjo. It has employed 1,500 people.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.brookside.co.ke
760
The external sector improved, registering an overall surplus of $465 million (Sh37.2 billion) in 2009 compared to a $513 million (Sh41.04 billion) deficit in 2008. Official foreign exchange reserves rose by more than 30 per cent to reach $3.8 billion(Sh30.4 billion) in April 2010 compared to $2.9 billion (Sh23.2 billion) in April 2009.
Balance of payments It recorded a surplus of Sh75.2 billion ($940 million) in 2009 compared to a Sh33.2 billion ($415 million)deficit in 2008. This was due
to increased net capital inflows and improved current account balance from a deficit of Sh137.1 billion ($1.71 billion) in 2008 to a Sh124.4 billion ($1.55) deficit in 2009. The Kenya shilling depreciated against the US dollar to Sh77.35 in 2009 compared to Sh69.18 in 2008. Remittances declined from $611.4 million ($48.9 billion) in 2008 to $609.2 million ($48.7 billion) in 2009.
Investment strategy The private sector is Kenya’s hope for creating employment and wealth
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
and putting the country on a firm development path. The National Economic Recovery Strategy seeks to mobilise national effort to create a business environment that encourages domestic and foreign private investment. The Government has started a number of initiatives to support the private sector. They are coordinated by the ministries of Trade and Industrialisation. They include: • The Private Sector Development Strategy (PSDS) to give direction and a medium-to-long-term road map for the Government to sup-
port private sector development • The Investment Climate Action Plan (ICAP) to address reform efforts in various ministries and public agencies • The National Export Strategy Implementation Action Plan • Regulatory (Licensing) Reforms for Business Activity To ensure reforms give quick results, the ICAP focuses on a number of priority areas: Security, road construction and repair, removing inefficient, unnecessary, unfriendly and cumbersome licensing, improving business registration, land administration and power connections. • Updating company law • Improving Customs and tax administration Kenya has a vibrant private sector, including foreign investors. It has concentrated on manufacturing (mainly food-related) for the domestic and the regional market. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has recently played a key role in horticulture (for export to the European Union) and service areas, mainly transport, tourism and mobile phone telephony. Kenya has many trade and investment opportunities in manufacturing, agriculture, hotel and tourism, transport and construction. There are more than 900 major manufacturers and over 200 multinationals in the country, mainly from Britain, France, the US and West Germany. They private sector has key players.
761
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA)
Formed in 2003, KEPSA brings together more than 200 organisations. It has created a harmonised approach to issues across sectors and ensured the formulation of policies that encourage domestic and foreign investment while pursuing regional, continental and international economic opportunities. Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
It was registered under the Trade Unions Act and represents the interests of employers. Its major objective is to harmonise and defend employers’ interests. It also aims at raising the consciousness of employers so that they can promote labour productivity, sound management, better industrial relations, fair labour practices, effective work organisation and stronger staff motivation.
762
Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM)
Constituted in 1959, it unites industrialists under an organisation to encourage investment, uphold standards, and present their views and concerns to the Government. Ordinary membership is restricted to persons, firms and companies directly engaged in manufacturing, processing or any other productive method. Associate membership is extended to companies that, by the nature of their business, have a direct interest in the expansion of industry, including financial insti-
Cement business The growth in the construction sector is driven by huge Government investment in infrastructure. Kenya’s largest cement-maker Bamburi Cement will increased production from 46 million to 60 million bags. By 2012, Athi River Mining will have built a $250 million (Sh18.7 billion) plant to make 40 million bags a year. It has boosted capacity at the Kaloleni plant to 13 million bags a year. East African Portland Cement Company will raise capacity from 14 million to 24 million bags. Work on a Sh13 billion ($173 million) cement plant in Pokot began in May 2010. The factory will roll out the first products in 2012 and produce 24 million bags of cement a year.
www.businessdailyafrica.com
tutions, insurance and consulting companies. Eastern Africa Association (EAA)
It was established in 1964. Members include companies from India, South Africa, the United Kingdom and United States, among others. The EAA headquarters are in London and it is a communication channel between foreign investors and Eastern African governments. It interprets the policies and objectives of governments to members and, in turn, explains the views and
needs of investors, prospective investors and foreign businesses generally to governments. It has a strong presence in the East African Community (EAC) and also in a number of other countries, including Ethiopia, Madagascar and Rwanda. East African Business Council (EABC)
It is the umbrella organisation for businesses in East Africa. It has three categories of membership. The first consists of chambers of commerce, manufacturers’ associations, employers’ federations and organisations in banking, tourism, insurance, agriculture and transport. The second category is on investment promotion centres, export promotion councils and Export Processing Zones (EPZs). The third category is for companies.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It is an advisory organisation to the Government and provides timely, accurate and independent economic and social advice to improve the management of the economy. The NESC Council is a standing committee comprising eminent people with diverse experience, knowledge and skills and is chaired by the President or Minister for Finance in his absence. The committee is mandated to provide expert advice on economic and social matters to the President and the Cabinet. The Council was formed through a gazette notice on September 24, 2004. It was launched on January 10, 2005. The Council members bring together expertise, experience, and distinguished service in diverse fields and countries — medical practitioners, social scientists, economists, engineers, industrialists and other business and public service professionals.
2 0 1 0 0 9
National Economic and Social Council
763
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenyan currency
764
The unit is the shilling and the sign is KSh and code KES. Bills are in 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 notes. Coins are 50 cents and 1, 5, 10, 20 and the commemorative 40 shillings. In 1966, Central Bank issued KSh5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 notes. Coins replaced KSh5 notes in 1985, and 10 and 20 notes in 1994 and 1998. In 1986, KSh200 notes were introduced, 500 in 1988 and 1000 in 1994. President Kenyatta’s portrait appeared on the notes issued until 1978, with President Moi’s replacing him in 1980. In 2003, when President Kibaki replaced Moi, KSh5, 10 and 20 notes in the Kenyatta series were issued. Five, 10, 25 and 50 cent coins and 1 and 2 shillings were issued in 1966. 25 cents coins were not minted after 1969 and 2 shillings last minted in 1971.
At the NESC forum, policy issues are identified, discussed and recommendations made. The Council also monitors and assesses Government programmes and policies. As an advisory body, it recommends to the Cabinet, policies that deliver social equity, economic growth, wealth and employment creation.
Trade and investment Public and private organisations give information that helps to improve business — markets, foreign buyers and suppliers, exports from Kenya and incentives for exporters and importers.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Micro, small and medium enterprises are the base of entrepreneurial development in Kenya and the ‘seed bed’ for inculcating an entrepreneurial culture and supporting rural industrialisation. A lot has been done to improve the business environment for small businesses. In 2009, records at the Companies Registry were digitised. When the programme is complete in the 2010-2011 financial year, small businesses will be able to apply and pay for licences online, including by mobile phone payments. The Government has also reduced the time required to start a business and halved time to pay taxes and statutory contributions. It has licensed micro-finance banks and allowed agency banking. In the 2010-2011 Budget, a Sh3.8 billion($47.5 million) fund was set up through which the Government will enter credit facility agreements with some banks to support small and micro-enterprises. From the kitty, Sh3 billion ($37.5 million) will be advanced to banks and financial institutions to lend to SMEs and Sh800 million ($10 million) will be for agencies’ capacity building and training of beneficiaries. The banks are expected to match Sh5 ($0.0625) for each Sh1 ($0.0125) invested by the Government, boosting the kitty five-fold to Sh15 billion ($187.5 million). The programme targets 12 million
Y E A R B O O K
Micro-enterprises
It has 40 district offices where field services are managed. They are run by District Trade Development Officers. The Department provides services through 20 zones and eight subzones at the district level. Its activities are coordinated at the provincial level by the Provincial Director of Trade, with technical support from the Director of Internal Trade at the head office. The department’s core functions are to: • Formulate, implement, harmonise and domesticate regional trade arrangements • Promote micro-small and medium enterprises • Provide business counselling, advisory and consultancy services and capacity building programmes to enterprises. • Manage a traders’ credit scheme that offers financial assistance to MSMEs and facilitates micro credit • Its programmes include monitoring and evaluating trade practices, policies and trends, and gathering, analysing, storing and disseminating trade information to investors, entrepreneurs and the public. • It also promotes indigenous entrepreneurs to take advantage of export opportunities created through bilateral, regional and multi-lateral trade agreements.
K E N Y A
Department of Internal Trade
765
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
Office hours Government offices and many private businesses operate on a five-day week. However, some organisations are run on a six-day week. The official working hours are 8am to 5pm on weekdays, with a one-hour lunch break — 45 hours, a week. The Regulation of Wages and Conditions of Employment Act provides that the hours worked in any twoweek period should not exceed 120 hours (144 hours for night workers). However, some businesses, especially leading supermarket chains and city markets, have embraced the 24-hour working system. The Immigration Department has also extended its working hours to 8pm.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.aafm.us/article
766
Kenyans using the mobile money transfer platform and eventually cover the close to 20 million Kenyans who own mobile phones. This is expected to create 100,000 jobs for young people. To encourage the development of innovative industries for sustaining the country’s competitive advantage, the following must be done: • Identification of sites for industrial parks and special economic zones • Development of industrial parks, special economic zones and industrial clusters • Facilitation of the simplification and decentralisation of the registration, licensing and taxation regimes • Facilitation and coordination of development and implementation of programmes and initiatives for business incubation and start-ups • Creation of new incentives for rural industrialisation. The Kenya Vision 2030 blueprint recognises the crucial role of micro, small and medium enterprises in industrial development and emphasises the development of industrial parks in five towns — Kisumu, Mombasa, Eldoret, Nakuru and Nairobi — to spur industrial growth. It also proposes the development of two special economic zones in Kisumu and Mombasa. Assistance to Micro and Small Enterprises Programme (ASMEP) is a Government initiative to support micro and small enterprises. The European Commission (EC) is funding it and it took effect on September 26, 2007. It will be implemented over a five-year period. The Ministry of Trade is the principal ASMEP host institution, and acts on behalf of the National Authorising Officer in managing and supervising the programme. ASMEP sup-
Export Promotion Council It was established in 1992 to remove bottlenecks facing exporters and producers of export goods and services. EPC’s goals are: • Diversifying Kenya’s exports and opening up new markets • Consolidating targeted and existing export markets • Enlarging export supply base and promoting new products for export
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is responsible for trade development policy and implementation. It promotes trade between Kenya and regional and international partners. It also reduces the risk and cost of trade to businesses and consumers. The department deals with trade issues between Kenya and other countries. The main objective of the department is to contribute to Kenya’s socio-economic development by developing a conducive external trade policy that consolidates and expands the export market. Other objectives are to promote exports and bilateral and multi-lateral trade relations. It also boosts economic integration and development of trade through bilateral arrangements, regional and international organisations such as COMESA, EAC, African Union, ACP-EU, AGOA, WTO, ITC and UNCTAD, among others. It also gathers and disseminates external
Y E A R B O O K
Department of External Trade
trade information to business community and coordinates training on trade issues. Its functions are to: Formulate, implement, coordinate, monitor and review external trade policies • Identify and monitor new trade and investment policies • Promote bilateral, regional and multi-lateral trade relations consistent with Kenya’s interests • Initiate and negotiate bilateral and multi-lateral agreements to secure favourable terms for Kenya • Promote products • Attract foreign investments • Coordinate international trade activities • Liaise with international organisations — WTO, UNCTAD and ITC — on trade matters • Coordinate regional trade matters — COMESA, ACP, EU, COTONOU AGREEMENT, EAC and IGAD • Organise market campaigns through Kenya’s commercial attaches.
K E N Y A
ports the development of micro and small enterprises through capacity building of business associations and other non-State actors that promote and develop MSEs, business development service providers and micro-institutions. It also disseminates business information through business information centres or other initiatives and support agro-processing, packaging and value addition, especially in horticulture and fisheries
767
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
768
• Increasing competitiveness of export products and promoting value addition • Creating awareness and an export culture in Kenya. It is the African Trade Insurance Services (ATI) liaison office. ATI is an export credit agency supported by the World Bank and the European Union to provide insurance against political and credit risks, non-payment of supplied goods and services, guarantee import/export capital equipment and machinery and transit and diversion risks. It collects, stores, analyses and disseminates information to support
the business community through the Centre for Business Information in Kenya (CBIK). The centre has information on existing and potential export markets the International Trade Centre (ITC), WTO, Japan External Trade Organisation and Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (CBI). The Centre has a library (Reference Centre), which is accessible to the business community and offers business counselling services. The Council identifies export market opportunities for Kenyan products and formulates market entry strategies. This year, EPC has developed
the National Export Market Development Programme (NEMDP) to guide market development activities. The Council facilitates the expansion and diversification of export products through branding, product design and packaging for value addition.
www.eabl.com
Y E A R B O O K
EABL began operation in 1922 and its brewery is in Ruaraka, Nairobi. EABL’s annual turnover is Sh30 billion ($375 million) and it has the largest beer market share in the region. It employs over 1,000 people in East Africa. It installed a new bottling line that produces 80,000 bottles an hour. Its brands are Tusker, Pilsner, Tusker Malt, White Cap, White Cap Light, Senator, Guinness, Allsopps, President and Windhoek lager. Others are non-alcoholic drinks Malta Guinness and Alvaro. The firm produces 100 million glass containers a year at its Central Glass Industries. It exports them to Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Seychelles, Re-Union, Mauritius, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola.
K E N Y A
East African Breweries
The EPZ programme was established in 1990. The scheme, managed by the EPZA, promotes export industrial investment in designated zones. Investors in EPZs enjoy attractive incentives, simplified operating procedures and superior infrastructure. The EPZ facilitates and offers after care services to new and existing investors. Currently, there are more than 40 operational enterprises in EPZs involved in various activities and representing investors from Kenya, US, Europe and Asia. EPZs are designed to further integrate Kenya into the global supply chain and attract export-oriented investments in the zones. In this way, the country will benefit from job creation, diversification and expansion of exports, increase in investments, technology transfer and creation of links between the zones and the local economy. The programme has contributed significantly to the economy: • More than 40 zones are in place • Close to 40,000 workers are employed • EPZ contributes 10.7 per cent of national exports • More than 70 per cent of EPZ output is exported to the US under AGOA. EPZs provide investors with a predictable, attractive and efficient operation for tackling regional and global markets. Attractive tax incentives, a facilitating operating environment, good physical infrastructure and sup-
2 0 1 0 0 9
Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA)
769
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
770
port by EPZA staff have resulted in more than 80 companies from all over the world making Kenya’s EPZs their home. Many of these have made additional investments and expanded their operations. EPZ enterprises must export at least 80 per cent of their output. Their sales at Customs are treated as normal imports into Kenya and are charged import duties and taxes. The programme experienced mixed performance, caused by various challenges including stiff competition and high cost of production. In addition, the US market, which absorbs more than 50 per cent of the total exports from the zones, was affected by the economic recession. But the EPZ recorded growth in operational enterprises, sales, exports and local purchases. But employment, imports and salaries declined. The number of enterprises rose to 74 in 2008 from 72 in 2007. In 2008, the number of gazetted zones stood at 38, down from 41 in 2007, 36 of which were privately owned and operated. Only two were public. Nine of the zones are in Nairobi, 20 in Mombasa, three in Athi River (Mavoko), two in Kilifi and one each in Kerio Valley, Thika and Isinya in Kajiado. Sales from EPZ companies rose by 6.1 per cent in 2008 to Sh31.2 billion ($416 million) from Sh29.4 billion ($392 million) in 2007. Of this, exports accounted for 89.9 per cent. Domestic sales
increased by 78.5 per cent to stand at Sh2.5 million ($33.3 million).
Licences and permits EPZA issues 3 main types of licences or permits: The EPZ developer, operator licence. This is for investors who develop infrastructure and buildings for new zones of EPZ enterprises • The EPZ enterprises licence is for companies involved in manufacturing or processing, commercial activities (breaking bulk, repackaging, re-labelling and trading) and export-oriented services (brokerage, information, consultancy and repair services) Easier procedures
EPZA minimises bureaucracy and administrative procedures and facilitates licensing, set up and operations of projects. This includes exemption from laws such as the Import, Export and Essential Supplies Act, Standards Act, Industrial Registration Act and the Statistics Act. The EPZA acts as the primary licensing and regulatory agency of Government, and collects information and data from the companies. Investors easily repatriate capital and profits. All zones have a resident Customs office for documentation and clearance. A senior revenue officer is attached to the EPZA to help in Customs and Excise matters.
Starting a company Cost
Obtain approval for the company name
3 days
Sh100 per name reservation
Stamp duty memorandum of articles
8 days
1 per cent of nominal capital + Sh2,005
Pay stamp duty at bank
1 day
Sh100 bank commission
Compliance declaration signed at Commissioner’s of Oaths
1 day
Sh200
File deed with the Registrar of Companies
7-14 days
Sh5,893
Register with the Tax Department for PIN
1 day
no charge
Register with the VAT office
1-2 days
no charge
Apply for a business permit
5 days
Sh5,000
Register with NSSF
1 day
no charge
Register with National Hospital Insurance Fund
1 day
no charge
Register for PAYE
1 day
no charge
Make company seal after issue of certificate of incorporation
2 days
between Sh2,500 and Sh3,500
Investor support
It helps and advises new companies in staff recruitment, labour regulations, work permits, import-export logistics, application for utility connections and registration with tax authorities.
and street cleaning services in the zones. Private garbage collection firms are retained do dispose of normal office waste. Office premises and storage warehouses are available for lease in most zones.
Infrastructure benefits
Kenya Investment Authority (KIA)
Zones are built to international standards and provide suitable facilities. Serviced land and factory buildings are available for sale or lease to licensed EPZ companies. Water, sewerage, electricity, all weather roads and an illuminated perimeter fence or wall are standard requirement for zones. Zone developers provide 24-hour security, street lighting, landscaping
Formerly the Investment Promotion Centre (IPC), it was established to promote private local and foreign investment. KIA provides investors and potential investors with information on Kenya. It issues certificates and helps investors obtain licences and permits. The services include helping identify, appraise and approve investment projects; assist with site loca-
Y E A R B O O K
Time to complete:
K E N Y A
Procedure
2 0 1 0 0 9
Registration requirements
771
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mombasa port
772
tion and factory building; organise meetings with public agencies. It also processes applications for duty-free import of machinery, equipment, raw materials and spare parts, and assists foreign investors and expatriate staff to obtain work and residence permits Starting a company
To register a company in Kenya: • The proposed name must be reserved pending registration — name can only be reserved for 30 days • Application for reservation should be made in writing and accompanied with the requisite fee — Sh600 ($8)
Established in 1978, it is the second largest port in Africa in terms of tonnage and containers after Durban, South Africa. Total cargo traffic through the port is close to 20 million tonnes a year. After Durban, Mombasa is the best connected port in the region, with 17 shipping lines and direct connection with more than 80 ports. Container vessels turnaround time was three days in the third quarter of 2009, the best in the region. The average container dwell time is 6.4 days. Mombasa serves Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, northern Tanzania, Southern Sudan and Ethiopia. www.kpa.co.ke
Trade agreements Kenya is a signatory to bilateral, regional and international trade agreements that facilitate and boost trade. The agreements provide preferential treatment for Kenyan businesses. Kenya is a member of the East African Community (EAC) and COMESA trade agreements. Membership entails extending preferential tariffs to goods imported from member States subject to agreed conditions (the Rules of Origin). Goods originating in Kenya, for example, enter other member countries at preferential rates. This provides an incentive to import from or export to countries in the regional trading bloc. East African Cooperation (EAC)
It was established in 1999. The EAC partner states are Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The treaty stipulates that the East African Customs Union and a Common Market be established as part of efforts for regional integration. Kenyan goods enter the member
2 0 1 0 0 9
Its deals with registration of names and search of registered companies. It also receives companies’ annual returns and registers change of particulars for companies. It also resolves leadership disputes in companies, undertakes official receiver duties — administering the Bankruptcy Act (Cap 53), Winding Up the Companies Act (Cap 486), company liquidation and deeds of arrangement — and maintains registers of building societies according.
Work permits (See chapter on Immigration)
Y E A R B O O K
Registrar-General’s Department
Full-fledged services are provided at the headquarters in Nairobi. The department plans to provide fullfledged services in the seven provincial headquarters. Physical facilities will also be expanded in Mombasa and Kisumu.
K E N Y A
• Documents for incorporation of company (memorandum and articles of association) should be drawn by a lawyer and submitted to the registry with the prescribed forms and fees • Companies must appoint a certified public secretary as company secretary • Certificate of Incorporation is processed in seven days of presentation of completed forms • Refusal of registration is communicated in writing to the applicant • A registered company must comply with the requirements of the Companies Act — filing of annual returns Foreign companies submit copies of memorandum and articles of association and a certificate of incorporation certified by a notary public, among other documents.
773
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
EPZ licence fees
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Developer Operator ($250 application, $5,000 annual) Enterprise Licence $250 (application, $1,000 annual) Business Service sole proprietor ($26.6) Partnership ($80) Companies ($266) Business Permit sole proprietor ($80) Partnership ($133) Companies and privileged entities ($266.6)
774
Tax benefits
10-year income tax holiday 10-year withholding tax holiday on dividends for non-resident parties VAT and Customs duty exemption on raw materials, machinery and office equipment Stamp duty exemption on legal instruments 100 per cent investment deduction on new investment in buildings and machinery
www.epzakenya.com
countries at preferential tariffs, while similar treatment is given to goods imported from EAC member states. The EAC countries are Kenya’s largest buyers, with Uganda and Tanzania importing more than Sh60 billion ($750 million) worth of goods annually. Trade with EAC countries has been growing over the years. (See chapter on Foreign Relations). The region has a Customs union whose objectives are to further liberalise intraregional trade, promote efficiency in production, enhance domestic, cross-border and foreign investment, promote economic development and diversification of industrialisation in the EAC. Features of the Customs Union are: Common import duty rates for third-party goods (common external tariff), common Customs rules and procedures, common trade policy and duty and quota-free movement of goods within the Customs territories. Non-tariff barriers have been eliminated. Policies relating to trade among partner states and other countries have been harmonised and a common external tariff adopted. This will facilitate one large single market and investment area. A single Customs territory will enable member countries to enjoy the economies of scale and faster economic development. By moving towards one economic region, the EAC will create a single market of close to 120 million people. This will promote investment in the region as the large market, with less Customs clearance formalities, will be more attractive to investors. Producers will have a level playing field as uniform competition policy and law, Customs procedures and external tariffs on goods imported from third countries or non-member countries will be imposed. This
The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa was formed in 1994 to replace the Preferential Trade Area (PTA). COMESA has 21 member States with a population of more than 385 million people, making it a major market for internal and external trade. The main objective of cooperation in trade, Customs and monetary affairs is to achieve a fully inte-
Non-reciprocal arrangements These are trade preferences that may not apply mutually. A good example is the preference extended to Kenya under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) of the US, Africa, Caribbean and Pacific/ European Union (ACP/EU), Cotonou Partnership Agreement and the Generalised System of Preferences
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
COMESA
grated, internationally competitive and unified single economic space in which goods, services, capital, labour and people move freely across national borders. This is achieved through the removal of physical, technical, fiscal and monetary barriers to intra-regional trade and commercial exchanges. Kenyan goods, for example, enter member countries at preferential tariffs and similar treatment is given to goods imported from COMESA member States. PTA operated up to December 30, 2000. The Free Trade Area (FTA) then came into effect with Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe eliminating tariffs on COMESA originating products. The FTA objective is to create an integrated market and to increase COMESA’s competitiveness as a production base for goods geared for the world market. The Customs union is the next stage in COMESA’s agenda for integration. A road map has been developed.
K E N Y A
should help the region to advance economically and reduce poverty. The Customs Union will offer a more predictable economic environment for investors and traders across the region, as a regionally administered common external tariff and trade policy will be more stable. Private sector operators with cross-border operations will be able to exploit the comparative and competitive advantages offered by regional locations. This will be achieved because uniformity has been achieved and differences in tariff protection, other business transaction and Customs formalities have been eliminated. Regional enterprises will get better protection because the Common External Tariff will be enforced at the regional level. Consumers in member States will benefit from price reductions. Adjustment of national external tariffs to be in tandem with the common external tariff results in, for example, lower taxes on finished goods.
775
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
776
(GSP). Kenyan goods enter the US, EU and other developed countries at lower tariffs, making them more attractive. AGOA
The African Growth and Opportunity Act, contained in the US Trade and Development Act of 2000, promotes trade and economic cooperation between the US and eligible sub-Saharan Africa countries. AGOA aims to increase trade and investment between the US and sub-Saharan African countries
by providing eligible nations with unprecedented liberal access to the US market. Essentially, all products have quota and duty free access to the nearly $10 trillion (Sh800 trillion) American market. AGOA promotes economic development and reform in sub-Saharan Africa, moving across a wide range of industries, granting benefits to entrepreneurs, farmers and families. It has increased access and opportunities for US investors and businesses in sub-Saharan Africa. Kenya was the first country to be
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
designated an AGOA beneficiary country in sub-Saharan Africa. The initiative has revitalised the textiles and apparel industry, resulting in substantial growth in recent years. Export flows of apparel to the US grew 14 per cent from Sh13.8 billion ($172.5 million) in 2007 to Sh15.7 billion ($196.25 million) the following year. The sector employs about 40,000 people. Some garment enterprises have diversified to other markets other than the US — Europe, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Panama and Zimbabwe. In 2008, goods worth Sh188.8 million ($2.36 million) were destined for the new markets compared to Sh33 million ($412,500) in 2007. To be eligible under AGOA, the following steps are key: • Obtain a certificate of registration for manufacture. Application forms are available from the Registrar of Industries in the Ministry of Trade or the nearest district office. Details of the products intended for export to the US will be provided. • The Registrar inspects the premises for verification of capital equipment, labour and inputs used or to be used in production of goods The Registrar prepares four copies of the certificate of registration and distributes them as follows: • Original to the applicant • Duplicate to the Director • Department of External Trade • Triplicate to the Customs Department The Registrar retains the quadruplicate The certificate is issued annually to registered manufacturers and they are required to apply for amendments to the certificate every time alterations, such as a change of equipment in the business premises, take place
777
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
AGOA requirements
778
Certificate of registration for manufacture. Inspection of premises by the Registrar of Industries Four copies of certificate of registration Certificate of origin and visa — applied through the Kenya Association of Manufacturers which forwards the documents to the Customs Services Department. If the goods fulfil AGOA requirements, Customs Services Department issues a certificate of origin and visa stamp The visa demonstrates that goods for which benefits are claimed were produced in Kenya and are eligible for the benefits. Preserve records on export goods for at least seven years — number of workers, quantities, subcontracted work and machinery used.
www.agoa.gov
Obtain a certificate of origin and visa. The application is made through the Kenya Association of Manufacturers, which scrutinises documents before they are forwarded to the Customs Services Department. If the goods fulfil the requirements of originating from Kenya, then a certificate of origin and a visa stamp are issued by the Customs Department. The visa demonstrates that the goods for which benefits are claimed were produced in Kenya. Records on production of goods to be exported must be preserved for at least seven years. They include the number of workers, quantities, sub-contracted work and machinery used. Cotonou Agreement
The European Union is Kenya’s main trading partner outside Africa. The main players are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and France. According to the Economic Survey 2009, the EU accounted for 26.45 per cent of Kenya’s exports, with a value of nearly Sh57 billion ($712.5 million). The ACP/EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement is a trade, aid and political agreement signed in Cotonou, Benin, between 77 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the EU. The partnership’s objectives are sustainable development of ACP States, smooth and gradual integration into the world market and eradication of poverty. Under the agreement, the EU grants trade preferences to the ACP. The rules of origin stipulate the conditions under which preferential access is to be enjoyed by beneficiary countries. Exports from Kenya to the EU are entitled to duty reductions and freedoms from all quota restrictions. Trade preferences include entry of indus-
Bilateral trade agreements Kenya has bilateral trade agreements with many countries such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, India, Iran, Lesotho, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, the Republic of Korea, Thailand and Russia. Under the agreements, Kenya and
It came into being in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and is the only international organisation that deals with global rules of trade among nations. Kenya is a founder member of WTO when the Marrakesh Agreement was signed in Morocco on April 15, 1994. Kenya is signatory to all WTO agreements, including GATT, the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) and Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The WTO has nearly 150 members, accounting for 97 per cent of world trade. About 30 other countries are negotiating for membership. WTO’s main objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably. This is done through: • Helping developing countries in trade policy issues through technical assistance and training programmes
2 0 1 0 0 9
This is a non-reciprocal system providing some countries with preferential treatment for their goods when exporting to developed countries. The GSP programme was negotiated under the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Its objectives are to increase export earnings of countries receiving preferential treatment, promote industrialisation and accelerate economic growth. Kenya has been granted this preferential treatment by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries such as Canada, US, Australia, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria and Japan.
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Y E A R B O O K
Generalised System of Preferences
its bilateral partners accord each other the most favoured nation (MFN) treatment in matters relating to mutual trade ties. The agreements have been used to promote trade and improve economic relations between Kenya and these countries.
K E N Y A
trial products and a wide range of agricultural ones at duty-free rates. This arrangement will be replaced by reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) that will set up an entirely new framework for trade and investment flows between the EU and ACP. This is in line with World Trade Organisations (WTO) rules.
779
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
780
• Cooperation with other international organisations • Administering trade agreements • Forum for trade negotiations • Settling trade disputes • Reviewing national trade policies. As a WTO founding member, Kenya gives MFN treatment to its trading partners. To effectively implement its obligations under the WTO, a National Committee on World Trade Organisation (NCWTO) was formed in 1995 to help the Government adapt economic and trade policies to the requirements of the agreements WTO administers. Overall responsibility for trade matters lies with the Ministry of Trade although other ministries deal with some related matters. The ministry is responsible for WTO and COMESA, while the Ministry of Planning is deals with ACP-EU Cotonou affairs. The Ministry of East African Community takes care of EAC matters. The WTO Division in the Department of External Trade coordinates activities in Government on the Doha Round of trade negotiations and other WTO matters. The division has professional staff in Kenya and at the Kenyan mission in Geneva, which deals exclusively with WTO matters. A number of private-sector organisations have recently emerged and have been active on WTO traderelated matters. They include labour unions, trade associations, the
Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry and a number of producer associations. WTO in Kenya
On signing the Marrakech Agreement, Kenya established the Permanent Inter-Ministerial Committee (PIMC) in May 1995 to advise the Government on WTO matters. However, being an inter-ministerial committee, it excluded key stakeholders, particularly the private sector and civil society. In recognition of the important role these actors could play in trade, the Government restructured the PIMC in 1997 and included the private sector and civil society. Subsequently, the PIMC was renamed the National Committee on WTO (NCWTO). It is the agency through which the Government consults the private sector and civil society on WTO matters, and also the main trade coordinating team. The NCWTO is the forum in which the Government, private sector and civil society engage on WTO matters. Within Government, the Attorney-General, Office of the President and ministries of Trade, Industrialisation, Finance, Planning, Health, Agriculture, Foreign Affairs, Labour and Human Resources, Environment and Natural Resources, Information and Communications and Transport take part in NCWTO. The ministries are the focal points for sub-committees dealing with rel-
www.eac.int
Y E A R B O O K
evant WTO issues. For example, the Ministry of Health is the focal point for health issues and the Ministry of Agriculture for agricultural-related matters. A number of State corporations and parastatals — Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA), Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) and Kenya Sugar Board (KSB) — are members of the NCWTO. Others include the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), the Export Promotion Council (EPC), the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), the Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI) and the Capital Market Authority (CMA). As the national
K E N Y A
Founder Presidents: From left: Milton Obote (Uganda), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) and Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) Area:1.82 million sq km Population: 126.6 million GDP: $73 billion Headquarters: Arusha 1967: First established 1977: EAC dissolved 1993: Agreement for setting up the Permanent Tripartite Commission 1996: Commission secretariat launched 1999: EAC Treaty signed 2000: EAC Treaty comes into force June 2007: Rwanda and Burundi sign Treaty July 2007: Rwanda and Burundi become full members Secretary-General: Juma Mwapachu
2 0 1 0 0 9
Quick facts on EAC
781
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
782
coordinator, the Trade ministry identifies the stakeholders who are then invited to become members of NCWTO. Preference is given to organisations, not individuals. NCWTO has 45 members. About 25 community organisations are members of NCWTO. Only seven are active.
Trade associations They provide a forum for members to air their concerns to the authorities.
Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KNCCI)
It is a non-profit, autonomous, private sector institution and membership-based organisation. It was established in 1965 after the amalgamation of three chambers of commerce — the Asian, African and European — to protect and develop the interest of the business community. The KNCCI has 68 branches countrywide. It works closely with the Government, stakeholders and business
FEES ITEM
FEE
Registration of companies
Fees depend on the nominal share capital of the company (fees assessment can be obtained from the cashiers)
Sh600 ($7.5)
Registration of debentures
Sh600 ($7.5)
Filing annual returns
Sh400 ($5)
Official search
Sh600 ($7.5)
Filing of resolution
Sh1,100 ($13.75)
Foreign companies
Sh6,800 ($85)
development organisations internationally. It is an affiliate member of the International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICC). It is a multi-sectoral organisation whose membership is open to parties involved in income-generating activities. Its services include providing market information to importers and exporters, training traders and organising trade events. The type of information provided by KNCCI includes foreign trade statistics, trade opportunities, national and regional trade regulations, list of sector exporters and importers, trade events, including fairs.
N/B Default fee is payable if return is not filed within the prescribed period N/B Default fee is payable if resolution is not filed within the prescribed period.
Trade fairs and exhibitions are the best way of venturing into new markets or introducing a product in a foreign market. While a manufacturer can promote a new product in a local market through advertising in the media or direct distribution to supermarkets and retailers, it is different for the international market. Each year, KNCCI organises international fairs and exhibitions. Businessmen and women can visit the Chamber’s website (www. paragonkenya.com) for updates on events. The Chamber organises international business forums in which investors meet and negotiate for possible joint ventures.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Registration charges
Y E A R B O O K
Sh200 ($2.5)
N/B Default fee is payable if form is not lodged within the prescribed period.
K E N Y A
Filing form with the Registrar under the relevant Act
COMMENTS
783
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
784
The Chamber membership ranges from small to large organisations most of which do not have the capacity to hire consultancy services to prepare projects. KNCCI offers the services at a reasonable fee. In case of financial proposals, Chamber experts recommend companies to reputable financial institutions for consideration. It provides business intelligence through Business Journal, business opportunities publication Ufanisi, KNCCI library and the website. The KNCCI has compiled a database of members and their businesses. There is also a similar database for international traders and investors seeking local partners. KNCCI’s research department collects data and determines the most suitable opportunities for local and international consumption. This provides investors or traders with quick access to information. The department also has ready investment proposals in any area of interest to investors. In support of the Government’s job creation opportunities, KNCCI has established a committee on micro and small enterprises (SMEs). It oversees training programmes for capacity building in the SME sector and counselling programmes for the youth, women and retirees eager to go into business. For many years, KNCCI has had a special tribunal settle trade disputes among local and international investors. This minimises the cost and time of settling disputes. At one time,
Attorney-General Amos Wako chaired the tribunal. The Chamber helps investors evaluate reports on contracts to know if they attain the international standards that can guarantee a hearing by the international arbitration or legal systems if disputes arise. KNCCI introduces members to the international business community by providing a membership certificate and letter of introduction detailing business specialty and purpose of travelling. The introduction letter is a vital document that eases processing of visas to the destination country. Many embassies ask for KNCCI’s letter of introduction. The Chamber also issues certificates of origin for Kenyan products destined for markets in the world. This is a mandatory document that has to accompany goods on transit. There are several types of certificates of origin and the Kenya Revenue Authority issues some. Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya (FPEAK)
It is an association of members who grow fruits, vegetables and flowers dedicated to the welfare and enhancement of business lobbying, marketing and promotion of compliance to international standards. Its major objective is to disseminate information to members and the horticultural community so that they can achieve high levels of proficiency, and make Kenya maintain its global status as a top horticultural producing nation. This is in light of the emerging interna-
Others
• Kenya Flower Council (See chapter on Agriculture) • Association of Fish Processors and Exporters of Kenya
• Kenya Apparel Manufacturers and Exporters Association Kenya
Parastatals
Y E A R B O O K
Over the years, the institute has played a major role in helping small medium business operators in starting, developing and sustaining their trade through business development services (BDS) conducted all over the country. Between 1980 and 1987, regional business training centres were established in Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru, Nyeri and Nairobi to take business training and extension services to existing and potential small and medium businesspeople in rural areas. In 1987/88, however, they were abolished due to inadequate funds to run them. KIBT is mandated to provide entrepreneurial and managerial training, business research, information, consultancy and counselling services to micro, small and medium-scale enterprises and other groups. Its core functions are provide entrepreneurial and management training to small business operators and other interest groups, offer counselling and extension services to small businesses and other interest groups and conduct business research and consultancy for small operators and other stakeholders. It also conducts training programmes
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Institute of Business Training (KIBT)
K E N Y A
tional standards in production and food safety, occasioned by increased consumer awareness among other global concerns. FPEAK has developed a code of conduct for members to promote and ensure implementation of sound production and marketing practices. Requirements in the international markets for fresh produce (fruits, vegetables and flowers) raise the bar for new entrants. In recognition of the need to meet the standards of environmental management, quality, occupational health and safety of workers, FPEAK launched the code of practice (it has changed its name to KENYA-GAP) in 1996 as a certification measure for producers and exporters to achieve. The code covers production, handling, transportation, packaging and waste management. KENYA-GAP enhances the reputation of Kenya’s exports. Certification against KENYA-GAP acknowledges that exporters meet recognised production practices and standards for fresh produce and provides the market with a guarantee of confidence. Companies or farmers can use KENYA-GAP as a production and marketing tool upon certification.
785
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
786
for clients, reviews training programmes, undertakes client consultancy, guidance and counseling. The institute’s lecturers train in areas of specialisation, design and prepare training materials and aids and organises, coordinates and implements seminars, workshops and symposia. They also provide consultancy and counseling services, evaluates and reviews training programmes and formulates and conducts research on business and management. Business Premises Rent Tribunal
(See chapter on Public Works and Housing)
Export Promotion Council (See
above) Kenya National Trading Corporation (KNTC)
It was set up in 1965 as a private limited company owned by the Government. The main objective was to organise and effect exports from and imports into Kenya. KNTC could do business with countries where trading was controlled by the Government on an equal footing and thus strengthen private enterprise with other countries. But the corporation’s major function was to remove imbalances in the commercial life of
Kenya by encouraging the small African businessman to enter the field of trade. This was done through elimination of unnecessary middlemen who dominated trade. This made small trade uncompetitive and consumers paid more for essential commodities. The following goods were exclusively distributed by KNTC: Salt, matches, ghee substitutes, alcoholic beverages, sugar in small packets, boiled sweets, toffees and caramels. Others are cotton-seed oil, soap, bicycles, bicycle tyres and tubes, cotton fabrics, blankets and rugs, charcoal irons, batteries and torch cells. It also dealt in transistor radios, dyed khaki twills, khaki, flashlights and torches and shirts. However, with the onset of liberalisation of the economy in 1994, its monopoly ended. It had to rethink
www.comesa.int
Y E A R B O O K
Angola Burundi Comoros Djibouti DR Congo Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Sudan Swaziland Seychelles Uganda Zimbabwe.
K E N Y A
COMESA members
It is a majority Government-owned company incorporated in May 1969 under the Companies Act (Cap 486) as a joint venture between the State — through the Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC) — and private investors. KWAL’s head office and factory are in Industrial Area, Nairobi. It was to consolidate importation and distribution of wines and spirits from foreign companies. This role was effectively discharged until the liberalisation of the economy when KWAL lost its monopoly. The company is now one among local and international players. KWAL established the first commercial winery in Kenya in 1982. KWAL produces and supplies high quality products and services. The local wines have won international awards and have wide appeal throughout the region. It works with
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Wine Agencies (KWAL)
787
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
History of WTO
788
The creation of the World Trade Organisation in 1995 marked the biggest reform of international trade since World War II. It brought to reality the failed attempt to create an international trade organisation in 1948. Much of the history of the 47 years was written in Geneva. But it also traces a journey that spanned continents — from the hesitant start in 1948 in Havana (Cuba), via Annecy (France), Torquay (UK), Tokyo (Japan), Punta del Este (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Brussels (Belgium) and finally Marrakesh (Morocco) in 1994. During the period, the trading system was under GATT, which established a multilateral trading system that became more liberal through negotiations. But by the 1980s, the system needed an overhaul. This led to the Uruguay Round and, ultimately, the WTO. www.wto.org
international wine companies to sell and distribute wines and spirits sought the world over. The company is divided into three business components: • KWA Holdings EA Ltd — an investment and umbrella holding company. It owns 6.25 per cent equity stake in Uchumi Supermarkets and 100 per cent shareholding in KWAL and Yatta Vineyards Ltd. • KWAL, the trading arm of the group, imports, distributes, manufactures and bottles. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of KWA Holdings EA Ltd. The company has four local branches: Mombasa, Nakuru, Kisumu and Nyeri; and two duty-free shops at Jomo Kenyatta International and Moi International airports and a foreign subsidiary, the Rwanda Duty free SARL. • KWAL recently reopened the Kampala branch — in Uganda — which had been closed. Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC)
It is one of the leading financial institutions in Kenya. It is the pioneer development finance institution established in 1954 through an Act of Parliament to facilitate industrial and economic growth. As an investment arm of the Government, ICDC — with local and foreign private investors — has played a leading role in providing investment capital to industrial and commercial ventures. The corporation has adopted modern business techniques and is well equipped to provide financial services that meet customer needs efficiently and with flexibility. ICDC supports industrial development through the provision of medium and long-
Industrialisation The industrial sector’s share of GDP has remained at between 15 and 16 per cent in the past five years. Manufacturing accounts for the greatest share of industrial production and is the core of industry. In 2007, 1.88 million people were employed in the formal and infor-
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
to small and medium enterprises to buy industrial machinery and equipment and to provide working capital. The benefits include a loan of up to Sh10 million ($125,000) with a repayment period of up to 10 years. Business proposals, audited accounts for the past three years, bank statements for the past 12 months, a business registration certificate and security cover are required. Asset financing is another product offered by ICDC. It enables businesses and individuals to acquire vehicles through financing of distribution trucks under a guarantee scheme and vehicles under a staff car loan scheme. The lending limit is of up to Sh20 million ($250,000), access to a top up loan and three years repayment period. Customers are required to apply, show proof of a reliable source of income, a comprehensive insurance cover, letter of guarantee, valuation report from the Auto Mobile Association of Kenya or the Ministry of Public Works (where applicable), a security cover and bank statements for the past 12 months.
K E N Y A
term finance to enterprises. Its financial services include corporate loans offered to medium and large enterprises for financing working capital and business expansion. It gives loans of up to Sh150 million ($1.875 million), whose repayment period is up to 10 years, with a grace period of six months. To get the loan, business proposals and applications are required, a company’s audited accounts for the last 3 years, security cover, a company board’s resolution and a copy of partnership deed. ICDC offers venture capital and joint venture financing to new viable businesses and existing ones. The Equity amount ranges between Sh10 million ($125,000) and Sh80 million ($1 million) and has a flexible exit period of up to 10 years. To get the loan, a business proposal or application, feasibility study report, memorandum and articles of association, CVs of directors and management and audited accounts for the last three years are required. Commercial loans are offered to small and medium entrepreneurs to support their businesses. The loan given is of up to Sh150 million ($1.875 million) with a repayment period of up to five years. Clients also have access to a top up loan. Business proposals, audited accounts for the past three years, bank statements for the past 12 months and security cover are required. ICDC also gives industrial loans
789
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
790
mal sectors. Employment in formal manufacturing grew by an annual average of 2.6 per cent between 2003 and 2007. The proportion of employees in formal manufacturing to workers in the sector was about 15.7 per cent between 2003 and 2007. Besides job creation, manufacturing is one of the leading foreign exchange earners, accounting for 34 per cent of the total export earnings in 2007. The role of manufacturing in the Kenya Vision 2030 blueprint is to support the socio-economic development agenda by creating jobs, generating wealth and attracting local and foreign investments. In addition, the sector is expected to contribute to the realisation of the Millennium Development Goals. The overall goal of manufacturing, as envisaged in the Medium Term Plan (2008-2012) is to increase the sector’s contribution to GDP by at least 10 per cent a year. This is to be achieved in four key ways: Strengthening production capacity and local content of local manufactured goods, increasing the generation and use of research and development results, raising the share of products in the regional market from seven to 15 per cent and developing niche products for existing and new markets.
Manufacturing The sector grew by 2 per cent in 2009 compared to 3.6 per cent in 2008. The sub-sectors that regis-
Civil society and WTO Civil society and Government work together in WTO matters. Subcommittees have been set up and are chaired by State departments: Agriculture, Services (Transport and Communications) Market Access (Industry) Trade and Environment (NEMA) Trade Facilitation (Internal Trade) Trade and Competition (Monopoly and Price Commission) Trade and Investment (Investment Promotion Council and Finance) Transparency and Government Procurement (Finance) E-commerce (Transport and Communication) Trade Intellectual Property Rights (KIPI and Trade)
www.tradeandindustry.go.ke
tered growth were leather and footwear (36.5 per cent), rubber products (14.7 per cent), plastic products (11.1 per cent), non-metallic minerals (34.4 per cent) and food manufacturing 2.1 per cent. The value added on non-food products grew by 2 per cent in 2009 compared to 6 per cent in 2008. The sector experienced some challenges — depressed demand for manufactured exports in the COMESA market, competition by cheap imports and high energy costs.
In 2008, the Anti-Counterfeits Bill was revived to give regulating authorities more power. The slowdown in manufacturing, courtesy of the post-election chaos, led to the closure of some companies, under-use of capacity and, in some cases, layoffs. The sector’s contribution to formal wage employment stands at 13.6 per cent. In 2007, the Kenya Investment Authority approved projects in the manufacture of vehicle bodies, cooking oil, detergents, garments, cement, furniture, sugar, food products, pharmaceuticals and non-alcoholic drinks. One intervention that has been cited as a boost to manufacturing is reducing the cost of energy and curbing dumping of cheap imports through the enforcement of the counterfeit law.
Parastatals
It was established in 1967 as a subsidiary of ICDC to promote indigenous entrepreneurship by financing and developing small-scale and micro-enterprises. KIE was established to facilitate development and incubation of micro, small and medium enterprises by establishing industrial parks, providing credit and business development services. It also provides finances, workspace and promotes sub-
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Industrial Estates (KIE)
K E N Y A
It conducts research and development in industrial and allied technologies, including mechanical, civil, electronic and chemical engineering, energy, environment and commodity technologies. (See chapter on Science and Research)
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI)
791
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
Business training The Kenya Institute of Business Training (KIBT) was established in 1966 after a 1965 Government survey showed that African entrepreneurs and managers were few. Most entrepreneurial and managerial activities were the preserve of Europeans and Asians. KIBT was established with the help of the International Labour Organisation and the UN Development Programme. Before 1980, it was known as the Management Training and Advisory Centre and its mandate was to train and develop African managers and entrepreneurs in business management. But in 1980, it was renamed KIBT. It is a department in the Ministry of Trade.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.trade.go.ke
792
contracting links with SMEs to foster development of indigenous companies. KIE gives loans of between Sh100,000 ($1,250) and Sh500,000 ($6,250) in the micro-enterprise sector (jua kali) and up to Sh14 million ($175,000) for small and medium enterprises. Interest charges are lower than those charged by finan-
cial institutions — at 15 per cent a year. However, the rates are reviewed upwards or downwards depending on market trends. The repayment period is determined by cash flow projections of the enterprises and economic life of the assets financed, but should not exceed eight years for small-scale industries and three
Once the application form is completed, it should be returned to the respective KIE office with the original and photocopies of security documents (title deeds) and trading licences in case of business applications.
Property management
Industrial sheds offer shelter and infrastructure to the small enterprises in a suitable environment. They also serve as incubation points
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
for micro enterprises. Lending is done on a fully secured basis. Security is valued up front. Application forms are available at the KIE head or regional and branch offices countrywide. Loans can also be applied online. Regional and branch managers helps applicants complete the application form.
Specialised Towels was formed in 1983 as a private trading company dealing in the manufacture of quality towels and fabrics. Currently, it is an independent company operating profitably. Kiesta Industrial Technical Services began operations in 1993. It specialises in casting and metallic engine parts fabrication. Kiesta Engineering is a successful company and has benefitted from KIE’s lending. The company is autonomous from KIE and profitable. Aberdares Water Ltd was established in 1996 as a business venture in water purification and bottling. In the past 10 years, the company has emerged as one of the most successful business leaders in the sector. It is independent of KIE and profitable. Genitems Company Ltd began operation in 1978 with electroplating as its core business. It has grown and is respected in the metal works and engineering sector.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Successful projects
793
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Yatta Vineyards
794
through which the micro-enterprises graduate into the formal sector. The sheds have been developed in all parts of the country to ensure equitable distribution of industrial development. KIE has established 448 industrial sheds of varying sizes in 28 locations. It has undeveloped land in other locations and plans are underway to develop it. Other plans are to set up incubators for Export Processing Zones (EPZ) for small businesses that link them to large-scale EPZ operators and offer them access to the export market. Also, cold rooms facilities for off-farm preservation of horticultural produce and other perishable items like fish, beef and
It is a subsidiary of Kenya Wines Agency Holdings established in 1992. It is in the Yatta plateau, Machakos District. The plateau has a Mediterranean type of climate suitable for grape production. The farm has a drip irrigation network used to supplement water needs during the dry spell or when rainfall is low. The warm temperatures help in maturation of grapes. They are handpicked and selected to ensure that those used for the manufacture of wines and grape juice are of high quality. The Yatta vine seedlings were imported from South Africa and planted in October 1992. The first harvest was in 1995. www.kwal.co.ke
Business solution centres
KIE centres support the Government strategy to revitalise small businesses. The areas in focus are considered millennium districts: Murang’a, Meru South, Bondo, Siaya, Bungoma, Suba, Kilifi, Turkana and Garissa. The business centres have been set up to offer platforms from which entreprenuers can develop ideas into profitable ventures run and owned by individuals. It also provides breeding grounds for business growth and take-off. Their objectives are to be a onestop-shop for integrated business services targeting self-employed youth in small businesses, cultivate an entrepreneurship mindset and business skills development through training and contribute to stimulation and growth of small enterprises through development and support services in the district The centres were launched in
KIE achievements
It has financed over 11,000 enterprises at Sh2 billion ($25 million). They have created over 200,000 jobs. The lending scheme takes care of regional and gender imbalances — women-owned enterprises form 30 per cent of the projects 28 industrial estates (448 sheds in 32 locations) have been developed KIE has trained over 15,000 entrepreneurs It has inculcated an entrepreneurial culture KIE uses local raw materials in production It has developed, transferred and adopted modern industrial technology
Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) It was established in 1974. The KEBS Board of Directors is known as the National Standards Council. Metrology, the science of measurement and its procedures, errors and uncertainties, and application, was initiated.
2 0 1 0 0 9
It enlightens the public on: Entrepreneur capacity building Entrepreneurship culture Investment and training opportunities for enterprise growth and industrialisation Credit availability for enterprises with potential for growth
Y E A R B O O K
Business Development Service
Bungoma and Siaya in 2008. The Siaya centre offers entrepreneurship development and training services, financial and market linkages, feasibility studies and business profiling. It has an ICT centre, a forum for public-private policy dialogue and is UNIDO’s Lighting Kenya Programme (Rural Energy Resource Centre)
K E N Y A
dairy products. The cold rooms will be sited at strategic locations — beaches and horticultural producing areas.
795
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
Brands from the Kenya Wines Agency Brandy Aperitifs & Bitters Wines Whiskies Vodkas Liqueur Brandy Tequilas Rums Cognac Champagne English Gin Cane Spirits Ciders Liqueurs Vermouths Non-Alcoholic beverages Alcopops Syrups
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.kwal.co.ke
796
In 1985, testing services were offered and KEBS Coast office was opened. The Kisumu one followed in 1995. The same year, legal inspection was commissioned. In 2003, KEBS developed its first strategic plan and in 2005 signed a performance contract with the Government. In the same year, pre-export verification of conformity was initiated. KEBS develops and enforces standards of industrial products to achieve production of goods and services that meet global demands. This enhances quality of products and improves access to local and international markets. KEBS enhances economic efficiency, international competitiveness and contributes to demand for a safe environment. It leads and promotes standards of the development process, ensuring competing interests are heard, their points of view considered and consensus reached. The functions of KEBS are to: • Promote standardisation in industry and commerce • Provide facilities for testing and calibration of instruments and scientific apparatus and determine their degree of accuracy or issue of certificates • Provide facilities for examination and testing of commodities, material or substance in which they may be manufactured, produced, processed or treated • Control the use of standardisation and distinctive marks • Prepare, frame, modify or amend specifications and codes of practice • Help the Government, local authority, public institution or person in the preparation and framing of specifications or codes of practice • Cooperate with the Government, repre-
Product testing
KEBS testing laboratories are managed in accordance with international standard ISO/IEC 17025 on
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
mon use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products, services, processes and production methods aimed at achieving order. • It may also deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements on products, processes or production methods.
K E N Y A
sentatives industry, local authority, public body or person in adopting and applying standards • Provide testing services — on behalf of the Government — of locally manufactured and imported goods at the ports of entry or country of origin and determine whether goods comply with the law on standards of quality • Test goods destined for export for purposes of export certification KEBS has approved a Kenyan Standard. It provides for com-
797
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
general requirements for competence of testing and calibration. They are accredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS). The scope covers 100 test procedures. The laboratories ensure reliable and timely delivery of test reports. The primary function is to provide tests in chemistry, food, microbiology, material engineering and textiles. The services are offered to internal and external customers. It provides services to manufacturers, exporters, NGOs, Government departments and research institutions. The tests on products are carried out against national and international standards, and Government and client specifications.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
National Quality Institute
798
It was established on February 18 2008 and was launched on July 24 2008 by ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden. Its core mandate is to entrench a culture of quality in Kenya. The institute offers technologies, concepts, tools and training to industry, professionals, practitioners and consumers. The development of a National Quality Institute is related to the country’s quality infrastructure. The Kenya Bureau of Standards has attained a level of maturity that necessitates the setting up of an institute as a natural progression in the realisation of the application of standards as tool for competitive advantage in global markets.
Research shows a strong correlation between consumers’ demand for quality and development. If local consumers demand quality goods and services, the industry provides, driving competitiveness of local goods globally. This in turn creates wealth and raises the quality of life for citizens.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It is the science of measurement and concerned with the ways and means by which measurement is done (procedures and equipment), the accuracy to which they are determined (errors and uncertainties) and application. KEBS laboratories are an associate member of the General Conference of Weights and Measures of the Metre Convention and a signatory of the Committee of Weights and Measures Mutual Recognition Arrangement in 2002. The Metre Convention created the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and set the framework for global collaboration in the science of measurement, including industrial, commercial and social application. The original aim of the Meter Convention in 1875 was uniformity of measurements. Measurement is a key requirement for quality products and services, which not only affect users, but also national economic development through trade. If a standard of quality is set, there must be ways of measuring or testing whether products meet the specifications. By certifying measurement procedures and instruments used, it is expected that manufacturers produce goods that meet the requirements of the standard. To certify achievement of quality, it is important that measurement equipment be constantly calibrated. Metrology laboratories at KEBS are equipped to disseminate units
2 0 1 0 0 9
Metrology
799
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
of measurements to users and develop infrastructure to meet national needs.
800
Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI) It was established in 2002. Previously, it was called Kenya Industrial Property Office (KIPO), which was established in 1990. KIPI administers industrial property rights (IPRs), provides technological information and training in IPRs and promotes innovativeness. KIPI protects innovations and intellectual property. The Industrial Property Act protects four elements of intellectual property rights: Patents, utility models, industrial designs and technovations. The Act also provides for registration of technology transfer agreements and licences.
ICDC personal loans This product is tailored for customers’ personal needs. The benefits include: Credit limit of up to Sh5 million ($62,500) Loan repayment period of up to five years Comprehensive insurance cover Access to a top up loan Competitive interest rates Free monthly statements To get the loan, the following are required: Application Reliable source of income Security cover Bank statements for the past 12 months www.icdc.co.ke
It was incorporated on January 4, 1994 to take over the assets and liabilities of the former Nyayo Motor Corporation. It was set up to manufacture vehicles, vehicle spare parts and metal engineering products. The company offers mechanical and engineering services to the agricultural, industrial and automotive sectors in East Africa. NMC is equipped with computercontrolled machines, a foundry with
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Numerical Machining Complex (NMC)
a modern sand-moulding machine, heat treatment and computer-aided design and manufacturing facilities (CADCAM). Initially established as a research Government entity, NMC has diversified and offers specialised mechanical engineering services using computer-numerically controlled (CNC) technology and computer-aided design (CAD). When it changed from a research institution to a commercial enterprise, the company became a market leader in the provision of high precision industrial and automotive parts. Its objectives are to strengthen Kenya’s metal industry, develop and manufacture vehicle, railway and industrial spare parts for local industries and design and machinery and equipment for small-scale industries. Its products are spur, helical, spiral, bevel gears, brake disks, worm wheels and worm shafts, king spins, dyes and moulds and assembly of engineering components. The products and spares are used by coffee, tea, sugar, cement, oil and automobile and railway industries. NMC is the authorised reseller for design software by AutoDesk. The range of design and manufacturing software include AutoCAD, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Mechanical and inventor Professional. NMC derives its competitive strength from its state-of-the-art technology, equipment and well-trained staff. It designs and manufactures high quality industrial and automotive
K E N Y A
The Institute is also mandated to implement the Trademarks Act that deals with registration of trade and service marks. The Government recognised that inventors were disadvantaged in patent protection because of long and costly procedures that required an inventor to get protection in the United Kingdom’s Patent Office, before it can be registered in the Registrar General’s Office in Kenya. Kenya is a member of the African Regional Industrial Property Office (ARIPO), a regional organisation of 12 countries — Kenya, Zimbabwe, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Botswana, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Swaziland, Malawi and Zambia. Inventors who wish to protect their inventions in these countries may file one application in Kenya and designate any or all them. Kenya is also a member of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), which administers the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
801
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Value addition
802
Many countries and do not get full value of their produce because they do not add value to it. Agricultural value addition involves processing farm goods to transform them into products of greater worth and with a longer shelf-life that can earn producers additional income. For example, milk is processed to make cheese and butter. The African Institute for Capacity Development (AICAD) is equipping farmers for this. AICAD is based at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Through training, some farmers in Kenya are making as much as Sh1.2 million ($15,000) on one crop a season. Once they add value to their products, they are no longer producers but manufacturers.
http://ipisnews.net/africa
parts using the best technology. It is involved in commercial production of steel, engineering design and development of machinery and components. It also retails and trains in engineering software (AutoCAD and Inventor). Due to the company’s experience in Kenya’s manufacturing industry, NMC was appointed reseller and trainer of Autodesk manufacturing software, including AutoCAD, AutoCAD Mechanical, AutoCAD Electrical and Inventor Professional. Professionals in 2D and 3D design use the products for the manufacturing industry. NMC is equipped with computer-numerically controlled (CNC) machines for gear shaping, boring, milling, turning and gear hobbing. It also has an elaborate heat treatment facility. The gear-cutting machines can cut spur, worm, spiral, splines and other types of gears. The milling machines are actually machining centres capable of turning and combining several operations with robotic loading and tool movement. NMC’s heat treatment centre has facilities for hardening, nitriding, carburising, annealing and tempering. IDB Capital Ltd
Formerly the Industrial Development Bank Ltd, it was set up in 1973 as a Government development finance institution to further economic development. It helps promote, establish, expand and modernise medium and large-scale industrial enterprises. IDB Capital has steadily made its way back to profitability. For an organisation that last reported a profit in 1996, it cleaned Sh600 million in bad loans in 2006 and recorded a profit since
wood, pulp, paper and printing. Fibre and cordage, communication and transport and energy are other sectors funded by IDB Capital.
Y E A R B O O K
It started as a trading company importing cement from England for construction work in East Africa. It was formed by Blue Circle Industries of the UK. ‘Portland’ was adopted due to the resemblance of cement to the portland stone mined on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. In 1933, the company opened the first factory in Nairobi’s Industrial Area. It had one cement mill and imported clinker from India. In 1956, the construction of the Athi River facility started. It was commissioned in 1958 and consisted of a Rotary Kiln (Wet), a big cement mill, which doubled production capacity. The company has expanded production capacity and now produces more than 1.3 million tonnes of cement a year. It is responsible for manufacturing and marketing cement and cement products locally and internationally. This promotes the development of domestic and international trade. East African Portland Cement Company sells its product under Blue Triangle brand. It conforms to the Kenya Bureau of Standards. Blue Triangle is widely used for cementing, mortar and concrete building.
2 0 1 0 0 9
East African Portland Cement Company
K E N Y A
2007. In 2007, it made an after-tax profit of Sh95 million and Sh50 million in 2008. But the biggest achievement is that it is lending again. In 2008, the firm lent Sh250 million ($3.125 million), up from Sh100 million ($1.25 million) in 2007. IDB Capital grew its loan book by an additional Sh400 million ($5 million) in 2009. The recovery has been hinged on two things: Cost-cutting and better debt collection. Staff have been reduced from 50 to 22 and the banking unit was sold to Equity Bank. IDB provides medium and longterm loan finance, equity investments, guarantees for loans from other sources and underwriting of securities. It also provides corporate advisory services to medium and large-scale industrial enterprises, working capital, machinery and finance. IDB’s products and services are short-term working capital, bridging finance, export-import financing, letters of credit, management consultancy and financial advisory services. Others are guarantee and indemnity, asset finance/lease and contract financing. It funds sectors such as tourism, textiles, food and beverages, horticulture and chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Others are mineral and mineral processing, engineering and metal products, rubber, plastic and leather,
803
Economy, Trade and Finance industryand Planning References •
Assistance to Micro and Small Enterprises Programme (2008).
•
Do IT in Kenya – Kenya’s Business Process Outsourcing (Kenya ICT Board, 2009).
•
Economic survey 2009 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, 2009).
•
Guide Book to BPO in Kenya (Kenya ICT Board, 2009).
•
Kenya Industrial Master Plan Study- Interim
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Report, June 2007.
804
•
Ministry of Industry.
•
Ministry of Trade.
•
National Export Strategy 2003-2007.
•
www.ict.go.ke
•
www.investmentkenya.com
•
www.kebs.org
•
www.kipi.org
•
www.tradeandindustry.go.ke
•
www.trade.go.ke
•
www.kwal.org
•
www.icdc.co.ke
•
www.eastafricanportland.com
•
www.kie.co.ke
•
www.nmc.co.ke
•
www.idbkenya.com
•
www.epckenya.org
•
www.nesc.go.ke
•
www.epzakenya.com
•
wikipedia.org
22
Justice and correctional services are key to law, order and justice. The Government has strengthened the Judiciary, prisons, the prosecution, child care and rehabilitation. The new Constitution gives new impetus to these efforts
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Justice and correctional services
805
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Justice and correctional services
806
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
57
2 0 1 0
K
enya Vision 2030 recognises law and order as one of the foundations on which economic performance is based. The efficient enforcement of the law, maintenance of public safety and access to justice are important for economic development. And nothing illustrates better the Government commitment BY THE NUMBERS to this than the ratification of a new Constitution by Kenyans on August 4, 2010 and its promulgation by President Mwai Kibaki on August 27, 2010. (Chapter 10 Sections 159-173). The new The number of courtrooms laws introduce the position to be housed at the nearof the Deputy Chief Justice as complete former Income the deputy head of the JudiTax building in Nairobi that the Judiciary acquired a few ciary and the Supreme Court years ago. as the most superior court in the land — above the Court of Appeal. The Chief Justice will be the president of the See more information below court, while the Deputy Chief
807
Justice and correctional services
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
History of the Kenyan Judiciary
808
In 1897, the East African Order in Council was established based on subordinate courts — Native, Muslim and those under administrative officers and magistrates. A dual system of superior courts was also established, for Europeans and Africans. The system lasted for five years. Village elders, headmen and chiefs were empowered to settle disputes. This was recognised in the Native Courts Ordinance of 1907. In 1950, the African Courts Ordinance abolished the tribunals and replaced then with African Courts. In 1962, the courts were transferred from the Provincial Administration to the Judiciary. In 1963, an impartial Judiciary was set up. In 1967, the Judicature Act, Magistrates’ Courts Act and the Kadhis Courts Act were enacted, They have been the backbone of the administration of justice in Kenya.
www.kenya-informationguide.org
court, while the Deputy Chief Justice will be the vice-president. The Court of Appeal will also have a president who will be elected by fellow judges of the court. On its part, the High Court will have a principal judge be elected by fellow judges of the court. The Chief Justice and the Deputy Chief Justice will be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and approval of Parliament. But all the other judges will be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the JSC. Judges will retire at the age of 70 and not 74 as was the case in the old Constitution. The Chief Justice will serve for only one term of 10 years and if he or she has not reached retirement age, can opt to become a judge of the Supreme Court. The JSC will also change drastically. In the old Constitution, it comprised five members — the Chief Justice, the Attorney-General, two judges (one from the High Court and the other from the Court of appeal) and the chairman of the Public Service Commission. But in the new Constitution, the JSC has been expanded to 11 members who will be the Chief Justice (the chairperson), one Supreme Court judge elected by fellow judges, one Court of Appeal judge elected by fellow judges, and one High Court judge and one magistrate (one a woman and the other a man) elected by members of the association of judges and magistrates. Others will be the Attorney-General, two advocates (a woman and a man) with at least 15 years’ experience and elected by the members of the Law Society of Kenya, a person nominated by the Public Service Commission and a woman and a man to represent the public (not lawyers) appointed
innocence and to be given adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence. They also have the right for a trial to begin and conclude without unreasonable delay and to be represented by an advocate, among many other rights. People who have been detained, held in custody or imprisoned also retain fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights.
Y E A R B O O K
The Judiciary comprises a welldefined and structured court system, the Judicial Service Commission and the Judiciary Training Institute. It was only after the enactment of the Independent Constitution in 1963 that a largely impartial judiciary was set up. The Independence Constitution established a Supreme Court with unlimited original criminal and civil jurisdiction over all, regardless of race or ethnicity. It also provided for a Court of Appeal and the kadhi’s court. But when Kenya became a Republic in 1964, the Supreme Court was renamed the High Court. However, the Supreme Court has bounced back with the new Constitution. (See ‘Introduction’ above) In 1967, three major laws were enacted — the Judicature Act (Cap 8), the Magistrates’ Courts Act (Cap 10), which governs the Magistrate’s and Kadhi’s Courts Act (Cap 11) — and they apply in the administration of justice in Kenya.
2 0 1 0
Judiciary
K E N Y A
by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. The Chief Registrar of the Judiciary will be the Secretary to the Commission. To give the Judiciary financial independence, the new Constitution has created the Judiciary Fund. It will be used for administrative expenses and other purposes necessary for the discharge of its functions. The new Constitution also has a comprehensive Bill of Rights (Chapter Four) that has forever changed the way justice is administered in Kenya. The Government is obliged to ensure access to justice for all. Any fee required will be reasonable so as not impede access to justice. Crime suspects have been given many rights — to be informed in language they understands of the reason for the arrest, the right to remain silent and the consequences of not remaining silent. They also have a right to fair hearing, to communicate with an advocate, and others and not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used against them. They also have rights to be held separately from convicts, to be taken to court as quickly as reasonably possible, but not later than 24 hours after arrest. They also have the right to be released on bond or bail pending trial. If an offence is punishable by a fine only or imprisonment for not more than six months, suspects should not be remanded. Every accused person has the right to a fair trial, which includes presumption of
809
Justice and correctional services
Judicial reforms
Background to courts for the military
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
In 1689, the Mutiny Act of Britain recognised the legality of military courts. Army officers felt that the civil legal process had little in common with the enforcement of military discipline. They preferred the Regimental to the General courts-martial because of ease of assembly, informality of conduct, and conclusiveness of decisions. Regimental courts were convened by commanding officers and composed of a captain and four lieutenants. The proceedings were brief, and sentences immediate. Until 1805, proceedings were not recorded and witnesses did not take oath. A General courtsmartial was conducted with greater formality and could only be convened by an army commander.
810
www.stephen-stratford.co.uk
But even before Kenyans voted for a new Constitution that changes the judicial system as we know it, the Judiciary had itself began to make reforms. The Justice William Ouko Taskforce on Judicial Reforms proposed that vacant posts for judicial officers be filled. In the August 2009 report, the taskforce proposed that the law be amended to increase the establishment of the Court of Appeal to 30 judges and the High Court to 120. To qualify as High Court judges, applicants should have at least 10 years experience in legal practice. This is an enhancement from the current requirement of seven years’ practice. The report also proposes that to become the Chief Justice or appellate judge, applicants should have at least 15 years’ experience in legal practice. The candidate should also have intellectual ability demonstrated by academic qualifications in law. The recommendations have been included in the new Constitution. The report further recommends that the composition of the JSC be expanded from five members to eight. The taskforce recommended that membership comprise a Court of Appeal judge, a High Court judge, a representative from the Attorney General’s office, two lawyers of at least 15 years’ standing nominated by the Law Society of Kenya (LSK), a representative of the private sector and a representative of the Kenya Judges and Magistrates Association. However, in the new Constitution the number has increased from five to 11. (See ‘Introduction’ above) Other proposed reforms included the speeding up of the automation of the functions of the Judiciary, construction of an official residence for the Chief Justice in Nairobi (the Chief Justice lives in a leased house) and a mortgage scheme for judicial staff to buy
Court Structure Superior courts have 57 judges — 11 of the Court of Appeal and 46 of the High Court. In the subordinate courts in 2009, Kenya had 22 Chief Magistrates, 25 Senior Principal Magistrates, 52 Principal Magistrates, 87 Senior Resident Magistrates and 95 residents magistrates. There was no District Magistrate II.
Court of Appeal
The court was set up in 1977 and was the highest in the land. It has 11 judges. But with the new Constitution, the Supreme Court is the highest. The new laws say the Court of Appeal should not have less than 12 judges, but the maximum will be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.
Y E A R B O O K
The new Constitution has re-established this as the highest court in the land. It will comprise of the Chief Justice, (president of the court), the Deputy Chief Justice (vice-president of the court) and (five other judges. To be properly constituted, the court must have five judges. It will have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating to presidential elections and appellate jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of Appeal and any other court or tribunal. The appeals will involve the interpretation or application of the Constitution and any other the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal certifies as of general public importance. The Supreme Court may also give an opinion at the request of the national Government, State organ, or county government with respect to county governments. All courts, other than the Supreme Court, are bound by its decisions. The judges will be appointed by the President with the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.
2 0 1 0
Supreme Court
K E N Y A
houses. The reforms in the Judiciary have improved the delivery of justice. Cases filed increased from 347,169 in 2008 to 401,295 in 2009. Those disposed of also increased by 17 per cent from 358,244 to 420,901 in the same period. Pending cases declined by 12 per cent from 788,595 in 2008 to 969,726 in 2009. The new courthouse at the former Income Tax Department building in Nairobi signifies other changes in the Judiciary. It will comprise 57 courtrooms, 37 judges’ offices and 20 magistrates’ courts and accommodate 57 judicial officers. The courthouse will also have several registries. In addition, it will have prosecution offices and 83 cells. Other courtrooms have been built in many parts of the country — Naivasha, Narok, Malindi, Nyahururu and Kisumu, among others. To make justice accessible, the single most important factor is the availability of courtrooms so that more staff — judges, magistrates and prosecutors, among others — can be hired.
811
Justice and correctional services
Kadhi’s courts go back many centuries The Constitution provides for kadhi’s courts to decide disputes of personal law among Muslims — marriage, divorce and inheritance. The courts existed in the East African coast before colonisation. In Kenya, the coast was under the Sultan of Zanzibar. In 1895, he gave the British power to administer the 10-mile coastal strip if they respected the courts. But he retained sovereignty. During the independence talks, the courts were legislated.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.commonlii.org
812
There Court of Appeal will have a president elected by the judges of the court from among themselves. It has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court and any other court or tribunal as prescribed by an Act of Parliament. The judges will be appointed by the President with the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission. High Court
In the new Constitution, the court will have a Principal Judge elected by fellow judges of the High Court from among themselves. It will have unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil matters; jurisdiction to determine whether a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied or violated and jurisdiction to hear an appeal from a decision of a tribunal to consider the removal of a person from office. The court also has jurisdiction to hear questions on the interpretation of the Constitution and constitutional powers of State organs in respect of county governments and the constitutional relationship between the levels of government. Such matters will be heard by an uneven number of judges — not less than three — assigned by the Chief Justice. The judges will be appointed by the President with the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission. Subordinate courts
In the new Constitution, like in the old, they are the Magistrates and Kadhis’ courts, the Courts Martial and any other court or local tribunal as may be established by an Act of Parliament. They are established by Sections 169 and 170 of the new Constitution.
They are categorised as Chief Magistrate’s, Senior Principal Magistrate’s, Principal Magistrate’s, Senior Resident Magistrate’s, the Resident Magistrate’s and District Magistrate’s courts. The civil jurisdiction of the chief and senior principal magistrates is identical and must not go beyond Sh500,000 ($6,250), while that of the principal and senior resident magistrates must not exceed Sh300,000 ($3,750). The resident magistrate must not exceed Sh100,000 ($1,250). However, the Chief Justice may, through gazette notice, increase the limit of jurisdiction of a Chief Magistrate to not more than
Courts martial
Parliament and the Chief of General Staff (military chief) or a commander have power to establish a court martial. Courts martial try a person according to the Armed Forces Act for any offence and to mete punishment. A court martial is convened to deal with a specific matter. There is, therefore, no permanent structure. People to be tried by courts martial include members of the Army, Air Force, the Navy and their reserves. However, the court does not apply to the police force. The courts martial exercises limited criminal jurisdiction, under only one type of law —military law. Jurisdiction is penal or disciplinary and designed to ensure discipline in the Armed Forces. The cases tried include insubordination, cowardice, fraud, theft, aiding an enemy and neglect of duty. Appeals from the decisions of the courts martial lie with the High Court, which must grant leave before the appeal is heard. Anti-Corruption Courts
They are presided over by special magistrates, including the Chief
2 0 1 0
Magistrate’s Courts
Sh3 million ($37,500), Sh2 million ($25,00) for a senior principal magistrate, Sh1 million ($12,500) for a principal magistrate, Sh800,000 ($10,000) for a senior resident magistrate and Sh500,000 ($6,250 for the resident magistrate.
Y E A R B O O K
They deal with Islamic matters. The court is composed of a Chief Kadhi and at least three other kadhis or as may be prescribed by Parliament. Each kadhi’s court is subordinate to the High Court. A kadhi is proficient in Islamic law. A person shall not qualify to be appointed kadhi unless, in the opinion of the Judicial Service Commission, he professes the Muslim religion and has knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sects. For a kadhi’s court to have jurisdiction over any person, parties to the dispute must profess the Islamic faith. Jurisdiction is limited to personal matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance. It does not have any criminal jurisdiction.
K E N Y A
Kadhi’s Courts
813
Justice and correctional services
Magistrate, Principal Magistrate or an advocate of at least 10 years standing. The procedure is similar to that of a criminal court. Children’s courts
They are constituted for hearing charges against children (except for a charge of murder) or when children are charged with a person or people above the age of 18. But adults who are accused of an offence under the Children’s Act are also tried in Children’s Court. During the hearing, only officers of the court, the parties (those involved) to a dispute, advocates, witnesses, those directly concerned, parents or guardians and journalists are allowed to be present.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Tribunals
814
They are institutions created to help courts in the administration of justice. This is supposed to ease the burden in the courts. Tribunals, however, do not have penal jurisdiction. Administration tribunals
They are set up by law to adjudicate disputes that arise out of the statutes creating them. They deal with the administration and enforcement of the Act concerned. For example, the Rent Tribunal determines questions arising out of the Administration and Rent Restriction Act and the Business Rent Tribunal, which deal with controlled commercial tenancy.
Inquiry tribunals
They are full-scale inquiries dealing with urgent matters of public importance. For example, an inquiry tribunal may be set up to investigate corruption, mishandling of issues and improper conduct of public officers. Domestic tribunals
They are set up by private organisations for administration purposes, settling disputes and exercising disciplinary control of members a professional group. Jurisdiction is, therefore, contractual and limited by rules or regulations, which comprise the terms of the contract. Other tribunals include: Energy, Environmental, Teachers Service, Land Dispute, Capital Markets, Water Appeal and Cooperative, among others.
Judicial Service Commission In the new Constitution, it consists of 11 members, up from five in the old Constitution. Then, they were the Chief Justice, the AttorneyGeneral, a High Court judge, a Court of Appeal judge and the chairman of the Public Service Commission. In the new laws, the members are the Chief Justice (chairperson), a Supreme Court judge elected by fellow judges, a Court of Appeal judge elected by fellow judges, one High Court judge and one magistrate (a woman and a man), elected by the association of judges and magistrates, the Attorney-General and two advocates (a woman and a
Constitution of Kenya
Judiciary Training Institute It was established in 2008 to offer education and training to staff involved in the adminis-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
In Chapter 10 of the new Constitution, parliamentary approval is required of the Chief Justice and Deputy Chief Justice, but not judges of the Supreme, Appeal and High Courts. The Judicial Service Commission will nominate candidates to serve as judges and the President will appoint them. Removal of a judge can only be initiated by the Judicial Service Commission or when petitioned by a person or group.
K E N Y A
Appointment of judges in new laws
man) each with at least 15 years’ experience and elected by the members of the statutory body responsible for the professional regulation of advocates. Others are a person nominated by the Public Service Commission and a woman and a man (not lawyers) appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly to represent the public. The Chief Registrar of the Judiciary will be the Secretary to the Commission. Members of the Commission, apart from the Chief Justice and the Attorney-General, shall be in office only for five years and will be eligible for one more term. The JSC shall promote the independence and accountability of the Judiciary and the efficient, effective and transparent administration of justice. Its role is to recommend people to the President for appointment as judges, review and make recommendations on the conditions of service of judges and judicial officers other than remuneration, and appoint, receive complaints against, investigate and remove from office judicial staff. It will also discipline registrars, magistrates, other judicial officers and staff . The JSC will prepare and implement programmes for the continuing education and training of judges and judicial officers and advise the national government on improving the administration of justice. In the performance of its functions, the Commission shall be guided by competitiveness and transparency in the appointment of judicial officers and staff of the judiciary and gender equality.
815
Justice and correctional services
Finally, Judiciary to runs its own finances The new Constitution, in Chapter 10 Section 173, establishes the Judiciary Fund which will be administered by the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary. It will be used for administrative expenses and other purposes for the discharge of the functions of the Judiciary. Each financial year, the Chief Registrar will prepare estimates of expenditure for the following year, and submit them to the National Assembly for approval. Upon approval, the expenditure of the Judiciary will be a charge on the Consolidated Fund and the funds paid directly into the Fund.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Constitution of Kenya
816
tration of justice. The institute trains judicial officers on better methods of service delivery and use of computers and information technology, provides the Judiciary with the physical infrastructure on which to train judges, magistrates and support staff and offers training to staff at the Attorney-General’s office, police, prisons and the Law Society of Kenya. The institute symbolises the Judiciary’s commitment to new and improved methods of service delivery and excellence in the application of law through research and more effective remedies. The Chief Justice set up a Curriculum Review Committee to look into the course content of the programmes previously offered and structure them. The committee will also determine the levels of instruction and certification as well as the faculty suitable for the courses. It has authority to hire the services of experts in various fields and to consult them.
State Law Office Also commonly referred to as the Office of the Attorney General, its main function is “to advise the Government on legal matters in facilitating and monitoring the rule of law, protection of freedoms, democracy and efficient delivery of legal services”. Attorney-General
In the new Constitution, like in the old, the AG is the principal legal adviser to the Government. The official will represent the national Government in court or other legal proceedings other than criminal ones and perform other functions conferred on the office by Parliament or the President. The Attorney-General will be nominated and appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly.
It has 17 members drawn from the public and private sectors — seven from the private sector represent software, producers of sound recordings, publishers, film distributors, performers, broadcasting stations and audio visual industry. Four experts on copyright and related rights and five representatives from the Office of the Attorney General, Commissioner of Police, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Finance and an Execu-
2 0 1 0
Kenya Copyright Board
Y E A R B O O K
Director of Public Prosecutions
In the old Constitution, this was a department in the State Law Office that prosecutes cases investigated by the police and the Kenya AntiCorruption Commission. It also deals with complaints on criminal proceedings and advises the police on criminal prosecutions. In the new Constitution, the Director of Public Prosecutions is nominated and appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. The qualifications for appointment are similar to those of a High Court judge. The director has power to direct the Inspector-General of the National
Police Service to investigate any allegation of criminal conduct. The official will hold office for eight years and will not be eligible for reappointment. The Director of Public Prosecutions can institute criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a courts martial), take over and continue criminal proceedings in any court (other than a courts martial) instituted by another person or authority, but with their permission. The director can discontinue at any stage before judgment criminal proceedings instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions. If the discontinuation is after the close of the prosecution’s case, the defendant shall be acquitted. The Director of Public Prosecutions may be removed from office for inability arising from mental or physical incapacity, lack of integrity, bankruptcy, incompetence or gross misconduct or misbehaviour.
K E N Y A
The qualifications for appointment are similar to those of the Chief Justice. In the old Constitution, the AG is also an ex-officio member of Parliament. In the execution of his duties, the AG is assisted by the SolicitorGeneral, the Director of Public Prosecutions and State counsel. But in the new Constitution, the Director of Public Prosecutions is an independent office dealing with criminal matters. The Solicitor-General’s office helps the AG to organise, coordinate and manage administrative matters, the legal functions of the State Law Office, formulate legal policy and ensure proper administration of the legal system, including professional legal education and human rights issues.
817
Justice and correctional services
Kenya’s largest security prison
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kamiti Maximum Security Prison is in Nairobi. Originally called Kamiti Downs, it is on a 1,200-acre land. It was built for 1,400 inmates, but has more than 3,600 and 700 warders. Many executions have been carried out in Kamiti. Liberation leader Dedan Kimathi was hanged by British colonialists on February 18, 1957. During the 1980s and early 90s, political prisoners were held at Kamiti, including Kenneth Matiba, Raila Odinga, Koigi Wamwere and writer Ngugi wa Thiong’o.
tive Director. The Board was created as a statutory body in 2001 and took over the functions of the Copyright Section in the Department of the Registrar General. It is mandated to enforce copyright and related rights in Kenya . The Board coordinates and oversees the implementation of laws and international treaties to which Kenya is a party. It also licenses and supervises the activities of Collective Management Organisations, carries out training programmes on copyright and related rights, updates copyright legislation and maintains an effective database on copyright and related rights. Original musical, literary, artistic, audio visual works sound recordings and broadcasts are eligible for copyright protection. To be accepted for registration, a work must be original and expressed in writing or any other form. Originality means that the work is not copied from somebody else. The applicant attaches two copies of the works, the form must be witnessed by a commissioner for oaths and accompanied by the required fees. The particulars required are the name and address of the applicant and category of works — artistic, literary, audio visual, musical, sound recording or a broadcast. On receipt of the application, the office makes enquiries and enters the particulars of the work in a Copyright Register. The office processes the application and the outcome is communicated to the applicant. The names of successful applicants are published in the Kenya Gazette and a licensing certificate issued for one year.
[email protected] Registrar-General Department
It provides registration services in incorporat-
818
Law Reporting The National Council for Law Reporting publishes ‘Kenya Law Reports’, which contain judgements, rulings and opinions of the superior courts of record. It will also publish other publications which, in the opinion of the council, are related to or connected with the preparation and publication of the Kenya Law Reports. The Chief Justice chairs the council. Other members are a Court of Appeal judge, a High Court judge, the Attorney-General, a representative of the Government Printer, two representatives of the Law Society of Kenya and the Editor of the Kenya Law Reports. Bench Research Hotline
This is a facility dedicated to judicial officers. It is a research desk manned by legal assistants with legal training and experience in online research. The research assistants receive
2 0 1 0
The Treaties and Agreements Department deals with international and development law, while the Administrator-General Department facilitates the performance of duties related to custodianship and administration of estates of dead people as well as minors’ trusts. The Office of the Public Trustee falls in this department and is responsible for administration of estates, management of trusts and acting as trustee in commissions. The Drafting Department prepares Bills to be presented to Parliament. It ensures that legislation is technically sound and accurate. Additionally, it also advises on legal aspects of Bills, statutes and notices. The Advocates Complaints Commission was formed in 1989 and comprises two commissioners, seven State counsel and 14 support staff. Its role is to inquire into complaints against advocates and their law firms, members and employees. The Civil Litigation Department sues and defends civil suits against the Government. The Witness Protection Unit was established in 2009. Its core function is to protect witnesses who have crucial evidence in sensitive cases.
Recommendations include phasing out police prosecutors and replacing them with trained State counsel. More than 300 police prosecutors handle nearly 90 per cent of prosecutions. State counsel handle the remaining 10 per cent. Implementation of this is expected to be complete by 2011. A few years ago, the State hired five special prosecutors drawn from lawyers in private practice.
Y E A R B O O K
Others
Reforms at State Law Office
K E N Y A
ing companies, registration of business names, trade unions and societies, handles official receiver duties and administers and registers civil marriages. The Registrar-General is the head of the department.
819
Justice and correctional services
Ombudsman
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
An ombudsman is a person who acts as a trusted intermediary between an organisation and the public and represents public interest. ‘Ombudsman’ is derived from a Swedish word meaning ‘agent’. The ombudsman investigates public complaints against Government or other agencies and attempts to resolve them through recommendation or mediation. An ombudsman need not be appointed by Parliament, but by Government as is the case in Kenya. Making a complaint to the ombudsman is free of charge.
820
queries from judges, research and submit the results to the inquiring judge. The Bench Research Hotline takes advantage of online legal database resources, combining it with case and statute law, legal commentaries and encyclopaedia data. The hotline aids the administration of justice for providing judges with quick access to research material relevant to the cases they hear.
Law Society of Kenya (LSK) It is the premier bar association and legal development agency in Kenya. Its core mandate is to protect and help the public in legal matters. The LSK has played a key role in legal and socio-economic development. It has a secretariat, which manages the organisation’s day-to-day affairs. It comprises a chairperson and a vicechair, and 10 other members, who must be members of the LSK. Council members are elected annually through a postal ballot. By law, at least one council member must be practising in Mombasa. At least two others must be members who do not practise in Nairobi or Mombasa. The Council from time to time appoints committees or sub-committees of LSK members. The Council may delegate to any committee or sub-committee all or part of its powers. The LSK has various committees: Continuing Legal Education, Disciplinary, Young Lawyers, Gender, Legislation, Law Reform & Scholarly Interest, Litigation, Conveyancing, Ethics, Environmental Law and the Standing Committee on Constitutional Review.
Public Complaints Standing Committee (Ombudsman) It is a public agency established in 2007. It is under the Ministry of Justice and Consti-
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) The Government established the independent human rights organisation in 2002. Its core mandate is to protect and promote human rights, and entrench a vibrant human rights’ culture founded on equality and social justice. The Commission has key programmes — human rights advocacy
2 0 1 0
The 20-year clamour for constitutional reforms in Kenya ended on August 4, 2010, when Kenyans overwhelmingly voted for the draft constitution by 67 per cent. On August 27, 2010, President Kibaki promulgated the Constitution at a public function at Uhuru Park, Nairobi. And this was the culmination of a long journey going back to 1990 if not the late 1980s. When President Kibaki came to power on December 30, 2002, the constitutional review process got a major boost. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission (CKRC) had collected and collated views, leading to the first constitutional conference (the Bomas conference) and a draft Constitution. Parliament amended
Y E A R B O O K
Constitutional reforms
the draft constitution, but it was rejected during Kenya’s first referendum in November 2005. But a constitutional amendment followed the political deadlock over the outcome of the 2007 presidential elections. The power-sharing deal brokered by the Panel of Eminent Persons led to the creation of the Office of the Prime Minister and two deputies. The Interim Independent Electoral Commission of Kenya was formed to replace the Electoral Commission of Kenya (IIEC). The Interim Independent Boundaries Commission (IIBRC) was also set up to seek views from Kenyans on constituency boundaries and demarcate them. Parliament constituted the Committee of Experts (CoE) to identify contentious issues in the constitutional review process. The committee compiled a Harmonised Draft Constitution, revised it and eventually produced a draft constitution with the input of the Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Review.
K E N Y A
tutional Affairs. The Committee receives, registers, sorts out, classifies and documents all complaints against public officials in ministries, parastatals and State corporations, statutory bodies or any other public institution. It also enquires into allegations of misuse of office, corruption and unethical conduct, breach of integrity, maladministration, delay, injustice, discourtesy, inattention, incompetence, misbehaviour, inefficiency or ineptitude. The Committee has four members and an executive director heads the secretariat. The public can lodge complaints to the executive director or the deputy at Shell/ BP House on 6th Floor in Nairobi.
821
Justice and correctional services
and campaigns, complaints investigation, research policy and capacity building and strengthening of institutions. In the new Constitution, it will be called the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission. Its commissioners and those of the National Commission on Gender and Development will become members of the new commission for their unexpired term. The KNCHR chairperson will be the chairperson of the new commission for the unexpired term, while the chairperson of the National Commission on Gender and Development will be the vice-chairperson for her unexpired term.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC)
822
When the Narc Government came to power in 2003, it set up an 18-member taskforce to find out if Kenya needed a truth and reconciliation commission to look into abuses and crimes committed since independence. It recommended the setting up of the commission to inquire into human rights violations between December 12, 1963 and December 31, 2002. However, it was established at the time. But it came to pass in 2008 after the 2007 disputed presidential elections. Parliament enacted the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Act, which provides for the Truth Justice and Reconciliation Com-
mission. In 2009, President Kibaki appointed commissioners to serve in the nine-member TJRC – six local and three foreign experts. They are Bethuel Kiplagat (chairman for a tribunal has been appointed to investigate his conduct), Tecla Namachanja (vice-chairperson), Tom Ojienda, Margaret Wambui Ngugi Shava, and Ahmed Sheikh Farah. The international experts are Gertrude Chawatama (Zambia), Berhanu Dinka (Ethiopia) and Ronald Slye (US), who has since resigned.
Electoral reforms
www.homeaffairs.go.ke
The Government and Parliament adopted the commission’s recommendations and the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) was disbanded and replaced with the Interim Independent Electoral Commission. The commission’s key mandate was to recruit new staff and create a new voter’s register and conduct a referendum on the new constitution. It has successfully fulfilled its mandate and also conducted a number of parliamentary and civic by-elections. The mandate of the nine-member IIBRC is to establish, review and draw new administrative and constituency boundaries. Its members are Andrew Ligale (chairman), Jedidah Ntoyai, Joseph Kaguthi, Irene Cherop
2 0 1 0
IIEC and IIBRC
Y E A R B O O K
In 1911, the Kenya Prison Service was established. In 1917, the posts of Commissioner of Prisons and Assistant Commissioner of Prisons were created. In 1911, 319 staff members supervised 6,559 inmates. Kenya has 92 correctional institutions — 89 prisons, two borstals and one youth corrective training centre. In 2009, Kenya had 108,032 prisoners, 96,762 men and 11,270 women. The number of prison officers stood at 18,521 — 15,569 men and 2,952 women. More than 45 per cent of the prison population is pretrial or remand; 4 per cent female, 1.4 per cent minors; and 0.1 per cent are foreigners.
K E N Y A
History of prison service in Kenya
After the 2007 disputed presidential elections, violence broke out, leading to a political deadlock. Diplomatic efforts led to the establishment of a Panel of Eminent Persons comprising former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, former Mozambique and South African First Lady Graca Machel and former Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa to mediate the conflict between the two leading presidential candidates, President Kibaki and Raila Odinga, now the Prime Minister. When a political deal was reached, the Grand Coalition Government was formed, with Kibaki as President and Odinga as Prime Minister. The mediators also recommended an inquiry into alleged irregularities and the causes of the election violence. A commission to inquire into the conduct of the 2007 election was formed and chaired by former South African Judge Yohanne Kriegler. The commission had seven members and a secretary.
823
Justice and correctional services
Masit, Mwenda Makathimo, John Nkinyangi, Murshid Abdalla Mohamed, Abdullahi Sharawe and Rozaah Akinyi Buyu. It has sought citizens views on boundaries and create new constituencies and set new boundaries by the end of 2010. In the new Constitution, the two commissions have been merged and called the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). The new law provides that the IIEC will continue in office for its unexpired term or until the IEBC is established, whichever is later. When IEBC members are selected, the need for continuity and the retention of expertise and experience will be taken into consideration.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Legislative and legal reform
824
The Ministry of Justice, National Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs is tasked with the special role of legislative reform through drafting Bills for Parliament to debate and enact them into law. The ministry has stringently pursued reforms in the legal sector through the Governance, Justice, Law and Order Sector (GJLOS) programme. Legislative reforms are spearheaded by a semi-autonomous Government agency, the Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC). GJLOS
The programme is cross-institutional led by the Government and
INTERIM INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL COMMISSION OF KENYA It replaced the disbanded Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK), led by Samuel Kivuitu. The team has nine commissioners. The chairman and the commissioners were nominated through a competitive process by Parliament and appointed by the President in consultation with the Prime Minister and sworn in on May 11, 2009. The IIEC’s mandate is to: • Reform the electoral process and the management of elections in order to institutionalise free and fair elections • Establish an efficient and effective secretariat • Promote free and fair elections • Register voters afresh and create a
supported by more than 15 development partners. Coordinated through the Ministry of Justice, the programme is being implemented in 32 Government institutions and ministries. They are linked to the Office of the President, the Office of the Vice-President and Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, the State Law Office, the Judiciary, Ministry of Immigration and Registration of Persons and Ministry of Youth Affairs.
•
•
The GJLOS programme’s aim is to reform and strengthen institutions for enhanced protection of human rights, and efficient, accountable and transparent governance and justice. It seeks to implement farreaching reforms in the public sector. It was Kenya’s first Sector Wide Approach (SWAP), bringing together Government, donors, civil society and the private sector. This approach involves broadening policy dialogue, developing a policy that addresses private and public sector issues) and with better coor-
dinated procedures for funding and procurement. GJLOS aims to strengthen anticorruption legislation and institutions. The programme also supports the drive for a new constitution. It also facilitates the development of laws that enhance democracy in political parties. It expands democracy, especially women and children, over human rights. GJLOS builds mechanisms that will enable greater openness and transparency in institutions. Reforming the Judiciary and the
2 0 1 0
•
Y E A R B O O K
•
new voter’s register Develop a modern system for collection, collation, transmission and tallying of electoral data Conduct a referendum for a new constitution Facilitate the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections and referenda Promote voter education and culture of democracy
The Commission has 24 months from December 24, 2009 to December 2010 to discharge its mandate. Alternatively, the IIEC will cease to exist three months after a new constitution comes to effect. In that case, the new constitution shall provide for a permanent successor electoral body, which will take up the role of reforms. The Commission has successfully fulfilled its mandate — registered voters afresh and created an new register, conducted the referendum on the new Constitution and byelections in Bomachoge, Shinyalu, South Mugirango, Matuga, Makadara, Starehe, Juja and Wajir South constituencies. The commissioners are: Ahmed Issack Hassan (chairman), Simiyu Abuid Wasike, Winnie Guchu, Yusuf Nzibo, Hamara Ibrahim Adan, Ken Nyaundi, Tiyah Galgalo, Davis Chirchir and Douglas Mwashigadi
K E N Y A
•
Settle minor electoral disputes during an election as may be provided by law.
825
Justice and correctional services
Training of advocates The Kenya School of Law is the only Bar school in the country. After completion of an undergraduate degree course in law from a recognised university, students attend the School to be prepared for admission to the Bar. It was initially a law vocational training school in 1963. However, the establishment of faculties of law in East African universities led to a need to change the training offered. In 1963, 11 students were admitted at a four-acre plot on Valley Road next to the University of Nairobi’s Dental School. The premises was formerly a maternity wing of Nairobi Hospital.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.ksl.ac.ke
826
entire judicial system is at the core of the programme. It supports measures aimed at prison decongestion, community service orders as an alternative to rehabilitating petty offenders, the strengthening of public prosecution, legal aid and strengthens the parole system through probation and aftercare services. The reform programme has helped improve the services of the police and other law enforcement agencies. This includes the provision of equipment and change of attitude through capacity building, including retraining of staff on work culture, attitude change and community policing. One goal under the sector is the launch of a national crime prevention strategy. In addition, the programme is reforming Kenya’s investment and commercial laws by supporting the simplification of complex rules and procedures. Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC)
It was established in 1982. The functions of KLRC include receiving proposals for law reform, preparing for the AG programmes on various branches of law and examining approved programmes by the AG and formulation of draft Bills. The commission’s mission is to contribute to reform, harmonisation and simplification of laws. To strengthen its role, the Kenya Law Reform Commission Bill is has been drafted for debate in Parliament.
Legal education and aid In Kenya, only universities are allowed to offer degrees in law. Public universities — Nairobi, Moi and Kenyatta — teach law as do some chartered private universities. However, institutions of higher learning that are not chartered universities may offer diploma courses in law.
To become an advocate of the High Court, one is required to have a bachelor’s degree in law from a university recognised by the Council of Legal Education. One is also required to have passed the Advocates Training Programme examinations and obtained a postgraduate diploma from the Kenya School of Law.
skills and experience for admission to the Roll of Advocates, legislative drafting and induction of magistrates and staff selected to be appointed magistrates. It is also used to train Government staff and paralegals to have a better understanding of the law, and for continuing legal education.
Its core function is to supervise and exercise control over legal education in Kenya and to advise the Government. Other functions include organising and conducting courses for legal knowledge, professional
Y E A R B O O K
Council of Legal Education
To institutionalise legal aid, the Ministry of Justice, the Judiciary, AG’s office, the Law Society of Kenya and Legal Aid NGOs (Fida, Kituo cha Sheria, Cradle and International Commission of Jurists, among others) has developed a pilot National Legal Aid (and Awareness) Scheme. The plan will ensure that Kenyans get access to legal services. It will provide legal advice, representation and awareness. Administration of the programme will be done through a multi-sectoral committee bringing together the Government, civil society and the private sector. The programme will be piloted in six areas: Family Division of the Nairobi High Court, Moi University Law Clinic, Nairobi Children’s Court, Nakuru Juvenile Justice, Madiany Paralegal Advice Office and the Mombasa Capital Offences. Services to be offered by the pilot programme include legal aid and awareness, advice, assistance and representation, referral to service providers, alternative dispute resolution, including mediation, concili-
K E N Y A
It was established in 1963 to train advocates, offer professional legal development through continuing legal education, offer paralegal training and provide consultancy and research services. Located in Karen, the school has about 700 students in the Advocates Training Programme. Before moving to the Karen premises in 2005, the School of Law was on Valley Road, Nairobi, next to the University of Nairobi’s Dental School. Until 2001, the Kenya School of Law was a department in the AG’s Chambers. But it was elevated to a semi-autonomous Government agency. At the head of the school is an executive director, who is also the chief executive and secretary of the Council of Legal Education.
2 0 1 0
Legal aid Kenya School of Law
827
Justice and correctional services
Where and how to report corruption Information can be provided to KACC in writing, by telephone, personally to Integrity Centre in Nairobi and Mombasa office at Apollo Court on Moi Avenue or through the Anonymous Whistleblower’s System on its website. KACC Report Centre Integrity Centre Valley Road/Milimani Road Junction. P.O. Box 61130 00200 Nairobi , Kenya Apollo Court Moi Avenue P.O.BOX 82351 - 80100 Mombasa
2 0 1 0
020 2717468 (Nairobi) 041-2319081 2319082 (Mombasa) 020 2717473 (Fax - Nairobi) 041 2319083 (Fax - Mombasa)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
[email protected]
828
www.kacc.go.ke
ation and voluntary small claims arbitration. The programme will also offer specialised services, including family counselling, production of simple awareness material, research and dissemination.
War against corruption Since 1956, Kenya has had anti-corruption legislation. The first was the Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap 65), which was, however, repealed in May 2003. In 1993, there were efforts to establish an anti-corruption squad within the CID wing of the police. Unfortunately, the squad was disbanded in 1995 before it could make an impact. The Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap 65) was later amended in 1997 to provide for the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority (KACA), the first Government anti-corruption agency established by law. The first director of KACA, John Harun Mwau, was appointed in 1997. In 2000, the High Court, in Gachiengo vs Republic, ruled that KACA undermined the powers of the AG and Commissioner of Police. The High Court held that the statutory provisions establishing KACA were in conflict with the Constitution. As such, KACA was disbanded. In 2003, however, two statutes were enacted to relaunch the fight against corruption: Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act and the Public Officer Ethics Act. Section 70 of the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act repealed the Prevention of Corruption Act. The law also established the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC). Kenya signified its commitment in the fight against corruption by becoming the first country in the world to ratify the UN
National Anti-Corruption Campaign Steering Committee
It was established in 2004. The objective of the committee is to spearhead anti-corruption education, attitude and culture change. The committee’s history dates back to the launch of the National AntiCorruption Plan by President Kibaki in 2003. An interim committee was set up in August of the same year to design the campaign. The committee has a broad mandate: Establishing a framework for a nationwide campaign against corruption, changing attitudes towards corruption, mobilising stakeholders for an anti-corruption culture and the fight against the vice and developing programmes that strengthen the fight against corruption. Anglican Archbishop Eliud Wabukala heads the committee.
2 0 1 0
Although the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act was enacted in May 2003, it was not until September 2004 that KACC director and assistant directors were appointed after parliamentary vetting and presidential appointment. The Act also establishes the Kenya Anti-Corruption Advisory Board, which recommends those to be appointed as directors and assistant directors. It also advises KACC on the exercise of its powers and performance of its functions. KACC comprises four directorates — Legal Services, Investigation and Asset Tracing, Prevention Services, and Finance and Administration. The departments under Legal Services are civil litigation, crime reading and research and documentation. Investigation and Asset Recovery comprises report and data centre, forensic investigation, special operations and intelligence production units. The three departments under Prevention Services are education,
Y E A R B O O K
KACC
research and policy, partnerships, coalitions and interventions (prevention). KACC has spearheaded and coordinated the creation and implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Plan involving all sectors in the war on corruption. In 2009, the cases handled by KACC increased by 15.6 per cent to 4,473. The greatest increase was in cases referred to public service organisations for administrative interventions and those awaiting investigation.
K E N Y A
Convention Against Corruption in December 2003 in Merida, Mexico. This was after becoming a signatory to the AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption in 2003. Kenya later ratified the AU Convention in 2007. In 2004, a National Anti-Corruption Steering Committee was established to complement KACC in the fight against corruption.
829
Justice and correctional services
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Ministry of Justice
830
The ministry has four departments and five semi-autonomous Government agencies. The departments are: Legal Affairs, National Cohesion, Support Services and GJLOS Reforms Coordinating department. Save for the National Cohesion and the GJLOS Reforms Coordinating departments, the other two have various sections under them. The Legal Affairs Department has democracy and human rights, research and information, constitutional affairs, legal sector and ethics and integrity sections. Under Support Services are administration, human resource management, finance, procurement, accounts, internal audit, ICT and the central planning and project monitoring units. The ministry is responsible for legal policy on the administration of justice, constitutional matters, law reform and anti-corruption strategies, integrity and ethics. It also deals in legal education, political parties, legal aid and advisory services and elections.
Correctional Services In 1911, the Kenya Prison Service was established under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Heritage and Sports. In 1917, the posts of Commissioner of Prisons and Assistant Commissioner of Prisons were created, and the control and management of prisons became the sole responsibility of the commissioner.
The 92 correctional institutions in Kenya include 89 prisons, two borstals and one youth corrective training centre. In 1911, 319 staff supervised 6,559 inmates. Since 2003, when President Kibaki came to power, prisons have undergone major reforms that saw television sets, computers and educational facilities introduced. The prison service has also cultivated a good public image. Inmates now have access to television and radio broadcasts. TV sets are fitted on walls of prison halls. Prisoners spend their evenings watching news and other programmes. In the last seven years, prisons have instilled better standards for the treatment of prisoners by making them more accommodative and developing a humane attitude. Major events are organised by the prison service to showcase how far the prisons have come — catwalks, fashion and design, exhibitions, convicts sitting national examinations and provision of sanitary towels, dental and medical check-ups. The department has gone a long way in changing the face of the prisons system in Kenya, which had been neglected over a long period. Sanitation has improved remarkably and the supply of water to prisons regularised. Prisoners’ diet — comprising sukuma wiki, cabbage, beans, ugali and beef — has improved and the rations are more and satisfying. Prison wardens are more friendly
It is a department in the Office of the Vice-President & Ministry of Home Affairs headed by the Commissioner of Prisons. It derives its mandate from the Prisons Act, Borstal Act and Public Service Commission Act. Its functions are to contain and keep offenders in safe custody, rehabilitate and reform offenders, facilitate administration of justice and promote prisoners opportu-
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Prisons Service
nities for social re-integration. In 2009, Kenya had 108,032 prisoners, 96,762 men and 11,270 women. The number of prison officers stood at 18,521 in 2009 — 15,569 men and 2,952 women. To decongest the prisons, non-custodial sentences such as community service are used by courts as alternative to jail terms. In 2009, the number of offenders serving community service order increased by 15.2 per cent from 30,813 in 2008 to 35,488 in 2009. The prison’s Rapid Results Initiative (RRI) was launched in 2007 to harness team strength and client participation to speed up delivery of services within 100 days. The approach tackled largescale, medium and long-term change efforts through a series of small-scale, results-producing and momentum-building initiatives. The Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Home Affairs identified 12 thematic areas covering all departments, five of which were directly related to prisons. One was to decongest prisons and the goal was to reduce the number of petty convicted offenders and remand inmates by 20 per cent — from 3,816 to 3,053. In 100 days, their number reduced from 3,816 to 2,902, a decrease of 24 per cent (914 discharges). Another aim was to increased revenues in prisons from prison-produced goods and agriculture by 19 per cent from Sh130 million ($1.625 million) to Sh155 million ($1.9375
K E N Y A
and useful to inmates. Senior officers have been identified to listen to prisoners views and complaints and look into their welfare. They meet inmates and ask about their welfare and problems. They also interview ailing inmates and recommend treatment or arrange for the sick to see Government doctors. Generally, inmates are treated much more humanely than was the case several years ago. Kenya Prisons has bought ambulances, water bowsers and vehicles as part of a reform programme to improve services. As a result, staff and inmates’ health care will improve and boost production, besides alleviating water shortage in prisons. Houses for prison staff have been built to improve the living conditions of warders and senior officers. Salaries of prison staff were increased and brought in line with those of the police in 2004. More salary reviews have improved remuneration.
831
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Justice and correctional services
832
million) in 100 days. And it worked. Revenue collection increased to Sh162.6 million ($2.0325 million). The third aim was to boost security in prisons and thus Increase morale of staff and inmates by 20 per cent within 100 days. According to data from a survey, staff and inmate morale increased by 19.79 per cent. Probation and aftercare services
Crime is complex and demands comprehensive solutions from criminal justice agencies and the public. The Probation Service is one of the key Government agencies whose mandate is to rehabilitate
offenders in the community. This contributes to crime reduction. The history of probation service in Kenya dates back to 1943 when a series of commissions appointed by the colonial government recommended its establishment. Notable among these was the Peterson Commission. Probation service as practised in Kenya today owes its origins from Britain when the probation ordinance was passed in 1943. Its actual commencement in Kenya was in 1946. In its formative stages, it was confined to Nairobi and predominantly dealt with juveniles and women offenders. Administratively, the department
Department of Children’s Services
(See chapter on Gender and Children’s Affairs)
Y E A R B O O K
It was established in 2004 after the enactment of Persons with Disabilities Act. It was gazetted for commencement in June 2004 with the exclusion of Sections 22, 23, 24, 35(2), 39 and 40 which provide for adjustment of public buildings and public service vehicles, access to communication by television programmes and telephone services. The council is a semi-autonomous Government agency run by a 21-member — nominees of organisations for people with disabilities, Government ministries, the Attorney-General’s office, the Federation of Kenya Employers and the Central Organisation of Trade Unions. Its core functions are to issue adjustment orders, formulate measures and policies designed to achieve equal opportunities for PWD so that they obtain education, employment and participate in sport and recreational and cultural activities. It works with the Government during the national census to ensure that accurate figures of PWD are obtained and advises the minister on international agreements on PWD. It recommends measures to prevent discrimination against PWD, sets up schemes and projects for self-employment of PWD, rehabilitates people with disabilities and registers institutions, associations and organisations that provide services for the rehabilitation and welfare of PWD.
2 0 1 0
National Council for Persons with Disabilities (NCPWD)
K E N Y A
has over the years been under different ministries. Now it is in the Vice-President’s Office and Ministry of Home Affairs. The services of the department have grown and expanded tremendously over the years, from the initial coverage of the capital Nairobi. The Department has a presence all over the country at all court stations. Owing to this growth and expansion, more Government programmes have been added to its operations. The services are delivered through the headquarters in Nairobi, provinces, districts, divisions, courts, penal institutions and communities. Probation officers rehabilitate those given community sentences and those received from penal institutions. They also enforce the conditions of court orders and also generate pre-sentence reports to courts for effective and fair sentencing of offenders. The officers provide information to penal institutions offenders’ backgrounds and identifies workplaces for community service orders offenders. In 2009, the number of offenders on probation reduced to 13,788 from 17,529 in 2008. Those serving after aftercare rehabilitation declined by 36.2 per cent from 986 in 2008 to 678 in 2009.
833
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Justice and correctional services
834
Betting Control and Licensing Board
References •
The Constitution of Kenya, August 23, 2010
It was established by an Act of Parliament in 1966. Prior to the Act, the functions of the board were handled by the Police Department. The board has nine members and plays a big role in changing the notion that gaming is a vice. Given the contributions gaming makes to the economy in terms of employment and revenue generation, it is a legitimate consumer pursuit and needs vigorous promotion. The Act provides for the control and licensing of betting and gaming premises and activities; authorisation of lotteries, prize competition and eradication of illegal gambling. The board’s mission is to ensure that gaming is conducted honestly, and competitively with minimum costs but maximum contribution to society, and that it is free from criminal activities. The Betting Control and Licensing Board is charged with the responsibility of controlling and licensing betting and gaming premises, facilitation of tax collection, authorisation of public lotteries, prize competitions, inspection and elimination of illegal gambling. It also curbs illegal betting, lotteries and gaming and creates awareness and public confidence in betting, lotteries and gaming.
•
CIA, In The World Factbook 2007. Washington, D.C.
•
International Centre for Prison Studies. 2007. Prison Brief for Kenya. London: International Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College.
•
Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Home Affairs. 2007. Rapid Results Initiative (RRI) on Support to Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Home Affairs, Newsletter of the Office of the Vice President and Ministry of Home Affairs. Nairobi, Kenya. (August)
•
Economic Survey 2010
•
www.thefreelibrary.com
•
www.homeaffairs.go.ke
•
www.attorney-general.go.ke
•
www.lsk.org
•
wikipedia.org
23
a metropolis with major plans — national, regional and international — to strengthen its status as the regional and continental hub for business
K E N Y A
The green city in the sun has become
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The Nairobi Metropolitan
835
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Nairobi Metropolitan
836
15
Number of local authorities comprising the Nairobi metropolis.
See more information below
2 0 1 0
BY NUMBERS
Y E A R B O O K
T
he Government plans to make Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city, a world-class metropolis to ensure it is globally competitive. The Nairobi Metropolitan has an international, regional and national context.
K E N Y A
Introduction
837
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
838
Nairobi hosts several United Nations agencies like the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN Human Settlement Programme (UN HABITAT). Other agencies such as United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) have offices in Nairobi. The city also hosts international banks and financial institutions, multi-national corporations and international research institutions. It is also a major tourist destination because of its favourable climate, national parks and a golf course in the city centre. Nairobi has played a significant role in peace in the region, hosting peace talks for Somalia and Sudan. Kenya is a member of Common Markets for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC) and Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGAD) and has a lot of influence on inter-regional trade due to its superior infrastructure at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA). Nairobi also serves the region through a well-established telecommunication network, the best in East and Central Africa. The region is also a hub for the northern corridor transport network and the transAfrican highway from Cape Town to Cairo. It is the seat of Government, the biggest commercial, financial
and industrial centre of the country, contributing slightly more than 50 per cent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and accounts for the largest proportion of wage employment at 44.3 per cent (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics). Nairobi accounts for 20.1 per cent of the national urban population and 5.2 per cent of the national population. The Government’s aim is to transform the city and other major towns into vibrant centres of economic activity. But Nairobi is not the only metropolitan region in the Vision 2030 programme. There are five others though Nairobi is the first — Mombasa, Kisumu-Kakamega, Wajir-Garissa, Mwingi-Meru-Isiolo and Eldoret-Nakuru.
Metro strategy The Government created a ministry — Nairobi Metropolitan Development — to spearhead the Metro 2030 strategy. The plan requires a whopping Sh33 trillion ($412 billion) and the Government will partner with the private sector and development partners to raise the resources. The Chinese government and HABITAT have agreed to support programmes in the strategy. The population of metropolitan region (15 local authorities) was about 6.1 million in 2007 and is projected to reach 12.1 million 2030. The Nairobi Metropolitan Growth and Development Strategy (Nairobi Metro 2030) identifies seven key result areas
www.demographia.com
constituting four principal components of a metropolis: A world-class working environment, a world-class living environment, a world-class business environment and worldclass governance. The drive for world-class standards is complemented by the need to maximise local economic and social gains through employment, better life, and improved infrastructure and service delivery. The aim is to make opportunities and facilities available for residents to attain economic and social progress, and provide a clean, pleasant and safe environment and access to high quality community and cultural facilities. Creating a unique image and identity through effective
Y E A R B O O K
33.1m 21.3 m 19.92m 19.6m 17.72m 17.58m 16.9m 16.3m 14.1m 14m 13.9m 13.7m 13.5m 13.39m 13.3m 13.16m 13.1m 12.1m 11.02m 10.8m
K E N Y A
1 Tokyo 2 New York 3 Seoul 4 Mexico City 5 Sao Paul 6 Mumbai 7 Osaka 8 Los Angeles 9 Manila 10 Cairo 11 Calcutta 12 Delhi 13 Shanghai 14 Buenos Aires 15 Jakarta 16 Beijing 17 Moscow 18 London 19 Karachi 20 Rio de Janeiro
2 0 1 0
Top 20 world metropolis
839
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
Nairobi Metropolitan City Council County councils: • Thika • Kiambu • Masaku • Ol Kejuado Municipal councils: • Thika • Mavoko • Ruiru • Machakos • Limuru • Kiambu Town Councils: • Karuri • Kajiado • Kikuyu • Tala
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.nairobimetro.go.ke
840
branding means making the Nairobi Metropolitan Region the place of choice for people to live, work, rest and invest. This also involves creating a unique urban design and landscaping strategy. Ensuring a safe and secure region requires that crime and disasters are reduced. The plan aims to build a robust, internationally competitive, dynamic and inclusive economy and develop world-class infrastructure to support development, sustain wealth and quality of life of for residents and investors. The ministry has crafted a work plan to
guide construction and expansion of amenities such as roads, sewers, housing and garbage collection. To decongest Nairobi, the metropolitan strategy proposes to create satellite towns — Kiambu, Limuru, Machakos, Mavoko, Ruiru, Thika, Kajiado, Karuri, Kikuyu, Kangundo, Masaku and Nairobi itself.
Programmes Street and property address
This is a initiative among Government ministries and agencies — Local Government, Lands, police, Nairobi Metropolitan Development
Phase I
Central Business District, Nairobi River, Haile Sellasie Avenue, Uhuru Highway and University Way Phase II
Area between Industrial Area, Haile Selassie Avenue, Jogoo, Outer Ring and Airport North roads and JKIA to the Nairobi-Mombasa railway line
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
and Public Communications) — the Nairobi Central Business District Authority (NCBDA) and the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM). This programme will boost services, ease identification and access to buildings and destination for security, rescue operations and emergency services. It has involved physical mapping by a joint team drawn from stakeholders. To cover the extended Nairobi Central Business District, work will be done in three phases through public private partnerships.
Extended Central Business District (CBD) area encompassing Nairobi West, Westlands, Hurlingham, Mbagathi Road, Langata Road, Lusaka Road, Jogoo Road, General Mathenge Avenue, Juja Road via Pangani roundabout, Forest Road and Parklands Road. Street addresses make it possible to identify the location of a plot or building. It entails using a system of maps and signs that give the numbers or names of streets and buildings. The property attributes are integrated in the street maps, creating a comprehensive inventory system. This enhances easier identification of property as well as enhancing access in responding to emergencies. Due to rural-urban migration in the past few decades, Nairobi has grown drastically in population and development, making city management a big challenge. Against this backdrop, systems for identifying streets, buildings and plots should: Have a comprehensive street and
2 0 1 0
Phase III
841
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
842
property inventory for easier identification of property and improved accessibility Ensure use of GIS techniques in creating a reliable street/property address database. The GIS system is expected to carry out the following tasks: a) Ensure efficient data entry options customised for the street addressing and property numbering b) Access the database: According to type of occupancy, retrieve data individually or by group for type of dwelling and economic use of facilities According to address, retrieve data associated with the address or a street/property Drawing on cross-referenced data, show socio-economic features such as schools, hospitals, Government offices and industries c) Store in memory changes in occupancy, use and development to create history files that will make it possible to observe trends d) Easily change or retrieve a new address at e) Add open parameters (data associated with the address) at any time and in unlimited quantity. f) Ensure stability and restrict unauthorised interference with the database
Nairobi CBD Nairobi grew around the central business district. It takes a rectangular shape between Uhuru Highway, Haile Selassie Avenue, Moi Avenue and University Way. It includes many of the city’s important buildings, including City Hall and Parliament Building. A feature of the central business district that strikes foreign tourists the most is the skyline. Nairobi’s skyline has been compared to many European and American cities due to a construction boom after independence, and in the late 1990s and early 2000. Most skyscrapers are the headquarters of businesses and corporations. To the south-west of the district is Uhuru Park. The Mombasa to Kampala railway is to the south-east. http://wikimapia.org
Data a)
b)
c)
Describing properties — property name, address, use and neighbourhood, among others Street address and property numbering list containing property numbers according to street addresses, land or parcel number, direction (to the left, to the right, from left, from right). Map showing the graphical boundaries of properties and street locations d) Snapshots of important features or properties — Gov-
The Nairobi Metro CCTV Surveillance System was a priority project involving the private sector and the Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development. The Government conceptualised the CCTV project in 2005 to improve security and reduce crime in the capital city. Gradually, however, with other emerging needs, the project has been opened
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
CCTV
K E N Y A
ernment offices, tourist hotels, hospitals and media houses — linked to the database. A web-based street address system will offer a system that can provide services such as giving directions on the Internet. This would promote industries such as tourism as well as intelligence agencies, and improve security. This system has been adopted in many developed as well as developing countries. Adopting it in Kenya, therefore, would be a step forward in achieving world-class status for the metropolis. Database maintenance is important to ensure reliability at all times. To install a computerised address system, the software and hardware need to be frequently updated and personnel trained regularly. This will include replacing door numbers that have disappeared, including new doorways, updating and distributing the computerised address directory, the address map, software and hardware. To improve the quality of the environment and aesthetic appeal of the metropolitan, well-done landscapes are necessary for branding the region as a destination of choice. The major transit corridors such as Mombasa Road, Uhuru Highway and Thika Road are being landscaped. Residents will be encouraged to improve their own premises.
843
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
0 0 9 2 0 1
City in a city
844
Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is 15km from Nairobi’s Central Business District. The Mombasa highway runs adjacent to the airport and is the main route of access between Nairobi Plans to have an airport city at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport are at an advanced stage. It should have the following facilities: A logistic park Bonded port International expo centre Industrial and technology park Residential facilities Stronger banking operations at the airport Speed up airport infrastructure and system upgrading
www.airport-technology.com
up to other partners in the private sector. The ministry will lay the bulk infrastructure and install networks on strategic public places. Property owners are then expected to connect their premises, install their internal networks and provide cameras on site.
Projects The road expansion project entails dual carriageways and non-motorised transport facilities: On Commercial Street in Industrial Area and Lower Hill Road On First Avenue Eastleigh, provision of nonmotorised transport facilities is on course. A 3km walkway to Juja Road is under construction.
One way (uni-direction) streets
Traffic flow is hampered when movement is in the opposite directions, particularly at junctions. Capacity carriageways in the CBD are stretched and cannot allow modern designs to accommodate multi-direction movement. With minimum adjustments, the following roads will be converted into oneway to ease movement: Moi Avenue
Entry will be from Haile Selassie on both sides via Kencom and Ambassador into Murang’a Road and University Way Koinange Street
Entry will be from university way towards Kenyatta Avenue Tom Mboya Street
Entry will be from City Hall Annex across Kenyatta Avenue into University Way Harambee Avenue
Entry will be from Uhuru Highway into Moi Avenue River Road
Entry will be from Ronald Ngala Street via Kodja Mosque into Moi Avenue
Y E A R B O O K
Muindi Mbingu Street
2 0 1 0
Entry will be from the Globe Roundabout towards Old Nation House and down to Haile Selassie Avenue
K E N Y A
On Mbagathi and Ngong roads, works on junction improvement is on course to decongest Ngong Road and Haile Sellasie Avenue. Reconstruction of unidirectional streets in the Central Business District is on course. This is an initiative between the ministry and the City Council The street lighting programme on Mbagathi and Kapenguria roads, and floodlights in eight slums in the metropolitan region is going on. The fire-fighting project entails capacity building in managing disasters through the provision of equipment and training of personnel. Other activities include spatial development, waste management, mass rapid transit and low-cost housing programmes The core part of the metropolis experiences the highest level of immigration, causing high pressure on the carrying capacity of physical and social infrastructure. The most prominent manifestation of this is persistent traffic congestion in the city centre. Previously, this was characteristic of the rush hour, but now traffic snarl-ups are noticeable anytime of the day. Ultimately, residents make location decisions not on economic but traffic situations. As a result, the region and the country lose about Sh30 billion ($375 million) daily on fuel and time and environmental degradation. Strategies aimed at sorting out traffic congestion in the short, medium and long-term are:
845
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
Economic Social Council plan for the metropolis Divide city into five boroughs Complete a consultative Nairobi metropolitan growth plan Resettle hawkers in smaller markets Enforce health and sanitation regulations Instal a traffic management system Erect street names, directions and address system Repair roads and complete street lighting. Reduce vehicular traffic in the CBD Establish a Nairobi Metropolitan Police Construct multi-storey parking garages Privatise garbage collection. Secure public parks and rehabilitate them. Rehabilitate the Nairobi River Basin Enforce health and sanitation regulations
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.nesc.go.ke
846
Kirinyaga Road
Starting from the Globe Roundabout into Racecourse Road City Hall Way
Entry will be from Moi Avenue into Uhuru Highway Parliament Road
Entry will be from City Hall Way into Harambee Avenue
Bus routes Globally, PSVs move masses into and out of the metropolis. In the 1970s, Nairobi did the same but now big capacity buses have been relegated to outside the CBD. The ministry is determined to reverse the situation and return to the old days’ programme. In consultation with matatu and bus operators, the ministry has defined new transit bus routes across the city but not terminating in the city centre. Within the CBD, dedicated lanes will be established on Moi, Kenyatta and Haile Selassie avenues for buses Bus lanes in the CBD will be along high traffic roads, including Moi and Kenyatta avenues, on spaces initially used as parking slots. Proposed bus routes for CBD
• Haile Selassie-Moi Avenue-University Way-Uhuru Highway-Haile Selassie • From Kariorkor roundabout to Ring Road Pumwani-Haile Selassie-Moi AvenueMurang’a Road-Ngara Road and back to Kariokor roundabout and out • From Pangani to Murang’a Road-Tom Mboya-Haile Selassie-Race Course and out through designated exit or entry routes
• Opposite direction on heavy traffic routes during peak hours: Langata, Mombasa and Thika roads and Waiyaki Way • Removal of street parking on Moi, Harambee and Haile Selassie avenues, and Tom Mboya, Muindi Mbingu, Koinange street, and River and Kirinyaga roads. The ministry recognises that revenue generated from parking spaces in the CBD. However, this is insignificant compared to the revenue lost directly and indirectly in traffic jams. The spaces are not even sufficient and they can easily be converted and used for bus routes on Moi, Kenyatta and Haile Selassie avenues, Kirinyaga Road, Koinange and Tom Mboya streets.
sports grounds — Moi, Nyayo and City stadia and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. Bus routes must be established to facilitate movement of PSVs. Four major heavy traffic roads come into mind: Thika, Mombasa and Ngong roads and Waiyaki Way. The sites will be situated preferably on public facilities such as: • Thika Road-Kasarani Stadium • Kiambu Road near Kiambu Institute of Science and Technology • Limuru Road-Ruaraka area • Nakuru Road-ILRI/KARI/Uthiru and Nairobi School • Magadi Road (Ongata Rongai) near Bomas of Kenya • Mombasa Road-Mlolongo • Kangundo Road-Ruai area • Langata Road-Nyayo Stadium
Moi Avenue
• Moi Primary and Jeevanjee Gardens • Kencom Kenyatta Avenue
• Simmers Restaurant • Hughes Building
Bypasses and missing links The role of bypasses and ring roads was recognised in the 1970s.
Y E A R B O O K
• Haile Selassie Avenue • Agip Petrol Station • Wakulima Market • Railways terminus • St Peter Claver’s (Kaka)
K E N Y A
The ministry will partner with the private sector to develop multistoreyed car parks. The identified public parking spaces are: • Sunken Car Park • Law Courts Car Park • Hakati • Central Bus Station • Park and ride grounds Globally, citizens are encouraged to leave private cars at designated parks and facilities on key highways for ease of travel to the heart of cities. In the Nairobi metropolis, such facilities will be on Thika, Mombasa, Nakuru, Ngong and Langata roads. Immediate measures include use of
2 0 1 0
Drop and pick-up points Car park silos
847
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
848
849
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
850
Now they are under construction. In 1973, the Government compensated those whose land was affected by the bypass plan. When the eastern and southern bypasses are completed, traffic jams in the country will dramatically reduce. Together with the Government overall infrastructure programme that is on course — construction of new roads, widening and repairing others — vehicular traffic challenges will be solved. Heavy transit traffic is witnessed between 7am and 10am, and from
4pm to 8pm. The holding grounds should be identified within the park and ride facilities. To reduce traffic, high occupancy vehicles of up to 60 and more standing passengers will be allowed. The CBD will also be expanded. The expansion will include Westlands, Pangani and Eastleigh into Jogoo Road; Lusaka Road into Nairobi West; Langata Road and Mbagathi into Hurlingham via the missing link and back to Westlands.
Enforcement A combined force of the police, the Metro Las and the Ministry of Transport will constitute an effective enforcement squad. The agencies will, however, examine the statutes, particularly on speed and standing passengers, to encourage high capacity carriers.
www.scribd.com/Nairobi city
Opportunities • Globalisation of the world economy and interconnectedness present an opportunity for the metropolis to grow • Unexploited national, regional and global market opportunities abound, especially health, education and financial services, and the creative industry • Strengthening the role of Nairobi as the regional tourist circuit hub
Y E A R B O O K
7.5 million people trips a day, or 2.5 trips a person Home-bound trips 46.5 per cent Work 25 per cent School 9.8 per cent Hospital 18.7 per cent Matatu 29 per cent Bus 3.7 per cent Private car taxi, 15.3 per cent Two-wheelers 1.2 per cent Railway 0.4 per cent School bus 3.1 per cent Walking 47 per cent Others 0.2 per cent Main trip flows are concentrated into the central area: Westlands (west of Nairobi), Kasarani and Embakasi (east of Nairobi), Athi River and Kitengela (many residents have moved there and travel to the city daily), Kiambu and Thika.
K E N Y A
Nairobi traffic by trips
The region has unique features that give it an advantage over other similar regions. The rising population is a boon for businesses and trade. • Its strategic location as the central gateway to East and Central Africa presents a significant strength for the region. • Other strengths include: • Good weather all year • Regional headquarters of international corporations and development organisations • Nairobi hosts the only United Nations offices in a developing country – UNEP headquarters – at Gigiri in Nairobi UN Habitat • The location of the Nairobi National Park within a 20-minute drive from the capital is undoubtedly a major strength. • A golf course is just five minutes
2 0 1 0
Metropolitan strengths
851
Economy, Nairobi Metropolitan Finance and Planning
References •
ADFC LTD (2008) Proposed Collaboration in the Development of Nairobi Metropolitan. Nairobi, Kenya
•
Administrative Staff College of India (2001). City Development Strategy-Hyderabad, Stakeholder Analysis, Water and Sanitation Programme-South Asia, India
•
CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics) (2003) page 56
•
City Council of Nairobi (1973) Nairobi Metropolitan Growth Strategy, Volumes 1&2. Nairobi
•
City Council of Nairobi (2004) Draft Strategic Plan 20042009. Nairobi, Kenya
•
Government of Kenya (1991) Report of the National Coordinating Committee on Urban Land Use, Planning and Development. Annex 1, Nairobi and environs
•
Government of Kenya (2008) Kenya Vision 2030
•
Ministry of Lands and Housing (1991) Report of the National Coordinating Committee on Urban Land Use,
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Housing in Nairobi
852
Nairobi sales’ market can be divided into two — owner-occupier buyers that dominate the Sh10 million to Sh20 million ($136,432 – $272,863) market and where most transactions occur. The second is the investors and speculators — wealthy individuals and institutions who operate above the Sh20 million range. Apartments in Nairobi have reasonable rental yields of between 7.6 per cent to 8.5 per cent and attractive prices at $1,000 (Sh78,000) a square metre. Houses are considerably more expensive per square metre, often breaching the $2,000 threshold.
www.globalpropertyguide.com/ kenya
Planning and Development (the main report) Nairobi Kenya •
Nairobi Metro 2030, A World Class African Metropolis, Government of Kenya
•
King’ori Zacharia Irungu 2007, Nairobi Urban Transportation Challenges – Learning from Japan, Nairobi
24
Government in the grassroots. In recent years, several initiatives have been implemented to ensure that service delivery improves
K E N Y A
Local authorities are the engine of
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Local authorities
853
KK EE NN YY AA
YY EE AA RR BB OO OO KK
22 00 11 00
Local Authorities
854
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
175
2 0 1 0
T
he ‘little governments’ in the city, urban centres and rural areas across the country elect political leaders and design their development plans. Many councils raise their own revenues through rates, construct and maintain roads, construct and improve housing, support education, and provide agricultural and social welfare services. They also enact by-laws and plan finances, complete with budget speeches, which are presented to their respective residents annually. Kenya has 175 local authorities: One City Council, 44 municipal councils, 67 county councils and 63 town councils. The authorities are manned by technical and administrative staff seconded from the Local Government ministry. The councils have BY NUMBERS elected councillors from 3,768 civic wards. Ordinarily, municipal, town and other urban authorities are named after their central town. Each district is essentially a county The number of local council and offers services to authorities in Kenya. They areas not covered by urban are the City Council, 67 authorities. county, 44 municipal and 63 town councils. The Local Government Act (Cap 265) guides local authorities, their functions, governance and operations. The law on local authorities See more information on www.localgovernment.go.ke will dramatically change if
855
Local Authorities
the proposed Local Government Bill, which has been approved by Cabinet, becomes law. For the first time, Kenyans will elect their mayors and chairpersons of councils. The proposed law sets out stringent conditions for leaders and it could be boost the calibre of leadership at the councils.
Civic leaders
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
An all powerful executive minister
856
The Local Government minister has powers over councils. He can: •Establish an area to or cease to be a municipality, county or township •Assign a name to a local authority •Define boundaries •Alter boundaries and names •Merge county councils •Transfer part of a local authority to another
•Where a local authority extends outside a single province, the minister is required to protect the interests of the officials affected in consultation with the electoral commission.
Local Government Act Cap 265 of the Laws of Kenya
Mayors head city and municipal councils. Town and county councils have chairpersons. Mayors, chairmen and their deputies are elected by civic leaders. Council clerks are the chief executive officers and are appointed by the Government and seconded to the local authorities. The number of councillors depends on population and electoral units. Councillors are elected every five years during a General Election that also includes the presidential and parliamentary polls. Authorities are divided into wards, and each elects one councillor. Political parties nominate additional councillors — 33 per cent of elected ones — in proportion to their strength after polls. The Cabinet has approved recommendations to change the Local Government Act. If Parliament approves the recommendations, city and municipal council residents will elect mayors directly.
Urban Development Department It is a crucial driver of physical development and was formed to coordinate development activities in local authorities. It has engineers, architects, economists and quantity surveyors. The team offers guidance and technical assistance in infrastructure, project planning and management. The department’s functions are to:
It was established to steer policy and institutional reforms aimed at improving local authority financial management, service delivery and governance. Under this mandate, and in collaboration with other ministries, the KLGRP has initiated a number of
It is an intergovernmental transfer system, which provides resources to local authorities to supplement their resources in financing services and facilities. LATF became operational in 1999 under the LATF Act and distributes 5 per cent of the national income tax which is allocated to local authorities on the following formula: • Sh1.5 million for each council • 60 per cent based on population • The balance is based on the urban population of a local authority LATF allocation criteria and individual allocations are published
2 0 1 0
Local Authorities Transfer Fund (LATF)
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya Local Government Reform Programme (KLGRP)
programmes, including the Local Authority Transfer Fund (LATF), the Local Authorities Service Delivery Action Plan (LASDAP), the Single Business Permit and the Local Authorities Integrated Financial Operations and Management System (LAIFOMS). KLGRP has received technical assistance over the years initially from the World Bank-funded Harvard Institute (later Duke University) of the US to support the programme. The Department for International Development (DFID) carried on with the assistance until March 2006. Since then, the European Union (EU) has funded technical support under the Rural Poverty Reduction and Local Government Support Programme.
K E N Y A
• Guide and provide technical assistance to local authorities in infrastructure, project planning and management • Formulate and implement urban and regional development policies and urban growth strategies with local authorities and other agencies • Help councils to prepare and implement long-term development plans and programmes • Support local authorities plan and implement the improvement of informal settlements • Promote social development planning • Guide and promote land management • Develop environmental management programmes. • Promote disaster management programmes in local authorities • Work with other agencies in housing development and human settlement policies and programmes. • Advise councils on valuation rolls, valuation for rating and contribution in lieu of rates.
857
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Local Authorities
858
annually in the daily newspapers. The LATF policy is under the Minister for Finance, while the administration is done by the Local Government Permanent Secretary who ensures that local authorities comply with LATF regulations. An independent LATF Advisory Committee, headed by the private sector, advises on policies and operations of the Fund. This Committee meets quarterly. LATF is provided as budget support to local authorities and spent in accordance with local priorities, which are identified in consultation with the citizens and approved by the full council and the Minister for Local Government. Eligible local budget expenditures are on personnel, operations, maintenance, debt payment and capital projects. Local authorities’ revenue and expenditure, including LATF, are managed, executed and monitored in accordance with the Local Government Act. Elected councillors, local government officials, community and stakeholder groups also monitor budget execution and accountability. In addition, the Kenya National Audit Office audits local authorities’ accounts. LATF is released to local authorities upon submission of planning and financial information. Deadlines for these submissions are: • Budget Estimates, along with statutory creditor clearance letters — June 5 • Statement of actual revenues and
expenditures, cash and bank balances — September 30 • Statement of creditors, debtors and debt repayment plan update — September 30 • Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan (LASDAP) — November 30 • Abstract of accounts — December 31 • Revenue enhancement plan — February 28 To be eligible for LATF, local authorities must submit the above information. Sixty cent (Service Delivery Account) of the money is released when the annual budget is submitted. The budget must allocate at most 50 per cent of total expenditure for personnel costs and at least 65 per cent of the Service Delivery Account for capital expenditure. The councils must also provide certified confirmation that the amounts due to statutory creditors for the year have been paid. Forty per cent (Performance Account) is released when a statement of actual revenue, expenditure, debtors, creditors, abstracts of accounts and participatory service delivery plan (LASDAP) have been submitted. Submissions must be timely, complete and full council minutes attached. Failing to provide the submissions on the deadline results in penalty — 15 per cent (up to 30 days late), 40 per cent (31-60 days late) and 100 per cent (more than 60 days late). Monies not released are
Town between a river and a school
retained in the LATF account at the Central Bank to be disbursed the following fiscal year.
Ministerial stakeholder forums
It is at the ministry level and intended to hold quarterly meetings. Local authorities are encouraged to form such forums. The City Council of Nairobi has a stakeholder forum. Other councils — Mombasa, Kisumu and Nakuru — involve the private sector in delivery of services. Local authorities are encour-
Y E A R B O O K
The Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan was introduced in 2000 as a planning tool to help local authorities identify priorities, encourage development of capital plans that meet community needs and facilitate accountability for completion through community participation.
2 0 1 0
LASDAP
K E N Y A
Embu, the headquarters of Eastern Province, is about 120km northeast of Nairobi on the south-eastern slopes of Mt Kenya. It is the main economic centre for the Aembu and Ambeere. British settlers founded the town in 1906. It rises from the Ruvingaci River, up to Kangaru School and Njukiri Forest in the west to Muthatari in the east. The town centre, however, is small. Embu has an airstrip seven kilometres south-east of the town. The town is known for Jacaranda trees and fruits that literally turn the municipality into a purple shower when in flower. The trees lose their green leaves and become solid purple when they bloom in OctoberNovember.
859
Local Authorities
aged to prepare strategic plans into which LASDAP and performance contracts are integrated. The Kenya Local Government Reform Programme (KLGRP) commissioned a customer survey to measure satisfaction with the Ministry of Local Government and identify how performance can be improved. The survey was completed in May 2007 and presented to the ministry for implementation. A follow up survey is being implemented to measure improvement in customer perceptions. Budget day
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
KLGRP developed the concept of a LA Budget Day during which councils present their budgets to citizens in their jurisdiction and defend their performance. The first was successfully held on June 28 2007. It is now an annual event held on the last Thursday of June.
860
Poverty Reduction Fund
A 5.8 million euros (Sh530 million) performance-based Poverty Reduction Fund has been established to encourage improved compliance with the basic principles of the reform programme and relevant capacity building. Funds for 65 selected projects are channelled as a grant to 63 local authorities that report good performance in improving financial management, rationalising project appraisal and implementation and extending community outreach
NAIROBI MAYORS By 1922, Nairobi was a city. British national Edgah Henderson was the first mayor between 1923 and 1924. The first African, Charles Rubia, became Nairobi Mayor 40 years later! To date, the city has had 36 mayors, including three women: Helen Gladys Delamere (1939-1941), Marjorie Needham (1958-1960) Founding President Kenyatta’s daughter Margaret Wambui (1971-1976). Edgah Henderson 1923-1924 Charles Udall 1924-1925 James Ridell 1925-1927 Alfred Thomas Wood 1927-1929 Charles Udall 1929-1930 Franze Rudolf Mayer 1930-1931 James Ridell 1931-1933 Joseph Mortimer 1933-1934 George Gwinnett Bompas 1934-1936 Alfred Thomas Wood 1936-1937 Joseph Mortimer 1937-1938 Helen Gladys Delamere 1939-1941 Albert Ernest Basey 1941-1942 Charles Udall 1942-1944 Albert Ernest Basey 1944-1946 Tyson George Alfred 1946-1947
and particularly targeting the poor. The first 38 projects worth Sh518 million, with Sh281 million European Union co-funding, started in September 2006. The second group of 27 projects worth Sh311 million with the EU co-funding Sh249 million) started in October 2007. The projects are mainly in the water and sanitation sector (water and sewer systems) and construction and upgrade of markets. Other projects are construction of roads, health and tourism centres and agricultural projects. The projects
LAIFOMS Local Authority Integrated Financial Operations Management System (LAIFOMS) is a computer-
Y E A R B O O K
Given the importance of community-driven development in the Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan (LASDAP), the prospects of enhancing interaction are good. By providing additional incentives to communities and councils, the project should enhance the relevance and efficiency of community service delivery at the local level.
K E N Y A
are spread over the country. The intended impact of the intervention is improved performance in financial management and accountability by councils and improved community participation. These results lead to improved service delivery and, in the longer term, reduction in poverty. The sustainability of the intervention hinges its success in promoting interaction between citizens, elected councillors and local government officials charged with the responsibility of the service delivery.
2 0 1 0
Sir George Woodley Fredrick 1947-1949 Harlis Norman Francis 1950-1951 Maxwell James Robert 1951-1952 Gregory Joseph Richard 1952-1953 Travis Harold 1953-1954 Reginald Stanerel Alexander 1954-1955 Israel Somen 1955-1957 Harold Travis Clark 1957-1958 Marjorie Needham 1958-1960 Eric Sim Wilson 1960-1961 Travis Harold 1961-1962 Charles Wanyoike Rubia 1962-1967 Isaac Lugonzo 1967-1971 Margaret Wambui Kenyatta 1971-1976 Andrew Kimani Ngumba 1976-1980 Nathan Muriithi Kahara 1980-1983 Steve Mwangi 1993-1994 Steve King’ori 1994-1996 Dick Mbugua Waweru 1996-1998 Samuel Wainaina Mbugua 1998-1999 John Kariuki Ndirangu 1999-2001 Dick Mbugua Waweru 2001-2003 Joe Aketch 2003-2004 Dick Wathika 2004-2007 Geophrey Majiwa 2008-present NB: In 1983, the City Council was disbanded and it was run by commissions until 1993 after the 1992 multi-party polls.
861
Local Authorities
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Nyeri: Town near the hill
862
Nyeri is the headquarters of Central Province, about 150km north of Nairobi, between the Aberdares and Mt Kenya. In 1902, Richard Meinertzhagen marched a military column which, after resistance from Agikuyu warriors led by Wang’ombe wa Ihura, set up a post close to a hill on the slopes of Mt Kenya. The Agikuyu called the hill Kia-Nyiri, and their Maasai neighbours Na-aier. The post took its name from the little hill. On December 18 1902, Nyeri was founded. Shortly after, European settlers and Indian merchants began to migrate to Nyeri. It burgeoned into a trading centre for white farmers. The White Rhino and Outspan hotels, and Aberdare Country Club in nearby Mweiga, are relics of the colonial days.
supported financial management tool to help local authorities address operational, monitoring and management requirements arising from their financial activities. The system has three main components: The revenue component manages revenuerelated information, including the taxpayer/ customer database, assessment and billing, revenue collection and report generation to monitor compliance and help in enforcement. The expenditure component manages information related to operational expenditure, including payroll, procurement of goods and services, and capital investments. The budgeting and financial management component is the core sub-system of LAIFOMS. This ensures that revenue and expenditure components are integrated with the budget monitoring subsystem. Each of the components is integrated with each other to create a comprehensive system to monitor operational activities. Focus centres on monitoring and assisting the management of revenue and expenditure activities, preparation of the council budget and monitoring execution throughout the year.
Financial management Improvement in financial management in local authorities is key to improved service delivery and accountability in local government. While the implementation of LAIFOMS will provide a tool for improvement, other initiatives are required to improve financial management. Budget cycle
Previously, local authorities’ budget cycle required estimates to be submitted to the ministry for approval by the end of June and
Inspectorate This is a department in the ministry and its functions are to: • Ensure local authorities comply with budget preparation and management guidelines • Evaluate proposals from local authorities on expenditure and changes in rates, fees and other charges • Coordinate routine and statutory inspection of accounts and operations of local authorities • Follow up on implementation of the findings of the Controller and Auditor-General’s report • Facilitate training and capacity building on financial management in local authorities. • Manage the Local Government Loans Authority Fund.
2 0 1 0
They were prepared and approved in March 2007 and were sent to all local authorities together with the new financial reporting template. The Local Government Act allows the minister to define the system of accounting and the format of annual accounts to be used. More than 60 per cent of local authorities were, however, using the Simplified Accounting System, which was developed but not adopted in 1999, giving rise to audit qualifications. KLGRP developed a revised financial reporting system and templates that meet the needs of the central and local governments as well as complying with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The template was first used in the preparation of the 2007/08 final accounts. Confirmation of assets and liabilities is a major issue holding back certification of council accounts. KLGRP has sought a consultant to help local authorities in identification of opening asset and
Y E A R B O O K
Financial regulations
liability balances. The Inspection Manual was prepared in consultation with stakeholders and is being implemented by the Department of Local Authorities Inspectorate in the ministry. The Internal Audit Manual was developed and dissemination has been carried out in all local authorities, ministry and other stakeholders. KLGRP has spearheaded efforts to improve revenue collection and administration efforts through revenue enhancement plan and the Single Business Permit. A study on the permit was developed in 2007. Revised rules for the permit fees and charges were gazetted in January 2009.
K E N Y A
ministerial approval not later than August 31. This meant that local authorities did not have approved budgets until two months after the beginning of the financial year. This restricted their activities, especially in project implementation. A revised budget cycle that provides for ministerial approval by June 30 has been developed and implemented starting 2007/2008.
863
Local Authorities
• Advise on the distribution of local authorities, assets and liabilities upon establishment
Markets Development The department’s functions are to: Facilitate wholesale and retail market development in local authorities Establish programmes for vulnerable groups Increase the visibility of markets Prepare market projects for implementation Ensure markets are restructured and operational efficiency boosted Collaborate with other ministries, councils and the private sector in market development Secure 30 per cent increase in funding for markets
as a forum of civic heads. In 1995, an independent secretariat was established. Since 2000, the German Development Service has helped the secretariat. Over the years, other partners have supported ALGAK’s activities and programmes. It has also been supported by the Ministry of Local Government and other ministries and arms of Government ALGAK is registered under the Society’s Act. It relies heavily on annual membership subscription and registration fees. Its programmes include capacity building for local authorities, technical services and consultancy, governance and democratisation and development innovations.
The 2006 Africities Summit
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Association of Local Government Authorities of Kenya
864
ALGAK is a non-profit, nonpartisan, autonomous and allinclusive membership umbrella organisation that seeks to contribute to local development and good governance through partnerships and effective service delivery. ALGAK’s mandate is to undertake activities that lead to the enhancement of viable and democratic local government. It was formed in 1959 to negotiate with the Government on local authorities’ matters. The Nairobi City Council initially hosted ALGAK and it met once a year to change leadership and
Africities 4 Summit, the fourth Pan-African edition of Local Government Days, was held in Nairobi, between September 18 and 22, 2006. The theme was Building joint actions for the effective realisation of Millennium Development Goals in African Local Governments. The Africities Conference was a meeting of stakeholders whose intention is to bring together all local government stakeholders in Africa to discuss how to attain MDGs in the African local governments. Like in previous Africities summits, an exhibition of African local governments [the Citexpo] was organised in Nairobi. The summit provided an opportunity for public
Nairobi is the only city in Kenya with a charter. Mombasa at the Coast and Kisumu near Lake Victoria were elevated to city status several years ago, but have never received charters. In proposed changes to local government management, they will receive the charter and thus become cities. Nairobi will then become a metropolis. Nairobi is the only city in the
Y E A R B O O K
Nairobi Metropolis
K E N Y A
Towns and cities
2 0 1 0
and private businesses, groups, and local government suppliers to present their products, services and the latest technological advances. Each country presented its know-how in decentralisation. The exhibition also hosted cities and local governments, associations, bilateral or multi-lateral institutional partners, NGOs, universities and research institutions. The launch of the Africities 2006 Summit took place on November 10 2004 under the chairmanship of the Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki, with the attendance of the ministers in charge of local governments and national associations of local authorities in the sub-region, and Cameroon’s Yaoundé City Council that hosted the 2003 Africities Summit. The Nairobi summit was attended by more than 5000 delegates, and held at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre.
865
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Local Authorities
866
world that is a short distance from the wilderness. A 20-minute drive from the city centre is the 113km square Nairobi National Park, home to the zebra, wildebeest, buffalo, giraffe, rhino, cheetah and lions. And what is more? Just next to the fivestar Intercontinental Hotel is a golf course. The city has many parks and open spaces. It has dense tree cover and plenty of green spaces. The most famous is Uhuru Park. It borders the central business district and Upper Hill. Uhuru Park is a centre for outdoor speeches, services and rallies. Central Park is adjacent to Uhuru Park, and includes a memorial for Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya’s founding President. Other open spaces include Jeevanjee Gardens, City Park, Bomb Blast Memorial Park and Nairobi Arboretum. Nairobi is the most populous city in East Africa, with about three million people. It is the 13th largest city in Africa and fourth largest in infrastructure development. It is home to many companies and organisations, including the UN office in Africa. The city is a hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is one of the largest in Africa, ranked fourth in trading volume terms and fifth in market capitalisation as a percentage of GDP. It is capable of making 10 million trades a day. The NSE was recognised as an overseas stock exchange by the London Stock Exchange in 1953.
Nairobi is the regional headquarters of several international companies and organisations. In 2007, General Electric, Young & Rubicam, Google, Coca Cola, Zain and Cisco Systems moved their African headquarters to the city. The United Nations Office hosts UNEP and UNHabitat headquarters. Several of Africa’s largest companies are headquartered in Nairobi. KenGen, which is the largest African stock outside South Africa, is in the city. Kenya Airways, Africa’s fourth largest airline, uses Nairobi’s Jomo Kenyatta International Airport as a hub. Goods manufactured in Nairobi include clothing, textiles, building materials, processed foods, beverages, cigarettes.[citation needed] Several foreign companies have factories based in and around the city. These include Goodyear, General Motors, Toyota Motors, and Coca Cola. The Globalisation and World Cities Study Group and Network defines Nairobi as a prominent social centre. It is a cosmopolitan and multi-cultural city. The city has many churches, mosques and temples. Prominent places of worship include the Holy Family Basilica for the Catholics, All Saints Cathedral (Anglicans), Ismaili Jamat Khana and Jamia Mosque for Muslims. There are a number of modern malls in Nairobi, including West Gate, Prestige, Village Market, Sarit Centre and Junction. Others are
www.skyscrapercity.com
Y E A R B O O K
Yaya Centre, ABC Place, Crossroads and T-Mall. Nakumatt, Uchumi and Tuskys are the largest supermarket chains with stores throughout the city. There are six golf courses within a 20km radius of Nairobi. The oldest 18-hole course is the Royal Nairobi Golf Club, founded in 1906 by the British. Others are the Windsor Country Club, Karen Country Club and Muthaiga Country Club. The Kenya Open golf tournament, which is part of the Challenge Tour, takes place in Nairobi. The Ngong Racecourse is the centre of horse racing in Kenya. Nairobi is home to several museums. The National Museum of Kenya is the largest in the city. It houses a large collection of
K E N Y A
Garissa is in North-Eastern Province. Tana River flows through the town. Most residents are ethnic Somalis. Local legend has it that British, who established it as a gateway to NEP and Somalia, named it ‘Garissa’ after a Pokomo elder Karisa. It was meant to be the largest town between Nairobi and Mogadishu. Garissa has more 17,000 registered traders. Trade revolves around agricultural products, merchandise, hospitality and service industry. On the outskirts, there is potential for tourism, but a history of banditry has kept would-be visitors away..
2 0 1 0
Largest town between Nairobi and Mogadishu
867
Local Authorities
Home of the Crying Stone of Ilesi
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Kakamega, the headquarters of Western Province, is 30km north of the Equator. The residents are largely the Abaluhya whose main economic activity is farming. Kakamega is the capital of Kenya’s largest sugar producing company, Mumias Sugar. It was the scene of the 1930s gold rush fuelled partly by reports of geologist Albert Ernest Kitson. Kakamega Forest is the main tourist destination in the region. Another attraction is the Crying Stone of Ilesi on the highway to Kisumu. It is a 40m high rock dome resembling a human figure whose ‘eyes’ drop water.
868
artifacts, including the remains of a homo erectus boy. Others are the Nairobi Railway and Karen Blixen museums. Five-star hotels in Nairobi include the Serena, Laico Regency (former Grand Regency), Windsor, Holiday Inn, Lilian Tower), The Stanley, Safari Park, Intercontinental, Panari, Hilton and the Norfolk. Nairobi is also home to the largest ice rink in Africa: The Solar Ice Rink at the Panari Sky Centre. The rink, opened in 2005, covers 15,000sq feet and can accommodate 200 people. Other notable sites include
Jomo Kenyatta’s mausoleum, Kenya National Theatre and Kenya National Archives. Art galleries in Nairobi include the Rahimtulla Museum of Modern Art (Ramoma) Mizizi Arts Centre and Paa ya Paa, among others. Nairobi is served by Jomo Kenyatta International and Wilson airports. It is the largest airport in East and Central Africa and handled 4.9 million passengers in 2008. The airport is 20km from the Central Business District. Matatus are the most common
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
operator serves Nairobi and its environs. Nairobi was founded as a railway town, and the Kenya Railways main headquarters is near the city centre. The line runs from Mombasa to Kampala — through Nairobi. Its main use is freight traffic, but night passenger trains connect Nairobi to Mombasa and Kisumu. A number of morning and evening commuter trains connect the centre with the suburbs. Taxis are available in most parts of the city. They park outside most hotels at taxi ranks in the city centre and at shopping malls.
K E N Y A
form of public transport in Nairobi. Matatus, which means ‘three cents for a ride’ (nowadays much more) are private minibuses. The matatu destination is imprinted on the side of the bus. Buses are also common in the city. Three bus companies operating the city routes are Kenya Bus Service (KBS), Citi Hoppa and Double M. Companies such as Akamba, Coast Bus, Modern Coast, Eldoret Express, Chania and Mash run scheduled buses and luxury coaches to other cities and towns. Smartbus-Kenya is the latest bus
869
Local Authorities
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
870
Nairobi
Voi Municipality
Wajir County Council
City Council
Tana River County Council
Ijara County Council
Central
Eastern
Nyanza
Kiambu Municipality
Embu Municipality
Ogembo Town Council
Kiambu County Council
Embu County Council
Gucha County Council
Limuru Municipality
Runyenjes Municipality
Nyamarambe Town Council
Kikuyu Town Council
Isiolo County Council
Nyamache Town Council
Karuri Town Council
Kitui Municipality
Tabaka Town Council
Kerugoya/Kutus Municipality
Kitui County Council
Homa Bay Municipality
Kirinyaga County Council
Wote Town Council
Homa Bay County Council
Sagana Town Council
Makueni County Council
Kisii Municipality
Murang’a Municipality
Mtito Andei Town Council
Gusii County Council
Murang’a County Council
Machakos Municipality
Keroka Town Council
Kangema Town Council
Masaku County Council
Suneka Town Council
Ol Kalou Town Council
Mavoko Municipality
Masimba Town Council
Nyandarua County Council
Kangundo Town Council
Kisumu Municipality
Nyeri Municipality
Matuu Town Council
Kisumu County Council
Nyeri County Council
Marsabit County Council
Kehancha Municipality
Karatina Municipality
Mbeere County Council
Migori Municipality
Othaya Town Council
Meru Central District
Migori County Council
Maragua Town Council
Meru Municipality
Rongo Town Council
Maragua County Council
Meru County Council
Awendo town council
Kandara Town Council
Maua Municipality
Nyamira Town Council
Makuyu Town Council
Nyambene County Council
Nyamira County Council
Chuka Municipality
Nyansiongo Town Council
Coast
Chogoria Town Council
Oyugis Town Council
Kilifi Town Council
Meru South County Council
Kendu Bay Town Council
Kilifi County Council
Moyale County Council
Rachuonyo County Council
Mariakani Town Council
Mwingi Town Council
Siaya Municipality
Kwale Town Council
Mwingi County Council
Siaya County Council
Kwale County Council
Tharaka County Council
Yala Town Council Ugunja Town Council
Lamu County Council Malindi Municipality
North Eastern
Ukwala Town Council
Malindi County Council
Garissa Municipality
Mbita Point Town Council
Mombasa Municipality
Garissa County Council
Suba County Council
Taita-Taveta County Council
Mandera Town Council
Bondo Town Council
Taveta Town Council
Mandera County Council
Bondo County Council
Maralal Town Council Samburu County Council Trans Mara County Council Kitale Municipality Nzoia County Council Lodwar Municipality Turkana County Council Eldoret Municipality Wareng County Council Burnt Forest Town Council Kapenguria Municipality Pokot County Council Chepareria Town Council
Western Bungoma Municipality Bungoma County Council Kimilili Municipality Sirisia Town Council
Kipkelion Town Council
Municipality
Ahero Town Council
Eldama Ravine town council
Busia County Council
Koibatek County Council
Funyula Town Council
Rift Valley
Nanyuki Municipality
Nambale Town Council
Kabarnet Municipality
Laikipia County Council
Port Victoria Town Council
Baringo County Council
Nyahururu Municipality
Butere-Mumias County Council
Bomet Municipality
Rumuruti Town Council
Mumias Municipality
Bomet county council
Marakwet County Council
Mount Elgon County Council
Litein Town Council
Nakuru Municipality
Kakamega Municipality
Bureti County Council
Nakuru County Council
Kakamega County Council
Sotik Town Council
Naivasha Municipality
Malava Town Council
Iten/Tambach Town Council
Molo Town Council
Lugari County Council
Keiyo County Council
Kapsabet Municipality
Malaba Town Council
Kajiado Town Council
Nandi County Council
Teso County Council
Ol Kejuado County Council
Nandi Hills Town Council
Vihiga Municipality
Kericho Municipality
Narok Town Council
Vihiga County Council
Kipsigis County Council
Narok County Council
Luanda Town Council
Y E A R B O O K
Webuye Municipality Busia
Muhoroni Town Council
K E N Y A
Londiani Town Council
2 0 1 0
Malakisi Town Council Nyando County Council
871
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Local Authorities
872
Kisumu, the port city
Like Nairobi, Kisumu, Kenya’s third largest town, developed from a railway terminus and internal port in 1901. Kisumu, the headquarters of Nyanza Province, is the leading commercial, trading, industrial, communication and administrative centre in the Lake Victoria basin, a region that traverses Nyanza, Western and
2 0 1 0
the best beaches in the world. They offer a host of activities — deep-sea fishing and water sports. Tours of the town, safaris in game parks and camping can be planned through travel agencies in the town. Hotels also incorporate many entertainment activities, making a trip to Mombasa the ultimate holiday experience. Nightlife in Mombasa is exciting, and clubs and casinos go on all night long. Moi International Airport is an architectural symbol of the town’s growing investment in tourism. It has been renovated, and a new terminal built to facilitate larger aircraft and increased passenger traffic. Major airlines that operate out of the airport have increased the number and frequency of flights — in particular from major European cities. Smaller airlines operate local and regional flights in Kenya and East and southern Africa. Mombasa has more to offer than just beautiful beaches. It was a very influential port in the 15th century, and has played a significant role in laying the foundation of the nation that Kenya is today. Some popular attractions in the town relate directly to the historical context, while others complement tourism that the town thrives on: Old Town, Fort Jesus, Mombasa Tusks and the Gedi Ruins.
Y E A R B O O K
It has been an established town for 30 centuries if the records of ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Chinese historians are anything to go by. It has been ruled by Africans, Arabs, Portuguese and the British. Its history dates back to the 16th century, and the rulers have influenced the town’s culture and the attractions, including historical ruins such as Fort Jesus. Currently, the council covers 278km square. On July 4, 1963 the Municipality Council of Mombasa was reconstituted under the Local Government (Municipality of Mombasa) Order 1963. The membership consisted of six aldermen and 24 councillors — 18 elected and six nominated by the Minister for Local Government. Today, the council has 42 councillors — 32 elected and 10 nominated. Mombasa is one of Africa’s major tourist destinations, with some of the best beaches in the world. It has Town. It is characterised by incised creeks, which surround the island. Mombasa is the principal port and gateway to Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. It is the oldest city and second in importance to Nairobi and among the most picturesque historic centres on the coastline East Africa. The Mombasa Municipal Council was established as a board in 1928. The board was elevated to municipal status in 1959. Mombasa is one of Africa’s major tourist destinations, with some of
K E N Y A
Mombasa, a coastal resort
873
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Local Authorities
874
some parts of the of the Rift Valley. Kisumu further serves as the communication and trading confluence for the Great Lakes region, comprising Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. It is the leading commercial, trading, fishing, industrial, communication and administrative centre in the Lake Victoria basin. It is the transportation hub for the western region, linking Kenya to other East African countries via rail, road, water and air. It is also an inland depot for oil and containerised cargo. The town also hosts regional organisations, including the East African Community and the Lake Victoria Basin Commission. Nakuru, an agricultural hub
The history of Nakuru can perhaps be traced to the pre-history due to
archeological discoveries 8km from the town centre at the Hyrax Hill reserve.Nakuru is Kenya’s fourth largest town after Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu. The town derives its name from the Maasai people of Kenya. Nakuru was established by the British as part of the White highlands during the colonial era and it has grown into a cosmopolitan town. It received township status in 1904 and became a municipality in 1952. The history of Kenya is closely intertwined with that of Nakuru as a town and a district. The first and second presidents of Kenya — Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Moi — maintained semi-official residences in the town. Agriculture, manufacturing and tourism are the backbone of the economy of
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
and the most recent Nakuru Counselling & Training Institute, a project of the Nakuru Christian Professionals Association. The institute, popularly known as Centre of Hope, trains youths at moderate fees and offers full sponsorship to the needy. Nakuru is also home to private colleges and secondary schools. Famous private schools include Melvin Jones, Lions Academy, Greensteds and Shah Lalji Nagpar Academy. Students in the schools enrol for the British curriculum. Tourism is an important economic activity in Nakuru. The town and the region are endowed with vast resources that make tourism a key income source. Nakuru is home to Lake Nakuru, one of the Rift Valley soda lakes, which forms part of the Lake Nakuru National Park. The park is famous for the vast numbers of flamingoes. The park has many wild animals. Other sites of interest are accessible from Nakuru — Menengai Crater, a dormant volcano. Steam vents are regularly be seen in the forested caldera from above. The second largest surviving volcanic crater in the world, it plunges 483m down from the rim and the summit is accessible by foot or vehicle 8km from the main road. The wood-covered crater ground is a nature reserve. Although Lakes Bogoria and Baringo and not in Nakuru, they are easily accessible
K E N Y A
Nakuru. The farms surrounding the town have vast agricultural potential with numerous small farms and agricultural enterprises. The main crops grown around Nakuru include coffee, wheat, barley, maize and beans. The crops are stored in massive silos on the outskirts of the town by the National Cereals and Produce Board and Lesiolo Grain Handlers Ltd. The crops provide the primary raw material for manufacturing industries in Nakuru and Nairobi. The industries include flour milling and grain ginneries. Dairy farming is a key economic activity and provides inputs for various milk processing plants in the town. It is also a centre of various retail businesses that provide goods and services to manufacturing and agricultural sectors. A large public market lies to the west of the town on the main throughfare to Nairobi. Nakuru is an important educational centre. It is the home of Egerton University, a public university, and Kabarak University, a private one associated with former President Moi. The Rift Valley Institute of Technology and the Kenya Industrial Training Institute (KITI) are also in the town. Kenya Institute of Management (KIM) has a college in Nakuru. Nakuru has become a centre of academic work with centres such as the Kenya Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Technology opening
875
Local Authorities
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
from the town They are major tourist attraction sites too. The Hyrax Hill Pre-historic Site, discovered by the Leakeys in 1926, is considered a major Neolithic and Iron Age site. The adjoining museum features finds from various nearby excavations. The Rift Valley Sports Club is in the centre of the town. It hosts a number of sporting activities, including cricket. The town hosts an annual rugby festival, The Great Rift 10-a-Side, which features teams from the East Africa region. Although the population is predominantly African, the town has a cosmopolitan feel. People from different parts of the country add a unique flavour to the town. Nearby towns include Lanet, about 10km away, home to an army base. Njoro, 20km from Nakuru, is a small agricultural town. Egerton University is near the town.
876
References •
Samuel O. Owuor, B. Charlery, M. Chretin and B. Schaffner: Urban planning and management in small and medium-size towns 2006
•
Report of the AFRICITIES SUMMIT Meeting 2006. Nairobi, Kenya
•
wikipedia.org/Nairobi
•
wikipedia.org/Mombasa
•
www.kisumu.co.uk
•
wikipedia.org/Nakuru
•
www.algak.co.ke
•
www.localgovernment.go.ke
•
wikipedia.org/Local authorities of Kenya
•
http://thesop.org/the-africities-conference-2006
25
Immigration and registration are key to
entry, departure and record-keeping. Procedures have been eased and it is easy for Kenyans to get passports, identity cards and other documents. Rules on permits and visas have been enforced.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Immigration and registration
877
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Immigration
878
Introduction
The ministry’s reform plan will cost Sh29.8 billion ($372.5 million) in four years to meet its objective in population registration and migration, and to steer Kenya into a globally competitive and prosperous country by 2030.
The number of days it takes to apply and get a new passport due to successive reforms in Immigration since President Kibaki came to power
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K
Reforms
K E N Y A
10
2 0 1 0
T
he Ministry of Immigration and Registration of Persons journey to the present began in 1906, when the colonial government enacted the Immigration Restriction Ordinance. It was revised several times — in 1940 to admit women and children and 1962 to give birth to the Immigration Act of 1967. The journey climaxed in 2005 when the ministry was created under the Office of the Vice-President. Prior to this, the departments that dealt with population registration and personal data were scattered across different ministries, complicating registration of Kenyans and aliens. The ministry’s mandate of covers immigration services, border control management, registration of births and deaths, refugee services and management of the population registration system. It is a ministry under the Office of the ViceBY NUMBERS President. Its departments are Immigration, National Registration Bureau, Civil Registration, Refugee Affairs and Intergraded Populatio Registration.
879
Immigration
Evolution of the modern passport
Once completed, the strategy will revolutionise immigration services. It will pave way for provision of e-services and modernise registration and issuing of national identity cards. Documents such as passports and national identity cards will be tamper-proof to minimise forgery. The planned changes include establishment of new border control points.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Passports
880
The earliest mention of what we might recognise as a passport appears in the Bible, the book of Nehemiah. In the month of Nisan, 450BC, the prophet, a royal cup-bearer, was granted letters from Persian King Artaxerxes requesting governors of lands beyond the Euphrates to grant him safe passage to Judah. In Britain, the earliest reference to a document was in 1414. From 1540, granting travel papers became the business of the Privy Council. From 1794, the Secretary of State office took control of passports, a function of the Home Office now. But British passports were written in French until 1858. Passports of other countries are remarkably similar to Britain’s. do have their quirks. www.guardian.co.uk
Reforms have paid dividends, making acquiring a passport one of the simplest processes in Kenya. All an applicant needs to do is fill a form, pay Sh3,040 ($38) for a 48-page passport and wait for 10 days. Thanks to technological advancement, applicants can also apply for passports online. They can also visit Immigration offices in the morning before going to work or after. To make this possible, officials in the Passport Section serve clients as early as 7am and as late as 8pm. The installation of a system for the issuance of new generation passports has reduced the waiting period for a new document from 21 days to 10. At the click of a button, an Immigration official can monitor the progress of an application and tell with certainty when the passport will be ready for collection. Process automation has made it possible to track the location and progress of a file. The introduction of a tracking number has simplified the process. Another key innovation is the use of mobile telephone technology, through a short message service (SMS), to provide the public with information on the progress of their documents. In 2006, the Government scrapped the requirement that passport applicants provide invitation letters from friends, relatives
Decentralisation
To effectively serve the ever-increasing number of passport applicants, issuance of the document has been decentralised, bringing the service closer to the people. Until recently, passports were only issued in Nairobi, Kisumu and Mombasa. Now, Immigration offices in Garissa and Eldoret are issuing passports. Plans are afoot to open additional offices in Nakuru and Embu. The decentralisation of the service, combined with use of new technology, has helped to reduce the waiting period for a passport from three weeks to 10 days.
Visas Foreigners can apply for visas when they land or make arrangements to get them through their respective embassies.While visas applied for on arrival are issued on the spot, those sought in advance take 12 days, down from 16.
2 0 1 0
Special features in the new generation passports make it difficult for fraudsters to use stolen or fake papers. At Immigration points, a concealed camera takes a picture of the face of the person presenting the passport to determine resemblance with photographs submitted during application. The new passports are also fitted with microprocessor computer chips to store information. These and other security features, such as the embossed photograph on the document, make it difficult for fraudsters to compromise the passport. These internationally recognised security features help detect fake documents whenever they are used. To ensure that crooked travellers do not use bogus passports to enter the country, a forgery detection unit has been set up at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, the country’s main gateway. Also, a computerised data system, capable of comparing and evaluating personal information, has been installed to intercept criminals before they set foot on Kenyan soil.
Y E A R B O O K
New generation passport
The Ministry of Immigration has intensified patrols along border points to secure entry and exit points and check human trafficking. Since 2005, more than 400 Immigration officials have been recruited and given paramilitary training. Border patrols and interrogation of immigrants have been intensified to stem the flow of illegal aliens and criminals. The ministry also plans to buy a patrol boat to keep undesirable elements from entering Kenya through the country’s waterways.
K E N Y A
or acquaintances, making it easier for Kenyans to get the document. As a result of the improved service, revenue collection at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport increased by 104 per cent to Sh330 million ($4.125 million) between 2005 and 2009.
881
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Immigration
882
People who do not require visas to enter Kenya are: • Those with valid Kenya re-entry passes or any other written authority • Citizens of Kenya and East African Community member countries — Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi • Passengers who arrive and leave in the same ship, and do not leave the ship • Passengers on transit through Kenya, arriving and leaving by the same aircraft or transferring to another and who do not leave international transit lounges at Jomo Kenyatta (Nairobi) or Moi (Mombasa) airports. • Holders of UN ‘laissez-passers’ on official business • Holders of UN, African Union, African Development Bank, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, International Red Locust Control Organisation for Central and Southern Africa and Comesa ‘laissez-passers’ on official business • Ship and aircraft crew passing through or stopping in Kenya for not more than seven days for air crews and 14 for ship crews • Owners of private aircraft stopping over for refuelling and who do not leave the airport Ordinary/Singe Entry Visa
This is required for anyone entering Kenya for a visit or residency. The standard visa fee for an ordinary
or single journey entry visa is $50 (Sh4,000). Transit Visa
This is required by anyone intending to transit through Kenya for a period not exceeding seven days. Diplomatic Visa
This is issued to a holder of a diplomatic passport on official business. Visa applications for diplomats and government officials on private visit to Kenya and who are nationals of countries that require referred visas are taken to the Principal Immigration Officer in Nairobi for approval.
Work permits Not everybody who comes to Kenya qualifies for a work permit. Unchecked issuance of work permits is counter-productive and denies Kenyans jobs at the expense of foreigners. The decision about who should get or be denied a work permit is made by an inter-ministerial committee comprising officials from the Labour, Education, Tourism, Trade and Immigration ministries. The committee peruses applications to determine whether prospective expatriates have special skills unavailable locally. If they have no exceptional skills, the work permits are denied. To encourage and promote direct investments, Kenya allows investors of a minimum Sh7 million ($87,500) opportunities to employ three key
Nationals who come to Kenya visa-free Antigue and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cyprus, Dominica, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Ghana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia (if less than 30 days), Mauritius, Maldives, Namibia, Nauru, New Guinea, Nauru, Papua, Rwanda, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Class A
It is issued to a person who has been offered employment by an employer and satisfies an Immigration officer that he is qualified for the
position. A Sh100,000 ($1,250) fee is charged annually. Class B
It is given to people offered employment by the Government or its agency. The permit is now treated as Class A. No fee is charged.
K E N Y A
people in their fields of specialisation. The ministry cracks down on alien workers to safeguard Kenyan jobs and investments and protect trade secrets.
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
htttp://wikitravel.org
Class C
This is for people offered employ-
883
Immigration
ment under an approved technical aid scheme in the UN or other approved agency. No fee is charged.
receive this permit. A Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged a year. Class K
It is given to a person who holds a dependant’s pass and has an employment offer. A Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged annually.
This permit is sought by people who are more than 21 years old and have an assured income of a prescribed amount. For this, a Sh25,000 ($312.5) fee is charged a year.
Class E
Class L
This is issued to members of missionary societies approved by the Government. A Sh2,000 ($25) fee is charged a year.
It is given to a person who is not in employment and who was issued with a resident’s certificate or has held an entry permit for a continuous period of not less than 10 years. An annual Sh25,000 ($312.5) fee is charged a year.
Class D
Class F
It is given to people engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry. An annual Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged.
Class M
This permit is issued for free to refugees recognised by the Government.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Class G
People who prospect for minerals must have this permit. A Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged every year. Class H
This is issued to people in specific trades, businesses or professions. A Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged a year. Class I
It is given to people in manufacturing. An annual Sh50,000 ($625) fee is charged. Class J
Members of a prescribed profession who have prescribed qualifications
884
Invalidation of entry permits Entry permits can be cancelled if the applicants do not meet their part of the bargain. Except for Classes K, L or M, the permit can be nullified if the person, without the written approval of an Immigration official: (a) Fails to engage, within 14 days from the date of issue or the person’s entry into Kenya, in the employment, business or profession for which the permit was issued (b) Ceases to engage in the employment, occupation, trade, business or profession (c) Engages in any employment, occupation, trade, business or
www.unhabitat.org
Permanent residence An immigration permit is required by all people, other than Kenya citizens, wishing to enter Kenya.
Y E A R B O O K
profession other than that for which the permit was issued. In these circumstances, the entry permit becomes invalid and the presence of that person in Kenya becomes unlawful. If the holder of a Class K or L permit engages in any employment, occupation, trade, business or profession without an Immigration official’s written approval, the entry permit becomes invalid and the presence of that person in Kenya is unlawful.
K E N Y A
Afghanistan Armania Iraq Lebanon Mali North Korea Tadjkistan Senegal Somalia Syria Jordan Nigeria Cameroon Azerbaijan Stateless people who do not have valid passports or other travel documents from their countries of nationality. They include refugees with UN travel documents.
2 0 1 0
Nations whose citizens require referred visas
885
Immigration
Exemptions 2009 asylum seekers In 2009, Afghans topped the list of asylum applicants in the world — 26,800. Iraqis were second (24,000) and Somalis third (22,600). The Russian Federation, China, Serbia and Nigeria followed. The US was the main destination. It accounted for 13 per cent of claims (49,000 people), many from China. France was second (42,000). For Canada, asylum applications fell by 10 per cent to 33,000. The UK came next with 29,800 applications. Claims in Germany were 27,600. The five countries received 48 per cent of the total claims.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
www.unhcr.org
886
But exemptions from the permit requirement can be made for several categories of immigrants. They include diplomats and diplomatic staff entitled to certain liberties under the Privileges and Immunities Act —the diplomatic Head of Mission, diplomatic staff, administrative and technical staff, service staff and private servants. The Immigration Act also gives exemption to accredited representatives to Kenya of any Commonwealth country or any other foreign sovereign State, their wives and children; accredited diplomatic or consular staff and their wives and children; the official staff of diplomats and their wives and children; the domestic staff of diplomats and their wives and children; and any person exempted by the minister through the ‘Kenya Gazette’.
Integration The ministry will consolidate the National Registration Bureau, Civil Registration and the Department of Refugee Affairs into the Integration of Population Registration System to provide a common database of people living in the country, both citizens and foreigners. The system will have a unique identifier — an intelligent Personal Identification Number (PIN) — that integrates information into a central database. Once this is done, it will be easy to detect fake documents such as birth certificates and national identity cards.
Identity cards The National Registration Bureau’s mandate is the compulsory registration and issuance of identity cards to citizens aged 18 years and above. It has come a long way since it was established in 1978. Before, only men
Kenya has in the last two decades seen an influx of many refugees from neighbouring countries, necessitating the strengthening of institutions to deal with the challenges. Since the 1990s, an unprecedented number of refugees from Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan have migrated into the country, hitting a high of 500,000 at the peak of the civil conflicts in their countries. The number has since dwindled to 280,000, with most refugees staying in two camps — Kakuma in Turkana and Daadab in Garissa. In 2005, the Government established the Department of Immigration charged with the responsibility of registering asylum-seekers, protecting them and offering humanitarian services together with the UN High Commission for Refugees and other partners. In the short-term, plans are afoot to provide nets, blankets and food supplements to 176,000 refugees in four years at a cost of Sh196 million ($2.6 million). The refugees will also receive money, IDs and temporary work permits.
Illegal aliens The Aliens Restriction Act allows for restriction of illegal aliens. The minister has powers to order aliens
2 0 1 0
The department charged with registering births and deaths has made it mandatory to register births and deaths in Kenya, irrespective of nationality. It also documents births and deaths of Kenyans abroad. The department has reduced the time for processing registration from two weeks to four days in Nairobi and one day in the districts. This will improve once operations are automated and an electronic database is created. The department traces its origin to 1928 when the
Refugees
Y E A R B O O K
Births and deaths
law governing it was enacted. The Department of Civil Registration was created in 1989.
K E N Y A
aged 16 years old and above were eligible for identity cards. The law was amended to allow women to be registered. Since then, 600 registration centres have been opened, and mobile units are established when the need arises. In 1980, the first generation card replaced the book format, a precursor to the much-abhorred colonial ‘kipande’. It was replaced by the second generation one in 1995. A smart third generation card is in the pipeline. With the installation of the automated Fingerprint Identification System, the Bureau has expanded capacity from 5,000 to 40,000 searches a day. During a national drive in 2007, three million national identity cards were issued to new applicants. About 14.5 million fresh applicants are targeted as the Government moves to fully automate registration and archival systems.
887
Immigration
to comply with provisions of registration and notification of change of abode or travel. Any person who contravenes the provisions is liable to a fine of up to Sh3,000 ($37.5) or imprisonment for not more than six months or both. If Kenya is at war or facing imminent danger or emergency, the Minister for Immigration may impose restrictions on aliens.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
References
888
•
www.mirp.go.ke
•
www.immigration.go.ke
26
in the arm, with the Government setting aside funds for them. Research institutions and universities can apply for the money. The allocation increases every year
K E N Y A
Science and research have received a shot
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Science and research
889
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Science and research
890
The amount of funding in millions of US dollars, the equivalent of Sh200 million, that the Government allocated the research kitty in 2008. Research institutions and individual researchers and scientists can apply for the money
See more information below
2 0 1 0 0 9
2.6
Y E A R B O O K
S
cience and research in Kenya can be traced back to the early 20th Century when the colonial government established research and development facilities in agriculture and health. They included the Scott Agricultural Laboratories in 1903, Coffee Research Services in 1908, Veterinary Research Laboratories in 1910 and Medical Research Laboratory in 1958. The colonialists made similar efforts during the 1940s and 1950s.
BY NUMBERS
K E N Y A
Introduction
891
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
892
After independence in 1963, Kenya established many science and research institutions in an effort to use the findings to draft policies and drive the development agenda. In response to growth in national science, research and related activities, the post-independence Government sought a mechanism through which scientific and research could be coordinated and promoted. This led to the enactment of the Science and Technology Act in 1977. It established Advisory Research Committees and the National Council for Science and Technology to serve as advisory institutions to the Government in science and technology. Today, the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology coordinates science and research activities. Through the ministry, the Government provides resources and incentives to encourage scientific research and innovation. In 2008, for example, the Government set aside Sh200 million ($2.5 million) to fund research initiatives in Kenya. However, the biggest chunk of funding comes from the private sector, donors and international agencies. Science, technology and innovation are critical to national development objectives such as poverty alleviation. This is evident in the long-term development blueprint, Vision 2030, where the Government has given priority to science, technology and innovation as the foun-
dation for the creation of a robust, knowledge-based economy.
Research guidelines The National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) is responsible for coordinating research in Kenya and advising the Government on research-related matters. NCST makes final decisions about protocol applications in Kenya. Two other national organisations involved in ethical review are the Kenya HIV/AIDS Vaccine SubCommittee and the Pharmacy and Poisons Board, both of which are affiliated to the Ministry of Health. Kenya has three fundamental documents regulating human subjects research: NCST promulgated Guidelines for Ethical Conduct of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects in Kenya in accordance with the Science and Technology Act of 1979. The guidelines set a framework for determining if a research proposal is ethical. The reviewing committee must consider the following factors: Value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favourable risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent and respect for potential and enrolled subjects. In 2005, the Ministry of Health enacted the National Guidelines for Research and Development of HIV/ AIDS Vaccines. They specifically address human subjects research proposals relating to the effort to identify vaccines. The Kenya Medi-
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
gvikenya.wildlifedirect.org/ reef-fish-research
cal Research Institute (KEMRI) has guidelines for research conducted at or through the institution. KEMRI was established by the 1979 Science and Technology (Amendment) Act to be the national institution responsible for carrying out health science research. Kenya has a multi-tiered system of human subjects research review. Research proposals generally go through two or three rounds of review. Depending on local requirements, some proposals must first be reviewed by the researcher’s department within the local institution. All proposals must then be reviewed by the ethical review committee at the host institution where a local researcher is based or a foreign researcher is collaborating.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Coloured fish research The reef world has beautiful coloured fish. The use of colour and colour patterns is for concealment. The camouflage effect can be best described as a cryptic colouration — it matches the background colour against which the fish habitually lives. The colours are produced by thousands of pigment cells in the skin called chromatofores. The cells contain melanin pigments that give brown or black colours or carotenoid pigments that give the fish yellow, orange and red colouration. It could also show that cells have an excretory product called guanine, that increases the range of colours.
893
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
Fixing grain borer Scientists from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center () and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute have developed maize with more resistance to attack from the larger grain borer. In just six months, the small beetle can destroy more than a third of the maize in the stores. The new maize varieties decrease the damage and increase grain. This achievement will help farmers who have had few options to control the pest for 30 years. The larger grain borer was first seen in Tanzania in the 1970s and 1980s. Food aid that followed may have brought the pest.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.lobbywatch.org
894
When this has been completed, a review is performed by NCST. Researchers who are not affiliated to a specific institution or who are affiliated to institutions that do not have ethical review committees should go directly to NCST for review. While researchers typically must seek final approval from NCST, certain institutions have final approval powers themselves. Two that have committees that can grant final approval are KEMRI and Kenyatta National Hospital. The hospital’s Ethical Review Committee is responsible for reviewing research
proposals from Ministry of Health researchers. For HIV/AIDS vaccine research, investigators must submit a concept paper to the Kenya HIV/AIDS Vaccine Sub-Committee, which responds and advises on the next step. The investigators must next submit a proposal simultaneously to the Pharmacy and Poisons Board and to NCST or any other designated ethical review committee. The two organisations must approve the research plan. The guidelines described above are legally binding and enforceable
The Government and donors fund most research in Kenya. For example, Wellcome Trust of the UK, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (US) and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (US) fund the bulk of research programmes at KARI. The partnerships have con-
• Raise more funding for research • Lobby for more support from beneficiaries, especially in the agricultural sector • Reduce staff costs to enable researchers do effective work • Concentrate on the activities of highest priority • Adopt a programme of training and upgrading staff and modification of their terms of service so
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Partnerships
Strategies to improve research
K E N Y A
because they have been promulgated through Acts of Parliament. In addition, KEMRI has a disciplinary committee that ensures that the agency’s research complies with all requirements.
tributed to the changing landscape of research in Kenya, and continue to play an important role in training local scientists. The programmes and projects have significant components designed to build individual and institutional national capacities in a variety of disciplines. One is the provision of postgraduate training to young scientists to doctoral level at local and overseas academic institutions. Collaboration between local research and foreign institutions is manifested in a strong movement towards regionalisation of sub-regional research coordinating organisations such as Biological Science for East and Central Africa. Research coordination at subregional and international level is to achieve economies of scale and scope, complement international research, improve research through peer review and quality control and improve coordination of research in donor-funded programmes.
895
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
as to promote and retain the best researchers • Encourage private research efforts by combining private and Government financing.
Research institutions
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
National Council of Science and Technology (NCST)
896
The Science and Technology Act established NCST in July 1977 as an advisory institution to the Government on science and technology. Its mandate includes coordination of research and experimental development. NCST programmes comprise projects on the development of technology transfer, ranging from research results to the application of findings in industry. Funding for the programmes is allocated from the NCST budget. It has seven core functions: • Advise Government on national scientific research and technological activities • Formulate national science and technology policies and give priority to research programmes • Coordinate and regulate scientific, technological and research programmes • Guide the Government in the science and technology arrangements and financial requirements, including new research institutes and soliciting funds • Commission research, document, store and disseminate sci-
Male cut and STIs In a study in Kenya (Journal of Infectious Diseases, August 1, 2009), male circumcision did not reduce the risk of acquiring three sexually transmitted infections — gonorrhoea, chlamydial infection and trichomoniasis — among men The study analysed data on the non-ulcerative STIs among men participating in one of the three clinical trials that confirmed male circumcision’s protective effect against HIV infection. Analysis of data on ulcerative STIs in male circumcision trials in South Africa and Uganda showed that circumcision also offers men partial protection against human papillomavirus and herpes.
www.malecircumcision.org
ence and technological findings and encourage application • Promote and popularise science and technology culture in collaboration with local and international organisations • Facilitate transfer of research findings and appropriate technology in partnership with the public and private sector (www.ncst.go.ke)
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
It is a research unit in the Department of Medical Microbiology at the University of Nairobi. It was established in 1999 by local researchers through funding from International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit at Oxford University. KAVI came into being based on work started in the early 1980s as researchers at the University of Nairobi studying sexually transmitted infections and later HIV/Aids. During the research, a number of women were identified who, despite frequent exposure to HIV, remained un-infected. A similar phenomenon was observed in Gambia by researchers from Oxford University and the findings led to the development of KAVI in collaboration with researchers from Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Collaboration was then established between the Nairobi, Manitoba and Oxford universities to explore the phenomenon further. It was through the collaboration that the concept of Cytolytic T Lymphocyte (CTL) — as a mechanism offering partial resistance — was established. The CTL concept led to the development of a vaccine that would elicit CTL immune response. These developments led to the establishment of KAVI as the site for HIV/Aids vaccine trials. KAVI has two sites: KAVI-KNH and KAVIKangemi. KAVI-KNH is for Phase 1 clinical trials, while KAVI-Kangemi is for Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials. KAVI was set up in 1999, the year the State declared Aids a national disaster. Thereafter, and with the financial support of international partners, Kenya took the first step towards the search
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Aids Vaccine Initiative (KAVI)
897
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Malaria research
898
The Open University of the UK is involved in malaria research with the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kenya. There at two sites in Nairobi and Kilifi. The Nairobi site is the base for a programme in the epidemiology of clinical malaria among childhood populations. In Kilifi, research focuses on clinical, basic and epidemiological studies on malaria, with emphasis on malaria as a disease leading to high levels of morbidity and mortality. The laboratories at Kilifi are housed in a modern dedicated building completed in 2006. The building provides the research centre with world class research equipment and facilities.
www.open.ac.uk/research
for a vaccine. KAVI became the first institution searching for an Aids vaccine. Since its inception, KAVI has conducted five clinical trials of Aids vaccines, including the first ever in Kenya. There have also been other non-clinical studies. The trials have yielded important data that has informed HIV research, and earned Kenya international recognition as an important player in the global Aids vaccine development effort. The first HIV vaccine clinical trial began in February 2001 and to date five trials have been conducted and completed at KAVI — four phase-I trials and one phase-II trial. KAVI staff has grown from three to 54, including 11 trial physicians and eight laboratory technologists. The project also boasts two equipped clinics and laboratories. KAVI is doing basic epidemiology studies that will inform the design of more promising vaccine candidates.
KAVI is evaluating the strains of HIV common in East Africa to ensure that the vaccine developed is relevant to local populations. (www.kaviuon.org)
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) KEMRI was set up to carry out health science research. It was established in 1979 under the Science and Technology Amendment Act. Its mandate is to: • To cooperate with other organisations and institutions of higher learning in training and matters relevant to research • Liaise with other organisations in and outside Kenya dealing with research and related activities • Disseminate and translate
research findings for policy formulation and implementation • Cooperate with the Ministry of Health, the ministry responsible for medical research, the National Council for Science and Technology and the Medical Science Advisory Research Committee on research policies and priorities • To ensure effective and quality research, KEMRI runs research centres approved by its board. The institute has a long history of collaboration with many institutions locally and internationally. KEMRI research centres
• Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD)
1. Vaccine Trials conducted at KAVI-KNH
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
No. of volunteers
2001
18
Status Completed
IAVI-008
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
2003
10
Completed
IAVI-010
Phase 2A Clinical Trial
2003
70
Completed
V001
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
2005
57
Completed
2. Studies conducted at KAVI-KNH IAVI-D
Laboratory Reference Ranges
2004
200
Completed
IAVI-G
Cross-sectional
2007
200
Completed
IAVI-LFT
Longitudinal
2007
114
Ongoing
3. Studies conducted at KAVI-Kangemi IAVI-A
HIV prevalence
IAVI-D
Laboratory Reference Ranges
IAVI-Closed B
6 April 2004
1000
Completed
18 April 2005
Completed
Completed
700
HIV incidence
9 Jan 2006
Ongoing
IAVI-C
New infections
15 Mar 2006
10
Ongoing
IAVI-OpenB
HIV incidence
7 April 2008
500
Ongoing
2 0 1 0 0 9
IAVI-002
Date of enrollment
Y E A R B O O K
Description
K E N Y A
Protocol
899
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
KEMRI’s collaborators in the region
900
British Medical Research Council Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention International Development Research Centre Japan International Cooperation Agency KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Mahidol University, Thailand Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam US Agency for International Development Water Reed Army Institute of Medical Research World Association of Industrial and Technologist Research Organisations World Health Organisation Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative www.kemri.org
• Centre for Clinical Research (CCR) • Centre for Geographic Medicine Research —Coast (CGMR-C) • Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR) • Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research (CIPDCR) • Centre for Microbiology Research (CMR) • Centre for Public Health Research (CPHR) • Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research (CRDR) • Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR) • Centre for Virus Research (CVR) • Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control • KEMRI Graduate School of Health Sciences • Health Safety and Environment • Production Centre Research committees
KEMRI has four major research committees, which coordinate activities at KEMRI. Each committee has a multi-disciplinary group of experts from KEMRI, the universities and relevant ministries and Government agencies. They are the Infectious Diseases Control Research Programme, Parasitic Diseases Research Programme, Ethical Review Committee and Scientific committees. Research at KEMRI
Four categories of people are permitted to carry out research at KEMRI: Research officers, technologists, visiting scientists and research associate scientists. KEMRI recognises three categories of collaborating research personnel: Self-supporting, non-selfsupporting and partially-supported visiting scientists
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
should send a budget for research at KEMRI before the beginning of each financial year • Appointments of staff on collaborative research programmes must be authorised by the director • Visiting scientists are appointed to one of the research centres at KEMRI and are accountable to the director through the directors of research centres • Scientific inventions with market potential made through collaborative research should be jointly patented among scientists or their sponsoring organisations and KEMRI • At the end of the appointment, visiting scientists should write a report of their work to the director • A visiting non-Kenyan scientist must have Kenyan counterparts at the level of technologist and above Visiting scientists must include in their publications of projects at KEMRI Kenyan co-authors. If a local counterpart or co-author is not available, the director of the research centre will assume the role unless the centre director identifies a staff member to play the role. Research associate scientists are people who, through the director’s permission, have access to the KEMRI’s facilities even as they remain in their institutions or places of work.
K E N Y A
Guidelines have been set for visiting researchers to boost collaboration between KEMRI and other institutions. The director appoints visiting scientists on condition that: • They are prepared to work in research on national priority and within the mandate of the Institute • The research work is for the benefit of Kenya and KEMRI • Unless otherwise stated, KEMRI is not responsible for costs of visiting scientists. • Research programmes must provide training arrangements for Kenyans locally and abroad, and visiting researchers must train their research staff at KEMRI • Visiting scientists must provide the KEMRI director with academic and professional qualifications and past employment record • Equipment and materials brought by visiting scientists becomes the property of KEMRI • The maintenance costs of equipment is borne by the collaborating organisation during the research period • Reports and other documents sent to the sponsoring organisation must be copied to the KEMRI director • Publications done in collaboration with the Institute must conform with KEMRI requirements and be approved by the director • Collaborating organisations
901
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
902
Ethical considerations
(a) In regard to research involving human subjects, the following must be observed: • Do no harm • Direct benefit to study subjects or community should exist • Consent of subjects or community leaders, including possible benefits, risks and inconveniences (consent-seeking information sheet and informed consent form) • Indicate the method of confidentiality of information obtained. In
case of new drugs or procedures to be used on human subjects, possible side effects, reactions and results of previous use even in animals should be stated • In investigations involving animals, the following must be observed: Methods to minimise pain and distress must be specified • A justification must be made for not using drugs to alleviate pain and distress • The method of euthanasia should be specified.
Funding research at KEMRI
It comes from two main sources: Government at about 40 per cent and research projects, which is about 60 per cent. All research grants awarded to a member of staff must be sent to the director for disbursement. KEMRI has links with many institutions locally and abroad. The local collaborators are the ministries of Health, Education and Higher Education, Science and Technology, Kenyatta National Hospital and the public universities. (www.kemri.org)
www.kari.org/centres
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
KARI centres KARI Centre Network KARI Biotechnology Centre KARI Embu KARI Garissa KARI Kabete KARI Kakamega KARI Katumani KARI Kiboko KARI Kibos KARI Kisii KARI Kiltale KARI Lanet KARI Marsabit KARI Molo KARI Mtwapa KARI Muguga North KARI Muguga South KARI Muguga TRC KARI Mwea KARI Naivasha KARI Njoro KARI Perkerra KARI Thika KARI Tigoni
KEFRI was established in 1986 under the Science and Technology Act to research on forestry and other similar natural resources. The following are KEFRI’s achievements: • Guidelines on Participatory Forest Management have been developed to support the New Forest Act • Piloted management and control of prosopis juliflora, an invasive dryland species • Developed planted and management protocols for melia volkensii (mukau) in the dry areas for timber • Initiated domestication and use of aloe species • Introduced exotic bamboo and developed management and use of local and exotic species • Generated knowledge and capacity of extension and local communities in harvesting, handling and marketing of gums and resins • Developed fast growing ‘eucalyptus grandis’ for better wood production • Introduced biological agents for control of cypress aphid Increased annual production of tree seeds
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)
903
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
from 3,000kg in 2002 to 6,000kg in 2007, which can produce about 200 million seedlings. To demonstrate collaboration with other research institutions, KEFRI recently signed a memorandum with the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) of Japan for collaborative research on breeding ‘meliavolkensii’ for drought resistance and further research on ‘eucalyptus camaldulensis’ for termite tolerance. KEFRI research and development agenda focuses on seven key areas: • Farm forestry • Natural forests • Dry land forestry • Industrial forest plantations • Seed production • Networks and partnership • Technology dissemination
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tree seed programme
904
Availability of quality seed is key to plantation forests development and tree planting by farmers. KEFRI is mandated to produce tree seed for all types of programmes. The institute has increased annual production from 3,000kg to 6,000kg. Farm Forestry Programme
Kenya’s forest cover has decreased as a result of conversion to other land uses, especially agriculture and settlement. In 2000, the Government banned tree harvesting in State forests. Since then, the country has sought industrial wood from farms supplemented with timber
imported from neighbouring countries. This has led to depletion of farmland wood stock and the country faces challenges in restocking trees cut on farmlands. The new policy emphasises the development of farm forestry as a
They are mainly in water catchments and are habitats for wildlife. The latter supports tourism and provides useful commercial timber and non-timber products. In the new forest policy, the Government will involve local communities in the management of public forest resources. To develop a framework for community participation, it is necessary to empower forest associations and plan for benefit sharing, stock valuation and pricing. Research will target how forestry can improve the livelihoods of adjacent communities. Drylands Forestry Programme
Kenya’s drylands are home to more than 30 per cent of the country’s population, 70 per cent of the national livestock herd and the bulk of wildlife that supports the vibrant tourism sector. The objective of the dryland forestry programme is to generate technologies to improve woodland management and conservation, thus contributing to poverty alleviation at local and national levels.
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.gvi.co.uk/ expeditions kenya
Natural Forests Programme
Y E A R B O O K
The Kenya Community and Conservation Volunteer Expedition takes volunteers to combine marine, primate and forest research. Working in the Shimoni Archipelago, off the coast of the Indian Ocean, volunteers experience the amazing white sand beaches and biodiversity. They can conduct dolphin research with visiting seasonal humpback whales from a surface vessel, snorkel to observe turtles and help in wildlife conservation with Angolan Black and White Colobus monkeys. Volunteers get the opportunity to journey into the heart of the savanna, working with rural communities to develop alternatives to wildlife poaching. The expedition is run with the Kenya Wildlife Service and others.
way of increasing forest cover, diversifying subsistence products and incomes and contributing to soil and water conservation. The policy underlines the need to support farmers with management principles, incentives, information, better germplasm and marketing strategies. To achieve the objectives, the programme will strengthen links among extension agents, researchers and farmers through development of effective extension approaches as well as production of appropriate management guidelines. Research focus will be on development of fast growing species with high demand.
K E N Y A
Research expedition
905
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
The Neem tree
906
Industrial Forest Plantations
In the past, forest plantations played an important role in socio-economic development — they supplied wood to industries and generated employment. To meet the demand for industrial wood, it is necessary to increase productivity on available land through genetic improvement of the major species. The proposed projects will undertake genetic improvement of the main plantation species, demonstrate alternative species, develop integrated strategies for management of new insect pests and develop guidelines for plantation species based on wood characterisation.
Neem trees were originally from India and Burma. They were brought to Africa in the 19th century. Kenya has two to five million trees with the highest concentration in coastal areas. The numbers are dwindling though. Neem is a tall, fast-growing, evergreen tree, which can reach a height of 25m and a girth of 2.5m. The tree fruits in three to five years. A mature tree yields between 30kg and 100kg of fruit, and 50kg of fresh fruit yields about 30kg of seed — 1kg may have up to 3,000 seeds. It is claimed that the neem has over 40 uses — and in Kenya it is called Mwarubaini (40). It is used for carving, timber, fuel, medicine, food, fodder, erosion control, shade and organic manure.
www.underitilized-species.org/ neem
KARI was established in 1979 as a semi-autonomous Government institution under the Science and Technology Act (Cap 250). It was amended after the collapse of the East African Community in 1977. The new institute took over research activities from the East African Agricultural and Forestry Research Organisation, East African Veterinary Research Organisation and later the ministries of
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
Agriculture and Livestock Development. Early this decade, the Kenya Veterinary Vaccines Production Institute, KEVEVAPI, renamed KARI Veterinary Vaccines Production Centre, and Kenya Tripanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI) were integrated into KARI. KARI’s mandate is to bring together research programmes on food crops, horticultural and industrial crops, livestock and range management, land and water management, and socio-economics. KARI’s mandate is to promote agricultural research, technology generation and dissemination to ensure food security through improved productivity and environmental conservation. Its core functions are to: • Carry out research in agricultural and veterinary sciences • Collaborate with other organisations and institutions of higher learning in training, research and technology transfer • Liaise with other research groups in and outside Kenya • Disseminate research findings and encourage adoption of suitable technologies • Cooperate with the agricultural sector ministries, the National Council of Science and Technology and research committees in agricultural research policies and priorities • Support the Agriculture ministry through the provision of research
Y E A R B O O K
KEFRI has a number of research centres. At the Coast is the Gede Region Research Centre, about 120km north of Mombasa. KEFRI has a field site at Bura. A new research facility has been opened at the centre offices near Watamu. The Karura Regional Research Centre is off the Nairobi-Kiambu road, about 5km from the city centre. The Kitui Regional Research Centre is 194km east of Nairobi. It has an on-station experiment forest site 21km from the town at Tiva and a sub-centre at Kibwezi. The Londiani Regional Research Centre is in Kericho District and has two sub-centres —Turbo and Marigat. The Maseno Regional Research Centre is near Luanda market and has three sub-centres: Kuja River, Ramogi and Kakamega. Muguga Regional Resource Centre is in Kikuyu, Kiambu. It has a subcentre in Nyeri. (www.kefri.org)
K E N Y A
Research centres
907
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
products and encourage their use for better agricultural productivity Achievements
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Green manure study
908
Reported success stories of agricultural transfonnation have vital links with farmers’ access to technologies and information. Several green manure technologies soil fertility management were screened in western Kenya. A farmer field school (FFS) was adapted as an approach of evaluating and scaling-up technologies selected by farmers. The objective was to assess the effect of farmer field schools in evaluation and scaling-up of selected green manure. A pilot FFS of 45 farmers from Gem, Siaya, started in 2001. The study revealed that FFS is useful in building farmers’ knowledge on green manure technology.
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search
In the past three decades, agricultural research in Kenya has made tremendous progress. KARI’s achievements are: • Development of high yielding, disease and pest-resistant varieties of maize, wheat, sorghum, beans, pyrethrum and potatoes • Improved crop production technologies • Improved livestock production and health technologies, including pasture and fodder crop management and use of farm by-products; zero grazing; vaccines against livestock diseases and diagnosis methods based on DNA technology. • Release of improved varieties. Those released in 2000 are already in production. Biotechnology Research Programme
It offers opportunities to reduce and overcome agricultural production constraints. For instance, through the application of biotechnology, development of new varieties may take half the time it would using conventional breeding methods. Specific opportunities for research, adoption of technologies and technology transfer are being identified and will lead to the use of biotechnology to address constraints. Biotechnology also makes possible the development of rapid, sensitive and specific tests for plant and animal diseases and an opportunity to conserve the rich national genetic plant and animal resources Biotechnology will improve crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases, tolerant to drought and with improved nutritional value. It also leads to industrial and fodder crop varieties that are resistant
Future strategies
Strategic studies at national and district levels Technology synthesis of recommendations on pre-production, production, harvesting, processing, value-addition, storage and marketing of products National bank to back up gene pool for breeding programmes Technology initiatives and links with partners — seed companies, NGOs, the private sector and universities, among others. Research shift to soil and crop management practices to conserve the natural resource, integrate crop production (for animal feeds) with livestock industry and add value Food crop research programmes will collaborate more with the private sector in research and dissemination of new technologies KARI Seed Unit Programme
It was established in 1997 and registered as a seed trader in 1999. Its responsibilities are to: Develop a structure for producing, processing, marketing and distributing good quality seeds Maintain pre-released and released parental lines, populations and varieties as well as vegetatively propagated materials Help the informal seed sector to
2 0 1 0 0 9
At KARI, this is undertaken in three major divisions: Animal Production, Animal Health and Rangelands. The Animal Production Division is concerned with increased productivity of milk, meat and eggs as the primary products. In the higher potential areas, smallholder mixed farming of livestock and crops (food, cash and fodders) has been developed. In these areas, the main thrust of research is on nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle, and the management of poultry and pigs. In semi-arid areas, research focuses on semi-intensive breeding of beef cattle, nutrition and management of poultry, and to a lesser extent pigs. This goes on side-byside with the breeding, nutrition, feeding and management of small ruminants. Current emphasis is on farm research, and diagnostic surveys in addition to on-station experimentation. The Animal Health Division concentrates on the prevention and control of diseases. Research looks into practical and economic aspects of preventing and controlling major livestock diseases. The Rangelands Division deals with livestock production in the arid and semi-arid areas, which account for more than 80 per cent of the land mass and 20 per cent of the human population in Kenya. Research strat-
Y E A R B O O K
Livestock research
egies aim to increase off-take rates of slaughter animals and conservation of the environment to ensure sustainable production in future.
K E N Y A
to pests, and improved vaccines for livestock diseases.
909
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
produce quality open pollinated varieties by training producers KEPHIS
It regulates seed activities and enforces Plant and Seed Varieties Act in Kenya. Its role is to control quality by inspecting and certifying seed and plant variety protection It also classifies and multiplies the seed system. These include breeder, pre-basic, basic and certified classes. Horticultural and Industrial Crops
The programme conducts research
910
in horticultural crops — flowers, fruits, vegetables and potatoes — and industrial crops (pyrethrum, cotton and oil crops). A number of results are expected from research: Horticultural and industrial crop varieties with desirable characteristics Agronomic and crop management technologies for profitable crops will be developed, validated and adopted Appropriate crop protection technologies for the management of diseases, pests and weeds will be tested
and adopted Marketing information will be compiled, assessed, disseminated and used to boost profitability
The journal is an important outlet for publishing findings of research and other scholarly works in Africa. The East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal was established in 1908 as a commu-
Y E A R B O O K
Agricultural journal
K E N Y A
Although KARI is mainly involved in improving production of crops, livestock and conservation of natural resources, it has been indirectly involved in human health issues. It has contributed to improved health through the development of foods and production technologies. Research activities include: • Identification of constraints to crop or livestock production • Assessment of the impact of new technologies using socio-economic indicators, including market and household behaviour • Diversification of food products and eating habits • Improved sustainability in mixed dry land farming systems • Appraisal of soil fertility status • Planting, management and maintenance of local acacia and other trees to reduce wind erosion • Reseeding local pastures with improved grasses and legumes • Cross-breeding to improve local cows and goats • Soil and water conservation through terracing and planting of appropriate grasses on terraces
2 0 1 0 0 9
Human health
911
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
nication channel for colonial farmers in eastern Africa. The journal was then known as the Agricultural Journal of British East Africa. Its publication was discontinued when the First World War broke out, but it was re-launched in 1935/1936 and re-named East African Agricultural Journal. The management was handed over to the East African Agricultural Research Organisation in 1946. The journal developed a reputation, broadened its scope and changed its title again to the East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal in 1990. After the collapse of the East Africa Community and the journal in 1977, the management was handed over to the Government as a shared resource between KARI, KEFRI and KETRI. (www.kari.org)
Biotechnology tools Tissue culture for disease-free banana, potato, sweet potato, cassava and macadamia Genetic engineering for the transfer of novel traits to give immunity to food crops, pasture and livestock against biotic and abiotic stress. Improving nutrition in foods through improved vitamin, micro-nutrient and protein contents Reducing anti-nutritive value such as removal of cyanide in cassava. Development of diagnostics for plant and animal diseases and novel vaccines for livestock diseases. Improvement and conservation of plant, livestock and microbial germplasm and protection and rehabilitation of the environment. www.kari.org
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
ICIPE
912
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology was established in 1970. The founders reasoned that learning more about the benefits and harm insects cause was key to improving the lives and livelihoods of Africans. Through the study of insects, ICIPE improves food production, human, animal and environmental health, and natural resource conservation. It strives to capture indigenous expertise and to build and strengthen local capacity. ICIPE: • Empowers communities, chil-
dren and adults, with knowledge on how malaria is transmitted so that they can prevent and break the transmission cycle • Helps farmers in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia to use special tsetse traps to virtually eliminate the flies, which cause sleeping sickness in people and nagana in cattle. • Develops repellent collars to protect pastoralists and their animals from the menace • Improves beekeeping for honey production and moth rearing for
silk production • Helps communities produce and process medicinal and insect-repelling plants. • Supports the rights of indigenous people in the exploration, development and trade of new products derived from plants and insects. • Trains more than 300 PhD and MSc scientists at sub-centres in Ghana, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia, with participation from 34 African universities Pest control
Y E A R B O O K
It was established in 1994 as an independent private organisation to conduct data-based social science policy analysis, research and training, with the aim of improving human welfare. As a research centre, it offers policy ideas to the Government and development partners. Its mission is to strengthen national capacity to develop, implement and evaluate public policy. It does independent policy analysis and research, and shares the results with the Government, development partners, the private sector and civil society. IPAR runs four key research sectors: Gov-
K E N Y A
Institute of Policy Analysis and Research (IPAR)
2 0 1 0 0 9
It conducts research and develops methods of pest control that are selective, non-polluting, not susceptible to resistance, that use and conserve Africa’s rich biodiversity, and are affordable throughout Africa. The centre’s strategy is to explore issues associated with climate change and the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. ICIPE is funded by a consortium of donors, the Sponsoring Group for ICIPE, private organisations, UN and government aid agencies. (www.icipe.org)
913
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
ernance and development, Agriculture and industry, macroeconomic policy analysis, education and health. (www.ipar.or.ke) Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is a State corporation in the Ministry of Fisheries Development mandated to conduct aquatic research in Kenyan waters and riparian areas, including the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Indian Ocean. The institute was established by the Science and Technology Act in 1979. KMFRI has six research programmes: Fisheries; aquaculture research and development; environment and ecology; natural products and post-harvest; socio-economics and information and data management Fisheries and aquaculture are the institute’s core. (www.kmfri.org)
914
Kenya Industrial Research Development Institute (KIRDI)
It is a national research institute established in 1979 under the Ministry of Trade and mandated to research on industrial and allied technologies. The Research and Development (R&D) and Technology Transfer departments handle the institute’s core objectives. The major divisions are engineering, energy and environment, ICT, leather and textiles, and food technology. KIRDI has developed more than 40 technologies in these fields. To facilitate the growth of small
and medium enterprises (SMEs), entry into new markets and promotion of new value added products, KIRDI offers consultancy in prototype development, reverse engineering, common manufacturing facilities and business incubation. A case in point is the 4K SME Initiative, a joint project with three other Government institutions involved in standardisation, industrial property and the informal sector. The project’s aim is to build capacity and upgrade 50 technologies produced by SMEs. In the past 10 years, KIRDI has supported more than 2,000 SMEs to develop value addition technologies. Some enterprises have become major employers in Kenya. KIRDI researches on bio-diesel energy owing. Research findings show that it is possible to obtain bio-diesel from virtually any local oliferous vegetation, including soya beans, sunflower, peanut, cotton, avocado, castor seed, coconut, palm and even animal fat. Bio-diesel may also be made from waste vegetable oils and fats from fish, chips or fried chicken. (www.kirdi.go.ke) Kenya Aids Watch Institute (KAWI)
It is an independent, apolitical and impartial monitoring organisation established to gather and disseminate objective information and analysis of the effectiveness and relevance of anti-HIV/Aids programmes. KAWI is an NGO that:
www.fluoride-journal.com
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Monitors, assesses and evaluates relevant information on HIV/Aids programmes Its objectives are to: • Establish a centre of excellence to create a research-friendly environment where financial, intellectual and other resources are available to local and expatriate Kenyan professionals • To generate, collect and collate data on advances, risks and obstacles to therapies in virology and immunology • To enhance training and capacity building on anti-HIV/Aids therapies The brains behind KAWI are Dr Sob-
2 0 1 0 0 9
River water research Research to determine river water fluoride levels on 60 river water samples was done in 2002. Samples were collected in Central and Nairobi provinces. The highest fluoride concentration was 0.85 ppm in Laikipia and the lowest 0.08 ppm in Murang’a. The mean fluoride concentration ranged from 0.12 ppm for rivers in Laikipia to 0.24 ppm in Nairobi, with 0.32 ppm in the Upper Basin of the Athi River. The results indicate that rivers are relatively low in fluoride and the water is, therefore, safe for domestic and industrial use. The research was conducted by JK Gikunju, KW Simiyu, PB Gathura, M Kyule and LW Kanja.
915
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
The seeds of afforestation The World Agro-forestry Centre and Future Harvest have in recent years helped hundreds of families produce seedlings of agro-forestry trees for sale to rural and peri-urban farmers. The initiative, Nurture a Nursery, was started in 2000 and helps small nurseries to improve the diversity and quality of seedlings produced and marketed, and in setting up new nurseries. The initiative was started in Meru and urban and peri-urban Nairobi. After taking root in Kenya, the project was expanded to Tanzania and Kabale in Uganda in 2001.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.worldagroforestry.org/ nurseries
916
bie Mulindi, the chairman of the HIV/Aids committee at Kenyatta National Hospital, Prof Kihumbu Thairu, a former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Nairobi, and Dr Francis Kajumo, a researcher at Albert Einstein School of Medicine in New York, US. Prof Thairu was the founding chairman of the Kenya Medical Research Institute. The institute has links with two leading US institutions — the Aron Diamond Aids Research Centre and the Scripps Research Institute. (www.kenyaaidsinstitute.org)
KIPPRA The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis is an autonomous public institute created under the provisions of the State Corporations Act. Its mission is to conduct research and analysis leading to policy advice to Government and the private sector. Its key activities are to identify programmes and topics of public interest, research and analyse public issues to provide information for policy formulation. KIPPRA has five research divisions: Macroeconomics, Productive Sector, Social Sec-
Thomas Risley Odhiambo
Prof Odhiambo was born on February 4, 1931 and died on May 26, 2003. He was a prominent scientist who founded ICIPE, an international research organisation renowned for giving African farmers low-cost solutions for pest control. Odhiambo, a Cambridge-educated entomologist, founded what became ICIPE in 1967 at the University of Nairobi, where he taught.
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Kenyan researchers
K E N Y A
tor, Infrastructure and Economic Services and the Private Sector Development Divisions. Some of its projects cover policy modelling , domestic and external debt, private investment and economic growth, finance policies, banking and interest rates, public expenditure and exchange rate management. On external trade, KIPPRA researches on regional integration, policy for export crops, land laws and agricultural development, small and medium enterprises and improving Kenya’s competitiveness, tourism policy and tax reform.
In regard to poverty issues, the organisation analyses the education structure and performance, health and the impact of HIV/Aids and malaria. KIPPRA also deals with issues on infrastructure finance, decentralisation, privatisation and regulation. The institute provides in-service training and short-term training to professionals in Government ministries and agencies. KIPPRA liaises with the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics in designing surveys and preparing data collection instruments, economic surveys and statistical abstracts. KIPPRA has links with local and international research organisations. It publishes technical and policy papers and comments on economic performance. The institution organises regular seminars and workshops to disseminate its findings. (www.kippra.org)
917
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
918
He was one of the world’s leading scientists and a pioneer in establishing Africa’s indigenous scientific capacity. As the founding director of ICIPE, his research focused on developing solutions for increased food production and improved health in rural communities. In 1985, Odhiambo’s efforts to develop and promote scientific expertise led to the establishment of the African Academy of Sciences. As its first president until 1999 when he became honorary president, he identified scientific talent in the continent; promoted the use of the talent in national development and advanced the partnership between scientific and political leaders in building Africa’s future. He was the founding vice-president of the Third World Academy of Sciences, the Association of African Science Editors and the Kenya National Academy of Sciences. The author of more than 130 papers, Odhiambo wrote six books to educate, inspire and entertain children in Africa. In 1987, he and the former Senegal President Abdou Diouf were the first recipients of the Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger. The prize is given by The Hunger Project based in New York. He also won the Albert Einstein Medal in 1979. In 1983, the International Congress of Plant Protection awarded Odhiambo the Gold Mercury International Award.
He was given an honorary doctorate of science by the University of Oslo in 1986. Odhiambo was a distinguished visitor with John D and Katherine MacArthur Foundation in Chicago.
Y E A R B O O K
www.zoominfo.com/ Kihumbu Thairu
K E N Y A
Eminent scholar Prof Kihumbu Thairu, the Vice-Chancellor of Presbyterian University of East Africa and chairman of the Commission for Higher Education, holds a MB ChB (EA) and PhD in neurophysiology and FRCP. He has had a chequered career in academia and research. He was the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Nairobi as well as the founding chairman of Kenya Medical Research Institute. He has also headed the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Health Department in London for 10 years and been instrumental in raising HIV/Aids awareness in East Africa. Thairu studied at Uganda’s Makerere University, and in Britain.
Prof Ogot is the Chancellor of Moi University. He was born in 1929 at Luanda, Nyanza Province. He went to Luanda and Ambira primary schools, and Maseno Secondary. He joined Makerere University College for a diploma in education (mathematics). Later, he joined St Andrew’s University in Scotland. After graduation, he taught at Makerere and enrolled for a PhD in history at London University. He graduated in 1965. He taught at the University of Nairobi (history, director of the lnstitute of African Studies, Dean Faculty of Arts and Deputy ViceChancellor), Kenyatta University (history, Director of the lnstitute of Research and Postgraduate Studies) and Maseno University as UNESCO chair in higher education. He is the founder president of the Historical Association of Kenya, first director of International Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for African Pre-History and former secretary-general of the East African Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs. Prof Ogot has published many publications: ‘A Place to Feel at Home’ (1966), ‘History of the Southern Luo’ (1967), ‘Decolonisation and Independent Kenya’ (1994), co-authored with W R Ochieng’, ‘Conflicts in Contemporary Africa’ (1999), ‘Kenya: The Making of a Nation’ (2000) and ‘My Footprints in the Sands of Time: An Autobiography’ (2006). He was a consultant for BBC’s 24 programmes entitled ‘The Story of Africa’ in 1991. Through oral traditions, Ogot has demonstrated that African history is as rich as that of the rest of the world. He has many awards —Arts Research Prize, Archer-Sturroch Prize and Madhvani Prize;
2 0 1 0 0 9
Bethwell Ogot
919
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
George Magoha
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Prof Magoha, the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nairobi, is a distinguished academic and researcher in surgery and urology. He has done research on prostate cancer and cancer of the male genital tract. He studies the epidemiology and clinical behaviour of prostate cancer in Africans in collaboration with the universities of Lagos and Dakar. He researches on cancer of the penis and its relationship with circumcision in adolescence and adults. In his studies in Nigeria, he has found out that testicular cancer is rare among Africans. Magoha is involved in a study with Manitoba (Canada) and Washington Seattle (US) universities on the effect of circumcision on HIV in Kisumu and the incidence of male erectile dysfunction in the district.
920
www.ipar.or.ke
Sir Henry Jones Memorial Prize in Philosophy, Rockefeller and Nuffield Research Fellowships. He is a fellow of the Kenya National Academy of Sciences and Hon DLitt of Kenyatta University.. Moses Ikiara
Dr Ikiara holds a PhD in environmental and natural resource economics from the University of Amsterdam, Holland. He has substantial experience in policy research and joined KIPPRA in year 2000. Previously, he worked as a senior analyst at KIPPRA, and as lecturer at the School of Environmental Studies at Moi University. His previous academic qualifications include BSc in agriculture and MA in economics from the University of Nairobi. In addition, he has published widely on fisheries, cotton-textile industry, trade in services and environmental goods and services, tourism, solid waste management, and environmental policy. His research experience and interest covers environmental and natural resource management, particularly the sustainable management of the resources, tourism policy, trade issues with respect to service and agricultural and industry policy issues. In recognition of his work, Ikiara has been appointed to policy working groups or taskforces such as the National Fisheries Policy Working Group and Technical Committee on Kenya External Aid Policy and technical support teams like the National Trade Negotiation team In addition to policy experience, Ikiara has management experience at KIPPRA, having been the institute’s programmes’ coordinator since July 2003.
Omu Anzala
Dr Anzala is an associate professor at the University of Nairobi’s Department of Medical Microbiology, and programme director at KAVI. He is overseeing several HIV epidemiology studies at KAVI, including research to evaluate immunologic and viral markers of recently
Andrew Rasugu Riechi
He is a research fellow in the Social Sector Programme. He holds a BEd degree in economics and business studies from the University of Nairobi, MEd (economics of education) degree from Kenyatta University and a PhD (economics of education) from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India. His main research interests are in educational
2 0 1 0 0 9
infected individuals. Under his coleadership, KAVI has conducted five early-stage clinical trials on Aids vaccine candidates in collaboration with the International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI). Anzala graduated with a medical degree from the University of Nairobi in 1986, and a PhD in virology from the University of Manitoba, Canada, in 1996. He then studied postdoctoral work in molecular immunology at Oxford University in UK. His research on sexually transmitted infections started in the 1980s, working with commercial sex workers in the Majengo slum of Nairobi. This led to the design of one of the first Aids vaccine candidates to reach human trials — the DNA-MVA vaccine. Anzala holds a diploma in epidemiology from Tufts University and certificates in Good Laboratory Practice, Ethical Aspects of Clinical Research, Experimental Epidemiology and Bioethics. He is the author of nearly 30 scientific publications.
Y E A R B O O K
Prof Ojiambo was a pioneer African cardiologist. He founded the Kenya Hypertension League in March 1995, of which he was the president. At regional and global levels, Ojiambo distinguished himself in medical education. His 40-year medical career was devoted to five major areas: • Clinical medicine and the epidemiology of disease • Clinical and experimental studies on cardiomyopathies • Public awareness of and protection against health problems in Africa, especially cardiovascular diseases • Public education and information on good health • Management improvement for public health administration Ojiambo published over 250 manuscripts on cardiology, hypertension, general medicine and public health. When he died in 1992, the international and local community expressed regret at the loss of a “distinguished physician, pioneer cardiologist, innovative researcher and astute public health administrator”.
K E N Y A
Hillary Ojiambo
921
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
922
finance, higher education management, HIV/Aids, development and research methods. He has been involved in a number of educational research projects. Riechi has been a consultant with the Kenya Education Staff Institute in writing its training modules. In 2004, he was a consultant in a project of the State University of New York’s Centre for International Development (Kenya) to enhance participation of the Parliamentary Education Committee in interrogating Government policies. Prior to his appointment, he was a lecturer of education at Kenyatta University. Riechi’s recent research work has been primary and early childhood education, financing secondary education and skills development in higher education institutions. Riechi is the national coordinator for Kenya in the Distance Education Programme on Education Sector Planning for Anglophone Africa, which is funded by UNESCO. He trains and monitors the dissemination of information among staff in the ministries of Education and other institutions. Florence Olubayo
Dr Olubayo is an experienced entomologist whose research projects range from pest management of citrus plants and epidemiology of plant diseases to the study of French beans and aphid vectors of potato viruses. Funded by the government
of the Netherlands, her projects are in Eastern, Central and Western provinces. Olubayo has an MSc in agricultural entomology from the University of Nairobi and a PhD from the University of Newcastle in the UK. A senior lecturer at the University of Nairobi, she and her students are doing research on mites and horticultural and post-harvest pests with scientists from ICIPE. As a member of the Kenya Professional Association of Women in Agriculture and Environment, Olubayo helps to mentor female university and high school students. Her involvement with the association has enabled her to work with rural women farmers, helping them improve food production. Charity Mutegi
Mutegi is a research officer with KARI. She has an MSc in Food Science and Technology from the University of Nairobi, and a PhD in Agriculture from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. She is researching on aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts. Aflatoxins are a major threat to the safety, quality and marketing of groundnuts. Studies reveal that exposure to large doses of aflatoxin cause acute toxicity with acute hepatitis, jaundice and sometimes lead to death. Incidents of aflatoxin exposure deaths have been reported in Kenya. Experts warn that exposure to low doses for prolonged periods may
result in immunosuppressive effects, stunted growth in children and liver cirrhosis. By assessing pre- and post-harvest handling and preparation techniques and recommending possible interventions at household level, Mutegi’s research seeks to identify risk factors associated with aflatoxin contamination from groundnuts in Homa Bay and Busia districts. This project is done in collaboration with
Y E A R B O O K
www.thekilimotrust.org
K E N Y A
Prof Kahangi is the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research Production and Extension) at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. She has worked as a regional coordinator for BIO-EARN, the $11 million (Sh880 million) Regional Programme and Research Network for Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biotechnology Policy Development. She does biotechnology research in productive and sustainable agriculture and bio-resource economy in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. She is known for pioneering Kenya’s tissue culture banana research, one of eastern Africa’s great biotechnology success stories. Kahangi is a Fulbright Senior Scholar. She was named by local magazines as the Woman of the Year 2004 and one of the top 50 women in East Africa in recognition of her contribution to technology development among farming communities.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Esther Kahangi
923
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning three key institutions: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Technoserve and Catholic Relief Services, which share the common goal of improving food security by increasing sources of income and the nutritional quality of diets.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Linnet Gohole
924
An agricultural entomologist, Dr Gohole is involved in research to promote under-used crops like indigenous leafy vegetables for food and nutritional security in western Kenya and eastern Uganda. She works with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and Makerere University in Uganda. She identifies various indigenous vegetable species and finds ways to improve their production, harvesting practices, seed production technologies and marketing strategies. She also collaborates with ICIPE on several projects on biological control of pests and sericulture techniques (the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk). Gohole has an MSc in Agricultural Entomology from Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and a PhD in Agricultural Entomology from Wegeningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands. She is a lecturer at Moi University. Lusike Wasilwa
A plant scientist, Dr Wasilwa’s research at KARI involves collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, ICIPE and Kenya Gatsby Trust to
disseminate mango production, processing and marketing technologies to farmers in Kenya. She works with farmers in Malindi and Kilifi districts to address knowledge gaps in the proper application of agrochemicals, and appropriate postharvest handling and processing technologies for mangoes. Through her work, between 300 and 500 farmers will be trained and have access to agrochemicals at affordable rates and gain skills that will improve their livelihoods. A programme officer, Wasilwa has an MSc in Horticulture from the University of Arkansas, US, and a PhD in Plant Science from the same university. Margaret Mulaa
Dr Mulaa received her PhD in Applied Entomology from University of Wales, UK. She also has an MSc in Applied Entomology from Imperial College, University of London, UK. A senior principal research scientist, Mulaa has been attached to KARI for more than two decades. She is also head of the Crop Protection Section at KARI, Kitale. At the research centre, she leads the Bt maize insect resistance management (IRM) component of the Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project. The IRMA project is a collaboration effort between scientists from Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maiz Trigo (CIMMYT) and KARI. It was launched in 1999 with the goal of increasing maize production and food security for African
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
farmers through the development of improved maize varieties that are resistant to insects, particularly stem borers. The project is largely funded by the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Development and seeks to identify conventional and novel sources of stem borer resistance and incorporates them into maize varieties suited to Kenyan conditions and to farmer and consumer preferences.
925
Economy, Science and Finance research and Planning
References
Saharan Africa. FAO (Food and Agriculture
•
Organisation of the United Nations), Rome,
Republic of Kenya, National Council for Science
Italy. 1994
and Technology, NCST NO. 45. Guidelines for Ethical Conduct of Biomedical Research Involv-
•
•
ing Research Scientists beyond the Doctoral
Republic of Kenya. The Science and Technol-
Level in Kenya. http://www.pubmedcentral. nih.gov
ogy Act. Government Printer 1980. •
•
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health. Kenya
•
Aids. Paper presented in a workshop on eth-
ment of HIV/AIDS Vaccines. 2005.
ical and legal issues in HIV vaccine research
Caballero B; Ethical Issues for Collaborative
and development in Kenya: The case of the
Research in Developing Countries. American
Kenya Aids vaccine initiative (KAVI) and Uni-
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol.76, No. 4, 717-
versity of Oxford collaborative research in
Eponou E; Partners in Technology Generation
Nairobi. July 15, 2004, Bangkok, Thailand •
and Jaoko Walter
Farmers Organisation in three selected African Countries. ISNAR Research Report No.9.The
•
•
Renewed Growth
entific Conference. Focus on Agricultural
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
926
•
1996-1998. The Policy Framework Paper
14-16, 1996.
prepared by the Government of Kenya, The IMF and The World Bank
Keriko M. J (JKUAT Nairobi): A paper on Bio•
•
Government of Kenya Vision 2030 Document
nesota, August 2007
•
Republic of Kenya: Economic Reforms for
changing Economic Environment. October
diesel Research and Production in Kenya. Min-
•
Republic of Kenya: Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986 on Economic Management for
Fungoh P O and Mbadi G C O; 5th Kari Sci-
Research for Sustainable Development in A
KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute). Annual Report. KARI, Nairobi, Kenya.1995
Hague: International Service for National Agricultural Research. 1996
The Kenya Aids Vaccine Initiative 10th Anniversary Speech delivered by Anzala Omu
and Transfer: Linkages between Research and
•
Rachier A D; International Conference on
National Guidelines for Research and Develop-
720, October 2002 •
Ochola I L and Gitau E; Challenges in Retain-
ing Human Subjects in Kenya. 2004.
Mwiria K; National Conference and Exhibition
•
https://webapps.sph.harvard.edu/Kenya
for Dissemination of Research Results and
•
www.africaprize.org
Review of Innovations. Kenyan Government
•
www.genderdiversity.cgiar.org
Commits to Fostering Enabling Environment for
•
www.gbmna.org
Research. April 28-30, 2008 in Nairobi.
•
www.icipe.org
Ngotho wa Kariuki; Association of African Uni-
•
www.kemri.org
versities Conference on Sustainable Develop-
•
www.kmfri.co.ke
ment in Africa: The Role of Higher Education. A
•
www.kaviuon.org
paper on the challenges of financing research
•
www.ncst.go.ke
in institutions of higher education in Africa.
•
www.uonbi.ac.ke
University of Buea, Cameroon. May 2009
•
www.wrm.org
Ndiritu C G; Funding agricultural research in
•
www.kefri.org
Kenya. In Funding Agricultural Research in sub-
•
www.kenyaaidsinstitute.org
27
Gender and children issues have in recent years
received a lot of attention from the Government. Programmes targeting widows, widowers, orphans and the advancement of women in public life have been implemented
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Gender and children’s affairs
927
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Gender and Children
928
Introduction
It refers to policies and actions which enhance the capacity and opportunities for the poor and vulnerable to improve and sustain their livelihoods and welfare. The policy looks at poverty in an
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K
Social Development
The least percentage a presidential directive has set for women recruited in the Civil Service, State corporations and Governments departments in recruitment
K E N Y A
30
2 0 1 0
K
enya has created an environment that recognises the potential and responsibilities of men and women in development. Strategies have been developed to address socio-cultural barriers that contribute to gender disparities and inability of women and the vulnerable to realise their full potential. The Ministry of Gender, Women and Social Welfare was set up to address these issues. In line with Kenya’s Vision 2030, the mandate of the ministry is to ensure equity, rights and empowerment of women, men and children by 2012 and protection, care and participation of men, women and children by 2012. The new Constitution (Chapter 2 (10 b) identifies national values to include human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalised. The Bill of Rights (Chapter 4) behoves State organs and public officers to address the needs of vulnerable groups, BY NUMBERS including women, older members of society, people with disabilities, children, the youth, minority or marginalised communities, and particular ethnic, religious or cultural communities.
929
Gender and Children
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Statistics on young people in Kenya
930
In 2006, Kenya had 21.248 million Kenyans below the age of 35 million were under the age of 45. This is 88 per cent of the population. Every year, four million young people become eligible to vote. Two million people or 6 per cent of the population are above 55 years. Only 294,000 people are more than 75 years old.
www.unicef.org
integrated and coordinated manner, gives priority to reduction of extreme poverty and advocates the provision of cash transfers for those who cannot support themselves. The aim is to address poverty and reduce vulnerability through a framework, which provides support to the poor and vulnerable, build their productive capacity, boost their movement out of poverty and reduce the vulnerability of falling into deeper poverty. The policy has been informed by international and local experiences. Kenya ratified the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which identifies social protectiontion as a fundamental human right for all citizens. Articles 22-26 focus on social protection. The Commission for African Union has also identified social transfers as a key tool in tackling extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Kenya is a signatory to the Livingston Declarations of 2006. The Conference committed governments under the African Union (AU) to improve on the implementation of social protection programme. In the Livingstone Call for Action, African governments
The Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development runs two social protection programmes — one for old people under the Social Welfare Division and the second on orphans and vulnerable children through the Department of Children’s Services. Cash for senior citizens
In the 2009-2010 Budget, Sh550 million ($7.3 million) was allocated for cash transfer programmes that guarantee money to the poorest and most vulnerable. This is a new programme that was piloted in 2007 in Nyando, Thika and Busia districts. It has been rolled out in 43 districts. The programme targets 30,000 households with people aged 65 years and above. The 43 districts were selected on the basis of the poverty index and HIV/Aids prevalence. Initially, the programme offered Sh1,000 ($12.5) a household a month. But the stipend has been increased to Sh1,500 ($18.75). Through district committees, the community identifies families to benefit. There is a national steering committee made up of line ministries — Northern Kenya and Arid and Lands, Health and Education. The Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development coordinates the committee.
2 0 1 0
In 2006, President Kibaki ordered that at least 30 per cent of public appointments at all levels be reserved for women. Following the decree, a Government department was charged with the responsibility of monitoring compliance by compiling and analysing reports from various sectors. The team has released the first bi-annual report on how the public sector is implementing the presidential decree on recruitment and promotion of women. It looks at the overall number of men and women hired in Government ministries and parastatals, and the positions they occupy. Data collected by the team from 32 ministries by May 2009 shows that women make 30.9 per cent and men 69.1 per cent of the workforce. In employment and promotion of women, three of the 42 ministries stood out: Gender, Children’s Affairs and Social Development, the State Law Office and Defence. Women constituted more than 50 per cent of the workforce in job group P and above, and 72 per cent in job group H and below. In parastatals, women employees are 39.2 per cent of the workforce, while 60.8 per cent are men. In city, municipal, county and town coun-
Social protection
Y E A R B O O K
30 per cent rule for women
cils, women employees make up more than the decreed 30 per cent.
K E N Y A
agreed to integrate social transfers in national development plans and budgets two to three years after the 2006 meeting.
931
Gender and Children
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Care for HIV/Aids patients
932
The objective is to build capacity of poor households and meet food and nutrition needs. The programme focuses on food assistance to orphans and vulnerable households, especially those headed by children, the old and those infected with HIV/Aids. The food aid provides nutritional supplement and income transfer that helps to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. It is supported by the World Food Programme (WFP) and provides anti-retroviral drugs. Currently, the programme has supported 46,000 people in about 5,000 households and 42,000 orphans and their caretakers in Busia, Bondo and Eldoret districts. In Bondo, children from households affected by HIV/Aids are taught better farming methods and given food. In Eldoret, the programme works with the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital to grow vegetables and train the community how to produce food. The objectives are to provide adequate food rations to orphans and families through community caregivers and improve the health of patients, including faster recovery from opportunistic infections, decreasing levels of immune suppression and lowering of mortality rates. The programme has enhanced skills of modern farming techniques among 67,800 caregivers from
vulnerable households. It has seen more people living with HIV/Aids receive information on appropriate nutrition and care practices through training. People with disabilities
A programme that guides policy on this group aims to identify, train and resettle people with disabilities in the wage and self-employment bracket to ensure their economic independence and ability to take part in national development. A law providing for the rights and rehabilitation, equal opportunities and the establishment of the National Council for Persons with Disabilities has been enacted. Its focus is to offer people with disabilities technical skills. There are 12 vocational rehabilitation centres with at least one in every province. Eastern and Coast provinces have two each. The programme will come up with marketoriented courses. The national policy for people with disabilities acknowledges their right to development and the need to address factors that push them into poverty. The programme has helped establish the National Council for Persons with Disabilities. Policy interventions are drawn from the UN and AU disability agenda. The programme has gained from the recent Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the African Decade for Persons with Disabilities.
2 0 1 0
Kenya promotes gender equality and women empowerment as an effective way of combating poverty, hunger and disease and stimulating development. Boosting gender issues is the Millennium Development Goal number three. Regionally, the African Union Gender Policy recognises that despite significant progress made in advancing gender equality, the gap is still wide. This is reflected in inequitable allocation of resources, unequal participation in decision-making, including peace processes, gender violence and harmful practices on women, denying them a chance to enjoy their human rights. Perhaps the biggest challenge facing Kenya today is how to create an enabling environment for gender
Y E A R B O O K
Gender Affairs
equality. Further, there is need to translate commitment into action using concrete strategies to eliminate persistent gender inequalities, and recognise the roles of women and men in development. The Division of Gender is charged with the responsibility of improving the efficiency and effective integration of policy formulation, planning and implementation. It promotes equality among men, women, boys and girls, and serves individuals, Government ministries and parastatals, NGOs and learning institutions. Its objectives are to promote gender and women’s empowerment in national development and to engender the national budget, coordinate the development, review and implementation of gender responsive policies and programmes and promote women’s rights and economic empowerment. It also identifies interventions for the reduction of sexual and gender violence and generates sex data to guide policy and programme intervention and supervises and monitors the implementation of the Women’s Enterprise Fund The division, in collaboration with stakeholders, has developed a manual to train officials in ministries and State corporations on gender issues, organisational structures, development of policy and allocation of resources for gender issues. About 100 officials are targeted in the initial training plan.
K E N Y A
It seeks to increase public awareness on the needs, aspirations and capacity of people with disabilities. The aim is to enhance their acceptance, participation and integration into society at the family, school and community levels. Public education will convey messages that people with disabilities have equal rights and obligations like other citizens. It would also enhance rehabilitation programmes, facilities, services and strategies to accommodate the needs of children and adults with disabilities.
933
Gender and Children
FGM
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Some communities practice female initiation or circumcision, which has invariably been referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM). The practice is on the wane and communal ceremonies are all but non-existent. Christianity and education have played a great role in reducing the incidences of FGM. In many communities, girls are initiated in new ways that do not involve the rite itself. However, the Government recognises FGM is a violation of women and girls’ human rights and denies them physical and mental integrity, right to life and education. The ministry has developed a national policy that emphasises Government protection of women and girls from violations, and that religion and culture must not be used to perpetuate the practice.
934
Gender-responsive budgeting
The main objective is to contribute to the review of policies, regulations and laws relating to the application and distribution of natural resources that perpetuates gender disparity. Gender-responsive budgeting seeks to ensure that the national Budget and devolved kitties such as Constituency Development and Local Authorities Trust funds address gender disparity. The National Commission on Gender and Development, a State corporation, also ensures that gender principles are applied in
reforms. It has organised workshops to train economists to be gender sensitive as they plan. It has educated MPs, finance and planning officers on gender indicators to enable them to understand genderresponsive planning. The aim of involving MPs is to seek their support for funds for women’s issues. National Commission on Gender and Development
In 2008,it became a State corporation under the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. But its history dates back to 2003 when it was set up to: • Coordinate, monitor, implement and provide oversight in gender empowerment in ministries and parastatals • Advise the Government on legal matters regarding women • Promote accountability for gender equity and equality • Uphold fairness and justice in the distribution of resources among men and women, boys and girls • Promote equal opportunities for women, men, boys and girls. • Lobby for laws and policies that eliminate discrimination against women • Seek the abolition of institutions, practices and customs that are detrimental to women dignity • Advise on institutional mechanisms which promote gender equity and equality in access to education, healthcare, nutrition, shelter, employment and
www.gender.go.ke/cash transfer programme for orphans and vulnerable children
cent recruitment and promotion of women. The Commission participated in the African Union and Comesa gender policies. Every March, the country is expected to report how the Comesa Gender Policy has been implemented.
Children’s affairs Kenya leads African governments in the protection of children. The key components determining the Government’s performance on protection of children include the ratification of international and regional legal instruments, laws that protect children against harm and exploita-
2 0 1 0
control of economic and national resources • Research on gender issues • Investigate gender rights violations and forward them to the relevant authorities • Evaluate ministries and departments’ reports on gender and women’s issues The commission’s areas of concern have been gender mainstreaming, gender violence and genderresponsive budgeting. This ensures equality in representation of men and women employed in Government departments. Ministries and parastatals are required to adhere to a presidential decree on 30 per
a committee to manage the programme at the local level, and also picks potential beneficiaries. For a household to be considered, it should have an orphan or vulnerable child, be extremely poor and must not be benefiting from a similar programme. To continue receiving payment, the caregiver has to ensure that OVCs are five years old and below, go for immunisation and growth monitoring. The caregiver also ensures thatchildren aged between six and 17 enrol and attend school, acquire birth certificates and attend awareness sessions. Selected caregivers get Sh3,000 ($37.5) after every two months through the post office.
Y E A R B O O K
The orphans and vulnerable children’s (OVCs) cash transfer programme was started in 2004 and is managed through the Department of Children’s Services. The programme provides social protection through regular and predictable cash transfer to poor households. It encourages fostering and retention of OVCs within families or communities. The programme has been implemented in 47 districts — 70,000 beneficiary households with about 210,000 OVCs. It is envisaged that by 2012, 150,000 households with about 450,000 orphans will be covered. In 2007-2008, the Government allocated Sh169 million ($2.11 million) for OVCs, which benefited 8,280
households in 30 districts. Development partners are supporting 17,500 households in seven other districts. In 2008-2009, the Government allocated Sh579 million ($7.72 million) for OVCs. It benefited 30,315 households in 40 districts, with UNICEF and Britain’s Department for International Development supporting 45,000 households in 14 districts. In 2009-2010, the Government allocated Sh815 million ($10.18 million), with additional funding expected from the World Bank, DfID and UNICEF. It is projected that the programme will cover 90,000 households at the end of the 2009/10 financial year in 47 districts. Socio-economic assessment is used in the selection of beneficiaries. The area advisory council educates the community, which in turn selects
K E N Y A
ORPHANS PROGRAMME
935
Gender and Children
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Statistics on senior citizens in Kenya
936
In conformity with the United Nations and the African Union, Kenya defines old people as those 65 years old and above. Kenya has about 1.5 million people aged 60 years and above or 4.8 per cent of the population. Older women are more than men and the highest concentration of the aged is in Nyanza and the Rift Valley provinces. Pension coverage in the country is low and limited to 3 per cent of the old population.
www.rba.go.ke
tion and a juvenile justice system, national plan of action and coordinating organisation on children’s rights. Child protection ranking puts Kenya on top, showing that it has performed well in laying legal and policy foundations for the protection of children. Laws protect children against harmful traditional practices, trafficking and sexual exploitation. It is one of the countries where corporal punishment is prohibited in schools and penal systems. A juvenile justice system has been established to deal with children’s cases. A Government agency coordinates national efforts and follows the implementation of children’s rights. In 2003, the Government introduced free primary education, which has resulted in high enrolment rates. The minimum age for marriage and employment in Kenya are consistent with internationally accepted standards for boys and girls. The Government and civil society analyse the situation of children and then write and present a report to
2 0 1 0 Y E A R B O O K
institutions: Government ones such as remand homes and rehabilitation schools and charitable institutions run by NGOs. The department encourages rehabilitation and integration of child offenders, and protection of all children. It also runs the cash transfer programme for orphaned and vulnerable children (See above). The Family Care Services section deals with adoption, foster care, guardianship and children in orphanages. Adopted and foster children are protected against abuse or exploitation. However, the National Children’s Policy says adoption societies should avoid separating siblings. The Institutional Care Services section deals with remand and rehabilitation, and works with district commissioners to place children under proper care. It ensures that children in conflict with the law are remanded, rehabilitated and re-integrated. Together with the National Council for Children’s Services, the section has defined guidelines for charitable institutions. For instance, rehabilitation schools are required to ensure that children are settled in comfortable, supportive and educative environment, in order to constructive lives. Personnel at rehabilitation homes must respect and protect the human dignity of children under supervision, and treat them with affection. The Department of Children’s Affairs and other partners have
K E N Y A
a convention in Geneva. Kenya has submitted two reports and domesticated the Convention on Children’s Rights through the Children’s Act. The country has also domesticated the African Charter on the Rights of the Child. In the new Constitution, children have the right to a name and nationality, free and compulsory basic education, basic nutrition, shelter and health care. They also have a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour. The new law also gives them a right to parental care and protection, not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held for the shortest appropriate period. The Department of Children’s Affairs is the lead Government agency that coordinates and supervises services and facilities designed to advance the wellbeing of children and their families. Its mandate is drawn from the Children’s Act, which provides for parental responsibility, fostering, adoption, custody, guardianship, care and protection of children. It also provides for the administration of children’s institutions, leadership, coordination, supervision and provision of services in promoting the rights and welfare of all children in Kenya. There are two types of children’s
937
Gender and Children
established a free child help line — 116 — where Kenyans can report cases of child abuse or violence. This was first established with the Government and Childline Kenya. Other partners such as the World Vision, UNICEF, International Overseas Migration (IOM), Plan International and telephone services providers Safaricom, Zain and Telkom later joined. The Government provided land and staff, while other partners took care of other logistics. Nairobi is the main line and the project has been rolled out in Mombasa, Eldoret and Garissa and other areas with child protection centres.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Children participation
938
Structures have been created to empower children in their families, schools, communities and nationally. This is done through Children’s Voices, a national programme that allows children to air their views on matters that affect them. The department, on recommendations from the UN Convention on Rights of Children, is working on a document to be used in educating opinion leaders and other stakeholders on the need to listen to children.
juvenile justice. The concept was first introduced in Trans Nzoia and Kisumu districts as well as Dagoretti Division in Nairobi before it rolled out countrywide. The volunteers are recruited by the Director of Children’s Services on the recommendation of local advisory councils. They complement the work of children’s officers. Volunteer officers ensure that the rights of children are protected, guide children in need of care and protection and rehabilitate and reintegrate child offenders into the community. They also promote collaboration with partners and stakeholders on children’s issues in the provision of services and act as secretaries to the locational area advisory council. Volunteer are dismissed if they contravene the code of conduct or commit criminal offences. National Council for Children’s Services
It is charged with securing the well being of children and oversees and policy direction on children’s affairs It approves registration of charitable children’s institutions, mobilises resources for children’s activities and formulates policies and guidelines for the benefit of the child.
Volunteer services
Volunteer officers are recruited to help provide services to children. The Kenya Volunteers Children’s Services Officer system was introduced under the Kenya-Japan collaboration for improvement of
Way forward
The department plans to: Speed up the implementation of children’s rights • Train people to deal with data collection and entry
International commitments Kenya is a signatory to international and regional human rights conventions: • Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights • International Covenant on Civil Political Rights • African Charter on Human and People’s Rights relating to the rights of women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) Kenya, for instance, signed and ratified the CEDAW in 1984, Beijing Platform for Action in 1995 and is committed to the Millennium Development Goals (2000). Kenya observes UN days and the Gender Division coordinates the International Women’s Day and the Zero Tolerance on FGM.
2 0 1 0
At independence, the Government identified illiteracy, disease, ignorance and poverty as the main problems to development. Involvement of the community was identified as the best method of combating the vices. It entails mobilisation and participation of communities, groups and individuals in socio-economic activities. The Government has helped communities through the Division of Community Development. It empowers communities through community mobilisation, formation and registration of self-help groups. So far, more than 650,000 self-help groups have been registered. The ministry plays an important role in community mobilisation for ministries, NGOs and community-based organisations (CBOs). Women, youth, men and special groups have been registered. They engage in income-generation, community and social welfare projects. In 2008, to complement community efforts, the division gave Sh6 million ($75,000) to 2,046 groups in the districts.
Y E A R B O O K
Community development
Another 1,300 groups were targeted in the 2009/2010 financial year. The division also trains group leaders, mainly on management skills. In 2007 and 2008, more than 14,000 leaders were trained. In the 2009-10, 455 leaders from 91 districts were trained. The division has a data bank of registered groups and their activities. It also seeks to develop an organisational development training manual on community development, analyse community grants and monitor and evaluate community activities.
K E N Y A
• Strengthen donor-coordination, monitoring and evaluation, especially of children’s institutions. • Train officers, including volunteers, area advisory councils and officials in Government institutions dealing with children • Seek to stop new media that offer pornographic material from negatively influencing children.
939
Gender and Children
Gender commission
References 1. Service Delivery Charter for The National Council of Children’s Services 2. Strategic Plan 2008-2012, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development 3. The National Children Policy 4. The Africa Report on Child Wellbeing 2008: How Child Friendly are African Government; Africa Policy Forum 5. Strategic Plan 2008-2012: National Council for Children’s Services 6. Strategic Plan, Department of Children’s Services 7. The Handbook for Volunteer Children’s Officers 8. Guidelines for Child Participation in Kenya, Unicef 9. National Standards and Regulation for Statutory Children’s Institutions 10. Citizens Service Delivery Charter, Department of Children’s Services 11. The Children’s Act; Kenya Gazette Supplement, No 95 (Act No 8), 2001 12. Code of Conduct and Ethics for Volunteer Children Officers in Kenya 13. Guidelines for the Women Enterprise Fund 14. National Disability Policy 2006
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
15. Draft National Social Protection Policy 2009
The National Commission on Gender and Development was established by an Act of Parliament in 2003. It was launched in November, 2004 as a parastatal in the then Ministry of Gender, Sports, Culture and Social Services. The Commission coordinates, implements and facilitates gender issues in national development and advises the Government on the issues. Its clients are: Men, women, boys, girls, women and community organisations, NGOs, Government ministries and donors.
www.gendercommission.com
940
16. Kenya Gazette Supplement Act, 2003; Kenya Gazette Supplement 11 17. Service Charter; National Commission on Gender and Development 18. Plan of Action (2008-2012) to implement the National Policy on Gender and Development 19. Training Manual on Gender Mainstreaming 20. Kenya Gender Data Sheet 21. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Gender Mainstreaming 22. Bi-Annual Report on 30 per cent Affirmative Action on Employment and Recruitment of Women in the Public Service, December 2008 23. Second Bi-Annual Report on 30 per cent Affirmative Action on Employment and Recruitment of Women in Public Service, June 2009 24. National Gender and Development Policy 2000 25. Final Draft of national Policy on FGM 26. Draft National Community Development Policy
28
a region where illiteracy and hardship reign supreme. But the reality is different — it is a land of untapped resources, a real oasis in the desert.
K E N Y A
Northern Kenya is perceived as unsafe,
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Northern Kenya and regional development
941
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Northern Kenya and regional development
942
Oasis in the north For instance, infant mortality rate is more than double the national average. Drought has wreaked havoc in the region. In 2004, households in northern Kenya lost 40 per cent of their cattle, compromising the region’s food security. Lack of adequate food and water, inadequate pasture and negative cultural beliefs have made the region volatile. Insecurity is exacerbated by availability of small arms through the porous borders. The problems have been complicated by stiff competition for resources, especially water and pasture, touching off clashes and bloody conflicts.
Number of districts in arid and semi-arid region of Kenya. They include Garissa, Ijara, Lagdera, Fafi, Tana Delta, Wajir, Mandera, Moyale, Marsabit, Isiolo, Pokot, Samburu and Baringo.
See more information below
Y E A R B O O K
28
2 0 1 0
BY NUMBERS
K E N Y A
N
orthern Kenya and other arid regions region have punishing terrain and harsh weather. It rarely rains and when it does, calamities plague the residents. During the colonial times, the region was regarded as a wilderness. Venturing to the Northern Frontier District, as the region was then known, without permission was considered suicidal. In 1994, absolute poverty levels stood at 65 per cent in northern Kenya. Six years later, the situation changed for the worse, shooting up to 73 per cent. To turn around the fortunes of northern Kenya and other arid lands, about Sh309.5 billion (about $4.1 billion) is needed over 20 years. The new Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya and Arid Lands was created in recognition of the unique challenges facing the region. The docket covers 28 districts, among them Garissa, Ijara, Lagdera, Fafi, Tana Delta, Wajir, Mandera, Moyale, Marsabit, Isiolo, Pokot, Samburu and Baringo. Others that are not geographically in northern Kenya are Laikipia, Narok, Trans Mara, Kajiado, Igembe, Tigania, Tharaka, Nyeri North, Mbooni, Lamu, Msambweni, Kilifi, Malindi and Taita Taveta. This region is largely underdeveloped and lags behind other parts of the country.
943
Northern Kenya and regional development
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
The arid north
944
North-Eastern Province, formerly known as Northern Frontier District, is Kenya’s third largest region. Add Isiolo, Marsabit and Moyale districts (in Upper Eastern Province) and Turkana in the Rift Valley, and the region is 50 per cent of the country’s land mass. The region is perceived as unsafe, devoid of water and where illiteracy and hardship reign supreme. But the reality is different — it is a land of spirited and cultured people and untapped resources of nature and people. www.thegcg.org
Arid lands management The ministry was not created in a vacuum. It foundation is the Arid Lands Resource Management Programme, which has been funded by the World Bank for 12 years. The programme has since been upgraded into a department. The new ministry is a ray of hope for residents. Several projects have been lined up for the region. Before the creation of the ministry, the Government started the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy, which became the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (ERS) between 2003 and 2007. Implementation of ERS ended in 2008 with excellent results: The economy in the arid and semi-arid areas shot up from 0.6 per cent in 2002 to 6.3 per cent in 2007. Growth in
2 0 1 0
Northern Kenya will get about Sh14 billion ($186.4 million) annually from Government to finance key projects. In five years, the Government will spend Sh52.5 billion ($698.1 million) in a strategic plan covering up to 2012. The ministry plans to spend Sh11.56 billion ($153.7 million) in 2009/2010 to implement projects in arid and semi-arid areas. The Government will also implement a European Union-funded disaster emergency response project that will cost Sh628 million ($8.4 million). About Sh2.5 billion ($33.8 million) has been allocated to the Arid Lands Resource Management Project for drought management and other challenges. Besides irrigation, the ministry plans to improve the people’s livelihood by equipping them with skills on planning, early conflict warning and response. Using monthly bulletins, the ministry plans to provide early warning systems to alert the people about changing weather conditions and enable them to manage drought. So far, 336 monthly bulletins have been printed since 2008. An additional 672 are planned for the
Y E A R B O O K
Grand plans
next two years to boost response to early warning signs, declaration of drought emergency, get feedback and provide technical assistance. Steering groups have been trained in drought management in six districts. The ministry is constructing three canals in irrigation schemes in Mandera, Turkana and Garissa districts. It has also allocated Sh532 million ($7.1 million) to fund water projects in Maralal, Wajir, Marsabit, Turkana, Fafi, Mandera, Kajiado Central, Kilifi, Kyuso and Kieni. The ministry plans to ensure that at least 25,000 residents of Wajir town have access to water and sanitation services through the creation of Wajir Water and Sanitation Company. The project will be replicated in Marsabit, Maralal and Moyale where similar organisations will be established and 65,000 residents provided with safe water and sanitation services. The construction of a 54km canal connecting Tana River and Garissa districts will offer additional water to the residents in the delta once the project is completed in 2011. At the same time, an ambitious waterharvesting project has been implemented in Gurufa, Gabaya, Griftu, Fafi, Bute, Turkana and Kitui to mitigate chronic water scarcity. This will boost water availability in arid areas, especially when three major projects are completed in 2012. Construction of a university in the region starts in 2010. It will boost
K E N Y A
agriculture grew from negative 3 per cent to 5.4 per cent between 2002 and 2006. The new ministry has broken new ground by marshalling resources and making the future of the five million residents brighter.
945
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Northern Kenya and regional development
946
the capacity of skilled manpower. To uplift the standards of education, the Government set aside Sh200 million ($2.7 million) for 2009/10 to finance key projects — construction and equipping of seven boarding primary schools and three secondary schools. The Government has already established mobile schools in Isiolo and Garbatula to boost literacy and raise the number of students enrolling and completing secondary education. Two boarding schools have been established in Riongo in Baringo and Ngoora in West Pokot so that children from the nomadic communities can attend school. To promote education in marginalised areas, the ministry is in the process of establishing a National Commission on Nomadic Education, which will offer incentives to students from the region. To boost food security, the ministry plans to put an additional one million hectares in Tana and Athi River basins under cultivation. At the same time, the Government has established food security status in 28 drought-prone districts and targets to introduce short and long rain rapid food assessments in drier districts. To combat waterborne diseases in the affected districts, the ministry has started programmes to improve sanitation and hygiene for residents of Wajir. The number of households with access to safe and clean water has increased.
In its four-year strategic plan, the ministry plans to set up two veterinary laboratories in each district to improve animal health services. The Government is also creating two disease-free zones in Galana and Isiolo. Because residents in arid and semi-arid areas depend solely on livestock, the ministry plans to support an insurance scheme to mitigate losses from drought and disease. To light up the northern corridor and attract investors, Sh100 million ($1.3 million) will be spent to develop independent electricity supply for new districts’ headquarters. Five locations have been identified for the project: Bute (Wajir North), Majalani (Ijara), Lokitaung (Turkana North), Laisamis and Chalbi (Marsabit). The face of northern Kenya will change when the construction of the 800km Garissa-Wajir-Hola, Rumuruti-Maralal-and-Merti-HadadoMoyale roads are completed.
Film business And to break dependency on livestock, Isiolo and Kilifi will be transformed into resort cities. Isiolo has won international recognition with major films shot in the district. They include ‘Born Free’, ‘Out of Africa’, To Walk with the Lions’ and CBS TV blockbuster series, ‘Survivor Africa’. Isiolo is ideal for filming because of its proximity to Mt Kenya and its lush vegetation, providing breathtaking scenery and wildlife sanctu-
Second port The establishment of a second port in Lamu will also open up northern Kenya. Infrastructure development in the region is planned to coincide with the project that is billed to be one of the biggest in the region. A road will be built linking Addis Ababa in Ethiopia and Kigali in Rwanda to the port. The multi-faceted project will comprise a standard gauge rail, road networks, oil pipeline and an airport in Lamu. The proposed railway line will speed up movement of goods and reduce travel time as modern trains cruise for more than 280km an hour. It will enter Kenya through Kakuma, then Turkana, Maralal, Isiolo, Garissa, Bura and Garsen to Lamu. The railway and the super highway will run parallel to a pipeline, breathing new life into the region. The projects linked to the Lamu port will create new jobs for the residents and give Ethiopia access to international markets. It will also open up Ethiopia, with an estimated population of 80 million people, to Kenyan entrepreneurs. Kenya, too, will have access to relatively cheap oil from Southern Sudan, a major beneficiary of the proposed oil pipeline through
2 0 1 0
International focus has recently shifted to Isiolo following the commencement of oil exploration in Merti by a Chinese company. If the outcome is positive, life in Isiolo, northern Kenya and the country in general will never be the same again. It will change the residents’ fortunes and expose the region to unprecedented financial interest and returns.
The Shifta War (1963–1967) was a secessionist conflict in which ethnic Somalis in the Northern Frontier District (NFD) of Kenya attempted to join with their fellow Somalis in a Greater Somalia. The Kenya Government called the conflict ‘shifta’ after the Somali word for ‘bandit’. The war ended in 1968 when Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, President of Somalia, signed a ceasefire with Kenya. However, the violence in Kenya deteriorated into disorganised banditry, with occasional episodes of secessionist agitation, for the next several decades. The war and violence caused large-scale disruption to the way of life in the region. In 1967, Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda mediated peace talks between Somalia and Kenya. In October 1967, the two governments signed an agreement that led to a ceasefire.
Y E A R B O O K
Oil exploration
The ‘Shifta’ War
K E N Y A
aries. Proximity to Chalbi Desert makes the area even more popular with film-makers.
947
Northern Kenya and regional development
which its product will reach the international market. Exporting through the Port of Sudan is not only risky, but also expensive due to the long distance.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Peace
948
To promote peace and harmony in arid and semi-arid areas, the Government has started various projects. The ministry plans to enhance national cohesion between the north and southern parts of the country. This will promote better understanding and closer integration between marginalised areas and the rest of the country. To end hostility between warring communities in the region, the Government has initiated meetings to build peace. Integrating the communities will improve security, boost development and safeguard the residents’ most precious resource — cattle — which has been targeted by rustlers who exploit insecurity to terrorise and impoverish the residents.
Regional development Regional development is critical to wealth creation. Effective planning, development and implementation of integrated programmes and projects contribute to balanced regional development through employment creation, equitable distribution of resources and rural-urban balance. Regional authorities have changed the lives of Kenyans through pro-poor projects. Kenya
has six regional authorities: Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority (Tarda), Kerio Valley Development Authority (KVDA), Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA), Ewaso Ng’iro North Development Authority, Ewaso Ng’iro South Development Authority and Coast Development Authority (CDA). They promote integrated development in their areas of jurisdiction through projects that provide hydropower, flood control, water for irrigation, domestic and industrial use as well as environmental conservation. Unbalanced development has led to disparities, which formed
Achievements The ministry created a Regional Development Department — to coordinate operations at the ministry —regional development authorities (RDAs) and a Regional Devel-
www.thegcg.org.northern-kenyauniversitynorku-initiative
Y E A R B O O K
Although the region has many primary and secondary schools, it has no tertiary institution. The Northern Kenya University Initiative, NORKU, is to plan and build a university in the region. The initiative is voluntary and invites stakeholders, donors, Government and others to join and develop the idea that will revolutionise higher learning. It is sponsored by Generation for Change and Growth, the professional and monetary contribution of groups and individuals.
K E N Y A
the basis of the creation of the Ministry of Regional Development. Regional authorities were formed with the overall goal of ensuring sustainable management of basinbased resources for equitable and balanced development to reverse the disparities in some regions. They benefit the communities through poverty reduction, income-generation, employment creation and environmental management in line with the aspirations enumerated in Vision 2030. The ministry contributes to rural development through the authorities.
2 0 1 0
University in the north
949
Northern Kenya and regional development
opment Policy, which is under review. The ministry also prepared a strategy to address the funding constraints in the RDAs. The achievements of the ministry and RDAs are: Access to water resources
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
TARDA
950
Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority covers 138,000km square — 100,000km of Tana basin and 38,000km of Athi basin. It is divided into three: Upper zone – Mt Kenya and Aberdares region to the lower Murang’a District Middle Zone – lower Murang’a up to Garissa Lower Zone – catchment below Garissa town, Sabaki and the coastal region. Administratively, it covers most of Central Province, southern Eastern Province, riverine portion of North Eastern Province along the Tana River (Garissa and Ijara districts) and parts of Coast where the Tana and Athi drain into the Indian Ocean.
www.regional-dev.go.ke
• 40 wells have been rehabilitated in Gem, Siaya District • In 2004, a study was done and it has resulted in the implementation of the Kimira-Oluch Irrigation and Water Supply Project that will benefit about 3,000 households in Homa Bay and Rachuonyo districts • Construction of a weir across River Yala in Bondo/Siaya. The water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and livestock. The project will be scaled up for mini-hydro power production • Construction of an earth dam in Bangale, Tana River District • 15 water pans have been built in various districts: Samburu (seven), Ijara (one), Koibatek (three) and Baringo East (four) • Three water supply schemes in Keiyo District • Rehabilitation of irrigation furrows (15km) in Tot and Arror projects • Construction of an irrigation intake at Elelea Irrigation Project, Turkana South • Laying of a 1.5km-water supply pipeline at Kimao Dam, Baringo. • Seventy-seven water supply facilities completed and commissioned under Ewaso Ng’iro North Natural Resource Project. Management of natural resources
• Regional masterplans developed for Ewaso Ng’iro North Development Authority and Ewaso Ng’iro South Development Authority and data collected in the other
• 33 high-yield breeding animals provided or sold to farmers as incalf heifers or bull calves • 16 youth groups and 160 farmers trained on diversification, honey production and value addition in livestock • Three demonstration units of Vanilla and Jathropha established in CDA region • 1,030 acres of land rehabilitated and support for crop produc-
Fisheries and aquaculture
Ongoing projects The Lake Basin Development Authority’s (LBDA) Kimira-Oluch Irrigation project in Rachuonyo and Homa Bay at Sh3.2 billion ($42.5 million). It is funded by the African Development Bank. The Ewaso Ng’iro South Development Authority’s Mau Integrated Conservation Project at Sh400 million ($5 million). The project is part of the 988,422 acres of Mau complex that are being restored. The Ewaso Ng’iro North Natural
2 0 1 0
• 970,000 fingerlings produced and sold to farmers to improve fish farming and income generation • 97 community ponds and two fish landing sites rehabilitated • 104 new ponds constructed • 247 farmers trained on aquaculture • 400 fishing gear given to fishermen in Lake Turkana • Three fishermen’s saving credit schemes established at the Coast
Y E A R B O O K
Agriculture and livestock production
tion provided under irrigation in Malindi (150 acres), Marakwet (200 acres) and Central Pokot (680 acres) districts • 225 acres of rangeland have been re-seeded with indigenous perennial grasses for seed and pasture • 600 acres, targeting 500 households, planted under the Integrated Tea Development in Trans Mara District
K E N Y A
four RDAs • 3,715,000 tree seedlings produced for conservation and commercial forestry • 26 acres of commercial woodlots established • Two commercial tree crop nurseries and eight community income-generating tree nurseries established • Five awareness and education workshops for conservation of Mau Forest Complex held • Support from development partners¬ mobilised for the conservation of the Maasai Mau Forest. The donors are UNEP and KFWG, among others. About Sh400 million is targeted • 30 acres of trees established under the ‘Green Schools Programmes’ in 20 institutions • 124 acres of forest cover established in Ewaso Ng’iro North • 55 community groups trained in Ewaso Ng’iro North
951
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Northern Kenya and regional development
952
Resource Conservation, at a cost of Sh2.5 billion ($31.2 million) started in 2006/07, seeks to reduce poverty through natural resources conservation and management. It will rehabilitate 229 water pans and create 34 new ones, rehabilitate 54 boreholes and sink 47 new ones, build four flood water storage structures (50,000 cubic metres capacity) and boost beekeeping, gums and resins. Other ongoing projects are Malindi Social Health Integrated Project funded by the Italian Government at Sh240 million ($3 million). The project started in 2007/08 and is expected to expand, rehabilitate and construct primary and secondary schools, health centres, dispensaries and fisheries centres in Ngomeni, Malindi. Studies on the following projects are underway the Northern Kenya Central Abattoi, Sondu Miriu Hydropower Project and Arror Integrated Development Programme The ministry’s implementation of the 2008-2012 strategic plan is expected to realise the objectives of Vision 2030. The benefits will be the creation of 213,000 direct and 956,000 indirect jobs, development of 5.5 million acres of land through irrigation and environmental conservation of 3.9 million acres. Other benefits are better water storage and supplies for domestic, livestock, fisheries and industrial use by 15.746 million cubic meters, increased power generation by feeding 630MW to the national grid.
LBDA The Lake Basin Development Authority’s area of jurisdiction covers the entire catchment areas of the major rivers that drain into Lake Victoria. The area measures 39,000km square and covers Nyanza and Western provinces and parts of the Rift Valley Province. It comprises 27 districts. The population is about 12 million and is expected to increase to about 15 million by 2010. It is mandated to be a catalyst for economic development of the lake region through promotion of investments and integrated community initiatives.
www.regional-dev.go.ke
References •
www.regional-dev.go.ke
•
www.northernkenya.go.ke
•
www.oxfam.org.uk/resources
•
wikipedia.org
29
and the country a top tourist destination whose marketing has gone beyond the traditional sources in Europe to Asia and the Middle East
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Tourism is Kenya’s top foreign exchange earner
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9 2 0 1 0
Tourism and wildlife
953 953
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Tourism and Wildlife
954
Introduction
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
3
2 0 1 0 0 9
K
enya is one of the world’s great tourism destinations, known for its diversity of landscape, wildlife and cultures. From sweeping savannahs to tropical beaches and coral reef, dense equatorial forests to mighty snow capped mountains and more, Kenya is a world unto itself. Kenya is Africa’s original safari destination, attracting explorers, adventurers and travellers for centuries. A safari to Kenya is the trip of a lifetime. Tourism earnings rose from BY NUMBERS Sh52.7 billion ($658.75 million) in 2008 to Sh62.5 billion ($781.25 million) in 2009. Volume of international arrivals rose by 23.9 per cent from 1.2 million visitors in 2008 to Number of tourists in 1.5 million in 2009. millions expected to visit The number of visitors Kenya by 2012, up from to game parks and reserves below two million visitors increased by 46 per cent to in 2009/2010 2.4 million in 2009, while tourists to museums, snake parks and historical sites rose from 493,000 in 2008 to 763,000 in 2009.
955
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
In 2009, the hotels sub-sector recorded impressive business, with the number of bed-nights occupied increasing by 68.8 per cent to 6.2 million from 3.7 million in 2008. The turnaround in the tourism sector is attributed to successful promotion, recovery from the effects of the post-election violence and the global recession and political stability. The growth in the sector has been sustained in 2010 due to improved economic performance and a rebound in global economy. The Ministry of Tourism also promotes domestic tourism so that Kenyans can discover the great natural and cultural wealth of their homeland. Competitive offers by industry players and the Tembea Kenya Initiative, a public-private initiative aimed at promoting domestic tourism in the absence of inbound
tourists, helped boost local visits. Tourism has contributed immensely to job creation. Employment in the sector accounts for nine per cent of total wage employment, and is also a major source of revenue for the Government in taxes, duties, licences and entry fees. As a major source of employment, it accounts for at least 400,000 jobs in the formal sector and more than 600,000 in the informal sector. The Ministry of Tourism formulates policy and co-ordinates the implementation of strategies aimed at developing the sector. The 20082012 strategic plan identifies tourism as a key economic activity with massive opportunity for growth. Vision 2030 has set goals for the sector, among them the transformation of Kenya into one of the top 10 destinations for long-haul tourists by
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Table 1: Visitors Arrivals 2004-2009 (in thousands) Purpose
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008*
2009
Holiday
885.6
1,063.10
1,087.40
1,278.50
936.10
1,061.2
Business
246.4
206.1
226.2
242.2
109.40
180.6
Transit
162.2
79.8
137.1
130.9
62.00
98.4
Other
66.5
129.9
149.9
165.2
95.80
150.2
TOTAL
1,360.7
1,478.9
1,600.6
1,816.8
1,203.3
1,490.4
Table 2: Visitors Departure By Purpose of Visit, 2004-2009 (‘000s) Purpose
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008*
2009
Holiday
856.2
1,027.1
1,078.0
1,232.0
891.7
1,064.9
Business
255.8
201.6
219.5
232.3
108.9
169.3
Transit
147.9
71.6
116.9
124.6
65.2
97.4
Other
60.3
160.7
164.0
183.3
77.3
136.6
TOTAL
1,320.2
1,461.0
1,578.4
1,772.2
1,143.1
1,468.2
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
956
Top foreign exchange earner Currently, the sector accounts for about 10 per cent of Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), making it the third largest contributor after agriculture and manufacturing. It is also the country’s leading foreign exchange earner. It generated Sh62.5 billion ($781.25 million) in 2009, up from Sh52.7 billion ($658.75 million) in 2008. In 2007, the best tourism year ever, earnings were a massive Sh65.4 billion ($817.5 million) in 2007 up from Sh21.7 billion ($271.25 million) in 2002. Under Vision
Y E A R B O O K
increasing the number of visitors from below two million annually to three million by 2012.
K E N Y A
For 2008-2012, the ministry’s goals are to: (a) Increase international visitors from 1.8 million in 2007 to three million in 2012 (b) Increase average spending per visitor from Sh40,000 ($500) in 2006 to Sh70,000 ($875) in 2012. (c) Treble annual national earnings from Sh65.4 billion ($817.5 million) in 2007 to Sh200 billion ($2.5 billion) in 2012. The plan envisages mobilisation of resources beyond Government allocations and outlines potential sources of funds. It is projected that the ministry will require Sh116 billion ($1.45 billion) for strategies and activities in the period.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tourism’s strategic plan
957
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Bisanandi Reserve The 606sq km wildlife sanctuary is also called Kinna National Reserve. It is managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service. It is next to the Meru National Park and the border between the two parks is the traditional boundary between the Meru and Borana peoples of Eastern Province. The reserve was opened in September 1979. The contact: telephone number is — 254 0164 20163
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
[email protected]
958
2030, the country hopes to increase tourism earnings to Sh200 billion ($2.5 billion) by 2012. In 2007, tourism maintained an upward momentum by recording about two million visitor arrivals, up from 1.6 million in 2006, reflecting a 12.5 per cent growth. Consolidated tourism earnings grew from Sh56.2 billion ($702.5 million) in 2006 to Sh65.4 billion ($817.5 million) in 2007, reflecting an 11.6 per cent growth. The good performance has been attributed to growth in business and conference tourism as Kenya stamps its authority as the
hub in East and Central Africa. The 2007 post-election violence had a negative impact on tourism. Tourism earnings declined 34.7 per cent in 2008. However, it improved by 19.5 per cent in 2009. But the Government has worked hard to win back tourists and the efforts began to pay off in 2009 when Tourism Minister Najib Balala was named Africa Tourism Minister of the Year. The prize was presented at the Africa Tourism Investors Summit and Award Gala in Maputo, Mozambique.
National parks and game reserves
National parks and reserves are the foundation of tourism in Kenya. Kenya has 23 national parks, 26 national reserves, four national marine parks, six national marine reserves and four national sanctuaries. The main parks are: Nairobi,
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kogelo, the ancestral home of US President Barack Obama’s father, receives streams of visitors ever since he announced his candidature for the presidency. The guests range from curious locals and journalists to international tourists. The ministry has declared the home a world heritage site. Obama’s victory in November 2008 transformed Kogelo into a major tourist attraction. Most taxis in the nearby Kisumu town were hired out and hotels fully booked
Y E A R B O O K
Obama’s ancestral village
K E N Y A
Tourist destinations
the weekend preceding Obama’s victory. Taxis doubled their charges from Sh3,000 ($37.5) to Sh6,000 ($75) a day and still got passengers — an indication of the village’s economic potential. Taxi operators, hotels and restaurants near Kogelo have recorded brisk business since due to the high number of tourists streaming to the village. Reports indicate that a significant number of bookings are made locally and online, and in some instances hotels have had to refer clients to outlying areas. Indications that the Government would elevate the US President’s ancestral home to celebrity status became clear when the 10km stretch from the main road to the village was upgraded. On the night Obama won the election, Kenya Power and Lighting Company technicians connected a line from the main road to his ancestral home, lighting up a village that had hitherto been without electricity. These developments have begun to attract investors. Already, an entrepreneurial resident has leased out a portion of his land to a developer who is putting up a hotel.
959
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
960
Hell’s Gate, Lake Nakuru, Longonot, Aberdares, Meru, Mt Kenya, Mt Elgon, Siwa Swamp, Tsavo East, Tsavo West, Arabuko Sokoke and Marsabit. The main attractions are the natural scenery, wildlife, birds and cultural dances and artefacts of the communities that live next to the protected areas. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) manages national parks Game reserves are under local authorities. The key ones are Masai Mara, Samburu, Shaba and Buffalo Springs, Tana River, Amboseli, Shimba Hills, Kakamega Forest, Lake Bogoria, Boni, Businadi and Arawale. The number of visitors to game parks and national reserves rose from 1.6 million in 2008 to 2.38 million in 2009. All parks and reserves, except Meru and Watamu, registered more visitors in 2009. Substantial influx was recorded at the Masai Mara Game Reserve, Impala Sanctuary in Kisumu and the Tsavo East National Park.
Masai Mara Game Reserve Covering more than 1,500sq km, the Mara is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Kenya. It is located in the Great Rift Valley in open grassland. Wildlife is most concentrated on the reserve’s western escarpment. The Masai Mara is regarded as the jewel of Kenya’s wildlife viewing areas. The world famous annual wildebeest’s migration is the key attrac-
Nyahururu Falls Initially called Thomson Falls, the picturesque waterfall (7800 feet above the sea) is at the base of the Aberdare Ranges. It is south-east of Nyahururu Town overlooking the Ole Ngare Naro River. The lodge at the falls is an hour’s drive from Mt Kenya on the Nyeri-Nyahururu road. For those on Safari to Lakes Nakuru, Baringo and Bogoria, the lodge is ideal for an overnight stop. It can accommodate 55 people in brick cottages built by English settlers in the 1930s or in the Swiss-chalet style houses. It is named after Joseph Thomson, a romantic Scot, who was the first European to see the waterfalls.
www.africanmeccasafaris.com
tion to the reserve. The migration involves more than 1.5 million animals, which arrive in July and depart in November. The swampy land provides more access to water and less access to tourists. The eastern end is closest to Nairobi and hence easier to access. The reserve has close to 100 species of mammals, amphibians and reptiles and more than 400 bird species. It is an area of gently rolling hills, woodland and acacia trees, watered by the Mara and Talek rivers and opens onto the Serengeti plains of
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Tanzania. Much of the wildlife can be divided into mammals, birds and reptiles. Mammals in the game reserve are carnivores, primates and ungulates (hoofed animals). Carnivores include the lion, cheetah, leopard, hyena genet, jackal, mongoose, serval and wild dog. Primates include the baboon, bushbaby and monkey. Odd-toed ungulates include rhino and zebra. Even-toed ungulates are buffalo, giraffe, hippo, warthog and antelope (bushbuck, dik-dik, duiker, eland, gazelle, hartebeest, impala, klipspringer, kudu, oribi, reedbuck, roan antelope, topi, waterbuck and wildebeest). The so-called ‘Big Five’ are buffalo, elephant, leopard, lion and rhino. The ‘Big Nine’ extends this to include cheetah, zebra, giraffe and hippo. The general location of animals depends on the habitat. Vegetation varies according to the type of soil and drainage, but is also influenced by fire, rain and grazing animals. ‘Grassland’ is most common, especially in areas of poor drainage, frequent fires or heavy grazing — supporting a wide range of herbivores, which prefer different grasses and shoots. ‘Bushland’ is vulnerable to fire and foraging elephants. It is also the favourite place of rhino. ‘Woodland’ is populated with acacia trees with rich edible leaves — monkeys and giraffes can be found here. The rivers are the home of the hippo and crocodile. Residents can stay at the various lodges in the Mara — Keekorok, Mara Serena, Mara Sopa — and camps such as Fig Tree, Governor’s, Intrepids Club, Kichwa Tembo, Mara Buffalo, Mara Cottar’s, Mara River and Mara Sarova. Some guidelines when staying at the Mara are useful: • Keep noise to a minimum to avoid disturbing the wildlife
961
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Central Island National Park
962
The 5km square park is in Lake Turkana, 800km from Nairobi. The major attractions are three scenic crater lakes — Crocodile, Flamingo and Tilapia. It also has an active volcano. The national park is a breeding ground for crocodiles and offers excellent site for viewing and photography. Access from Nairobi is through the Nairobi-Moyale road or Maralal-Loiengalani through Baragoi and South Horr. From Lake Turkana, visitors take boat rides from Sibiloi National Park or Lodwar. Visitors can also fly to two airstrips at Sibiloi. www.kws.go.ke
• Listen and enjoy the natural sounds of the Mara • Do not litter or remove any plants, wildlife or other items • Don’t feed the animals or take pets with you • Leave your vehicle or camp at designated areas • Don’t light fires unless permitted • Don’t hang out of your vehicle or sit on the roof • Don’t try to stroke passing lion cubs, • Use a local driver or guide — they are familiar with the area • If you drive yourself, remember animals
2 0 1 0 0 9
This is Kenya’s oldest animal sanctuary, and the first to be gazetted on December 16, 1946. It is a 10-minute drive from Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi. The Nairobi National Park is 117sq km is a unique ecosystem and the only protected area in the world close to a capital city. The park is only seven kilometres from Nairobi city centre. It is the only wildlife park in the world that is that close to a capital city. Kenya is the only place where a resident or visitor can leave the comfort of a five-star hotel, go for a game drive in 10 minutes and see a leopard, rhino or giraffe and return to play golf at a course in the heart of the city. The savannah ecosystem comprises different vegetation types. Open grass plains with scattered acacia bush are predominant. The western side has a highland dry forest and a permanent river. To the south are the Athi-Kapiti Plains and Kitengela migration corridor, which are important wildlife dispersal areas during the rainy season. Manmade dams in the park have added a further habitat, favourable to spe-
Y E A R B O O K
Nairobi National Park
cies of birds. The park has about 100 mammal species, the major wildlife attractions being the black rhino, lion, leopard, cheetah, hyena, buffaloes, giraffe, zebra, wildebeest, elands. Birdlife, too, is diverse with more than 400 species recorded. They include at least 20, which are seasonal European migrants. Other attractions include the ivory burning site monument, Nairobi Safari Walk, the Orphanage and walking trails at hippo pools. The park has seven gates — two are for KWS service use only. The other gates are: KWS headquarters on Langata Road, Cheetah, Langata, Maasai, and Mbagathi and Banda service gates. Entry to the park is by Safari Card only. Safari cards may be obtained and loaded at the main gate. Proof of identification, however, is required — passports, national identity cards and re-entry pass. The park has facilities for corporate events, bush dinners, weddings, picnics, team building sessions, video and film production at Mokoyiet, King Fisher, historic ivory burning site and Impala. It is a perfect outing for families, couples, friends, game viewing and gettogethers. There is also the threestar Rangers Restaurant. However, there is no in-park accommodation though there is plenty to choose from in Nairobi. The park has a number of attractions, including picnic sites: Impala Observation Tower, Ivory Burning
K E N Y A
have right of way • Keep to the speed limit of between 30 and 50kph • Make sure your vehicle is reliable, and carry a map, spare tyre and toolkit • Don’t travel before sunrise or after sunset
963
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Ndere Island National Park The 4.2km square park is on an island, off the northern shore of Lake Victoria in Kisumu. Ndere means ‘meeting place’ in Dholuo, the language of the local people. According to folklore, Kit Mikayi, the mother of the community, rested near Ndere after a long journey down the Nile valley. Attractions to the park include butterflies, fish eagles, hippos, Nile crocodiles and impalas. The park can be accessed by road or boat from Kisumu. Kisumu Airport — 60km away — can also be used to reach the park. The park can be reached on telephone +254 (20) 6000800
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.kws.go.ke
964
Site, King Fisher Gorge, Leopard cliffs, the hippopotamus pool and Lone Tree.
[email protected],
[email protected]
Lake Nakuru National Park The 188km square park is 160km north-west of Nairobi in the Rift Valley Province. The ecosystem comprises the lake, surrounded by wooded and bushy grasslands. The main gate is 4km from Nakuru town. It can also be accessed by air through the 12km-long Naishi Airstrip in the southern part of the park. But there is a gate at Lanet that links the park to the Nairobi-Nakuru highway. The flamingo (greater and lesser) and other water birds — the variety of terrestrial birds numbers about 450 species — have for decades attracted tourists from all over the world. It has about 1.5 million flamingoes. But bird life is only part of what the Lake Nakuru National Park offers. It has 56 species of mammals, including the white rhino and lion tree climbers. The park is Kenya’s first rhino sanctuary. Other wildlife includes Thomson’s and Grant’s gazelles, the longeared leaf-nosed bat, colobus monkey, rock hyrax, hippo, leopard, lion and the waterbuck. Impala, striped hyena, bat-eared fox, wildcat, reedbuck, striped hyena and golden cat. It also has unique vegetation with about 550 different plant species, including the exceptional and biggest euphorbia forest in Africa, picturesque landscape, and yellow acacia woodlands. The park, too, has breathtaking viewpoints at Lion Hill, Baboon Cliff and Out of Africa View-points and the Makalia Falls. Entry to the park is by Safari Card only and the cards may be loaded — but not obtained — at Mtito Andei Gate. Proof of identification will be required — passports, national
2 0 1 0 0 9
It covers the higher areas of the Aberdares mountain range of central Kenya. The topography is diverse with deep ravines that cut through the forested eastern and western slopes. The Aberdares is an isolated volcanic range that forms the eastern wall of the Rift Valley, running roughly 100km north to south between Nairobi and Thomson’s Falls (Nyahururu). It has two key peaks: Ol Donyo Lesatima (3,999m) and Kinangop (3,906m) separated by a long saddle of alpine moorland over 3,000m. The topography is diverse, with deep ravines that cut through the forested eastern and western slopes. Within are many clear streams and waterfalls. The park is readily accessible on tarmac from Nyeri and Naro Moru on the eastern side (160km from Nairobi). A road crosses the park to connect with another from Naivasha and North Kinangop in the west. The main towns from which the park can be approached are Nyeri (154km from Nairobi), Nyahururu
Y E A R B O O K
Aberdares National Park
(188km from Nairobi) and Naivasha (87km from Nairobi). Two airstrips — Mweiga Airstrip next to the park headquarters or Nyeri 12 km from Mweiga headquarters — can be used, too. The park is home to the most endangered species: rare bongo, giant forest hog and rare wild dogs. Other animals easily seen in the park include the black rhino, leopard, baboon, black and white colobus monkey and sykes monkey. Rare sights include lions, the golden cat and the bongo, an elusive forest antelope that lives in the bamboo forest. Animals like the eland and spotted and melanistic serval cats can be found higher up in the moorlands. It has about 250 species of birds, reptiles and insects. Other attractions are Lesatima and Kinangop peaks, waterfalls, walks in the moorlands, Twin Hills, Elephant Hills and Table Mountains. Elephants can be seen and the ranges boast the second-largest population of black rhinos. At one of the hotels in the park — Tree Tops — Queen Elizabeth learnt of her accession to the throne in 1952. The Kimathi Hideout — forest home of the legendary freedom fighter Dedan Kimathi —is an attraction, as is night viewing of wildlife at the Ark & Treetops. Visitors can also indulge in picnics, trout fishing in the rivers and camping in the moorlands. The park has more than 250 species of birds, including the
K E N Y A
IDs and re-entry passes. The park has accommodation facilities: Lake Nakuru Lodge and Sarova Lion Hill Lodge. KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Naishi House, while camping facilities are at Naishi, Rhino, Soysambu, Nyati, Chui and Reedbuck.
[email protected]
965
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
966
Jackson’s Francolin, sparry hawk, goshawks, eagles, sunbirds and plovers. The park has several gates: Ark, Treetops, Ruhuru-ini, Kiandogoro, Mutubio, Wandare, Shamata and Rhino. Entry is by safari card only and the cards may be loaded — but not obtained — at the Mweiga park headquarters. Accommodation is available at The Ark, Aberdares Country Club and Tree Tops. KWS has self-catering accommodation at the Fishing Lodge, Ruhuru-ini, Tusk Camp, Sap-
per Hut, KWS Hut at Treetops and the KWS headquarters bungalow. Visitors can also camp at Reedbuck, Ruhuru-ini, Wandare and Shamata.
[email protected]
Hell’s Gate National Park It is south of Lake Naivasha, northwest of Nairobi. The park is accessible on tarmac road from Nairobi (90km) through Naivasha on the Lake Road South at a junction five kilometres south of Naivasha. It can also be reached by air Naivasha Airstrip.
www.windsorgolfresort.com
The 44km square reserve is in the Lake Victoria basin, about 50km north of Kisumu. Being the only remnant in Kenya of the unique Guineo-Congolian forest ecosystem, the park offers unique wildlife and scenic beauty. The forest is home to more than 400 species of butterflies ((about 45 per cent of butterflies in
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Kakamega Forest National Reserve
K E N Y A
Windsor Golf Hotel It is a cluster of impressive Victorian-style buildings with 130 deluxe rooms comprising twins, doubles, studio suites and cottages overlooking a spectacular 18-hole golf course where Sykes monkeys offer an unusual ‘hazard’. It also has a 16-hour business centre and gym. The hotel is set on 200-acre grounds with views of Mt Kenya and the Maasai Buffalo Mountain. The property is also a sanctuary for birds such as Egyptian geese, black kites, egrets and brown eagles soaring over the fairways. For the nature lover, Windsor offers walks with an ornithologist; including visits to our own Mika Coffee Estate.
Despite its name, the 68km square is an ideal family getaway from Nairobi or a stopover en-route to Lake Nakuru or the Masai Mara. It is famous for natural hot geysers and as an eagle and vulture breeding ground. The major attractions are game viewing, raptors resting on cliffs, spectacular gorge walk, hot springs, scenic landscape and the geothermal power station. The park, which comprises a savannah ecosystem, harbours a wide variety of wildlife. The animal species include lions, leopards and cheetahs. There are more than 100 species of birds in the park, including vultures, Verreaux’s eagle, augur buzzard and swifts. The African buffalo, zebra, eland, Thomson’s gazelle and baboons are also common. The park is also home to klipspringer antelope and Chanler’s mountain reedbuck. The park does not operate on the smartcard system. Entry is by cash only — Kenya shilling or the US dollar. For accommodation, the park has no facilities, but this is available in Naivasha town and on the Moi South Lake Road. But camping facilities are available: Oldubai campsite (on the cliff top south of Fischer’s Tower), Nairburta and Endchata campsites (across the gorge on the northern cliffs). Activities at the park including hiking, camping, rock climbing, biking, bird watching and wildlife viewing
967
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
968
Kenya), about 300 bird species and 27 species of snakes. The park also supports more than 350 species of trees and seven primate species, including the endangered DeBrazza monkey (found in the isolated Kisere Forest Reserve, which is part of the larger Kakamega Forest National Reserve), black and white colobus monkey and vervet monkey. The Potto (the world’s slowest mammal on earth), duikers and dik diks are also found in Kakamega Forest National Reserve. The Kakamega Forest National Reserve is situated in the Lake Victoria basin, about 50km north of Kisumu town. Being the only remnant in Kenya of the unique Guineo-Congolian forest ecosystem, the park offers unique wildlife and scenic beauty. For bird and butterfly watchers, this is the place to visit. The forest is home to over 400 species of butterflies, about 300 bird species and 27 species of snakes. The park also supports more than 350 species of trees and 7 primate species including the endangered DeBrazza monkey, black and white colobus monkey and vervet monkey. The Potto (the world’s slowest mammal on earth), duikers and dik diks are also found in Kakamega Forest National Reserve. The park, 415km from Nairobi, is accessible by road via Nakuru and Kapsabet. There are no scheduled flights to Kakamega and visitors fly to Kisumu or Eldoret and connect to Kakamega by road. Entry to the
park is by cash only. Cash receipts can be bought at the Kakamega Forest National Reserve main gate or the KWS headquarters in Nairobi. The reserve does not offer in-park accommodation, but KWS has selfcatering facilities at Udo Bandas for
The 390km square park is in Loitoktok, Rift Valley Province. The ecosystem is mainly savannah grassland spread across the KenyaTanzania border. The park is an open plain famous for big game — elephants, lions and cheetahs — and astounding scenic beauty. It is famous as the best place in Africa to get close to free-ranging elephants, among other wildlife species — leopard, cheetah, wild dogs, buffalo, rhino, elephant, giraffe, zebra, lion, crocodile, mongoose, dik dik, lesser kudu and nocturnal porcupine. Its prolific birdlife features 600 species. Amboseli embodies five main wildlife habitats, plus a dry lakebed, Lake Amboseli. Observation Hill is the major attraction and it gives an overall view of the whole park, especially the swamps and elephants. Other attractions include opportunities to meet the Maasai and spectacular views of Mt Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in the world, and Mt Meru in Tanzania. The park can be accessed via Namanga (240km) on the Nairobi-Arusha road through Meshanani Gate. The other road is from Nairobi via Emali (228km) on the NairobiMombasa road. Access from Mombasa is mainly through Tsavo West National Park via Kimana (Olkelunyiet) Gate. The park has an airstrip for light aircraft at Empusel gate. Other airstrips are at Kilimanjaro Buffalo Lodge and Namanga town. Entry is by Safari card only and the card may be obtained and loaded at any KWS safari card office or Meshanani Gate. Accommodation is available in the park
2 0 1 0 0 9
megatraveloffers.com/kenya
Amboseli National Park
Y E A R B O O K
Mombasa is the largest town on Kenya’s coastline, which stretches for over 480km. It has winding narrow alleys in the historic Arab Old Town or its landmark structure Fort Jesus. Mombasa has a mix of colonial buildings reminiscent of British influence. For hundreds of years, it lured traders, missionaries and explorers from as far away as China, Holland and Arabia. The coastline is protected by coral reefs, which give birth to stretches of sandy, white beaches occasionally interrupted by river creeks. Snorkeling and water sports — scuba diving, big game fishing, sailing and windsurfing — are popular pastimes and long, sunny days mean that sunbathing on the beaches is possible all year round.
up to 14 people and Isukuti Guest House. The park also has several campsites.
[email protected]
K E N Y A
Kenyan coastal resort that beats them all
969
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Crying Stone of Kakamega
970
at Oltukai Lodge, Amboseli Serena Lodge and Tortilis Tented Lodge. The KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Kilimanjaro Guest House, Kibo Guest House, Simba Bandas, Nyati Bandas and Chui Bandas.
[email protected]
Tsavo East National Park The joint mass of Tsavo West and Tsavo East national parks forms one of the largest parks in the world and covers a massive four per cent of Kenya’s total land area. Tsavo East, the larger of the two, lies to the east of the Nairobi-Mombasa road, and offers a vast and untapped arena of arid bush washed by
Its most striking feature is its resemblance to a gowned figure, perpetually in tears flowing from ‘head to toe’. The stone is of great cultural and spiritual importance to the Abaluhya, especially the Isukha sub-group. Residents say when the stone cries, it is a good omen, signalling a bumper harvest. When there is drought, the community carries out rituals at the stone to persuade the Gods to bring rain. Other rituals are performed to allay disasters and cleanse victims of incest. The crying stone is so revered that folklore has it that it fought wars for the Abaluyha against their enemies before the colonial times. The stone has magic powers and can protect the local people against evil designs by enemies. The stone has religious importance as churches such as Legio Maria and Rosary make pilgrimages to it, camp and fast overnight. Some religious groups camp at the site on New Year eve and during Easter festivities. Between 300 and 500 foreign tourists visit the crying stone annually. Local tourism also thrives at the Kakamega National Forest Reserve. www.articlesbase.com
and 250km north of Mombasa on the Nairobi-Mombasa road. From Malindi, the park can be accessed through Sala Gate. Airstrips that can be used by visitors are: Voi, Aruba, Satao, Sala, Ithumba, Sangayaya, Mopeo, Bachuma and Cottars Several lodges in the park provide accommodation: Voi Safari Lodge, Kingfisher Tented Camp, Ndololo Tented Camp, Tarhi Eco Camp, Satao Camp, Epiya Chapeya Tented Camp, Patterson’s Safari Camp and Aruba Ashnil. Camping facilities are available at the Ndololo Campsite and other special ones, which must be booked in advance
[email protected]
Y E A R B O O K
A missionary’s diary in 1849 describes the 9,065km square park thus: “Full of wild beasts such as rhinoceros, buffaloes and elephants.” Years later, in 1900, the notorious man-eating lions, the famous ‘Man Eaters of Tsavo’, preyed on the railway workers building the KenyaUganda Railway. The park is in south-eastern Kenya, 240km from Nairobi on the western side of Mombasa-Nairobi highway. The savannah ecosystem comprises open grasslands, scrublands, acacia woodlands, belts of riverine vegetation and rocky ridges. Major wildlife attractions include elephants, rhinos, hippos, lions, cheetahs, leopards, buffaloes, wild dogs, giraffes, zebras, diverse plant
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tsavo West National Park
K E N Y A
azure and the emerald meandering of the Galana River. It is guarded by the limitless lava reaches of Yatta plateau and patrolled by some of the largest elephant herds in Kenya. The major attractions are: • The ‘Elephant in Eden’ — the sight of dust-red elephant wallowing, rolling and spraying each other with the blue waters of the Galana River is a very evocative image. • Aruba Dam — it is on the north bank of the seasonal Voi River and visited by thousands of animals and a great game viewing destination • Mudanda Rock — it towers above a natural dam, which draws thousands of elephants to it. The longest lava flow in the world — at 300km in length — is the longest in the world and a paradise that attracts birds from all over the world • Lugards Falls — named after Captain Lugard, the first proconsul to East Africa, the falls feature bizarrely eroded rocks through which the waters of the Galana River plunge into foaming rapids and crocodileinfested pools The park is home to most of the larger mammals, vast herds of dustred elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, lions, leopards, hippos, crocodiles, waterbucks, Kudu, Gerenuk and Hirola. The prolific bird life features 500 species. The park’s Mtito Andei Gate is 233km south of Nairobi
971
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Imperial Hotel
972
It is in Kisumu on the shores of the world’s second largest fresh water lake, Victoria. As the region’s natural choice for business and leisure travelers, Imperial Hotel offers personalised service that meets the needs of guests. It has ultra-modern conference facilities and top of the range bars and restaurants. Standard rooms: The 22 standard rooms are equipped with twin beds to suite single or double occupancy. The fish eagle boardroom has been refurbished with state-of the-art conference facilities to accommodate 18 people. It is popular for company meetings. www.southtravels.com
and bird species, including the threatened corncrake and near-threatened Basra reed warbler. The park has 600 species of birds. Other attractions are recent volcanoes, lava flows and caves with potential for geological and cave exploration and hiking. The Mzima Springs, underwater hippo watching, Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary and Lake Jipe make the park a destination for many Kenyans and visitors from all parts of the world. Tsavo West is 240km from Nairobi and 250km from Mombasa through the Mtito Andei Gate. Other gates are: Tsavo, Lake Jipe, Mtito Andei, Chyulu, Maktau and Ziwani. The main access routes are through Chyulu Gate from Amboseli and Mtito Andei Gate from Nairobi. Visitors from Mombasa use Tsavo Gate near Manyani. The park can also be reached via the Taveta-Voi road through Maktau, Ziwani and Jipe Gates. Airstrips in the park are Kamboyo, Kilaguni, Tsavo Gate, Jipe, Kasigau, Finch Hottons, Ziwani and Maktau. Accommodation is plenty in the park: Ngulia Safari Lodge, Kilaguni Safari Serena Lodge, Kitani Severin Safari Camp/Lodge, Finch Hatton’s Tented Lodge and Voyager Safari Camp Self-catering accommodation is available at Kamboyo Guest House and three bandas at Lake Jipe. Camping sites are at Kamboyo (8km from Mtito Andei Gate), Chyulu (1km from Chyulu Gate) and Lake Jipe. A wide variety of ‘special campsite’ (no facilities) exist and must be booked in advance through the warden or KWS headquarters
[email protected]
also used in some variation by the Maasai and Kamba people. The park can be reached through the Nanyuki-Isiolo road via Sirimon Track or Nyeri-Nanyuki road near Naro Moru. Another route is via Chogoria on the Embu-Meru road, about 150km north of Nairobi. The closest commercial airstrip to the park is at Nanyuki. At present the park does not operate the Safari Card system and entry is by cash only. The KWS offers selfcatering accommodation at Batian Guesthouse and Sirimon Bandas. Camping facilities are available at Kinondoni, Road Head, Mintos Hut, Narumoru Gate, Met Station, Mackinders, Mackinders, Austrian Hut, Judmaier, Shipton, Liki North Hut 7 and Solo.
[email protected]
It is convenient to treat both parks (Malindi and Watamu) as one unit as they are in the same reserve. Famous for their stretches of casuarina, fringed white sandy beaches, the coastal resorts of Malindi and Watamu are world renown. Malindi Marine Park and Reserve is 118km from Mombasa and to the south of Malindi. The marine park is endowed with magnificent resources such as fringing reefs, coral gardens in the lagoons, sea grass beds, mangroves, mudflats and high fish diversity, marine mammals (dolphins), turtles and
2 0 1 0 0 9
Malindi-Watamu Marine National Park
Y E A R B O O K
The 2,800km square park is to the east of the Great Rift Valley, about 175km north-east of Nairobi. The ecosystem lies in Central and Eastern provinces. At 5,199m, the mountain is the second highest peak in Africa. Mt Kenya is an important water tower in the country and provides water for about 50 per cent of the population and produces 70 per cent of hydroelectric power. UNESCO has identified Mt Kenya as a World Heritage Site. It is described as one of the most impressive landscapes in eastern Africa, with rugged glacier-clad summits, Afro-alpine moorlands and diverse forests that illustrate outstanding ecological processes. Visitors are drawn to the park by pristine wilderness, lakes, tarns, glaciers and peaks of great beauty, geological variety, forest, mineral springs, rare and endangered species of animals, game, unique mountain and alpine vegetation with 11 species of endemic plants. They include the elephant, tree hyrax, white tailed mongoose, suni, black-fronted duiker, mole rat, bushbucks, waterbuck and elands. Animas rarely seen include leopard, bongo, giant forest hog and rhino. More than 130 bird species have been recorded. The mountain offers easy and challenging ascents with superb scenic beauty. To the Agikuyu who live near it, the mountain is the home of the Supreme Being Ngai, a name
K E N Y A
Mt Kenya National Park
973
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
974
various species of shore-birds. The Watamu National Park is part of a complex marine and tidal habitat along the north coast. It is enclosed by the Malindi Marine National Reserve, which also encloses Malindi Marine National Park. Several turtles inhabit the reserve: Green, hawksbill, olive ridley and loggerhead. Green and hawksbill turtles breed in the park. More than 300 species of fish, including angelfish, barracuda, butterfly fish, goatfish, fusiliers, emperors, groupers, grunt/sweet lips, jacks,
parrotfish, rabbit fish, sharks, snappers, surgeon fish, triggerfish and wrasses are also found in the park. Invertebrates: At least 135 species of gastropods and 12 of echinoids, including clams, crown of thorns, lobster, octopus, sea anemone, sea cucumber, sea stars, sea urchins, crabs and shells, litter the reserve. The park has more than 100 species of bird found in cultivated gardens, shambas and bush. Commonly seen overhead is the black kite, while the common bulbul, white-browed coucal and speckled
In the past, the lake was called Hannington after a bishop who explored the area. When Bishop Hannington saw the lake, he described it as “the most beautiful view in Africa”. With the backdrop of the eastern wall of the Great Rift Valley, it is a stunning beauty that has always enchanted visitors. The contrast in colours from the grasslands into the lake and the sky can only describe the place as ‘nature’s studio’.
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Lake Bogoria National Reserve
K E N Y A
mousebird can be seen in the undergrowth. Bright yellow canaries and golden palm weavers flash in the bush, while the lizard buzzard and the lilac breasted roller perch on poles and wires. Habitats include intertidal rock, sand and mud, fringing reefs and coral gardens, coral cliffs, sandy beaches and the Mida Creek mangrove forest. The Mida Creek forest has a high diversity of mangrove species, including Ceriops tagal, rhizophora mucronata, bruguiera gymnorrhiza, avicennia marina and sonneratia alba. These provide refuge to a variety of both resident and migrant bird species. The major attractions are the green turtle, unique coral garden, the Mida creek, Kipepeo project and the Gede ruins. There is no accommodation in the reserve though many options exist in the nearby Malindi town. Glass-bottomed boat tours, coral gardens, boat rides, diving, snorkelling, ocean sports, under-water adventures, educational tours, picnic and island barbeques are the attractions that lure visitors. At present, the park does not operate on smart card system and entry is by cash only — in Kenya shillings or US dollars.
[email protected] [email protected]
975
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Sarova Panafric
976
It is four-star hotel in Nairobi, a five-minute drive from the city centre amid beautifully landscaped gardens. The has 153 rooms in a range of standard, superior, club and suites and 42 apartments decorated in a contemporary vibrant African style. Named in honour of the pan-African movement, Sarova Panafric was inaugurated by founding President Jomo Kenyatta on January 5, 1965. The Flame Tree Restaurant, once the watering hole for freedom fighters, spies and foreign correspondents, is a favourite. It offers banqueting and conference facilities with meeting and function rooms equipped with audio visual and WIFI equipment. www.sarovahotels.com/ panafric
Lake Bogoria was gazetted on November 20, 1973 as a national reserve. It is 10km north of the Equator and 285km north of Nairobi. It sits on the floor of the eastern wall of the Great Rift Valley at an altitude of 1,000m above sea level from which the escarpment forms one of Kenya’s most picturesque backdrops. It is 107km sq and most of the reserve is occupied by Lake Bogoria, a spectacular sight reflecting searing blue skies and the rose pink of flamingos. It is well known for its hot springs and geysers dotting the southern shore of the lake. In the steam jets, an egg can be boiled and cooked in seven minutes! Sulphur water gushes out of the ground and it is known to have therapeutic value. The hot springs are natural spas and steam baths. The hot spring water geysers are extremely hot — the gushing out water is at boiling point and visitors are forewarned to be careful. It is the home of Africa’s most magnificent antelope, the greater kudu, and a host of other savannah wildlife: Zebra, impala, Grant’s gazelle, Klipspringer, buffalo, dik diks and Patas monkey, among others. Predators include the leopard, cheetah, hyena, mongoose, jackal and Karakul cat. The reserve has 135 species of birds. Like Lake Nakuru, thousands of flamingoes, greater kudu, impala, buffalo, zebras, klipspringer and leopards attract visitors to the reserve. In the recent past, it has become the most stable home of the lesser flamingoes with a population approaching two million birds. This is in addition to more than 310 resident and 50 migratory species of birds — 374 bird species have been recorded. Most animals are seen early in the morning or in late afternoon due to the hot weather conditions. It has a closed drainage system,
meaning that the water is alkaline and supports only microscopic algae with no fish. In 2000, Lake Bogoria was named the third RAMSAR site in Kenya
Mt Elgon National Park The 196km square park is 420km from Nairobi on the western border of Kenya and Uganda in Trans-Nzoia District. Mt Elgon, a volcanic mountain, is one of Kenya’s most beautiful parks, still wild and intact, with vast areas of untouched forest. The key attractions, besides the fauna and flora, is a variety of breathtaking scenery, including
Y E A R B O O K
The park is not on the safari card system and entry is by cash — Kenya shilling or the US dollar.
[email protected] [email protected]
K E N Y A
The 870km square east-north-east of Mt Kenya in Meru is a wild and beautiful expanse straddling the Equator and bisected by 13 rivers and numerous mountain-fed streams. It has diverse scenery from woodlands at 3,400ft. Major attractions are the former home of conservationists Joy and George Adamson and Elsa, the lioness, view of Mt Kenya, rivers and riparian habitats, Tana River and Adamson’s Falls. The wildlife that inhabits the park includes Grevy’s zebra, elephant, eland, bush pig, waterbuck, cheetah, leopard, reticulated giraffe, hippo, Bohor reedbuck, hartebeest, python, puffadder, cobra and buffalo. More than 300 species of birds have been recorded in the park. The vegetation is mainly thorny bush land in the north, wooded grasslands in the west and open grassland elsewhere. The park also offers dense riverine forests of Doum and Raffia palm. It can be accessed from Nairobi 348km) via the Nyeri-Nanyuki-Meru or via Embu all weather roads. It can also be accessed from Maua to Murera Gate (35km). The main airstrip is at Kina next to Meru Mulika Lodge and another at Elsa’s Kopje.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Meru National Park
977
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
978
cliffs, caves, waterfalls, gorges, calderas, hot springs and mountain peaks. The most popular areas are the four vast caves where elephants and buffaloes are frequent night visitors and lick the natural salt on the cave walls. The Kitum Cave, with overhanging crystalline walls, goes 200m into the side of Mt Elgon. The breathtaking natural beauty of the park is best seen at Endebess Bluff, where a panoramic view of escarpments, gorges and rivers is perfect. Wildlife inhabiting the park includes the elephant, leopard, giant forest hog, bushbuck, buffalo, duiker, black and white colobus, blue monkeys and golden cat, among others. Some 340 bird species have been recorded — 230 forest dependent and 110 forest specialist. They include the African-crowned eagle, Ross’ turaco and red-fronted parrot. The park can be accessed by road through Kitale and to the Chorlim Gate. An airstrip in the park comes in handy for visitors who fly. At present, the park does not operate the Safari Card system and entry is by cash. In the park, there are no lodges or tented campsites. But KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Koitoboss Guesthouse, which can take in six people. Kapkuro Bandas have four units each, which can accommodate three people each. Camping facilities are available at Nyati, Chorlim and Rongai campsites There is a Saltlick Special Campsite.
The African buffalo The African buffalo is different from the slightly larger wild Asian water buffalo. Due to its unpredictable nature — which makes it highly dangerous to humans — it has not been domesticated, unlike its Asian counterpart. The buffalo is a robust species. It is about 1.7 metres high and 3.4 meters long. Savannah buffaloes weigh between 500kg and 900kg — males are larger than females. Savannah type buffaloes have black or dark brown coats and horns are curved to a closed crescent. The forest type is reddish brown with horns that curve out backwards and upwards. Calves of both types have red coats.
[email protected] [email protected]
Mt Longonot National Park Mt Longonot, about 90km from Nairobi, is a young volcano, which rises to 2,776m above sea level, is an arresting sight for visitors to the Naivasha basin. Created by the massive eruptions, which formed the Great Rift Valley, it has beautiful V-shaped valleys. The extinct volcano and crater forest, scenic landscape, views of Lake Naivasha and the Great Rift
Valley are the major attractions. Major wildlife attractions include the buffalo, eland, lion, leopard, bushbuck, zebra, giraffe, Grant’s and Thomson gazelles and antelopes. The park, 52sq km, is accessible via tarmac road from Nairobi. It does not operate on the smart card system and entry is by cash. There is no accommodation in the park although options are available in Naivasha town and on the South Lake Road.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
The 42km square reserve is in Mbeere, Eastern Province, 200km from Nairobi. It was gazetted in 1976 and is to north-west of Kamburu Dam at the confluence of Tana and Thiba rivers. Two islands in the Kamburu Dam are in the protected area. To the south is Tana River, to the east Thiba River and to the north an electric fence that stops animals from invading Makima settlements. The earliest human settlement in Makima dates back to 1914 though wildlife conservation did not begin until 1972. The ecosystem’s main features are the meeting point of rivers Tana and Thiba, Kaburu and Masinga hydro-electric dams. Major wildlife attractions include the elephant, Rothschild giraffe, zebra, lesser kudu, buffalo, water and bush bucks, impala, vervet monkeys, yellow baboons and the Grant’s gazelle. Others are dik dik, Cape hare, warthog, black-backed jackal, duiker, sykes monkey, Genet cat, slender mongoose, stripped ground squirrel, dwarf mongoose, crested porcupine, rock and tree hyrax and tortoise. Hippos and crocodiles are also found in the dams and rivers.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Mwea National Reserve
979
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Chimpanzee sanctuary The Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary is in the Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Nanyuki, and the only place in Kenya where the endangered and remarkably intelligent species can be seen. The sanctuary opened in 1993 to provide refuge to orphaned and abused chimpanzees from West and Central Africa. An initial group of three orphans were brought to the sanctuary from Burundi. They were evacuated due to civil war. In 1995, nine adults were given refuge and 10 in 1996. It now has 43 chimpanzees in the sanctuary. The chimpanzees live in two groups separated by the Ewaso Nyiro River.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.olpejetaconservancy. org/chimpanzee sanctuary
980
Birds and reptile species have been recorded in the reserve. With more than 200 species of birds, Mwea is renowned for water birds and waders. It is the only protected area where the endangered Hinde’s babbler can be found. The Reserve also shelters two other rare species — Pel’s fishing owl and the whitebacked night heron. There are no lodges, tented camps or self-catering accommodation options in Mwea Reserve. Masinga Lodge is at Masinga Dam outside the reserve. However, camping facilities are available at Mbogo,
Silvester, Mavuria, Kyangosi, Hippo Point, Kanyonga and Githechu. Game viewing, boat rides at the Kamburu Dam and Hippo Point are the key highlights in the reserve. It can be accessed by road from Nairobi through Thika-MatuuMasinga Dam (160km). This route is surfaced until Masinga Dam Bridge — a further 10km of dirt road lies between the bridge and Makima Gate. Access is also possible through Embu-Machanga. By air, the park can be accessed through Masinga Airstrip near Masinga Lodge. The reserve does not operate the Safari
2 0 1 0 0 9
The 20.7sq km park is in Machakos District, about 85km north-east of Nairobi. It is one of Kenya’s smallest parks, only 3sq km. It was opened in 1974 to protect the semi-aquatic Sitatunga antelope notable for its widespread hooves, which allow it to walk on the surface of a swamp. The ecosystem constitutes a mountain covered with dense forest except for a small area at the top. Buffaloes are the dominant animals in the ecosystem. Other wildlife include bushbuck, leopard, olive baboon, colobus, vervet and Sykes’ monkeys, Kirk’s dik dik, bush pig, duiker, reedbuck, rock hyrax, bushbaby, tree and ground squirrel, porcupine, mongoose, python and monitor lizard. The park is home to 45 species of birds and easily spotted ones are: White-browed sparrow weaver, grey-headed sparrow weaver, African pied wagtail, mourning dove, augur buzzard, African hawk eagle, purple-breasted sunbird, yellow-vented bulbul, speckled mousebird, helmeted guinea fowl, blackheaded oriole, grey tit, ring-necked dove, great sparrow-hawk, bronze sunbird, superb starling and Mackinnon grey shrike. To access it by road, drive 22km from Thika
The best months to climb Mt Kenya are January, February and September because they are the warmest and almost clear of clouds. Though one could easily succeed throughout the year, April and early May could get heavy rain or snow, but good because the mountain is clear. In June through August, it is okay to climb though colder, while November-December could be wetter. October is particularly good if you want little or no rain — mild weather and few people on the mountain. For success, the approach to the climb is key. Many people spend an extra day on the ascent because it makes the climb more relaxed and gives an opportunity for pleasant walks. The authorities operate a rescue service, and the huts on the route are linked to the park headquarters by radio.
Y E A R B O O K
Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park
Facing Mt Kenya
www.continentalsafaris.com
K E N Y A
Card system and entry is by cash. The Mwea National Reserve is comanaged by the KWS and Mbeere County Council. Mwea National Reserve Trust was founded in 1991 to raise funds to develop the reserve. A number of projects have been funded through donations, including a boat, outboard engine, energy saving jikos and translocation of zebras. The major attractions are wildlife, a hippo point, rare birds and boat rides at Kamburu Dam.
[email protected]
981
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Outspan Hotel
982
It is in Nyeri town, the heart of tea and coffee growing highlands. It is the nearest hotel to the spectacular Karuru Falls and is an Eden of green lawns. Peacocks add to the charming ambiance as they roam at will. The hotel was built in 1927 and once the home to Lord and Lady Baden Powell, founders of the Scout and Girl Guide movements. Their cottage Paxtu is now a museum open to visitors, scouts and guides from all over the world. The Outspan Hotel is the starting point for guests going to the worldrenowned Treetops. Outspan consists of three cottages and 42 spacious rooms. Most rooms have fireplaces and garden access. It is good for corporate retreats with equipped conference rooms and Internet access. Meals are served in the dining room or at a wide verandah. On clear days, it is the perfect spot to catch a glimpse of the snow-capped Mt Kenya, the second-highest mountain in Africa. Don’t miss Gikuyu dances, a guided river walk, an ancient Mugumo tree and a view of the Chania River between black rocks.
http://beyondkenyasafaris.com
on Garissa Road to Makutano junction. At Makutano follow the KWS sign and turn right, proceeding 3km on an all-weather murram road to Donyo town. At Donyo, turn right and proceed a further 2km to the main gate. Entry is by cash only and tickets may be bought at KWS cash office or the main gate. KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Sabuk Guesthouse, which accommodates 10 people. Camping facilities, too, are available at Turacco Public Campsite near the main gate. Picnics can be organised at Lookout Point at the mountain. At this point, visitors have an excellent view of the Athi Plains, city of Nairobi, Thika town, Ngong Hills and the expansive Kapiti Plains in Kajiado District.
[email protected]
Arabuko Sokoke National Park The 6sq km reserve is near Malindi and Watamu reserve and park. It is the largest surviving coastal dry forest in East Africa. It is 110km north of Mombasa. The forest provides important habitat to unique and endangered birds, insects and animals. The major attractions are about 600 bird species, butterflies and coastal forest. It is a great reserve for bird watching and among the bird species includes Sokoke pipit, Amani sunbird, Fischer’s turaco, Clarke’s weaver and golden woodpecker, among others. Golden-rumped elephant-shrew, Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose, Ader’s duiker, water and bushbucks, African civet, blotched genet and Syke’s monkeys are some of the wildlife in the park. The ecosystem comprises three forest types: Mixed, Brachystegia and Cynometra, each containing rare species of birds, butterflies, amphibians and plants. The Clarke’s weaver is endemic to the forest, while the
Great R. Valley Lodge It is set in the side of the Eburu Escarpment and offers a dramatic view of the pristine waters of Lake Naivasha and the rolling plains of the world’s largest valley. It is an hour’s drive from Nairobi and 30 minutes’ flight to its all-weather airstrip. The vistas stretch from the shimmering waters of the lake to the jagged Mt Longonot and the sloping shoulders of the Aberdares Ranges. The lodge has the most stunning golf course. Also offered are walking and horse riding safaris in the lush forests of Eburu or trips to the ancient volcanic lakes.
Chyulu Hills National Park The 741sq km park is Kibwezi in the larger Machakos District. The Chyulu Hills coil a sleeping dragon on the lion-gold plains. The pink peak of Mount Kilimanjaro rises to the west and all round stretches miles of Maasailand — dusty, dry and stalked by cloaked herders and dust-plumed cattle. It was opened in
K E N Y A
Sokoke scops owl, Amani sunbird and spotted ground thrush can only be found in the park. Access by roads is through Mombasa, 75km on tarmac road. Visitors who want to fly can use Malindi and Mombasa airports. At present, the park does not operate on smart card system and entry is by cash only.
[email protected]
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.eastafrica.co.za/ Kenya Hotels & Resorts
983
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
984
1983 to protect a unique habitat in a vital catchment area. The Chyulu Hills are a volcanic mix of cones, the most interesting being Shetani, Kiswahili for ‘Devil’. The major attraction is the breathtaking view from the Chyulu Hills, cave exploration and a camp site next to the park’s headquarters. Black mamba, puffadders, rock pythons, geckos, tortoises, lizards, dung beetles, butterflies, buffalo, bushbuck, eland, elephants, leopards, pigs, reedbuck, steenboks and mountain are other
attractions. To access it by road, turn right off Mombasa Road at Kibwezi onto a 9km road that leads to Kithasyo Gate and park headquarters. It is also possible to enter the park from Tsavo West. The park has two airstrips. At present, the park does not operate on safari card system and entry is by cash. While there is no accommodation in the park, there are numerous options in nearby Tsavo West National Park and ungazetted portion of the Chyulu Hills.
However, the park has three public campsites. The one at Kithasyo Park offers basic amenities. There is also a KWS campsite outside the park near the guesthouse at Kiboko.
[email protected]
Kisumu Impala Wildlife Sanctuary
www.travour.com
Kora National Park It is in Tana River District and one of the areas made famous by Joy and George Adamson, Kenya’s renowned conservation family. Opened in 1989, it is 280km northeast of Nairobi, an easy outing from the Meru National Park. Covering 1,787sq km, it is near the Tana River and George Adamson’s camp. The Kora National Park was gazetted in 1973 as a reserve and a park in 1990. This triangle of dense woodland and scrub is limited along its 65km northern boundary by the Tana River, which rises in the highlands between Aberdares and Mt Kenya and then
Y E A R B O O K
A large swathe is covered by an open, grassy plain called the savanna. The region is home to some of the world’s most magnificent animals. In the Masai Mara Game Reserve, a vast savanna, the greatest migration on the planet takes place. Each year, over two million wildebeest, interspersed by zebras, cross the Mara River from Tanzania.
K E N Y A
Kenyan plains
2 0 1 0 0 9
It is 3km from Kisumu town, 355km from Nairobi. The ecosystem hosts leopards, hyenas, olive baboons and vervet monkeys. It also has hippos, and small mammals, including the threatened Sitatunga, and supports reptiles and birds species. It was opened in 1992 to protect a herd of Impala and provide safe grazing grounds for hippos in Lake Victoria. It is used as a holding point and sanctuary for ‘problem’ animals such as leopards, hyenas and baboons. It can be accessed by air. The flight from Nairobi takes about one hour to Kisumu and there are many regular scheduled flights. Kisumu is also linked by ferry with Kendu Bay, Homa Bay and Mbita. There is accommodation at the park, but visitors can stay in Kisumu town.
[email protected]
985
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Crocodiles of the Mara
986
Wildebeest migration into the Masai Mara is the single most popular wildlife spectacle in Kenya. In the river crossings, wildebeest jump into waters full of the dreaded Nile crocodiles and surging currents. Put in the swift current, eminent stampedes and jaw snapping crocodiles are a guaranteed recipe for mass genocide at the river crossings. The Mara River is awash with bloated mass of wildebeest carcass that crocodiles feast on for days on end. Of the one million wildebeest in the migration, 250,000 die from drowning, stampede and crocodiles every year.
www.eioba.com
commences its 700km passage to the Indian Ocean. The western boundary follows a straight line from Tana River, a joint boundary with the adjacent Mwingi N Reserve, while the eastern boundary runs along Mwitamyisi River. The land slopes gently from an altitude of 490m in the south-west and about 270m in the north-east. Central areas comprise an undulating plain through which ridges protrude above the surface as rocky inselbergs — Mansumbi 488m, Kumbulanwa 450m and Kora Rock 442m. The park also has several seasonal rivers. The major attractions are the pristine wilderness, inselbergs, Tana River and Adamson’s Falls, Grand Falls and Kora Rapids, diverse birdlife and George Adamson’s grave. It can be accessed via Thika through Mwingi. A bridge across the Tana River joins the park with Meru National Park. There is an airstrip that is used for the reserve’s administration. Another airstrip is about 10km away on the eastern side.
Marsabit National Reserve The 1,554sq km park is about 560km north of Nairobi and 263km north of Isiolo in Marsabit District. It comprises densely forested mountain and three crater lakes that are the only permanent surface of water in the region and provide habitat for a variety of birdlife. Major wildlife attractions include the African elephant, the endangered Grevy’s zebra, common zebra, lion, leopard, buffalo, bushbuck, greater and lesser kudus, Grant’s gazelle and many small antelopes. The park is famous for its elephant — Ahmed — that was provided with 24-hour security surveillance by presidential decree in the 1970s to demonstrate Kenya’s commitment to wildlife conservation.
987 987
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 1 0 9
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
988
Other attractions are pristine forest, scenic landscape, crater lakes, elephants and greater kudu, diverse birdlife and local cultures. It can be accessed by road from Nairobi through Nanyuki and lsiolo, 620km away. The road is tarmacked up to lsiolo, leaving a distance of 270km that require four-wheel-drive vehicles during the dry season. Access by air is an airstrip at Marsabit, a kilometer from Marsabit town and 4km from the park’s main gate. The reserve is two-and half hours by air from Nairobi.
At present, the park does not operate the SmartCard system and entry is by cash only. Accommodation at Marsabit Lodge is perfect because it is in an exquisite location and offers stunning views. Two public campsites, Ahmed and Abdul, are also available. A special campsite is on a grassy clearing on the shores of Lake Paradise.
[email protected] [email protected]
Saiwa Swamp National Park Saiwa is the smallest park in Kenya, only 3sq km. It is 385km from Nairobi and 27km from Kitale town in Trans Nzoia District. It is 22km from Kitale on the Kitale-Kapenguria road. At Kipsaina junction, a 5km murram road leads to the only park entrance — Sinyerere Gate. It was established to protect the semi-aquatic Sitatunga antelope and encloses the swamp fed by the
2 0 1 0 0 9
team building, picnics and sundowners. The main access to the park is from Kisumu through Homa Bay (140km) and via Kisii (65km). Two campsites, Nyati and Fig Tree, are accessible to visitors. Korlang’o picnic site is another venue with a history. The Kalenjin used it as an escape route during the colonial time when they were taken to the Lambwe Valley to die for resisting British rule. It had tsetse fly and malaria was ominous. Twiga picnic site is in the middle of the park and visitors are allowed to give snacks to animals. The Oribi Guesthouse is a unique self-catering site on the Kanyamwa Escarpment. It is ideal for an overnight stay due to its attributes of tranquility, wilderness, scenic beauty and bewitching sunset. It has a full-equipped kitchen and three bedrooms that accommodate a maximum five people.
[email protected] [email protected]
Y E A R B O O K
The 120sq km park is close to the shores of Africa’s largest inland lake, Lake Victoria. It is situated in Lambwe Valley in South Nyanza, 425km from Nairobi, 140km from Kisumu, 10km east of Lake Victoria and south west of Homa Bay. It lies on the flat floor of the Lambwe Valley, bordered by the Kanyamwa escarpment to the south-east, Gwassi Hills, Sumba Hill and Ruri Hills to the north. It was initially established as the Lambwe Valley Game Reserve in 1966 to protect an indigenous population of rare Roan antelope, which is found nowhere else in Kenya. In 1983, it was gazetted as a national park. It was renamed ‘Ruma’ upon request of the local community. The area had been so named by one of Kenya’s most powerful wizard, the much-feared Gor Mahia, who lived near the park. The park is a mix of rolling savannah and woodlands. The Roan antelope, which is not found anywhere else in the country, leopards, buffaloes, hyenas, Rothschild giraffes, oribis, impalas, bohor reedbucks, serval cats, topis, baboons, vervet monkeys, honey badgers and bush pigs are the dominant game in the park. The park has more than 400 species of birds. It is renowned for its rare intra-African migrant, the blue swallow. The park provides an unspoilt world for game lovers, bird watchers, historians and campers. It is also an ideal place for meditation,
K E N Y A
Ruma National Park
989
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 1 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
990 990
991 991
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 1 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Palm reef resorts
992
Makuti (palm reef) roofs are common along the Kenyan coast as they support ventilation and are part of traditional architectural styles, and are attractive to foreign visitors. Makuti is handmade, provides a source of income for many families involved in the weaving and production of roofing panels, and is made of local material from branches of coconut palms. Fire retardants are commonly used by developers and contractors to reduce the flammability of the material without having to do away with it. The high-pitched roofs of coastal hotels are some of the main visual attractions for visitors from other parts of Kenya and foreign lands. Said one hotelier at the Coast: “We have for years sprayed makuti roofs with special liquids to prevent easy outbreak and spread of fires. Visitors from far away do not come to stay in concrete boxes like back home; they come here to see and experience Kenya’s unique attractions.” www.eturbonews.com
Saiwa River together and its belts of rain forest. The park is enclosed by subsistence farming settlements. The vegetation is a mixture of forest and swamp vegetation. Tall bull rushes and sedges dominate the swamp. A mixture of grassland, riverine forests and acacia borders the swamp. The major attractions are game viewing and the aquatic Sitatunga antelope.
KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Tree Top House that accommodates two people. Camping facilities are available at the nearby Sirikwa Tented Camp.
[email protected] [email protected]
Shaba National Reserve Shaba is the home of Joy Adamson’s monument. There is one lodge in Shaba with 178 beds and one-tented lodge with 34. The major attractions are the scenic landscape and riverine forest and 17 springs where animals congregate during the dry season. Animals in the reserve include the reticulated giraffe, Somalia ostrich, Grevy’s zebra and Joy Adamson’s monument.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Other species in the swamp include the Otter, Genet and Serval cats, mongoose, bushbuck and monkeys. The ecosystem is also rich in birdlife, harbouring 372 species. By air, the park can be accessed through Kitale Airstrip. Entry is by cash only and receipts can be bought at the Saiwa Swamp main gate or KWS headquarters.
The 300sq km reserve is 33km south of Mombasa in Kwale District. It is easy to access and offers beautiful, lush scenery. It has a unique and botanically rich coastal rainforest. Two of Kenya’s most beautiful orchid species are found in the reserve. The reserve is rich in flora and fauna and hosts the highest density of African elephant in Kenya. Other animal species in the reserve are Sable antelope, bushy-tailed mongoose and other small mammals like fruit bat. Other attractions are the Sable antelope, a rare species unique to the reserve, Sheldricks Falls and the coastal rainforest.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Shimba Hills National Reserve
993
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenya coastal beaches
994
Giraffes, leopards, Genet and Civet cats, hyenas, waterbucks, bush pigs, buffaloes, African bush baby, bushbuck, coastal black and white colobus, black-faced vervet, and Skye’s monkeys, blue, red and bush duikers also inhabit the reserve. The Mwaluganje Forest is endowed with birdlife — ostrich eagle, African hawk, falcon, cuckoo, guinea-fowl, Kenya crested, honey guide, hornbill, quail, sunbird and Uluguru. The grasslands hold species such as rednecked Spurfowl, croaking Cisticola and Zanzibar red bishop. Reptiles such as the python, cobra, lizard and gecko. The major attractions are Shimba’s scenic landscape with hills
After the safari parks, Kenya beach resorts are the second biggest tourist attraction. The beaches are powdery white, lined by palm trees and glitter from the ever shining sun. The coast has a lot more to offer — culture, historic towns and ruins, beautiful islands and nature, fantastic diving and other water sports, among others. They include Mombasa Old Town (believed to be more than 2,500 years old), Fort Jesus (built by the Portuguese in the 15th century), Lamu island (a UNESCO World Heritage site) and the Gedi Ruins (on 45 acres 16km from Malindi town. The ruins are national park. www.kenya-advisor.com/ beaches
Tana River Primate Reserve The 6sq km reserve is 350km east of Nairobi and 240km north of Mombasa in Tana River District. It was opened in 1976 to protect the lower Tana River forest and two endangered species of monkey: Crested Mangabey and the Tana River Colobus. The major attractions are the red colobus monkey, crested mangabey, Tana River and riverine
2 0 1 0 0 9
The 1,570sq km park is on the north-eastern shore of Lake Turkana in Marsabit District, about 800km from Nairobi. It is one of the world’s greatest treasures as the cradle of humankind. It was originally established by the National Museums of Kenya to protect unique pre-historic and archaeological sites. The key attractions are preserved wildlife fossils, which include the Giant Tortoise and the 18-20ftlong crocodile. Sites — Koobi Fora Museum and Research Base and the tempestuous ‘Jade Sea’ — attest that Turkana is part of the cradle of man. The park is waterless except for the alkaline waters of the lake. It, however, harbours variety of wildlife, including the zebra, giraffe, hippo, crocodile and numerous bird species such as flamingos, pelicans
Y E A R B O O K
Sibiloi National Park
and ducks. The world’s largest Nile crocodile population breeds on Lake Turkana’s Central Island. The park can be accessed by air through two all-weather airstrips. By road, 4WD vehicles are preferred and travel in convoy is recommended. It is a three-day drive from Nairobi via Marsabit and North Horr or Maralal and South Horr. Alternatively, visitors can travel by road from Nairobi to Kalokol on the lake’s western shores through Kitale and Lodwar. From Kalokol, boat hire services are available across the lake to Allia Bay. The park has accommodation at Oasis Lodge and Lobolo Tented Camp. Self-catering services are provided at Allia Bay Guesthouse — three-double bedrooms, solargenerated electricity and furnished indoor sitting, dining and kitchen. At Koobi Fora Museum is a campsite. Two public campsites (latrines only no water) are at Turkana and Sunset Strip Camp.
[email protected] [email protected]
K E N Y A
and valleys that extend beyond the reserve boundaries. Reserve accommodation is available at Shimba Hills Lodge Block Hotels. KWS offers self-catering accommodation at Sable Banda. The bandas have four units with a capacity of two and a fully furnished kitchen. Reservations are made through the warden or KWS headquarters in Nairobi. Camping facilities are also available at four public sites: Professional (capacity 100), Makadara (capacity 50), ocean view (capacity 50), Sheldrick Falls Walk (capacity 50)
[email protected]
995
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
vegetation. Wildlife at the reserve includes the Grevy’s zebra, Maasai and reticulated giraffe, oryx, buffalo and the lesser kudu. The river hosts plenty of crocodile and hippo. The ecosystem is also a stronghold for birdlife with more than 200 species. They include the whitewinged Apalis, African open-bill stork, martial eagle, bat hawk, African pygmy-falcon, African barred owlet, scaly babbler, black-bellied glossy-starling and the golden pipit. Access is through the MalindiGarissa road, 75km from Mombasa. It can also be reached by air through Malindi and Mombasa airports. Currently, there is no accommodation in the reserve. But visitors can get space at coastal resorts and towns.
[email protected]
Nightlife in Nairobi Kenya is positioning itself as a nightlife destination in the region. New clubs have opened in Nairobi’s central business district and the outskirts — like Westlands and Museum Hill. The city also has new eateries boasting various themes from Thai to traditional African foods to captivate the local and international market. Casinos have sprouted, increasing night life attractions. Kenya Tourist Board promotes casinos, cafes and nightclubs in marketing the destination. They include Paradise Casino on Kimathi Street, Florida International and Carnivore Restaurant. The latter is one of the most recognised nightlife destinations in the city.
Tips for tourists www.eturbonews.com
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Currency
996
Kenya’s currency is the shilling (Sh), currently exchanging at Sh80 to the dollar on average. There are no restrictions into or out of Kenya for currency transactions. Forex bureau are available at airports, Nairobi and major towns.
exempted from visa requirements. Enquiries can be made at Kenya’s diplomatic representatives abroad or the Ministry of Tourism in Nairobi. Vaccination
Travel documents
Following recent legislation, European visitors do not require a tourist visa to enter Kenya, but entry business visas are required. Every traveller must have a valid passport and, where necessary, a visa. Passport holders from certain countries are
Visitors from yellow-fever belt countries, as well as those who travel through or disembark in these areas, have to be inoculated against the disease. Accommodation
The tourist accommodation industry provides a wide variety — from
formal hotels to informal holiday rental houses and cottages, game lodges and reserves, guest houses, youth hostels and bed-and-breakfast establishments. A variety of promotional material on Kenya is available. Comprehensive guides and maps cover all regions and aspects of interest to tourists, including accommodation.
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Kenya’s transport infrastructure — airlines, railways, roads, luxury touring buses , trains and car hire vehicles — is reliable and it is easy for tourists to travel comfortably and quickly from one part of the country to another. A number of international airlines, including British Airways, Kenya Airways and KLM, operate regular scheduled flights to and from Kenya. Several domestic airlines operate within the country. There are also trains (selected routes), buses and shuttle services to all parts of the country. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is a 20-minute drive from the Nairobi city centre. Taxis are readily available, including Statecontrolled KENATCO and London-style cabs, which work on a fixed rate and charge per kilometre travelled. However, most tourist hotels have minibus transport, which can be arranged at the reception. Mombasa’s Moi International Airport is on the Kenyan coast near Mombasa port city. Allow an extra half an hour on your journey to the south coast because of the Likoni Ferry crossing. Most international visitors will arrive through Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) in Nairobi. Kenya Airways (KQ) offers scheduled connections from JKIA and regular daily flights to Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu and Kisumu. A
2 0 1 0 0 9
Transport
997
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Money matters
998
Visitors to Kenya should change foreign currency at banks, bureaux de change or authorised hotels. The easiest currencies to exchange are US dollars, pounds Sterling and euros. Travellers cheques are widely accepted, and many hotels, travel agencies, safari companies and restaurants accept credit cards. There are no restrictions on the amount of foreign currency brought to Kenya. Departure taxes can be paid in local or foreign currency. To take more than Sh500,000 ($6,666) out of the country, authorisation is required from the Central Bank. Tipping is not mandatory in Kenya.
www.tourism.go.ke
return flight from Nairobi to Mombasa will cost about Sh11,000 ($137.5). Online booking is available. Check in is 45 minutes before departure for local flights and two hours for international ones. A low-cost airline, Fly540, flies from JKIA and offers scheduled connections to Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, Kisumu and Masai Mara. Plans are afoot to extend the service to the East African region. A return flight to Mombasa from Nairobi will cost about $99. Online booking is possible. Another airline, Air Kenya, flies from Wilson Airport in Nairobi to Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, Amboseli, Masai Mara, Meru, Nanyuki and Samburu. The lounge features a Dorman’s cafe. Check in can be done up to 15 minutes before departure. Wilson Airport is a major hub for local flights to the nature reserves in Kenya and to cities in neighbouring countries. The East African Safari Air flies from Nairobi to Malindi, Kisumu and Lokichoggio. Most charter tourists fly directly to the coastal airports of Mombasa or Malindi. Kenya has a network of long-distance bus lines. Speed is limited to 80km an hour. Local buses are run by private companies such as the green and yellow Citi Hoppa, which charges an inexpensive fee ($0.66). They have regular services in and out of the Nairobi city suburbs. They usually seat 20-35 passengers (no standing passengers allowed by law) and are cleaner and less hectic than matatus. Matatus are privately operated minibuses, typically for between 14 and 25 passengers, operating over short and medium distances. Matatus provide a cheap and quick method of transport in all the major towns and rural areas. The name matatu hails from the Kiswahili word tatu
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenyans are extremely friendly and visitors are humbled by their hospitality. Take time to meet ordinary people as they go about their daily business. Kenya deploys regular police patrols in most urban and rural areas. There is a specialised unit — Tourist Police Unit — that is tasked with the safety of tourists. Stakeholders in the industry have also launched several initiatives aimed at ensuring the safety of travellers. As in other countries, it is advis-
Y E A R B O O K
Safety
K E N Y A
(three). At the beginning of the business, the standard fare was three 10-cent coins. The Kenya-Uganda railway starts in Mombasa via Nairobi to Kampala, Uganda. This is the famous ‘Lunatic Express’ featured in Michael Douglas film, The Ghost and the Darkness. Most global car hire agencies have offices in Nairobi and Mombasa, and offer expensive but reliable cars with a full back-up network. One can also hire cheaper cars from local distributors.
999
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Conference tourism
1000
able to hand in your passport, traveler’s cheques, excess money and any other valuables at hotel reception desks for safe keeping. Alternatively, arrange to hire a safety deposit box. It is advisable not to walk alone in isolated towns or beach areas. Seek advice from your hotel manager or tour representative. Also make a copy of your passport and keep it in your luggage. Don’t carry too much cash with you and often wear a money belt that fits under your clothes. Don’t carry a lot of camera equipment, especially in the major cities.
Kenya is ranked fourth in Africa after South Africa, Egypt and Morocco in conference tourism. In 2009, 2,258 local conferences were held up from 2,107 in 2008. International conferences in the period increased from 189 to 196. Revenue from conference tourism has grown, especially after the rehabilitation of Kenyatta International Conference Centre, which hosts many local and international meetings. KICC is the nectar that attracts bees to the honey that is Kenya’s tourism. Mombasa, with good weather and many hotels, and the UN Office in Nairobi are other ideal venues. www.victoriasafaris.com
Kenya is the top conference tourism venue in East and Central Africa and the fourth in Africa after South Africa, Egypt and Morocco. This is an improvement from 2004 when it was fifth. This is attributed to conference facilities of international standards and back-up services. Conference tourism revolves around service provision to business travellers attending seminars, workshops, conferences and conventions. Conference tourism is the largest and fastest growing segment of the modern tourism sector. It has a higher financial impact because travellers spend more than their leisure counterparts. Often, their expenses are paid by the organisations they represent, leaving the tourists with substantial disposable incomes to spend. In 2009, the number of local and international conferences increased by 7.2 per cent and 3.7 per cent, while local delegates rose by 68 per
2 0 1 0 0 9
Conference tourism
cent and international ones by 100 per cent respectively. The occupancy of conference facilities went up by 8.7 per cent. In 2009, 2,258 local conferences were held, up from 2,107 in 2008. In the same period, 196 international conferences were held against 189 in 2008. Local delegates grew from 135,833 in 2008 to 228,165 in 2009, while international ones rose from 12,024 to 29,025. Revenue from conference tourism is growing due to the rehabilitation of the Kenyatta International Conference Centre that started in 2004. It has played a crucial role in the business as it hosts many international meetings. It has been re-admitted to the prestigious International Congress and Convention Centre and this has helped raise the number of international conferences by 12.4 per cent compared to the pre-2004 period. With modernisation and aggressive marketing, the KICC is the nectar that attracts bees to the honey that is Kenya’s tourism. Other conference facilities include the UN office in Nairobi and many other hotels and resorts throughout the country. They offer corporate rates and discounts and have modern and efficient business centres with computer, telecommunication and Internet services. One of the key ingredients for any successful conference is location. Kenya offers something new for conference planners and organisers.
Y E A R B O O K
A new campaign to mobilise Kenyans for domestic tourism is on. The campaign kicked off in March 2009 and a new domestic tourism logo, Tembea Kenya (Tour Kenya) and website were unveiled. The initiative is part of a tourism recovery strategy spearheaded by the National Tourism Crisis Management team set up to mitigate the effects of post-election unrest on the industry.
K E N Y A
New tourism
1001
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1002
Services
• Interpretation — KICC has fully equipped simultaneous interpretation equipment with the ability of up to seven UN languages. • Internet/WI-FI — the network is supported on a fibre optic backbone and the necessary
2 0 1 0 0 9
Located in the heart of Nairobi, KICC is one of the most striking and iconic buildings in the Nairobi skyline, and has over the years hosted major international, governmental, non-governmental and private sector conferences. It was established as a State corporation in 2004 to promote conference tourism. Facilities at KICC include: Amphitheatre: The main one is a perfect meeting place for mediumsized convening, sitting 800 participants on three balconies surrounding the auditorium. Plenary: It is the largest conference chamber of its kind in East Africa. It caters for major international meetings, exhibitions and grand balls, with space for up to 5,000 people. Executive Boardroom: It is on the first floor and is fully furnished, complete with a local area network, Internet and telephone lines. Meeting Rooms 2 and 3: They accommodate between 250-400
Y E A R B O O K
KICC
and 200-300 delegates respectively. They share a large terrace for entry displays and coffee breaks. Meeting Rooms 5 and 6: Situated on the first floor, they can accommodate up to 130 people each and can be combined into a single large room. With interpretation and recording provided by mobile interpreter booths, this is ideal for international conferences. Room 7: A spacious theatre with a seating capacity of 150 people, Room 7 is especially suitable for workshops and seminars. Specialised lighting and wireless SIE equipment make it ideal for any kind of presentation or demonstration. Room 8: Conveniently placed near the plenary hall on the lower ground floor, it has full climate control, sound proof and can achieve total darkness. Secretariat: For event organisers who require a local office, there are secretariat rooms, which are in close proximity to our meeting rooms. Courtyard: The paved 705sq metre main courtyard is ideal for outdoor functions, social events or ceremonies.
K E N Y A
Many top class hotels, safari lodges, beach resorts, and even tented bush camps offer world-class facilities. They include halls and private meeting rooms, audio visual and multi-media services and telecommunications. The facilities combined with comfortable surroundings, good accommodation and fine cuisine, mean that professional and effective conferences can be held in the wild.
1003
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Conference venues in Nairobi
•
•
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
1004
Fairview Hotel Grand Regency Hotel, Hilton Hotel Holiday Inn Hotel La Mada Hotel Milimani House of Waine Intercontinental Hotel, Jacaranda Hotel Kenya Comfort Hotel Nairobi Safari Club Norfolk Hotel Palacina Conference Centre Safari Park Hotel Stanley hotel Sarova Panafric Serena Hotel Hotel Boulevard Six Eighty Hotel Panari Hotel
• •
•
• •
• www.victoriasafaris.com
•
•
infrastructure has been laid across KICC. It connects all floors and allows highspeed digital access of information in and outside the building. Conference equipment — lectern and wireless microphones wireless microphone, fixed seating, overhead projector, wide screen TV, slide projectors, video screen, camera and projector and flip charts Banking services are offered through the Kenya Commercial Bank branch at KICC . KICC also has a forex bureau The registration area can accommodate at least 20 counters. There is a travel agency through which clients make reservations for their flights Catering — the Watamu Restaurant offers à la carte menu and live entertainment on Friday and Saturday in the Shangwe Bar. It is open 24 hours. Nairobi Serena Hotel: Kenyan, Indian, Italian and Creole cuisine. The main restaurant is Mandhari. It is open 24 hours. Norfolk Hotel: International culinary cuisine. It is open 24 hours. The Stanley: Three unique restaurants — Thorn Tree café, Zen Restaurant and Al Fresco pool deck bar and restaurant. It is open 24 hours. Tin-Tin Restaurant: Chinese cuisine. It is open 24 hours. Security — Conference tourism is sensitive to security matters and KICC ensures the safety of delegates and visitors at the centre. It is surrounded by secured institutions such as police headquarters, High Court and Office of the President. KICC has a fully equipped police station. It is also guarded by internationally acclaimed security firm BM.
•
Products
• Helipad/Viewing Tower —KICC is the second tallest building in the city. This vantage point provides a bird’s eye-view of Nairobi and its environs. It is ideal for cocktails and product launches. • Amphitheater — it represents the traditional African hut ideal for symposia and seminars. It is the place where heritage meets modernity. The tiered seating has a capacity of 771 people on three balconies surrounding the auditorium. • Amphifoyer — situated on the second floor, it is ideal for tea or coffee breaks, cocktails and exhibitions. • Aberdares Hall —it is ideal for
•
•
•
•
•
2 0 1 0 0 9
•
Y E A R B O O K
•
medium-size conferences, meetings and seminars. It has a seating capacity of 350 people theatre-style, 250 in classroom style and 100 for a banquet. Tsavo — it is the largest chamber of its kind in East Africa. The hall is ideal for large international meetings, exhibitions, banquets and receptions. It has a capacity of more than 3,500 people seated theatre-style. For a banquet, it can sit 2,500 people and for classroom setting 3,200. Batian — it is located on the first floor and ideal for small meetings and discussions of about 30 people. It has Internet connectivity and is used as a media working centre during conferences. It can also be used as a secretariat room COMESA Grounds — overlooks Parliament. It was so-named after hosting the largest ever exhibition in the country in 1999. It brought together exhibitors from COMESA countries. Delegates Lounge — on the first floor and ideal as a reception and exhibition area Impala Hall — on the first floor and ideal for small discussion groups of about 70 people. Lake Turkana — ideal for small discussion groups and has the same capacity as Impala Room. Lenana Hall —close to Aberdares Room and ideal for mediumsize conferences, meetings and
K E N Y A
• The centre has strong walls and gates with barriers all the way from the main gates to the entrance. After the security check at the main gate, screening of delegates and visitors is done at the entrance. • The centre has intruder alarm systems that include panic buttons to alert people in case of a fire or emergency. Fire-fighting equipment is placed at all corners of the building. • During major conferences, the Government beefs up security. A security committee, including the police, KICC, Immigration, airport, protocol, emergency response organisations and the client’s security, hold meetings.
1005
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
•
• •
•
seminars. It has a seating capacity of 300 people theatre-style, 200 in a classroom setting and 100 for a banquet. Shimba Hills Hall — has a seating capacity of 100 in rows. It is suitable for workshops and seminars. Safari Lounge — ideal for small discussion groups Taifa Hall — on the lower ground and ideal for small discussion groups. It caters for about 200 people seated theatre-style. In a classroom setting, it can accommodate 150 people. VIP Lounge — tastefully designed on the first floor, the room is ideal for VIP reception and meetings. It overlooks the Jomo Kenyatta statue and water fountains.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Other venues
1006
The Kenya Wildlife Service has wellequipped training centres in Nairobi, Nakuru and Naivasha. Bomas of Kenya, just outside Nairobi, is a cultural centre that has conference facilities for hire. To meet the demand for conference tourism, new hotels have been built in Nairobi — Crown Plaza in Upper Hill, Tribe Hotel at Village Market-Gigiri, Ole-Sereni and Panari on Mombasa Road and Westlands Hotel coming up next to the Sarit Centre. They will give the city a boost to grow conference tourism because more multi-nationals are setting base in Kenya and Nairobi has raised its stature as a regional conference hub. Several international hotel brand names are interested in building or joining hands with local ones to set up new facilities in Nairobi. Kempinski Hotels Worldwide (a hotel chain in Germany) and Accor Hotels of France have shown interest. Kenya is, therefore, a conference tourism destination
Conference venues upcountry Leopard Rock Lodge (Meru) Mara Safari Club (Nanyuki) Mt Kenya Safari Club Naro Moru River Lodge Outspan Hotel (Nyeri) Crater Lake Tented Camp (Naivasha) Island Camp (Lake Baringo) Merica Hotel (Nakuru) Ol Tukai Lodge (Amboseli National Park) Rift Valley Lodge, Naivasha Imperial Hotel (Kisumu) w Golf Club
www.victoriasafaris.com
2 0 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
ideal conference venue since it has the requisite facilities. Leisure Lodge and Mombasa Beach Hotel, among others, have magnificent conference facilities of international standards. Many local companies are in the conference tourism business and they secure appropriate venues for clients. They arrange hotel and lodge accommodation and trans-
K E N Y A K E N Y A
of choice — excellent facilities, good weather that makes it possible to do business or hold conferences all year round, comfortable surroundings, good accommodation and fine cuisine. Times outside the conference room can be spent rock climbing, water rafting, and indoor and outdoor games. Mombasa, with its good weather and many hotels, is an
1007 1007
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
port delegates and employees to and from the venue. They also offer pre- and post-conference safaris, ticket confirmation, tours and safari consultancy, shopping and short tour excursions to delegates. Conferences can be held at the Coast, luxurious lodges or resorts in wildlife sanctuaries around Lake Victoria or in the urban centres.
Medical tourism
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0
Conference venues in Coast Province
1008 1008
Jadini Beach Hotel, Nyali Beach Hotel Voyager Beach Whitesands Hotel Serena Beach Leopard Beach Leisure Lodge Severin Sea Lodge Sun & Sand Bamburi Beach Hotel Travellers Beach Hotel Safari Beach Hotel LTI Kaskazi Le Soleil Papillon Lagoon Reef Diani Sea Resort Diani Sea Lodge Sands at Nomad Whispering Palms Reef Hotel Baobab Lodge, Kilifi Coral Key Beach (Malindi) Safari Beach Hotel Kilaguni Serena Safari Lodge (Tsavo West) www.kwathabeng.co.za
Medical or health tourism has become a common form of vacationing, and covers a broad spectrum of services. It combines leisure and relaxation with wellness and healthcare. Broadly speaking, medical tourists are people who leave their homes to seek quality treatment, care and rest abroad where it is cheaper but superb. Although staying in a hospital may not be many people’s idea of a vacation, hospitals have become healthcare hubs for international visitors. In East and Central Africa, Kenya has assumed a leadership role in offering quality medical care in cardiology, dentistry, dermatology, endoscopic, general and spinal surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology. Although the number of medical tourists has not been documented, information from hospitals and other industry players indicate that medical tourism is catching up as a tourist activity. In recent years, Kenya’s largest medical referral facility, Kenyatta National Hospital, and private institutions such as Nairobi and Aga Khan hospitals, have served high profile patients from Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), among others. Karen, Nairobi, Aga Khan, MP Shah and Mater hospitals are also renowned for their sophisticated medical equipment and
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
patients are willing to travel long distances to get medical care, “whether the destination is an exotic resort halfway around the world or a health care facility several hours away in a neighbouring state”. Even when airfare, hotels, travel insurance, car rentals and dining are factored in, medical vacations in Kenya are more affordable than domestic health care in some patients’ home countries. Generally, the cost of medical attention is significantly lower, sometimes by as much as half in the US, Asia or Europe. This leaves tourists with some money to tour Kenya as they recuperate. The chief drivers of medical tourism are price, quality and service. Medical experts in Kenya see the country as a high-potential destination for medical tourists because local hospitals have the facilities and expertise. Attracting more medical tourists is a good avenue for diversification. In its 2008-2012 strategic plan, the Ministry of Tourism projects to liaise with the private sector to diversify products and services. This ensures that treatment and equipment meet international standards. Herbal medicine is also widely practised in Kenya and is often used in tandem with modern medicine or when modern medical methods fail. The Government supports herbal practice and has registered and licensed herbalists to practise in public and private hospitals.
K E N Y A
qualified personnel who undertake delicate operations such as heart and brain surgery, and kidney transplants. The refurbishment of Kenyatta National Hospital and provision of modern equipment has also boosted Kenya’s attraction for medical tourists. With healthcare costs rising in the US and Europe, and disposable incomes shrinking in the wake of the global recession, more people are looking to overseas destinations for treatment — a situation that provides Kenya with an opportunity to grow the industry even further. The private sector’s response to this unique form of tourism can be gauged by the efforts of hospitals such to invest heavily in diagnostic and treatment facilities, equipment and professionals. The 320-bed ward Nairobi Hospital has been expanded and a Doctor’s Plaza with 70 suites for medical consultants built. It has also invested Sh23 million ($287,500) in a modern oxygen plant, and now produces and supplies its own oxygen. The hospital is also ISO-certified in Quality Management Services (9001:2000), Food Safety Management System (22000:2005), Effective Environment Management (140001:2004) and has certification for the Accreditation of the Laboratory (15189:2003). A medical tourism report by audit, tax and financial advisory company Deloitte indicates that
1009
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Sports tourism
1010
Kenya is a great sporting nation. Sport is a popular part of everyday social life. Kenyan athletes have become world-renowned world, Olympic and Commonwealth champions, and crossing the line in first, second and third place has become a common occurrence. (See chapter on Sports) Sport is now a significant part of the tourism industry in Kenya, with athletes visiting from countries in Europe, Asia, the US and other parts of the world to train or conduct philanthropic activities. And the country has been attracting world sport stars. In 2009, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in the world in the 100m and 200m, visited Kenya for charity work as did world tennis star Serena Williams in 2010. A local tour firm, Victoria Safaris, has plunged into the business and is organising sportsrelated excursions for individuals and groups. The company operates from Nairobi, Eldoret and Kisumu airports. It makes arrangements for athletes who want to train in the world-famous Kipchoge Keino training centre in Eldoret and Nandi Hills, which have produced the best athletes in the world. Kenya hosts many marathons throughout the year in locations as diverse as the highlands, the beach and the wilderness. The annual Lewa Safari Marathon combines the best of community conservation and sports tourism. The race
Lion numbers in Kenya National Park/Reserve
Numbers
Masai Mara
825
Tsavo
675
Laikipia
230
Isiolo/Samburu
100
Northern Kenya
100
Meru
40
Nairobi
25
Amboseli
35
Aberdare
A few
Total
About 2030
www.ens-newswire.com
is organised to support major conservation and community projects in the Lewa and Il Ngwesi area. The area — Il Ngwesi tourism project and private ranch land — is a sanctuary for wildlife and breeding endangered rhinos. But it also provides a safe haven and habitat for species threatened by growing human populations in surrounding areas. The ranch became a conservancy protecting 6 per cent of the country’s population of endangered black rhino, and 20 per cent of the world’s population of rare Grevy’s
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
spectators, including farming communities, ranchers, national and international media. The proceeds go to the Samburu Handicap Education and Rehabilitation Programme and helps more than 100 children in the district. But it has no permanent source of financial assistance and relies on NGOs, self-help groups, the Government and individuals. The most renowned athletic event is the annual Standard Chartered Marathon, which attracts athletes from all over the world. Prominent
K E N Y A
zebra. The marathon is the latest example of community partnership in action — an event that benefits the local people, animals and tourists. The Maralal International Camel Derby is an annual event held in Maralal town. It began in 1990 as a sporting event to educate pastoral communities about the usefulness of the camel as a key environmental tool in combating environmental degradation. It is Africa’s best known and most prestigious camel race, attracting local and international competitors and
1011
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Maasai Ostrich Park It is 45km from Nairobi on the Athi River/ Kitengela Plains and 30 minutes from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Set in 200 acres of rolling grasslands, the farm has supplied Kenya and other countries with ostrich meat, feathers and skins since 1991. The ostriches are trained and ridden and this attracts visitors from all parts of the world. The park is a popular tourist destination and a place where jockeys train for ostrich racing. Ostrich races are held at the farm on Sundays and occasionally at the Ngong Racecourse in Nairobi. The resort borders the Kitengela Game Conservation Area populated with buffalo, giraffe, black rhino and eland, among others.
www.africanspicesafaris.com
1012
sportsmen and women have also visited in the past to conduct sports clinics and visit places like the Kipchoge Keino Stadium in Eldoret, renowned as a breeding ground for world-famous athletes. But sport in Kenya is by no means limited to just athletics. Kenya has embraced all manner of international sports. Visitors to Kenya will be spoilt for choice — football, rugby, cricket, polo, water sports and horse racing are held throughout the year. Major international sporting events bring the world to Kenya each year. Nairobi plays host to the annual Safari Sevens, a major rugby tournament featuring top international teams. The Sevens rank as one of the world’s best rugby competitions, and each year the event is a major highlight on the Nairobi social calendar. (See chapter on sports) Equally popular is the Kenya Open Golf Tournament, held annually at the Muthaiga Country Club. It features a repertoire of local and international competition, and promises plenty of exciting action on the greens. More and more travelling golfers are now packing clubs on safari. (See chapter on sports). The Kenyan coast is a paradise for beach sports such as deep-sea fishing and water surfing in the Indian Ocean. The coast has the best hotels and on the beaches, guests can go scuba diving and snorkelling. Lake Victoria is another great place for water surfing and deep-sea fishing in its islands — Mfangano, Takawiri and Rusinga. Tour companies make arrangements with the management of the islands, lodges and hotels to provide competitive rates. Special games take place at the Moi International Sports Centre, Kasarani. Handicapped people play football, netball, volleyball, swimming, tennis, handball and hockey. Those
Opportunities in parks and reserves Park/Reserve
Tsavo East National Park
Chyulu Hills National Park
Tsavo West National Park
Proposed Site
Proposed Development
Ithumba /Utundeni
10 bed star-bed camp
Ithumba Makuna
30 bed eco-lodge
Thararakana Blind
10 bed camp/24 bed luxury tented camp
Roka -Emusaya
10 bed camp
Mukururo Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented camp
Satellite Site
30 bed eco-lodge
campSinai Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented
Old Rombo Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ Luxury tented camp
Manda Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented camp
Kishushe Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented camp
Jipe Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented camp 12 bed cottage
Kanjaro Site
30 bed eco-lodge/ luxury tented camp
Man-eaters Motel
24 bed motel and restaurant
Proposed Development
Kakamega National Reserve
Isiukhu
24 bed tree-house
Ruma National Park
Kampi ya Nyati
24 bed luxury tented camp
Saiwa Swamp National Park
To be identified
12 bed cottages
Mt. Elgon National Park
To be identified
24 bed eco-lodge
Northern Conservation Area Park/Reserve
Proposed Site
Marsabit National Reserve
To be identified
24 bed tree-house
Sibiloi National Park
To be identified
24 bed eco-lodge
who excel are picked for the Special Olympics.
Cultural tourism Travelling has always been about discovery, and it is through visiting other countries that we learn about the world. Tourism is not just a financial exchange; it is about the
Proposed Development
exchange of experience and learning about new places, faces and people. The best way to understand another culture is to experience it firsthand, and this is the true value of the tourist trade. Kenya is no different. While many tourists visit Kenya to experience our famous wildlife or beaches, for
Y E A R B O O K
Proposed Site
K E N Y A
Park/Reserve
2 0 1 0 0 9
Western Conservation Area/R
1013
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Elephant numbers
1014
many more the local culture makes their stay special. Exit polls among departing guests at airports show one common compliment — an overwhelming vote of thanks for the warmth and welcoming spirit of the Kenyan people. A trip to Kenya is about more than just wildlife or scenery — the real face of Kenya is found among the combined faces of many cultures. It is the people who bring the destination to life — each landscape has a different cultural significance to a different community, and the wildlife has long been an essential part of traditional culture. Kenya has 42 cultures, countless languages
Kenya’s elephant population has doubled in the past 20 — from 16,000 in 1989 to 32,000 now — since the dramatic gesture on July 18, 1989 when former President Moi ceremonially burnt 12 tonnes of ivory to raise awareness of the damage poaching caused to elephant populations. Then, the numbers had fallen from 167,000 in 1973 to 16,000. But wildlife officials fear progress will be undone by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ 2007 decision to partially lift the international ivory trade ban. www.elephant.co.uk
those who attend have the opportunity to visit the Kakamega Forest, and see the ‘Crying Stone’. But there is a greater value in cultural tourism. At a time when racial and religious conflicts threaten the world, it is only through a better understanding of human cultures and beliefs that the global community will come together and achieve lasting peace.
Y E A R B O O K
Tourists are increasingly interacting with local communities and want to stay in places that impact on the environment, wildlife and the local population. Throughout Kenya, there is growing awareness of the benefits of community tourism projects. Communities that have allowed access to their land have seen their lifestyles improve through increased revenue in form of wages, land leases and development funds. Several eco-tourism projects have built boreholes, schools and clinics for local communities. Notable community tourism projects include Ngwesi and Tassia in Laikipia District, Sarara in Namunyak, Shompole in Magadi and Losikitok in Amboseli. They range from complete community management to a partnership with an investor or trust that provides capital for building guesthouses and related facilities. In most cases, the community provides land through a lease and
2 0 1 0 0 9
Eco-tourism
K E N Y A
and dialects and one of the most richly diverse social tapestries on earth. The heritage stretches back longer than most, and the depth of history can be seen at the three UNESCO World Heritage sites in Kenya. At Koobi Fora, some of the earliest evidence of human habitation on earth has been found, while the streets of Lamu echo with the history of centuries of sea trade, while Mt Kenya is a biosphere reserve that combines the respect for a traditional symbol of creation and the need to conserve our environment for the future. Many opportunities are available. To travel through Kenya is to experience a unique cultural mosaic as old as creation. Meet the Swahili sailors of the Coast, visit the thorn-enclosed villages of the Maasai in the south, walk alongside Samburu warriors in the northern wilderness or fish with the Luo, master fishermen of Lake Victoria, in the west. Anywhere you travel in Kenya, you find new and fascinating cultures, and cultural events. From the annual Maulidi celebrations in Lamu and the bullfights of Kakamega to the Mombasa Carnival, there are enough festivals, events and ceremonies to fill a calendar and ensure that there is always something new and exciting to experience anywhere, anytime. Bull-fighting is a recent tourist attraction in western Kenya and is unique to the country. The event takes place early in the morning and
1015
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Medical tourism
1016
Kenya has many geothermal springs whose mineral contents have the potential for the development of health spas to serve as curative centres and tourist attractions. The project, Developing Health Spas, aims at using the abundant geothermal mineral water springs in the Rift Valley and western Kenya for the development of quality health spas. The most significant hot water springs are found in: • Around Lakes Bogoria and Baringo. The two are 345km from Nairobi and are in game parks. • Around Lake Turkana at the Kenya-EthiopiaSudan border. • Olkaria and Eburu near Lake Nakuru, famous for flamingos. • Simbi on the shores of Lake Victoria and close to the renowned Masai Mara Game Reserve It is expected that clients will be local and foreign visiting the locations for attractions such as yachting, game watching and cultural activities.
www.tradeinvestkenya.com
ensures the protection of wildlife. Community members are employed and trained in the projects and get wages, development funds and involvement in spin-off enterprises. The community-based tourism concept is taking root and the Government has recognised the need to harness the product and market it in a more cohesive and systematic manner. Preservation of the environment that supports tourism activities is not just for the benefit of foreign visitors. Eco-tourism involves more than preservation of wildlife for visitors. It also means protecting the country’s resources for the benefit of its people and wildlife. Eco-tourism and community wildlife and conservation ventures offer visitors rewarding wildlife experiences that give them the opportunity to enjoy and appreciate Kenya’s wildlife. Productive eco-tourism envisages a practice that has no negative impact on ecosystems, and which contributes to the preservation of the environment. Kenya’s dedication to eco-values sets it apart as a country that values eco-tourism. Performance is gauged through the ‘eco-ratings’ scheme — a project of the Eco-Tourism Society of Kenya. This pioneer scheme accords hotels, lodges and camps the opportunity to apply for a special rating, which rates their level of eco-friendliness. Community-based tourism and eco-tourism are growing globally. They account for five per cent of the global tourism market and growing at a rate of 20-30 per cent a year.
Tourism week The Kenya Tourism Week is held in the third week of September. During the celebrations,
2 0 1 0 0 9
The Ministry of Tourism is developing and diversifying tourism products, recognising that the traditional beach and wildlife safari products need to be in line with changing travel trends and patterns. Tourists want a multiplicity of activities and experiences. In its strategic plan, the ministry
Y E A R B O O K
Marketing Kenya
K E N Y A
participants explore various attraction sites. The main events are an art exhibition, cuisine, music, culture and a golf tournament. This festival is a strategy to promote local tourism. It gives local and international tourists an opportunity to travel the country and experience lessexplored attraction sites.
1017
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1018
highlights the need to facilitate development and promotion of sport, cultural, conference and shopping tourism as additional products. For a long time, the sector has depended on traditional markets — the UK and Western Europe. The ministry realises the need to widen its focus, especially to include markets in the Far East, Eastern Europe and North America. Marketing Kenya is not an uphill task. The country is endowed with a wealth of tourist attractions — tropical beaches, abundant wildlife in natural habitats, scenic beauty and a diverse landscape. The diversity is boosted by the variety of flora and wildlife heritage. The Great Wildebeest migration in the Masai Mara Game Reserve is now a Wonder of the World. Kenya’s cultural history stretches back more than 4.5 million years, with some of the oldest known evidence of early man. Thus, the country is a destination that offers visitors an unparalleled variety of travel experiences. The Government has started several initiatives, including lobbying for direct flights from the US to Kenya and seeking landing rights for the national carrier, Kenya Airways, in Asian countries like Japan, which have great potential for bringing in large numbers of tourists to the country. Currently, leisure travellers, who want to visit Kenya from Japan and the US, have to charter flights or make stopovers in Amsterdam or Heathrow Airport. Direct flights will guarantee more air traffic and large visitor numbers. In addition to the tourism benefits, direct flights would open up those markets to Kenyan products like cut flowers and other agricultural products. To strengthen the efforts, the Government is focusing on nine key strategic areas, outlined in the Tourism Strategic Plan (2008-2012).
Hospitals in tourism Kenya is taking initial steps to get a slice of Africa’s medical tourism business. The 320-bed Nairobi Hospital is eyeing medical tourism for new revenue, as local competition in private healthcare gets tougher. Kenya has high potential for medical tourism and Nairobi Hospital has invested in diagnostic and treatment facilities as well as professional human resources. At present, only a handful of tourists come to local hospitals although the refurbishment of Kenyatta National Hospital has brought patients from neighbouring countries as medical tourists. The wellness sector is another potential revenue earner for Kenya. Chale Island is popular among visitors who cover their bodies with special mud as a skin rejuvenation therapy.
www.imtjonline.com
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
tourists, acquisition of funding for tourism, human resource development and management, reduction of sectoral conflicts, and boosting information management and research capacity. The Tourism Recovery Programme, a public-private partnership initiative, which started in 2003, resulted in international visitor arriv-
K E N Y A
They include the formulation and implementation of an appropriate policy and legal framework, diversification of tourism products and source markets, marketing of products and facilities and improvement of tourism standards. The Strategic Plan provides a policy for tourism development: Measures to guarantee the safety and security of
1019
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Cultural tourism Kenya has a unique cultural mosaic. Meet the Swahili sailors of the Coast, visit the thornenclosed villages of the Maasai, walk alongside Samburu warriors in the northern wilderness or fish with the Luo on Lake Victoria in the west. From the annual Maulidi celebrations in Lamu and bullfighting in Kakamega to the Mombasa cultural carnival, there are enough festivals to fill a calendar. Communities have turned to tourist projects to sustain and enrich their lives. The projects have been supported by the Ministry of Tourism and the Tourism Trust Fund.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.tourism.go.ke
1020
als increasing from about one million in 2002 to 1.8 million in 2007, an average growth of 12.5 per cent. Raising awareness of the opportunities for domestic travel is a priority. The aim is to encourage Kenyans to travel within their country, make tourism products accessible to all, develop a culture of tourism and create a safe and welcoming environment for local visitors. One of the fastest growing segments of tourism is ecological tourism (ecotourism) — nature photography, bird watching, botanical studies, hiking and mountaineering. Community tourism is also
becoming increasingly popular, with tourists experiencing Kenya’s rural villages and towns. Tourism marketing will be strengthened to promote up market package and wildlife safaris and gradually move away from lowvalue package or mass tourism. Regional markets, especially those with good air links to which Kenya can offer complementary, rather than similar products, will also be targeted.
Domestic tourism Kenya’s tourism products attract visitors from all over the world. However, most Kenyans have not
• • • •
•
•
who will contribute to its growth and to organise forums where they could exchange ideas Maintain a constant flow of information and data on local tourism Produce tourism media — electronic and print Organise exhibitions Aggressively market local tourism through product investigation and analysis Facilitate access of local people to products and educate Kenyans on local attractions Negotiate with stakeholders to subsidise the rates for Kenyans throughout the year
A holiday does not mean being away from home for long. There are many options for short breaks. A weekend is enough time for a break from ordinary routine — whether it is exploring the beaten track, learning more about cultural and natural heritage or just relaxing in beautiful surroundings.
Y E A R B O O K
Weekend away
K E N Y A
had the opportunity to tour major attractions due to lack of knowledge. The domestic market will be developed to become an enduring foundation of the demand for facilities and services. Domestic tourism has become significant in Kenya because it can cushion the tourism during low periods of international arrivals. With the aggressive promotion of the domestic sector, local business is expected to increase significantly. The ministry’s objectives are to: • Encourage Kenyans to become active participants in domestic tourism to boost the sector • Create a network of stakeholders
A break with the family is a great chance to spend quality time together. Plenty of hotels and lodges have special entertainment, menus and activity programmes for children. They will not just have fun on the beach or explore the wilderness, but also learn a lot too.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Family holiday
1021
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Honeymoons
A wedding is a great opportunity for newly weds to take a longer break to be together in the many resorts that Kenya offers. It could be at the Coast or many parks and game reserves that dot the Kenyan landscape. Stop-overs
When travelling home or visiting friends, it would be good to explore local attractions in your home area. A single night stop over will add a whole new element to your time off. It is an opportunity to learn things you never knew about a place you may think you know so well. Active travel
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
The holiday feeling is also about experiencing life. You can do a lot when on holiday — walk on a beach, play golf, swim, watch local sporting events or try something entirely new like water-skiing, diving, ballooning or sky diving.
1022
Giraffe Manor It was built in 1932 by David Duncan on 140 acres of land a few kilometres from Nairobi. In 1974, Jock Leslie-Melville and his wife Betty bought it. They moved five babies of the Rothschild giraffe to the property. When Jock passed away, Betty opened her house — now the Manor — to visitors. It is the only place in the world where you can feed and photograph giraffes from your second floor bedroom window, over the lunch table and at the front door. Guests can watch bushbucks, dik dik and 180 species of birds. One bedroom has furniture from Karen Blixen’s guest room, and wildlife paintings by her famous cook, Kamante.
www.africanmeccasafaris.com
Family and friends
Team challenge
If many times you sit with friends or family on Fridays trying to think of something to do at the weekend, look beyond your usual choices. You can take a joint holiday or weekend away.
This is ideal for colleagues at work, club, church, mosque and women’s group, among others. You can get closer, improve team and problemsolving skills and broaden their outlook. An organised holiday or conference away for the team may be ideal. Time out of the office can open, clear and refresh the mind. A joint challenge — an organised hike, water rafting or rock climbing — can strengthen bonds and enhance working together.
Special events
Celebrate birthdays, anniversaries and engagement in style — on a holiday. These can be organized in advance at various resorts in Nairobi, at the Coast or the countryside.
Investment incentives Kenya has many advantages as a foreign investment destination. The workforce is skilled, English-speaking and enterprising. Kenya is in a central location with a coastline,
Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Security is a key consideration for tourists in selecting a holiday destination. The Government is committed to continually improve security for visitors and residents. To counter any perception that Kenya is an unsafe destination, safety concerns are closely monitored and addressed. The Ministry of Tourism makes the safety and security of visitors a priority, and Kenya has an excellent reputation for protecting tourists during their stay. A special Tourist Police Unit has been created through an agreement between the Commissioner of Police and the Permanent Secretary in the ministry. (See chapter on Security and Defence). In addition, there is a Safety and Communication Centre under the Kenya Tourism Federation (KTF), which operates for 24 hours to monitor visitor safety. The centre provides a hotline (02-604767) where tourists can seek help. It is manned by well-trained staff. KTF represents the leading tourism trade associations, comprising the Kenya Association of Tour Operators (KATO), Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers and Caterers (KAHC), Kenya Association of Travel Agents (KATA), Kenya Budget Hotels Association (KBHA), Kenya Association of Air Operators (KAAO), Ecotourism Society of Kenya (ESOK) and Mombasa and Coast Tourism Association (MCTA).
2 0 1 0 0 9
Safety and security
1023
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tourism federation
1024
The tourism private sector in Kenya has seven organisations representing the tour operators, hotel keepers and caterers, travel agents, air operators, budget hotels, Mombasa and Coast tourism and eco-tourism. Each association is independent, but to be more effective, the Kenya Tourism Federation was formed to unite the seven associations under one umbrella. It provides a single voice for the tourism industry, enhances ethics and standards, strengthens private sector representation in public tourism boards, provides a forum to contribute to marketing Kenya and lobbies over tourism issues.
www.experiencekenya. co.ke
port and the communication and investment hub of the region. The Government is pro-investment and the economy fully liberalised, with a well-established local and foreign private sector. The Government offers investment incentives for tourism development — investment allowance at the rate of 100 per cent for plant, machinery, equipment and buildings. Attractive depreciation allowances are at 4 per cent on hotels, 25-37.5 per cent on vehicles and trucks and 30 per cent on computers and office equipment. Business enterprises that suffer losses can carry forward the losses to be offset against future taxable profits, while duties on capital goods, plant and machinery are applicable at the rate of 5 per cent. Large-scale private investment projects, which benefit the country, can recover the value of import duties on capital goods against income liability. Investors are given guarantees over the expropriation of private property, repatriation of capital, profits and interests, arbitration cases between foreign investors and host governments and insurance against political risk through Africa Trade Insurance Agency Developers
Investors selected to build the facilities will: • At own cost develop the facility on a buildown-operate and transfer (BOT) basis • Complete construction in not more than 12 months from the date of the lease • Mitigate impact on natural habitats, park infrastructure and wildlife during the construction and commissioning as required in the Environmental Impact Assessment report approved by the National Environmental Management Authority • Operate and manage eco-lodges or tented camps in accordance with KWS regula-
State Corporations Kenya Tourist Development Corporation (KTDC)
It was established in 1965 to develop tourism facilities and finance private investors. It gives loan financing (a revolving fund). This is an irredeemable seed fund of Sh48 million ($600,000) managed on behalf of
2 0 1 0 0 9
KTF, AIG Kenya and AAR have designed comprehensive insurance for tourists that covers travel from country of origin and back, rescue and evacuation, medical bills, eventualities during riots and repatriation.
Y E A R B O O K
Travel insurance
the Government. The objective is to provide concession credit to entrepreneurs in the tourism sector. Loans are, therefore, given to new tourist enterprises at concessional rates. KTDC provides development funds for new start-up hotels, lodges and other facilities. Most properties enjoy an equity element to reduce the impacts on lending costs on their viability and sustainability. It also gives extension and modernisation loans. Currently, many tourism facilities require rehabilitation and addition of facilities to meet guest demands. KTDC has continuously provided such funds at concessional terms. In addition to the funds, the corporation provides business advisory services. Aviation, tours and travel loans are provided for buying cars and working capital. Business loans are also given for production and working capital for curio shops and export of handicrafts. In obtaining a loan, the following fees are paid to KTDC: Sh3,000 ($37.5) loan application fee that is non-refundable. A loan application form is issued on payment of the fee. The completed form must be returned within 30 days A non-refundable Sh50,000 ($625) loan appraisal fee to meet the costs of project evaluation, including a physical site visit Commitment fee at the rate of 1 per cent of the amount to be borrowed Other fees — legal, valuation and
K E N Y A
tions, including waste disposal, refuse management and impact on wildlife and natural habitats • Provide catering, accommodation and other services of standards equivalent to five-star facilities in KWS parks • Receive fees or charges from users for not more than 20 years • Pay rent and levies as prescribed in the lease agreement In line with the Public Procurement and Disposal Regulations and KWS Tourist Facilities Development Procedures, the agency identifies and selects developers through a competitive and open process. Developers awarded leases for development of sites or rehabilitation of facilities are required get to authority from NEMA and statutory licences to operate hotels and restaurant.
1025
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1026
other charges are paid to the respective third party. Interest rates are set as follows: 15 per cent for the Commercial Loan Programme and 14 per cent for the Revolving Fund Programme. The rates may be reviewed according to KTDC policies. Loans are paid over a maximum of 10 years. Only loans for the purchase of vehicles are paid in three years. The legal status of the applicant company shall be required: Certificate of incorporation, memorandum and articles of association and board resolution to borrow. A feasibility study report providing background information of company directors, including age, percentage shareholding, occupation, education, experience and any other relevant information are needed. Pledge adequate security for KTDC loan and provide a copy of the title deed that must be free of encumbrances. The security value should be at least 30 per cent above the principal loan sought. Provide a letter authorising the corporation to commission valuers to prepare a report valuation of the pledged security and give an undertaking to pay valuation fees directly to the corporation valuers should also be provided An environmental impact assessment must be provided on submission of the feasibility study. Kenya Tourist Board (KTB)
It was set up in 1997 to promote and market Kenya as a tourist destination internationally and locally. KTB is an independent marketing authority for tourism. KTB is managed by a board of directors, who are major stakeholders in tourism and a managing director who oversees marketing initiatives and campaigns. Its marketing
The Maasai enigma The Maasai authentic and intriguing culture is a tourist attraction. Safari tours enable visiting tourists and Kenyans to explore the Maasai rich cultural heritage — visit their homes and attend cultural shows. The tours also provide an opportunity to take part in the Maasai dance and buy traditional jewelry, art and craft to take home as souvenirs.
www.kenya-information-guide.com/ maasai
2 0 1 0 0 9 Catering and Tourism Development Levy Trustees (CTDLT)
The Catering Levy Trustees, the precursor to CTDLT, was established in 1972. In 1997, the name changed
Y E A R B O O K
UK and the US/Canada, and new emerging markets in Asia, and the Middle East. (www.magicalkenya. com).
K E N Y A
campaigns are managed locally by a marketing director and a team of marketing staff, based in the Nairobi offices at Upper Hill. The campaigns are run together with three international Market Development Representatives (MDRs) who manage KTB offices overseas. The MDRs cover key source markets in Europe, the
1027
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Investment options
1028
Lodges — (not more than 60 visitor beds) to be built on 35 acres leased for 20 years with an extra fiveyear renewal. Rent is between $31,279 and $37,562) a year Eco-lodges — 25 acres provided for a 20-year lease renewable for five years. Rent is between $31,279 and $37, 562 Luxury tented camps — between 24 and 40 beds on 25 acres for a 20-year lease renewable for five years. For up to 30 beds, rent is between $9,486 and $18,971 and for 40, it is between $12,816 and $25,632 Cottages — six acres provided for a 15-year lease renewable for five years. Rent is between $6,197 and $12,394. Starbed camps — will have at most 10 beds and leased for 20 years and renewable for five years. Rent ranges between $6,197 and $12,394.
www.kws.org
to accommodate a new mandate. Its main function is to control and administer the levy fund. Its mandate has been extended to establish and set standards for training institutions. Soon after independence, the Government integrated the development of tourism into the overall national plan for the country’s economic development. A key ingredient lacking at the time was a qualified human resource. In response, the Government took deliberate measures to ensure that Kenyans were trained for this emerging economic opportunity. It introduced training for people in tourism such as hotel management, housekeeping, food production, front office, food and beverage services. Of primary concern was long-term sustenance of funding for training. To provide a consistent source of funding for training in tourism, the Training Levy Fund and the Catering Levy Trustees were established under Section 18 and 19 of the Hotels and Restaurants. With the rapid growth of tourism and competition from other countries, the Government realised that aggressive marketing was vital. It, therefore, changed the name of CLT to CTDLT to accommodate the additional mandate of financing the Kenya Tourist Board. The organisation’s board consists of public and private sector experts and makes policies. The trustees collect, control and administer the training and tourism development levy fund and establish and develop national standards for skills required in tourism. The organisation has branches in Nairobi, Coast, western Kenya, Rift Valley and central Kenya.
and demands, the Kenya Utalii College is linked with the hotel and tourism industry. This is achieved through the Tourism Industry/ Kenya Utalii College Liaison Committee, a forum for dialogue between the college and industry stakeholders. It comprises the Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers and Caterers, Kenya Association of Tour Operators, Kenya Association of Travel Agents, Kenya Budget Hotels Association, Kenya Airways and Department of Tourism in the Ministry of Tourism.
It is a tourist village in Nairobi. Bomas (homesteads) displays traditional villages of Kenyan communities. It was established in 1971 as a subsidiary company of the Kenya Tourist Development Corporation as a tourist attraction. In a nation so rich in culture but whose heritage is threatened by modernity, celebrating culture is perhaps the only way to safeguard it. Bomas of Kenya has a series of cultural shows that promote Kenya’s rich cultural diversity. The fetes create cultural ambassadors from all communities to promote the rich culture beyond borders. The popular bonanza brings together Kenyans from diverse cultural backgrounds in the display of talent in music, dance, theatre, drama, fashion show, poetry recitals, comedies, sports and games, exhibitions, seminars, beauty contests and body
2 0 1 0 0 9
Bomas of Kenya
Y E A R B O O K
The college is a world leading hospitality and tourism training institution. The Kenya Utalii College has trained more than 36,000 people in hotel and tourism professions. They include graduates of full-time courses — more than 8,000 — while the rest fall in the categories of short courses, including in-service. The college graduates represent about 20 per cent of the hotel and tourism industry work force in Kenya. They also occupy important executive positions in the industry outside Kenya, a fact that has made the college one of the world’s biggest contributor to the development of hotel and tourism industry. As a member of the international professional community, Utalii is a member of several international organisations, including the World Tourism Organisation, International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism Research, International Hotel and Restaurant Association, Council on Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education, International Association of Hotel School Directors and Hotel and Catering International Management Association. Others are Travel and Tourism Research Association, International Air Transport Association, World Association of Professional Training in Tourism, International Fabricate Institute and Association of Hotel Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. To keep abreast of market trends
K E N Y A
Kenya Utalii College
1029
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1030
There are also a restaurant, two bars, a children amusement park, an outdoor football, volleyball and tug-of-war field, a filming and picnic sites, a secure car park for 3,000 cars and traditional costumes for hire.
Sh20
($0.25)
Sh500 ($6.25) Sh750 ($9.375) Sh300 Sh2,000 ($25) Sh300 Sh100 Sh50 Sh30
Hotel and Restaurants Authority (HRA) It was established to regulate and standardise hotels and restaurants. New hotel, resort and lodge projects are required to be licensed first before commencing construction. This is aimed at ensuring quality and compliance with relevant laws and regulations and promoting excellence in the hospitality sector. The authority will also embark on a nationwide exercise of grading and classification, using the East African Community regulatory regime for all the five member States.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Video Recording (small) Video recording (big) Music recording DVD Audio cassettes Dance booklet Children playground School parties:
Sh600 ($7.5) Sh300 (3.75) Sh300 Sh100 (1.25) Sh25 ($0.325) Sh30 ($0.375)
Y E A R B O O K
Charges at Bomas Non-resident adults Non-resident children Non-resident students Resident adults Resident children College students Schools Nursery to secondary
K E N Y A
building. Bomas of Kenya also aims to preserve, maintain and promote rich and diverse cultural values of various communities. It is 10km from the capital city and thus accessible from international hotels and conference facilities in Nairobi. It is near the major international and local airports — Jomo Kenyatta and Wilson . It is also next to the Nairobi National Park. Thus one can combine culturalwildlife-town tour circuits. With the growing interest in cultural heritage, growth in cultural tourism has increased. As the premier institution in cultural resource preservation and management, Bomas of Kenya plays a big role in the development and promotion of cultural tourism in Kenya. It has succeeded in balancing the twin challenges of preservation and development of culture. The facilities include an African model amphitheater that seats 3,000 people, state-of-the-art theatre light and lights effects for disco, a sparkling wooden floor suitable for stage shows and dances and a raised stage for VIP functions. Others are a PA system and 24-channel sound to audio record live proceedings, international standard gymnasium for indoor games (volleyball, badminton, table tennis and darts),a soft-carpeted hall that can sit 2,000 people, a mini-hall of international standard ideal for workshops and a soft-carpeted hall arranged to sit 300 people for stage shows
1031
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Utalii College
1032
The college was established in 1975 through to boost professionalism and improve standards in tourism and hospitality. After independence, the Government approached the Swiss Confederation to establish a training institution. As a result, the first group of hotel management trainees enrolled at Kenya Polytechnic in 1969. But the need to train not only managers, but also other cadre was critical. This led to the establishment of a fullyfledged hospitality and tourism training institution — the Kenya Utalii College. www.utalii.co.ke
The tourism industry is regulated by two Acts of Parliament — the Hotels and Restaurants Act (Cap 494) and the Tourist Industry Licensing Act (Cap 381). The former was enacted in 1972 to provide for licensing of hotels, hotel managers and restaurants with a view to regulate hotels and restaurants, for the imposition of a levy for training people to be employed in hotels and restaurants. Licensing and regulation under the Act is administered through the Authority, a board constituted by the Minister for Tourism. Three types of licences are issued under Cap 494: Annual renewals, classification certificates and entry permits. In considering applications for hotel licences, the board requires operators to present a title deed or lease agreement for the premises, copies of work permit where applicable, health clearance certificate, tariff (bed and room charges, and menu) and an appropriate licence fee according to category, size, bed capacity and extent of services provided. For restaurant licences, the following are required: A certificate of incorporation or PIN number, health certificates, copy of tariffs, lease agreement, copies of manager’s professional qualifications, work permit for foreigners, licence fee and filled forms HRA 1 and HRA 2
Entry permits They are Class-A, Class H and special passes. This is for foreign hotel and restaurant employees. Class A employee
The requirements for a foreign employee in the tourism sector, when applying for a work permit for the first time are a letter of application, copy of passport, CV and professional certificates and copy of tourism licence of the establishment
It is for foreigners. A letter addressed to the PS explaining the purpose of the special pass, CV and professional certificates and copies of passport and tourism licence are required.
Tourism Trust Fund (TTF) It is a joint initiative of the European Union and the Government of Kenya. It was established in 2001 to diversify tourism products and support new and existing projects and initiatives, create a good environment for tourism development and boost product quality. This involves identifying, supporting and funding community tourism projects. In the last three years, TTF has funded eco-lodges and camps, tourism management plans, cooperative projects between wildlife conservationists and communities, handicraft workshops and cultural centres. It is estimated that more
2 0 1 0 0 9
Special Pass (90 days)
than Sh300 million has been distributed to community projects in various parts of Kenya. The funds have been used to develop and upgrade lodge facilities, conserve and protect local flora and fauna and develop new activities and experiences for tourists. The funding has also been used to develop tourism plans for Amboseli, Tsavo and Samburu national parks and Tana River Delta and western Kenya. TTF manages two programmes — the Tourism Diversification and Sustainable Development Programme (TDSDP) and the Tourism Institutional Strengthening and Market Promotion Programme (TISMPP). TDSDP is designed to diversify tourism products by supporting new and existing ventures, projects and initiatives. It aims to create an enabling environment for tourism development and to enhance product quality, sustainability and market acceptability. TISMPP aims at establishing a base for repositioning Kenya as a tourist destination. The focus is to provide resources to support regional and international marketing of the destination, primarily by the Kenya Tourist Board. Product diversification is aimed at boosting Kenya’s traditional beach and wildlife safaris with new ones such as cultural tourism, agri-tourism and landscape tourism, among others. A board oversees the implementation of the two programmes. It has a representative from:
Y E A R B O O K
• Bank statement and audited report in case of renewal • Copy of passport • Letter to the Permanent Secretary explaining the purpose of the permit • Certificate of incorporation, articles of association and memorandum • PIN • Title deed or lease agreement of the premises • Copy of tourism licence of the establishment
K E N Y A
Class H (Investor)
1033
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
• •
Ministry of Tourism National Authorising Officer, Ministry of Finance • Delegation of the European Commission in Kenya Wildlife/Landowners Forum • Group Ranches Associations • Kenya Tourism Federation • Tourism NGOs • Each group nominates a trustee and an alternate trustee TTF has funded 48 projects, covering communities and the varied facets of Kenyan tourism. The projects are in diverse locations. Every project has a story of overcoming challenges to benefit communities and the nation.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Sekenani Camp
1034
Funded by TTF and the EU, the camp hosts a community project, which aims to improve the quality of life for the Maasai people living near the reserve. It builds infrastructure for health, education, veterinary services and clean water supply. The project office is at the reception area of the camp. The camp is operated in conjunction with 26 Maasai families who have shares in the business. It is the logistical centre for a community development. Sekenani Camp is on the boundary of the Masai Mara Game Reserve in southern Kenya. The Mara is the most popular of Kenya’s wildlife parks. Comprising 15 well-designed tents, it is the smallest permanent tented camp in the reserve. It has a magnificent setting and excellent cuisine. The camp is built at the source of the Sekenani River, which rises from a rock pool at the east end and forms the stream, which flows in front of each tent. The tents are large and on platforms. Each is secluded and set in
Second Utalii College A second public tourism college is on the cards. In 2009, the Government set aside Sh460 million ($5.75 million) and acquired 60 acres at Vipingo in Coast Province. The college will be located in a region that accounts for more than 60 per cent of local tourism. http://allafrica.com
2 0 1 0 0 9 Il Ngwesi Eco-Lodge
The award-winning lodge was built in 1996 on a rocky outcrop in a group ranch set aside for wildlife conservation. Made of local materials, it has an ‘open to the bush’
Y E A R B O O K
downer’ before dinner and listen to the sounds of Africa’s birds and other creatures. (www.sekenanicamp.com)
K E N Y A
the bush to ensure privacy. The en suite bathrooms make them among the most beautiful appointed tents in Africa. A suspension bridge connects the guest tents with the dining room and bar. Well-trained chefs prepare fresh meals and the bar is wellstocked. In the evening, a fire is lit on the wide veranda in front of the dining room. Guests enjoy a ‘sun-
1035
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Koiyaki Guiding School
1036
It is part of the Serengeti-Masai Mara wildebeest migratory route and supports lion, leopard and elephant populations. It is also home to other wildlife — cheetah, rhino, birds, reptiles and insects. It provides Maasai youth with education in tourism and eco-friendly land management. The school promotes conservation of the Mara ecosystem, with particular emphasis on the Koiyaki-Lemek area. It caters for 25 residential students a year drawn from high school leavers 18 years old and above. Applications are vetted, taking into account school heads’ reports, academic achievement, English fluency and literacy and communication skills, personality and motivation. Koiyaki and the associated Wilderness Camp were built with funds from the EU through the Community Development Trust Fund and Tourism Trust Fund, and contributions from the Maasai and donors.
design with stunning views in all directions. There are two communal areas, one at the front of the lodge overlooking the waterhole, and a second with a superb infinity pool, which drops into the wilderness. Both have covered areas for escaping the heat of the day and open ones allowing guests to dine under the stars. The lodge has six spacious bandas, five of them with single and double beds. The honeymoon suite and room five have large double beds on a raised platform on which the beds may be rolled out for a night under the stars. A bridge for large groups skillfully joins two rooms. Built on a slope, the front of the bandas is on stilts, giving guests clear views of the vast surroundings. Staying at the lodge is special as visitors get a real taste of the bush and are looked after by their pleasant Maasai hosts. Common animals include the dik dik, waterbuck, impala, giraffe, eland, gerenuk and kudu. Elephant and buffalo are regularly seen in big herds. The ranch has witnessed high-profile wildlife translocations of rhinos from Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. Omni, the hand-reared black rhino, enjoys special protection in the ranch with two white rhinos. And the endangered Grevy’s zebra can also be seen in the ranch. The ranch is also home to more than 250 bird species. (ww.ilngwesi.com/thetrust) Ngong Forest Sanctuary
www.koiyaki.com
It is one of the few forests in the world within a city. Only 6km from Nairobi’s city centre, the forest is a precious resource for the capital city. Managed by the Ngong Road Forest Sanctuary Trust, it is open to the public. The sanctuary protects, conserves and manages an urban forest of more than 500 hectares
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
exciting venue. The Trust’s overall goal is to protect the forest’s natural environment and to create a selfsustaining and multi-functional reserve, which will serve the social, educational and economic needs of the nearby communities. With the help of the EU’s Community Development Trust Fund, TTF and other donors, the sanctuary built an educational centre for school children, company meetings and for community conservation education. It will also serve as a resource for disseminating informa-
K E N Y A
within the city boundaries. It comprises 538 hectares of forest — 80 per cent indigenous and the rest exotic eucalyptus plantations within the Ngong Road Forest Reserve. It is rich in biodiversity compared to nearby forests and is home to more than 120 bird species, 35 mammals and numerous insects, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The project’s aim is to transform a vulnerable, under-used forest into a secure amenity that not only protects and conserves the valuable resource, but also introduces an
1037
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
tion — through conservation movies in schools, colleges, universities, the local community, visitors and Nairobi residents. It will also offer services to conferences and weddings. (www.ngongforest.org)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Sarara Camp
1038
It is simple yet luxurious tented accommodation set within pristine landscape in the Namunyak Community Conservancy. Sarara has established itself as a hotspot for quality leopard viewing and close up sights of the extremely shy lesser kudu antelope. African wild dogs are frequent in the Sarara Valley too. Elephants, buffaloes, giraffes, gerenuks, impalas and warthogs are regularly seen on game drives and bush walks. Unusual sightings include the striped hyena, aardwolf, civet cat, African wild cat, greater kudu, Grevy’s zebra and cheetah. Visitors can fly to Sarara on scheduled flights at Nairobi’s Wilson Airport to Nanyuki or Lewa Downs. A short private charter flight then takes them to Sarara. By road, the camp is eight hours from Nairobi. Guests are, however, encouraged to fly from one area or camp to another. This, of course, increases the cost, but does away with the long and tiring journeys. Dinner in the bush is possible in the camp, especially at the dry river bed not far from camp. Sitting by a large fire, with a bar
and three-course meal served, is the ultimate combination of wild nature and elegant indulgence. (www.sararacamp.com)
Tourism associations Public and private sector associations have strengthened Kenya’s well-established tourism. They provide useful information and resources on tourism: KATO
The Kenya Association of Tour Operators (KATO) is the country’s leading tourism trade group that represents the interests of more than 250 professional tour operators. The organisation’s members
africansafaris.co.ke
KATA
The Kenya Association of Travel Agents (KATA) is a national organisation that mainly comprises International Air Travel Association (IATA) agents. The association
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
It is in the Aberdare National Park. It is an original tree lodge and a world famous water hole and salt lick that face the hotel. Its historical royal connection is well known — in 1952, a young English girl climbed the tree a princess one afternoon only to descend the following morning as Queen Elizabeth II — her father had died during the night. In 1932, the first visitors climbed the fig tree supporting the two-room house. By 1952, Treetops had four rooms. For the globetrotter, the rich, the famous and fashionable, no safari in Kenya was complete without the Treetops adventure. Today, the 50-room Treetops tops the list for many tourists. Treetops Hotel has had its share of drama. The 1932 tree house was burnt down by Mau Mau freedom fighters in 1954.
K E N Y A
Treetops Hotel
offer special interest, air, travel group, camping, golf and agro safaris, and Indian Ocean & Coast holidays. After a year in operation as a tour operator licensed by the ministry, companies are eligible to join the association. An application form, two recommender questionnaires and a notice of categorisation are then given to the applicant. The documents should be certified by an auditor. Other documents required are copies of a certificate of incorporation, ministry licence and promotional materials (brochures or website). KATO upholds the good reputation of Kenya as a tourist destination and ensures that tour operators maintain the highest standards of service. It gives agents and clients confidence that Kenya redresses of any wrongs which a client may suffer. It recommends standards which the Ministry of Tourism takes into account to determine whether to grant or renew licences of operators. KATO also provides members a forum to seek protection or redress in disputes with other members or non-members. (www.katokenya. org)
1039
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
KATO membership
1040
is a member of the Universal Federation of Travel Agents’ Association, which represents 84 countries and whose headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium. KATA is also a member of the Federation of Eastern and Southern African Travel Agents (FESATA) and works with the ministries of Transport and Tourism and related Government parastatals. It also plays an important role in the private sector institutions such as the Kenya Tourism Federation (KTF) and the Kenya Private Sector Alliance. It has represented the interests of travel agents since 1979 when its forerunner, the East African Society of Travel Agents, was disbanded after the collapse of the East Afri-
New members join the Associate Category and pay Sh5,000 ($62.5) annual fee. After a year, they pay Sh500 ($6.25) and upgraded to any of five Full Membership categories: •Category E — turnover of less than Sh10 million ($125,000) •Category D — turnover of over Sh10 million but below Sh40 million ($500,000) •Category C — turnover of over Sh40 million, but below Sh80 million ($1 million) •Category B — turnover over Sh80 million, but below Sh120 million ($1.5 million) •Category A — turnover of less than Sh120 million •Affiliate membership is for foreign tour operators or allied local companies or individuals. They pay Sh2,000 ($25) annual fee. www.katokenya.org
The Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers and Caterers was founded in 1944. It is the principal organisation bringing together hospitality establishments. They include hotels, lodges, casinos, camps, membership clubs, airline caterers and the entertainment sector through its affiliate — Pubs, Entertainment and Restaurants Association of Kenya.
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
KAHC
Membership of the association is open to industry players provided the establishment is registered and in hotel keeping, catering and entertainment businesses. It has membership of star-rated hotels, restaurants, caterers, lodges, tented camps, residential cottages and casinos. The core services the association renders to members are: It is the principal representative of hotels and restaurants to the Government and other agencies on regulation, licensing and policy. This role is fulfilled through representation in the Kenya Tourist Board, Kenya Tourism Federation, Federation of Kenya Employers, Hotels and Restaurants Authority, Kenya Utalii College, East Africa Tourism Council, Catering and Tourism Development Levy Trustees, Tourism Trust Fund, Nairobi Central Business District Association, Mombasa and Coast Tourism Association, Coast Development Authority and other forums. It also liaises with the ministries of Tourism, Trade, Finance and Labour. The association is the principal information exchange network for members and the industry by conducting research, maintaining an industry data bank and communicating with members on employment regulations, tax and pricing policies, human resource, hotel licensing and classification, security, legislation, labour laws and certification. The Association promotes harmonious industrial relations
K E N Y A
can Community. KATA boosts travel business by promoting the services of members, protecting their rights and helping them to boost their businesses. More than 80 IATAaccredited travel agencies and four IATA-approved training colleges are members. They are bound by KATA’s constitution and code of ethical and professional standards. The standards protect consumers. The code of conduct ensures that members trade honestly and professionally. The association also expects members to comply with the spirit of Kenya’s tourist reputation and offer high quality services, comfort, safety and value to all clients. The objectives of KATA are to promote and protect the interests of members, communicate the concerns of members and to lobby the Government, public and private sectors and act on behalf of members in negotiations on industry issues. It also facilitates access to training, information and promotional materials. (www.katakenya.org)
1041
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Role of travel agents
through Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA) negotiated and signed with trade unions and coordinates training and development programmes with the Kenya Utalii College. KAHC membership gives hotels a stamp of recognition and affords them a forum to discuss common issues in a united front. (www. kahc.co.ke)
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
ESOK
1042
Kenya Association of Travel Agents (KATA) advises on choices, special promotions, quality and value of a travel product. It also gives travel options and quotations from suppliers. KATA also helps with aspects of visitors’ trip, including air tickets, accommodation and car hire. If you experience a problem on your trip, they act on your behalf to resolve it. KATA consultants create, sell and manage products. It understands what visitors want and the products they can deliver. KATA members have the information tourists and other visitors need at their fingertips.
www.katakenya.org
The Eco-Tourism Society of Kenya is a civil society organisation founded in 1996 to promote eco-tourism and good practices. Founded with industry support, the society supports the development of eco-tourism. It pursues the vision of making Kenya’s tourism sustainable, especially the environment and welfare of local populations. As a membership organisation, Ecotourism Kenya brings together individuals, community and corporate organisations to discuss ecotourism and use the knowledge to improve practices in their respective fields. Its programmes include community outreach, information dissemination and eco-rating scheme and safari code. ESOK manages the Eco-Rating Scheme, a certification system for tourism accommodation facilities in Kenya, and the Eco-Warrior Award, an annual event that recognises outstanding tour operators, accommodation providers and community groups . It also conducts educational and training programmes in tourism, with an emphasis on community groups and researches on ecotourism and sustainable tourism. The civil society provides advisory services in research, planning, management and policy development on eco-tourism, supports communities initiatives and maintains a
Big Five Cape buffalo
It is a massive, moody and dangerous animal. Its main diet is grass, but at times leaves and buds make up the greater part of its feeding. It kills more people than lions or crocodiles. Old lone male buffaloes even lie in wait and ambush people, and it is dangerous for tourists to walk outside the grounds of a lodge or camp between a buffalo herd and their mid-morning drink. They take on groups of lions and are known to kill cubs. They are ferocious in the defence of their calves.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Wildlife is the backbone of tourism, the second largest sector in Kenya’s economy, an essential source of foreign exchange and a major contributor to the GDP. About 1.5 million tourists visited national parks and reserves in 2009, up from 1.2 million in 2008. Most wildlife is found on 8 per cent of the total land area (11 million acres), which is gazetted for conservation. Kenya’s wildlife is one of the richest and most diverse in Africa, with several protected areas and wetlands internationally recognised as world heritage and Ramsar sites and Man and Biosphere Reserves. It also constitutes a unique heritage that is of great importance nationally and globally. Wildlife resources contribute directly and indirectly to the local and national economy through revenue generation and wealth creation. A number of factors have made Kenya ecologically rich — variability in climate and topography; diversity in ecosystems and habitats, ranging from mountain ranges to semi-arid and arid areas to marine and fresh waters. The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), the first-ever conservation agency in Africa to be ISO 9001:2008-certified, manages 27 national parks, 28 national reserves, six marine reserves and four
Y E A R B O O K
WILDLIFE
national sanctuaries, which account for 75 per cent of the tourism product. The KWS has embarked on a rigorous programme to raise the profile of parks to world-class standards. It has also identified sites for investment in lodges and hotels to increase accommodation in the parks. Security in the parks and reserves has been boosted with the introduction of helicopter patrols at night. The completion of the 400km-long Aberdares Forest fence has boosted conservation efforts. Other projects have been initiated to fence off water catchments areas and to block human encroachment. Efforts in wildlife conservation date back to 1898 when laws controlling hunting were enacted. They regulated hunting methods and trade in wildlife.
K E N Y A
database of eco-tourism initiatives. (www.ecotourismkenya.org)
1043
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Panari Hotel
1044
It is the only transit hotel a five-minute drive from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi. With its exquisite accommodation rooms facing the Nairobi National Park, Panari offers a breathtaking view for those who love safaris and wildlife and business travellers en route to different destinations. It also gives the best in conferencing and banqueting facilities for corporate, social and personal events. Panari Hotel has 24-hour security with internal and external security personnel deployed in the entire facility. CCTV cameras cover all floors and public areas with direct panic buttons to the nearest Administration Police headquarters. www.panarihotels.com
They can be seen at Lake Nakuru National Park and the Masai Mara Game Reserve. Black and white rhino
The black rhino is a solitary animal with a hooked and flexible upper lip. On its part, the white rhino has a wide upper lip and a large hump at the top of its neck. The former feeds on leaves, shoots and buds, but the latter exclusively on grass and is less solitary than its black counterpart. They live in small family groups. They are found in Lake Nakuru, Nairobi, Meru and Tsavo West national parks and the Ol Pejeta and Lewa conservancies.
Unlike the lion, the leopard is a solitary animal, silent and wary. It glides away into the bush if disturbed. Being accomplished climbers, they rest on trees or rocks. They take their kills up the branches to keep them away from scavengers. Many Kenyan lodges place baits for leopards — a goat haunch tied to a tree. Tourists can then see the beautiful cats at close range. The leopard is not confined to any one part of Kenya, and can be found in many wildlife parks or reserves.
Lion
Those who have seen the film, Lion King, or watched any of the numerous films set in Africa are familiar with the Swahili name for Lion, simba. Although it is one of the best known and most easily seen and recognised big cat, it is nevertheless unusual. Though most cats are essentially solitary, lions are social, with one to three males living with several females in a pride. They have complex social behaviour, which includes elaborate greeting rituals. The Masai Mara Game Reserve is the best known for its lion population. The wildebeest migration attracts many lions, cheetahs and other predators. Other parks that are home to lions are the Samburu National Reserve and Meru, Tsavo the East and Tsavo West national parks.
Rebranding parks The Government educates Kenyans who live near national parks on being friends of the parks. The KWS has introduced several activities to educate the community on co-existence with animals. They include branding parks, improving infrastructure, capacity building for scientific management of various schemes to improve staff motivation and productivity.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Leopard
The Masai Mara Game Reserve and Ol Donyo Sabuk, Meru and Mt Kenya national parks and the Samburu National Reserve are known for their leopard populations.
Y E A R B O O K
It is the world’s largest land animal. Kenya has about 30,000 elephants, with an estimated 10,000 in the Tsavo/Mkomazi ecosystem. One of the best places to see elephants is in the Amboseli Game Reserve. This is the home of late ‘Echo’, the matriarch of one of the herds studied by Cynthia Moss and featured in the book and documentary ‘Echo of the Elephants’. It is entirely vegetarian and eats variety of food — grass, leaves, shoots, flowers and bark. Its diet also includes a variety of crops — maize, bananas, mangoes and sweet potatoes — thus bringing it into conflict with man. Interestingly, elephants are partial to over-ripe fruits ostensibly because they make them drunk! They are very social and females stand watch over their dead young and even cover the body with branches and twigs.
K E N Y A
Elephant
1045
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1046
At Hells’ Gate National Park in Naivasha, ‘Wheelbarrow Race’, the first-of-a-kind world-class sport, was introduced, while at Lake Nakuru, the ‘Cycle with Rhino’ project run, is in its second year. At the Nairobi National Park, a unique race, ‘Sokotoko Marathon’, was introduced. Another event is the ‘Mara Marathon’ that took place at the Masai Mara Game Reserve. The annual Rhino Charge, a sport-cum-fundraiser, has in the past continued to raise awareness and attract tourists. The event is a joint venture between KWS and Rhino Ark Trust, a wildlife charitable organisation, to raise funds for fencing off of the Aberdares Forest. Lake Nakuru, Kenya’s leading tourist site, was branded an International Bird Sanctuary in 2009. It is the first site to receive the Important Bird Area (IBA) status in Africa in recognition of its outstanding value to bird conservation. The park, which is home to more than 450 bird species, is world famous for its high population of big and small flamingos that cover the lake edge in a layer of bright pink. Four years ago, the KWS branded the park a ‘bird watcher’s paradise’ under a national programme aimed at designating selected parks and reserves as world-class destinations and conservation areas. Other activities included the branding of Hell’s Gate and Mt Longonot national parks. This marked the 16th such event since 2005
when KWS started the marketing blitz in line with Vision 2030. The makeover of Hells Gate and Mt Longonot parks includes not only the rehabilitation of infrastructure, but also a comprehensive community outreach programme. Other branded parks are Lake Nakuru, Amboseli, Tsavo East and West, Meru, Nairobi, Kakamega Forest, Saiwa Swamp, Mt Elgon in Trans Nzoia, Ruma in Homa Bay and Ol Donyo Sabuk in Thika. Private conservancies have not been left behind. The annual Lewa Marathon marked its 10th anniversary in 2009. The Laikipia Conservancy launched a similar one, while other plan to start theirs.
Access to parks In 2009, park entry tariffs were reviewed and Sterling pounds and euros accepted as currencies of payment besides the US dollar and the Kenya shilling. This was in response to requests from international tourists. The fee ranges from Sh60 to Sh600 for citizens, Sh100 to Sh2,000 for Kenya residents and $5 to $150 for non-residents. Children are charged less. The upward revision was driven by the high cost of wildlife conservation and the need for a pricing strategy that reflects the true value of tourism products. The charges are higher in some parks than in others. The segmentation of prices aims at attracting tourists to less visited parks in the Western Circuit, espe-
1047
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1048
cially Ndere Island in Lake Victoria, Ruma National Park in Homa Bay, Kakamega Forest National Reserve and Mt Elgon National Park near Kitale. Subsidised rates were introduced for visitors from the East African Community — Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. Kenyan tourists enjoy similar incentives in Tanzanian and Ugandan parks. This is part of the process of integrating the region into a more diverse, but single tourist destination. The parks were also reclassified and entry priced in various categories — Premium (Amboseli, Lake Nakuru); Urban Safari (Nairobi); Wilderness (Aberdares, Tsavo East, Tsavo West, Meru, Chyulu Hills and Kora); Mountain (Mt Kenya); Scenic and Special Interest (Hell’s Gate, Mt Elgon, Shimba, Shimba Hills, Arabuko Sokoke Forest, Tana Primate, Kakamega Forest); Marine (Kisite Mpunguti, Kiunga, Watamu, Mombasa, Malindi) and Sanctuaries (Nairobi Animal Orphanage, Kisumu Impala Sanctuary and Nairobi Safari Walk). Entry into the Premium parks’ category costs foreign tourists Sh4,500 ($56.25), an increase from Sh3,000 ($37.5). But the Nairobi National Park entry fee remains at Sh3000. For scenic and special interest parks like Hell’s Gate, Shimba Hills, Arabuko, Ndere and Kakamega Forest, the fee was reduced to Sh1,500 ($18.75) to encourage high visitor turnover. Kenya has the best tourist products and infrastructure in East Africa
Isiolo Lodge It was opened in 2005 and is between Mt Kenya and six national parks. The lodge is on five acres. Significant places of interest within a two to 60km range are Samburu National Park (20km), Buffalo Springs (8km), Shaba National Park (15km), Lewa Downs Conservancy (20km), Meru National Park (30km), Bisanadi National Park (30km) and Mt Kenya (50km). It is the ideal place for tourists with an interest in the environment. It has seven African style lodges complete with grass roofs. It is a community project and the profits benefit the local Borana community. The lodge is 3km east of Isiolo 300km from Nairobi.
www.responsibletravel.com
yet it is the least expensive destination. For instance, Serengeti in Tanzania charges Sh4,500 ($56.25), while Kenya’s Masai Mara charges Sh3,000. Tourists are charged Sh7,500 ($93.75) for a minimum five days to climb Mt Kilimanjaro, while tourists pay Sh1,500 for a minimum three days to climb Mt Kenya. Yet Mt Kenya offers a more challenging climb. The new tariffs were arrived at after consultation among key stakeholders, including KWS, Kenya Association of Air Operators, KTF, KTB, KATO and the KAHC.
2 0 1 0 0 9
million ($687,500) in Meru (Mulika, Kinna and Masanduku) and Lake Nakuru (Naishi) national parks. In the next two years, Sh1 billion ($12.5 million) will be spent in improving roads, bridges and airstrips in national parks and reserves across the country. Two airstrips will be built in the Ruma National Park (Homa Bay) and Mt Elgon National Park near Kitale town. Others to be upgraded include one at Voi in Tsavo East National Park, Kamboyo in Tsavo West National Park and Mweiga in the Aberdares National
Y E A R B O O K
Infrastructure in the parks has improved since the introduction of the branding campaign. The process includes refurbishment of facilities — signs, roads, airstrips and buildings — and support for community projects. The KWS has invested heavily in infrastructure in many national parks and reserves, including those in remote areas, in recent years at a cost of Sh45 million ($562,500). Various airstrips have been upgraded to tarmac status at a cost of Sh55
K E N Y A
Infrastructure
1049
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
KTB contacts abroad European circuit:
C/o Hills Balfour Notcutt House Tel: 020 7202 6373
[email protected] CSDéveloppement C/O Tuset 10- 3º4ª Barcelona
[email protected] Via Monte Rosa Milano magicalkenya@aviareps. com Travel Marketing Amsterdam
[email protected] Travel Marketing Paris kenya@interfacetourism. com The Americas:
Carlson Destination Marketing Services infousa@MagicalKenya. com Emerging markets (Asia,
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Australiasia and the Middle
1050
East)
[email protected] Local and regional tourism — Kenya and Africa Jonathan Mbiyu
[email protected]
www.ktb.org
Park. Each region has an aircraft for patrols and other conservation activities. Opening up the domestic airspace is a key drive in achieving Kenya’s target of five million tourists a year by 2012. The Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA) has given KWS a commercial licence to fly tourists to northern Kenya. The one-year licence restricts flights to areas around Sibiloi National Park in Turkana, Marsabit National Park and Malka Mari National Park along the Ethiopia-Kenya border between Mandera and Moyale. KCAA is finalising the process of approving a seven-seater helicopter, 13-seater caravan and four-seater Cessna aircraft for the nonscheduled passenger air services. The commercial service is meant to help KWS Air Wing, a critical ingredient in Kenya’s efforts to protect and manage wildlife, raise revenue to meet part of its costs for conservation work and open up national parks in remote areas to tourists. In December 2008, a shuttle bus service targeting local tourists was launched at the parks. Several parks have benefited from this and plans are underway to extend the initiative to 59 parks and national reserves. Kenya’s national parks have stamped their authority on the global map. KWS coordinated a high profile meeting to design the 2010-2020 elephant conservation scheme. It also represented the country at the International Wildlife Disease Association and the 11th International Wildlife Law Conference. Kenya is signatory to regional and international environmental agreements on conservation and management. They include the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance — Waterfowl Habitat, Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Rhino
Kenya’s black rhino growth is the highest in the world. The country has 850 black rhinos, the thirdlargest population in the world. The Ol Pejeta Conservancy is the largest black rhino sanctuary in East Africa. Black rhino numbers increased from 577 in 2007 to 603 in 2008 and a recovery strategy for the declining black rhino population in the Aberdares National Park was inaugurated. Implementation of an Intensive Protection Zone in Tsavo West National Park was a landmark achievement in black rhino conservation. Seventy-two animals were ear-notched to boost the monitoring of the population. Meanwhile, the number of white rhinos increased from 303 in 2007 to 314 in 2008. Two females were introduced in Ol Choro Oiroua Conservancy in the Masai Mara to enhance breeding. Lion
Kenya is one of six countries in Africa with more than 2,000 wild lions. The population has dropped from an estimated 2,700 in 2002 to 2,000 and the national population has been declining in the last seven years at the rate of 100 a year.
2 0 1 0 0 9
To control animal deaths and migration, KWS has established water boosters in all the 65 parks, reserves and sanctuaries. Measures have also been introduced to control pastoralist migration to the parks. Wildlife translocation is used to reduce human-wildlife conflicts, manage capacity of particular areas and facilitate variety in enclosed populations. In 2009, 100 impalas, 15 giraffes and 50 kongonis were translocated from Tsavo East National Park to the coastal rainforest in Shimba Hills. The restocking is meant to attract more visitors, not just to the Shimba Hills National Reserve, but also to the Mwaluganje Elephant Community Sanctuary. The grazing area in Shimba Hills’ ecosystem has been underused due to the low number of mammals. Ten rhinos were also translocated from Lake Nakuru to Nairobi National Park to diversify its ecosystem and attract more visitors. Translocation of white rhinos is common in Kenyan parks and conservancies. In 2004, six rhinos were moved from
Wildlife conservation
Y E A R B O O K
Wildlife management
the Solio Game Reserve to Lewa Conservancy, while in 2007, 30 black rhino were transferred to Ol Pejeta Conservancy from Solio.
K E N Y A
Species (CITES), the Convention on Migratory Species and World Heritage Convention. Regionally, Kenya plays a key role in NEPAD and EAC, both of which have an interest in wildlife conservation. Efforts to establish mechanisms for implementing wildliferelated environmental agreement are going on.
1051
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
Lion growth is stagnant. The Born Free Foundation is working with KWS to conserve the Big Cat. Three lions in the Amboseli National Park were fitted with GSM devices to monitor their movement and aid understanding of human-lion conflict in the ecosystem. This was aimed at drawing public attention to the increasingly threatened species and raising funds for lion conservation and protection. For the last two-and-half years, scientists have collected data on lions’ movement patterns. However, two collars stopped transmitting data after they expired. A national conservation strategy for the lion, spotted and stripped hyena, cheetah and wild dog was completed and launched in 2009.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
KWS and parks
1052
The Kenya Wildlife Service manages 8 per cent of Kenya’s land mass, including 22 national parks, 28 national reserves and five national sanctuaries. Also under KWS management are four marine national parks and six marine national reserves at the Coast. In addition, the State agency manages 125 field stations outside protected areas. Beyond wildlife habitats, the parks and stations have office and residential blocks, training institutes, research centres, bandas, hotels, shops, restaurants, boreholes, road networks, airstrips and related plants and equipment.
www.kws.org
Elephant
Kenya has a long history of elephant conservation — from the ban on hunting to the burning of ivory — and it is committed to elephant protection. The country has the skills to conserve and manage elephants through translocation, aerial surveys and provision of security. Kenya’s elephants are recovering slowly from the massive poaching of the 1970s and 1980s. Routine and planned research and monitoring activities of elephants got a major boost with the launch of the Elephant Conservation Strategy 2010-2020.
War against wildlife crime Though poaching has been contained, it still remains a challenge. But the threat to some species was recently boosted by the decision of the 58th CITES Standing Committee to sanction a one-off sale of government-owned ivory by Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe to China and Japan. This has
council officials to secure tourists’ circuits and sites.
Y E A R B O O K
The structure of the ministry comprises the headquarters, which formulates policy, and State corporations. They are Kenya Forestry Service (chapter on Water and Forestry), KWS, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (chapter on Science and Research) and the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya. The ministry’s mandate is to protect, conserve and manage forestry and wildlife resources. The first wildlife policy in Kenya was the Sessional Paper No.3 of 1975, A statement on Future Wildlife Management Policy in Kenya. In 1976, the Wildlife (Conservation Management) Act gave effect to the policy. This amalgamated the then Game Department and the Kenya National Parks to form a single agency, the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WCMD). In 1989, the Act was amended and the KWS established to replace WCMD. The policy and law enhanced wildlife conservation, reduced poaching, especially of endangered species such as elephants and rhinos, and established the KWS Training Institute, which plays an important role in human capacity development. However, the policy and Act did not adequately reduce the conflict between people and wildlife.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Policy
K E N Y A
triggered demand for ivory and rhino horns in the black market. In the first quarter of 2009, KWS and Customs officials impounded about 280kg of raw elephant ivory and two 18kg rhino horns valued at Sh75 million ($1 million) were impounded at Kenya’s main airport, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The hauls were destined for Laos, Asia, from Mozambique via Nairobi. In 2009, at least 100 rhinos were killed in the southern Africa wildlife ecosystem, a situation triggered by the CITES decision to allow trade in ivory. Kenya has stood out as a strong voice against the elephant trade. In Kenya, vigilance is high and this has led to recovery of firearms. Other security efforts are directed at bush meat trade. The fight against the business is aimed at not only protecting wildlife, but also cushioning the public against health risks associated with uninspected bush meat. KWS security officers have intensified surveillance of the illegal trade in wild animals and products. Several products have been recovered and suspects prosecuted. Park security has been intensified with the introduction of aerial surveillance in all parks and reserves. The patrols have guaranteed security for tourists visiting KWS-managed wildlife-protected areas. Game rangers work with the Tourist Police Unit and county
1053
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
The fastest animal The cheetah is a solitary cat. It has a distinctive sleek, streamlined shape with long legs and a very flexible spine. This makes it ideally suited for hunting its favourite prey, Thomson’s gazelle. It can switch direction, twist and turn with remarkable agility for an animal of its size. Unlike other cats, cheetahs do not have retractile claws, but they have the most magnificent low purr when resting. Cheetahs are found in the Masai Mara Game Reserve.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
www.kenyatravelideas.com
1054
The 2009 National Wildlife Policy is intended to provide sustainable conservation and seeks to balance the needs and opportunities of Kenyans. The policy’s key elements are to enact a comprehensive law, entrench wildlife conservation into national land use systems, decentralise wildlife conservation planning, implementation and decisionmaking to the regional, district and community levels. It will also involve communities in wildlife conservation and management through community wildlife conservation areas and sanctuaries, strengthen research and monitoring in wildlife conservation, provide incentives and user rights to com-
munities and other stakeholders to promote wildlife conservation and management, establish a fund to increase compensation for wildlife damage to human, crop, livestock and property and seek regional and international cooperation in the conservation and management of shared wildlife resources. The Wildlife Bill 2009 provides for the establishment of the Kenya Wildlife Regulatory Authority (KWRA), the Kenya Wildlife Service College and the Kenya Wildlife Service Paramilitary Academy. It also provides measures in response to wildlife conservation challenges. Public and private investors encourage community conserva-
Its mandate is to conserve and manage Kenya’s wildlife and its habitat in collaboration with stakeholders. It manages wildlife scientifically, responsively and professionally, encouraging staff creativity, learning and teamwork in partnership with communities and stakeholders. The corporation plays an impor-
Tourism development
The KWS accounts for 90 per cent of safari tourism and about 75 per cent of tourist earnings It is a driver and
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
State corporations KWS
K E N Y A
tion since wildlife is a source of livelihood. In any community near a national park, an area is set aside to help manage the park and mobilise resources. In 2009, Sh100 million ($1.25 million) was given to all community enterprise offices.
tant role in protecting diversity. Four of the country’s five major water towers are under areas managed by KWS. About 70 per cent of the country’s energy needs are water-generated or hydro-dependent, mainly from the Seven Forks Dam, whose water sources are in the Aberdares and Mt Kenya national parks. It is a State corporation established by an Act of Parliament (Cap 376). The challenges facing wildlife and biodiversity conservation in Kenya are many and varied. They include climate change, habitat degradation and loss, forest depletion, tourism market volatility, human wildlife conflict due to population growth and changing land use habits of communities that co-exist with wildlife and wildlife crime. To tackle these issues, KWS employs a multi-pronged approach and strategies with interest groups, stakeholders and partners. KWS undertakes conservation and management of wildlife resources outside protected areas in collaboration with stakeholders. The KWS’ community wildlife programme in collaboration with others encourages biodiversity conservation by communities living on land essential to wildlife — corridors and dispersal lands outside parks and reserves.
1055
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Grevy’s zebra
1056
There are two species of zebra in Kenya — the common one (hippotigris quagga) and Grevy’s (hippotigris grevyi). The latter lives in the drier regions and can be seen in Samburu and Buffalo Springs. It is the largest in the wild and has large rounded ears. It is easy to distinguish from the pattern of its stripes. The common zebra’s stripes are broad and continue down to the belly, while the Grevy’s are very narrow and stop on the lower flanks, leaving the belly clean and unmarked.
www.stlzoo.org
key implementing agency for Vision 2030 flagship projects. To boost tourism marketing, a premier parks’ initiative has been launched — it involves branding the most popular parks so that they offer high quality experience at premium rates Another initiative — Under-Utilised Parks — has kicked off in which the KWS expands and rehabilitates facilities and infrastructure in parks, including bed capacity, in less frequented parks. As an agency of the Kenya Roads Board, KWS develops and maintains roads in national parks and reserves It has developed niche products — ecotourism, cultural tourism and bird tourism, among others. Other development strategies include domestic tourism promotion, improved customer services and roads improvement The KWS helps communities outside protected areas to develop tourism and other ventures, creating employment in rural areas Wildlife management and research
KWS has strengthened science-driven wildlife conservation and management. The approaches include monitoring wildlife health through disease surveillance and control, protecting the habitat and wildlife, conserving genetic resources that could develop new or improved food crops, medication and other products. The agency makes environmental assessments to ensure sustainable management of wildlife and habitats. It restores ecosystems, especially forest and water towers’ conservation. The 10 marine parks and reserves that the KWS manages are critical breeding areas for sea life and the fishing industry. The KWS also translocates wildlife to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, management
ronmental management. Kenya is a signatory to environmental conventions and protocols. As the designated national authority on wildlife, KWS interprets the conventions, adapts them to local conditions and implements them. Law enforcement and regulation
Communities near parks include private ranchers, local authorities , development partners, conservation NGOs, tourism agencies, hotels, investors and tourists.
KWS Training Institute It is in Naivasha, a lakeside tourist town surrounded by a horticultural and fishing industry, about 90km north-west of Nairobi. The institute was established in 1985 and was originally known as the Naivasha Wildlife and Fisheries Training
Y E A R B O O K
KWS partners
2 0 1 0 0 9
KWS has made great strides in enhancing the safety of wildlife. Ground and aerial patrols, targeting poachers and providing security to wildlife, habitats and tourists — have started. It works with the police, Customs, Kenya Airports Authority, the Judiciary and the Kenya Forest Service to boost conservation and protection of natural resources. They include cross-border wildlife security initiatives with Tanzania and Uganda wildlife authorities. It has a dog unit at the KWS Training Institute to protect wildlife in and outside the sanctuary
K E N Y A
of carrying capacities and genetic variety. It conserves species, and ensures the survival of endangered ones. Through bio-prospecting, it boosts the efforts on biotechnology — strategy for conservation and management of aloe species and identification, discovery and characterisation of useful compounds, DNA extracts, genes and microbes from wildlife The KWS manages and protects critical water catchments — Mt Kenya, the Aberdares, Mt Elgon, Chyulu and Marsabit. It is also involved, with other agencies, in protecting and restoring the Mau Forest. The KWS thus safeguards the source of much of Kenya’s energy — 70 per cent of electricity comes from hydroelectric dams. Most of them are on the Tana River, which flows from Mt Kenya and Aberdares national parks. The second largest source is the Turkwel Gorge in the Nasolot National Reserve, Pokot. Geothermal power is generated at Hell’s Gate National Park in Naivasha. Internationally, the KWS coordinates biodiversity related environmental agreements, formation of the African Elephant Coalition and CITES convention. The KWS is a disciplined and uniformed force that supplements national security. It protects wildlife, people and property. With its wealth of experience, KWS contributes to policy on land, tourism, fisheries, forest conservation, water and envi-
1057
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1058
Institute under the then Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife. It was an in-service training institution for the departments of Wildlife and Fisheries. In 1985, it admitted the first trainees, comprising new university graduate assistant wardens and fisheries’ officers on induction. The programmes offered ranged from short refresher and ad hoc programmes to two-year certificate courses. In 1994, the KWS took over the Institute and renamed it in 1996. It is now a tertiary institute and a biodiversity conservation and management centre. The institute’s objectives are to offer basic, specialised and refresher programmes for KWS staff and its partners and train and conduct research in natural resource management to boost conservation, management and sustainability of wildlife resources and their habitats. The Institute has expanded its training profile and the number of trainees and staff has increased. Through links with local and international tertiary institutions, the institute has broadened certificate, diploma and other training programmes. The expansion, modernisation and improvement of facilities have enhanced its capacity to collaborate in more field-based training programmes and research as well as improve hospitality services.
Manyani Field Training School When KWS was formed in 1989, the Manyani Anti-Poaching Camp was converted into a paramilitary training facility. Before, wildlife officers and rangers were trained in different institutions — Armed Forces barracks in Gilgil, Administration Police College in Nairobi and Wildlife Conservation Management Department at Mbagathi and Ngong station. The transformation of Manyani led to the General Service Unit (GSU) coming on board to train KWS uniformed personnel on paramilitary drills. Kenya Wildlife Service Field Training School, Manyani was established in 1990. It is in the Tsavo West National Park off the Nairobi-Mombasa Road, 290km south of Nairobi and 196 km north of Mombasa. The school’s mandate is to implement KWS’ paramilitary training policy and train other stakeholders in wildlife conservation — county councils managing national reserves, private wildlife sanctuaries, the Kenya Forest Service and the Kenya Airports Authority. Over the years, the school has upgraded training and accommodation facilities — a mosque, kitchen, classrooms and chapel. More infrastructural developments are on the way, including the tarmacking of the Drill Square. The institution has conducted many programmes for KWS uniformed personnel and other stake-
1059
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning Travel insurance SECTION OF COVER
BENEFITS
SECTION 1
Emergency medical expenses
$100,000
SECTION 1B
Dental expenses
$1,000
SECTION 1C
Outpatient prescription drugs
$250
Excess for outpatient treatment
$50
SECTION 2
AIG ASSIST Assistance services Cash advances Consular referral
Assistance only
Emergency travel & accommodation arrangements
Assistance only
Transmission of urgent messages
Assistance only
Return of mortal remains/Burial expenses
Real Expense up
Medical expense
Limit
SECTION 2C
Coffin expenses
$1,000
SECTION 2D
Medical evacuation, repatriation or transport to medical centre expenses
$100,000
SECTION 3
CANCELLATION OR CURTAILMENT
SECTION 2A
SECTION 2B
Section 3A
SECTION 3B SECTION 4
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
SECTION 4A
1060
Assistance only
Cancellation
$1,500
Excess
$500
Curtailment
$1,500
Excess
$500
PERSONAL ACCIDENT Death
$25,000
Accumulation limit
$100,000
Any one life limit
$100,000
INBOUND COVER
DAYS PREMIUM
1 to 7 days
$30
8 to 14 days
$50
15 to 21 days
$70
22 to 28 days
$90
29 to 35 days
$110
36 to 42 days
$130
holders. More than 100 courses have been conducted and over 6,000 trainees graduated from the institution. A chief instructor heads the training wing. Under him are
course officers, faculty commanders and non-commissioned instructors. They are the core instructors and are usually boosted by filed staff when the school has many trainees.
About 10km south-west of Nairobi is the first national park to be established in East Africa on December 16, 1946. At the main entrance to the park is the Wildlife Conservation Education Centre established in 1964 to educate the public on wildlife and nature conservation. Education programmes at the centre make participants understand the relationship between
2 0 1 0 0 9
Animal Orphanage (Nairobi Education Centre)
Y E A R B O O K
ratory, a clinical officer, nurse and lab technician. It also has computers. Officers use them for instructional and administration purposes. It has a temporary shooting range for rifle and pistol practice. However, plans are at advanced stage for the construction of a 1,000m international shooting range. A 2km well-maintained airstrip serves the school. The school works with several training institutions in and outside KWS. The Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute in one of them. Some training programmes are run jointly. Occasionally, KWS sends trainees to the institute for wildlife studies and lecturers go to Manyani on attachment. Manyani works closely with the GSU, which started paramilitary training in KWS and contributed to the setting up of the school. The AP Training College and CID Training School work with Manyani in training.
K E N Y A
Outside resource persons are incorporated in their areas of specialisation. They are usually from in and outside KWS. When the school was established, it was to offer bush/field training and no permanent facilities were built. Classes were held in makeshift bush shades so that trainees could get used to field conditions and hardships. However, due to changing work conditions, the KWS is building modern and permanent facilities. The location — in the Tsavo West National Park — provides ample ground for practical lessons in field craft and combat and map reading. The school has permanent and semi- permanent barracks, which can accommodate up to 600 trainees. Construction of modern accommodation is going on. The school has a number of tents for excess trainees. The tents are also used in field exercises. A modern kitchen has been built to replace a temporary structure and plans are underway to construct a modern mess to replace a semi-permanent structure. The school has a constant and fresh water supply from the natural Mzima Springs. Other facilities include a parade ground with a pavilion used for passing out parades, recreational area with pitches for sports, TV sets connected to DStV and video entertainment. The school has a clinic and labo-
1061
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Colobus monkeys
1062
The black and white ‘colobus guereza’, also known as the Guereza, is a distinctive and beautiful monkey with a jet-black coat and flowing white mantle. They live mostly in the forest canopy and it is not easy to get close to them. But Mountain Lodge on Mt Kenya is a good spot to get a close look as the local troop occasionally comes through the lodge grounds at sunset, en route to their sleeping area. The rooftop look out area is excellent for a tree-top view of the troop. They are, however, shy and wary of human beings.
www.arkanimals.com
human activity and the environment. The Nairobi Education Centre’s responsibilities are to educate the public about wildlife and environmental conservation, increase people’s understanding of wildlife and ecosystems and provide wildlife conservation and management information to local and foreign visitors in parks, reserves and other tourist destinations. Its target groups are schools and college, adults, communities near the park, visitors to the Nairobi National Park and Animal Orphanage, church and conservation groups and KWS staff. At the centre, wildlife lectures are given and videos shown. The centre’s facilities include a lecture hall equipped with audio-visual equipment that accommodates 100 visitors, a reference library, 62-seater buses for hire, an animal orphanage,a unit that produces education material and an audio visual centre for production of learning materials.
Nakuru Education Centre Lake Nakuru Education Centre was established in 1976 as a base for wildlife conservation awareness and information to the public and visitors. This was to make Kenyans appreciate and support wildlife conservation. The Centre provides opportunities for conservation education to school and community groups. It is also used as a base to reach out to communities and other conservation groups. Its education programmes include: • Weekend and public holiday community education bus tours to the park. Two tours are conducted a day (weekend and public holiday) and the collection point is the Nakuru Railway Station. Resident adults pay Sh250 ($3.125) and children Sh50 ($0.625) each, while other citizens
Giraffe Centre) — Sh25,000 ($312.5); Nakuru to Naivasha, Hell’s Gate — Sh15,000 ($187.5) and Nakuru to Lake Bogoria and Baringo — Sh20,000 ($250)
Y E A R B O O K
The conservation centre was established in 1972 and had several accommodation facilities — dormitories, lecture hall and catering facilities. It serves learning communities — members of WCK, students and groups. It disseminates environmental and wildlife conservation awareness to all. It uses various methods to pass conservation messages: Guided park tours, lectures, video shows, exhibits, library reference, nature trail walks, outreach, lecture and video shows to schools and colleges The centre’s objectives are to provide opportunities for learning about environmental and wildlife conservation, create awareness of wildlife and habitats and change people’s attitudes to environmental and wildlife conservation. Facilities at the centre include three dormitories for visitors and a separate room for group leaders and beds and mattresses for up to 50 visitors. The accommodation charges: Residents: Sh50 a student and Sh100 an adult a night. Nonresidents pay $8 (Sh640) a student and $10 (Sh800) an adult A 62-seater bus and a 24-seater minibus are available for hire at Sh28 ($0.35) a kilometre travelled.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tsavo East Education Centre
K E N Y A
pay Sh150 ($1.875) an adult and Sh50 a child. • Guided park tours. The programme is for school groups which book. • Collaborative conservation — with NGOs and other groups involved in environmental and wildlife conservation • KWS organises events for the World Tourism Day — park cleaning and tree planting The centre has two dormitories with a capacity of 36 each and separate room for group leaders. Visitors bring their own bedsheets and toiletries. Two blankets are provided for each person. Kenyans pay Sh250 an adult a night and Sh50 a student. Non-Kenyans pay $10 (Sh800) an adult a night and a student $8 (Sh640). A non-refundable booking fee of Sh1,000 ($12.5) is charged. The kitchen is fully equipped — with utensils and cutlery for about 50 people — and there is a dining facility. Visitors bring their own food, firewood, charcoal and cook for themselves. A lecture hall, with a video machine player, TV, video cassettes, overhead projector, slide projector and other teaching aids — are provided. Community groups are charged Sh1,500 ($20) a day. A 62-seater bus is available for hire to the Lake Nakuru National Park from the Nakuru Municipality at Sh8,000 ($100) for half a day. Other bus hire packages are Nakuru to Nairobi (national park, museum,
1063
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
The centre has a library for use by visitors, while the lecture hall has exhibits, video machine player, television, video cassettes, overhead projector, slide projector and other teaching aids. During the nature trail, visitors watch birds and learn about plants at Tsavo Visitors bring their own food, a towel, bedding, toiletry, writing materials, a camera and binoculars From the centre, visitors can tour the Mzima Springs in Tsavo West, Shetani Lava Flow in Tsavo West, Mudanda Rock in Tsavo East, Yatta Plateau in Tsavo East, Aruba Dam in Tsavo East, Lake Jipe in Tsavo West, Lugard’s Falls in Tsavo East, Chaimu Lava in Tsavo West and the Rhino Sanctuary in Tsavo West.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tsavo West Education Centre
1064
The centre is 200m from the Tsavo West main gate at Mtito Andei. It is 8km from the Tsavo West Park headquarters. Its operations started in July, 2001 after the completion of the information display at the centre. Though education activities used to take place from the park headquarters, the centre is more efficient and convenient for visitors to the park. The main objective is to create awareness on wildlife conservation and natural resources in Kenya. It targets the KWS staff, school, community and religious groups, local and international tourists, colleges, universities and the public. Activities include lectures to visi-
tors, hiring buses out for visits, guide services, lectures on conservation to tourists at the lodges and hotels (on request) and distribution of conservation materials. Facilities at the centre are a 62-seater bus for hire, audio-visual equipment, a camping site, sleeping bags and tents for hire.
Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK) It is a youth conservation education and charitable, organisation supported by the Government
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
tional institutions have more than 2,000 wildlife clubs. They are models for conservation education in many other countries. Eighteen African countries have wildlife clubs. A 20-member council of civil servants, NGO members, citizens and teachers runs the WCK. A national secretariat handles daily activities with the advice of an executive committee of specialists in conservation education, business and public administration. The national secretariat co-ordinates WCK’s activities,
K E N Y A
through the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Kenyan students formed the WCK in 1968, the first conservation organisation of its kind in the developing world. The Government gives it annual grants and members are allowed free access to KWSmanaged national parks and game reserves. For the past 40 years, the WCK has led youth environmental conservation, education and domestic tourism organisations in Africa. Kenyan schools and other educa-
1065
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
1066
sends out mobile field units and education officers to schools, runs training workshops, organises rallies and prepares club publications. It is a membership organisation and members include school clubs and community groups. The categories of membership are primary and secondary schools, and universities and colleges. Associate membership is for adults, companies and community church groups. Currently, the membership stands at more than 2,000 clubs with about 200,000 members. Through workshops in Africa, the WCK has stimulated a continental wildlife movement. It has also helped develop clubs in Asia,
Waterbucks There are two types in Kenya. The Northern or DeFassa Waterbuck has a whitish rump, while the Southern Common Waterbuck has a large white ring on its rump. They are stout and strongly built and have a rough coat. They eat grass, leaves, buds and shoots. They particularly like walking through the woods and can be seen at Lake Naivasha in small groups grazing. The combination of their colour and apparently large, liquid eyes is a sight to behold. www.outtoafrica.com
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Latin America and other parts of the world. Through WCK lobbying, hunting and wildlife trophies were banned in Kenya, tree planting and soil erosion control activities have increased as has vigorous conservation of natural resources. It has helped educate more than one million young Kenyans and placed many in positions of influence. Its intention is to ensure that this enormous membership and awareness lead to tangible conservation successes. Its objectives are to interest and educate the youth about the envi-
ronment and natural resources, alert the public of the cultural, environmental, aesthetic and economic value of natural resources and develop a better understanding of conserving wildlife and other natural resources. The Mobile Education Unit is WCK’s most popular conservation education programme. It reaches out to clubs at the grassroots, taking conservation messages in a lively manner. The unit visits schools even in remote areas where electricity and water are non-existent. In one year, the unit visits about 400 schools and reaches 90,000 students and residents. In total, it covers more than 40,000km countrywide. The WCK has established two new mobile units at the Coast (Mombasa) and western Kenya (Kisumu). A unit has three vehicles equipped with a power generator, film, slide and video projector, a public address system and other teaching and learning resources. The Mombasa Unit traverses the Coast Province, while the one in Kisumu covers Western and Nyanza provinces. The national mobile unit is based in Nairobi and covers the rest of the country. The WCK Education Officer visit clubs and discusses activities and reports to the headquarters. This provides a link between the headquarters and the grassroots. This link has facilitated the registration of new member clubs.
1067
Economy,and Tourism Finance Wildlife and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
References
1068
Technology in the wild
•
National parks, game reserves and wildlife management have gone high-tech. The move began in 2008 when a smartcard to access parks was launched. A point of sale was fitted at the Nairobi National Park, and 40 others are to be fitted in 2010 so that parks can accept VISA and MasterCard credit cards for entry fee and other charges. In 2009, the safari card was upgraded to allow visitors to load it at ATM machines. Several animals were fitted with GSM radio collars to track them in the park. The collars help the KWS Ecological Monitoring Department to obtain data on predator-prey interactions, population, movement and social organisation. Through the use of collars, predator deaths can be analysed.
•
Economic Survey 2010. Nairobi, Government Printer
•
Economic Survey 2009. Nairobi, Government Printer
•
Kenya Wildlife Services Strategic Plan 2008 -2012
•
KWS Annual Report 2008
•
Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife 2008/09-2012/13 Stra-
www.kws.org
Changes in Forest cover in Kenya’s five “water towers” 2000-2007
tegic Plan •
National Wildlife Policy
•
The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Bill 2009
•
www.tourism-review.com/medical-tourism-in-africa
•
www.victoriasafaris.com/sportstourism
•
www.brandkenya.go.ke
•
www.katokenya.org
•
www.wildlifeclubsofkenya.org
•
www.forestryandwildlife.go.ke
•
www.tourism.go.ke
•
www.kws.go.ke
•
www.magicalkenya.go.ke
•
www.kahc.co.ke
•
www.katakenya.org
•
www.ttkenya.org
•
www.ktdc.co.ke
•
www.bomasofkenya.co.ke
•
www.utalii.co.ke
•
www.kicc.co.ke
•
wikipedia.org
30
K E N Y A
sporting
Kenya is a major nation, especially in middle and long-distance running. No athletics event in the world is complete without Kenya’s participation and its legendary athletes are the darling of the world
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Sports and Youth Affairs
1069
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0
Sports and Youth Affairs
1070
Y E A R B O O K
25
K E N Y A
K
enya is truly a sporting giant, and it has done well in many games — athletics, rugby, volleyball, hockey and even soccer. In athletics, it is the King and Queen of middle and BY NUMBERS long distance. The black, green and red colours stand out during and at the finish of any race, starting from the 800m all the way to the 10,000m, the marathon and cross-country. In the 3,000m The number of gold steeplechase, Kenyan athmedals Kenya has letes have never looked back won at the Olympic since the 1968 Mexico OlymGames since it first pic Games when the country participated in 1956 clinched a gold medal. The greatest athletics sensation now is David Rudisha, the 800m wonder boy who has broken the world record
2 0 1 0 0 9
Introduction
1071
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
1072
twice in one week — on August 22 and 29, 2010. He first broke the record at the ISTAF IAAF World Challenge meet in Berlin on August 22, with a time of 1:41.09. Rudisha then broke his own record at Rieti, Italy, with a time of 1:41.01 during the IAAF World Challenge meeting. Born in Kovai, Trans Mara District, Rudisha went to St Francis Kimuron Secondary School in Keiyo, which is known for nurturing top runners. Initially, he was a 400m runner, but his coach, Colm O’Connell, prompted him to the 800m. In 2006 he became the world junior champion. Rudisha competed at the 2009 World Athletics Championships and reached the 800m semi-finals. In September 2009, he won the IAAF Grand Prix meeting in Rieti, Italy, posting a new African record of 1:42.01, beating the 25-year old record of 1:42.28 set by compatriot Sammy Koskei. That effort put him in fourth place on the all-time list. In the June 2010 IAAF Diamond League, he took on Abubaker Kaki at the Bislett Games in June. He beat Sebastian Coe’s 31-year-old meet record with 1:42.04, giving him another place in the top-10 fastest ever 800m. On July 10 2010, Rudisha ran the 800m in 1:41.51 at the KBC Night of Athletics in Heusden, Belgium. In rugby, the country’s Sevens team has enthralled the world with victories, and the volleyball teams, especially the women’s, are the pride
of the African game. Football, too, has had its day. Though in recent years it has had many downs, the excellence of the past is the foundation on which the current rebuilding is based. In cricket and hockey, Kenya has been a world-beater, at some time playing in the same league as the greats of the game — India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, England and Canada.
A nation of blessed legs With medals at every Olympics Games since 1964, World Championships since 1983 and Commonwealth Games since 1954, Kenya occupies a special place in global athletics. The country has also produced medallists at each World Cross Country Championships since 1983, World Half Marathon Championships since 1992, World Military Games since 1995, All Africa Games since 1965, African Athletics Championships since 1979 and Africa Military Games since 2002. Kenya’s pedigree in the sport was confirmed at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing where the country emerged the top African nation and 13th overall with six gold, four silver and four bronze medals. This was Kenya’s best ever performance at the biggest sports competition on the planet. Prior to Beijing 2008, the 1988 Seoul Games reserved a special place in Kenya’s athletics history after five gold, two silver and two bronze medals were won.
Olympic Games
Kenya first participated at the Olympic Games in 1956 and has sent athletes to
Y E A R B O O K
Kenyan runners have also scored numerous victories in the ‘Big Five’ marathons in the world — London, Boston, Berlin, Chicago and New York. Subsequently, Robert Cheruiyot, Martin Lel and Samuel Wanjiru Kamau have made history by becoming successive winners of the World Marathon Majors Series, a competition launched in 2006 that runs alongside the ‘Big Five’ Marathons, World Championships and Olympics that rewards the winner with $500,000 (Sh40 million). Not to be left out, Kenyan youngsters have excelled at World Youth, World Junior, Commonwealth Youth and Africa Junior championships to cap an all round winning performance in athletics that has brought global acclaim to the country as well as minted fortunes for the runners.
K E N Y A
Nyandika Maiyoro (circled) was born in 1931 in Kisii. He dropped out of school to concentrate on an athletics career. He won the 3,000m at the 1953 Indian Ocean Games in Madagascar. He started the race late and joined when other runners had done more than 100m. He then competed at the 1954 Commonwealth Games, the first ever major international championships for Kenya to participate. He was fourth in the three miles race. At the 1956 Olympics, he was seventh in the 5,000m. He competed at the 1958 Commonwealth Games, but did not do well. In the 1960 Olympics, he was sixth in 5,000m. He hang his boots in 1964 and worked as a sports officer and later stadium manager. He has since retired.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Man who started it all
1073
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
Medal Bronze Gold Gold Gold Silver Silver
Silver Bronze
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Naftali Temu Kipchoge Keino Amos Biwott
Games
Sport
1964 Tokyo
Athletics
1968 Mexico city
Athletics
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
Benjamin Kogo
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
Daniel Rudisha Hezahiah Nyamau Naftali Bon Charles Asati
1968 Mexico City
Kipchoge Keino Naftali Temu Wilson Kiprugut
Bronze
Philip Waruinge
Gold
K E N Y A
Wilson Kiprugut
Silver
Gold
1074
Name
Kipchoge Keino Charles Asati Hezahiah Nyamau Robert Ouko Julius Sang
Athletics
Event Men’s 800m Men’s 10000m Men’s 1500m Men’s 3000m steeplechase Men’s 3000m steeplechase Men’s 4×400m relay
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
1968 Mexico City
Athletics
Men’s 800m
1968 Mexico City
Boxing
1972 Munich
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Athletics
Men’s 4×400m relay
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
1972 Munich
Men’s featherweight
Silver
Kipchoge Keino
1972 Munich
Silver
Ben Jipcho
1972 Munich
Silver
Philip Waruinge
1972 Munich
Bronze
Julius Sang
1972 Munich
Mike Boit
1972 Munich
Bronze
Samuel Mbugua
1972 Munich
Boxing
Men’s lightweight
Bronze
Dick Murunga
1972 Munich
Boxing
Men’s welterweight
Bronze
Bronze
Michael Musyoki
Gold
Julius Korir
Bronze
Ibrahim Bilali
1984 Los Angeles
Boxing
Men’s featherweight
Athletics
Men’s 400m
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
1984 Los Angeles
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
1984 Los Angeles
Boxing
Men’s flyweight
Gold Silver
1988 Seoul
Paul Ereng
1988 Seoul
Robert Wangila
1988 Seoul
Peter Koech
1988 Seoul
Sport
Event
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Boxing Athletics
Men’s welterweight Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Douglas Wakiihuri
1988 Seoul
Athletics
Men’s Marathon
Bronze
Kipkemboi Kimeli
1988 Seoul
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
Bronze
Chris Sande
1988 Seoul
Boxing
Gold
Matthew Birir
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Gold
William Tanui
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Silver
Richard Chelimo
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
Silver
Patrick Sang
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Men’s middleweight Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Paul Bitok
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Silver
Nixon Kiprotich
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Bronze
William Mutwol
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Bronze
Samson Kitur
1992 Barcelona
Athletics
Men’s 400m
Gold
Joseph Keter
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Paul Tergat
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
Silver
Moses Kiptanui
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Paul Bitok
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Silver
Pauline Konga
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Women’s 5000m
Bronze
Stephen Kipkorir
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
Bronze
Fred Onyancha
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Bronze
Erick Wainaina
1996 Atlanta
Athletics
Men’s Marathon
Gold
Noah Ngeny
2000 Sydney
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
Gold
Reuben Kosgei
2000 Sydney
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Paul Tergat
2000 Sydney
Silver
Wilson Boit Kipketer
2000 Sydney
Silver
Erick Wainaina
2000 Sydney
Athletics
Men’s Marathon
Bronze
Bernard Lagat
2000 Sydney
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
2 0 1 0 0 9
Gold
Games
John Ngugi
Y E A R B O O K
Gold
Name
K E N Y A
Medal
1075
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
Medal
Name
Games
Sport
Bronze
Joyce Chepchumba
2000 Sydney
Athletics
Women’s Marathon
Gold
Ezekiel Kemboi
2004 Athens
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Bernard Lagat
2004 Athens
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
Silver
Brimin Kipruto
2004 Athens
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Silver
Isabella Ochichi
2004 Athens
Athletics
Women’s 5000m
Silver
Catherine Ndereba
2004 Athens
Athletics
Women’s Marathon
Bronze
Paul Kipsiele Koech
2004 Athens
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Bronze
Eliud Kipchoge
2004 Athens
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Gold
Brimin Kiprop Kipruto
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Gold
Wilfred Bungei
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Gold
Samuel Wanjiru
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s Marathon
Gold
Pamela Jelimo
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Women’s 800m
Gold
Nancy Lagat
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Women’s 1500m
Silver
Janeth Jepkosgei Busienei
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Women’s 800m
Silver
Catherine Ndereba
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Women’s Marathon
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Women’s 3000m steeplechase
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Silver
1076
Eunice Jepkorir
Event
Silver
Asbel Kipruto Kiprop
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 1500m
Silver
Eliud Kipchoge
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Bronze
Richard Kipkemboi Mateelong
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 3000m steeplechase
Bronze
Micah Kogo
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 10000m
Bronze
Edwin Cheruiyot Soi
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 5000m
Alfred Kirwa Yego
2008 Beijing
Athletics
Men’s 800m
Bronze 2008 Beijing
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
South Africa by the New Zealand All Blacks rugby union team earlier in the year. South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 for its refusal to condemn apartheid. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) subsequently banned Kenya from the 1980 Games in Moscow, but the country sent a team to the 1980 Olympic Boycott Games (the Liberty Bell Classic) held at University of Pennsylvania, US, after America led another protest of 29 countries over the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan. When Kenya resumed Olympic participation in Los Angeles, US, in 1984, Julius Korir won the nation’s third 3,000m steeplechase gold and the country has never relinquished the medal since. Julius Kariuki (1988 Seoul Olympics), Matthew Birir (1992 in Barcelona), Joseph Keter (1996 in Atlanta), Reuben Kosgei (2000 in Sydney), Ezekiel Kemboi (Athens in 2004) and Brimin Kipruto (Beijing 2008) have held on to the water and barriers event top medal for Kenya. In essence, Kenya has never lost an Olympic steeplechase race since the 1968 Games in Mexico where Amos Biwott scooped gold . During the Beijing competition, Kenya won five gold medals on the track. The sixth was awarded to 1,500m athlete Asbel Kiprop (who had come second) in 2009 after IOC stripped Bahrain’s Rashid Ramzi, the winner, of his medal when he
K E N Y A
compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the boycotted 1976 and 1980 events. Kenya has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998. The National Olympic Committee Kenya was founded in 1955. Since 1964, when Kiprugut arap Chumo became the first Kenyan to win an Olympics medal — a bronze in 800m in 1:45.9 — the floodgates opened for the nation’s athletes who have won 74 medals (25 gold, 30 silver and 19 bronze) in subsequent editions. Kipchoge Keino, the legendary distance-running phenomenon widely acknowledged as the runner who inspired his compatriots, became Kenya’s first and only twice Olympic gold medallist with victories in 1,500m (3:34.9) at the 1968 Mexico Games and 3,000m steeplechase (8:23.6) in 1972 in Munich. Kip, as sports enthusiasts call him, also won two Olympic silver medals in the 5,000m (14:05.2/1968) and 1,500m (3:36.8/1972) distances. The men’s 4 X 400m relay quartet of Charles Asati, Hezekiah Nyamau, Robert Ouko and Julius Sang is the only African team to have won an Olympic gold at the event when their 2:59.8 effort at the Munich 1972 Games upset Great Britain and Northern Ireland (silver) and France (bronze). In the 1976 Olympics Games in Montreal, Canada, Kenya joined 24 other African countries to boycott the event to protest at a tour of
1077
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
was found to have used drugs. At the same event, Samuel Wanjiru entered Kenya’s history books as the first marathon Olympic gold medallist when he ran a stunning Games record of 2:06:32. Analysts rate Wanjiru’s performance as the ‘real’ world record (2:03:59) over the distance since there is no pace making at Olympic competitions. But Beijing was the breakthrough for women’s athletics in Kenya when 18-year-old Pamela Jelimo became the first Kenyan female Olympic gold medallist to win the women’s 800m. A day later, Nancy Jebet Lagat stunned the world champion, Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain, to win the women’s 1,500m gold. It was the most successful Olympics outing for Kenyan female athletes, with silver medallists Eunice Jepkorir in the 3,000m steeplechase, Janeth Jepkosgei (800m) and Ndereba in the marathon.
1078
Athletics World Championships
In 1983, the world athletics governing body, International Athletics Association Federation (IAAF), launched the World Championships in Athletics. At first, they were held every four years, but from 1991, they were made biennial. Kenya did not win any medal in the inaugural edition in Helsinki, Finland. But since then, Kenyans have sustained stellar performances, catapulting the country to third overall in the medals list with 85 medals (31 gold, 30 silver and 24 bronze)
Catherine the Great Catherine Nyambura Ndereba has won the Boston Marathon four times, and silver medals in the Olympics in 2004 and 2008. Ndereba broke the women’s marathon world record in 2001 at Chicago. She has won the Philadelphia Distance Run half marathon seven times, most recently in 2009. She was born in 1972 in Nyeri District and went to Ngorano Secondary. Kenyan Prisons recruited her in 1994. She received the 2004 and 2005 Kenyan Sportswoman of the Year awards. In 2005, President Kibaki awarded her the Order of the Golden Warrior. She is married to Anthony Maina and they have a daughter, Jane.
behind the US (250) and Russia (133). Legendary 800m men champion Billy Konchellah opened Kenya’s account at the 1987 edition in Rome. Then Paul Kipkoech (10,000m) and Douglas Wakiihuri (marathon) soared to world titles to bring the medal tally to three gold medals. Since then, Kenya has minted a succession of world champions — Konchellah, who retained his world title at the 1991 edition in Tokyo. He won bronze in Stuttgart, Germany,
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
two years later. The Tokyo event welcomed to the global stage Moses Kiptanui, arguably the finest steeplechaser ever. He collected the first of three successive world titles in 1993 and 1995 Gothenburg to become Kenya’s only triple world champion. Also in Tokyo, Susan Sirma entered the record books as the first Kenyan woman to win a medal (a bronze) at the World Championships in the 5,000m as Yobes Ondieki won the country the first of four successive gold medals in the men’s event. The men’s 4 X 400m quartet of Kennedy Ochieng, Simeon Kipkemboi, Abednigo Matilu and the late Samson Kitur won silver behind the US at the 1993 event and remains the only Kenyan relay team to scoop a World Championships medal. Kitur also won bronze in the men’s 400m final. At the same event, Paul Ruto sealed Kenya’s third successive men’s 800m world title. A primary school pupil, Sally Barsosio, then aged 15 and 182 days, won the women’s 10,000m bronze and become the youngest ever medal winner in the competition’s history. Ismael Kirui succeeded Ondieki as the 5,000m titleholder. At the 1995 Gothenburg games, Kirui retained the 5,000m world title, while future distance running greats — Paul Tergat and Tegla Loroupe — won bronze medals in the men and women’s 10,000m races respectively. Daniel Komen took over the men’s 5,000m gold from Kirui as Wilson Kipketer denied Kiptanui a fourth steeplechase world title at the 1997 Athens games. Kiptanui won silver in 8:06.04, the same time given to bronze winner Bernard Barmasai in a frenetic finish with Kenya completing her first podium sweep.
1079
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Moi International Sports Centre, Kasarani In the 1980s, Kenya was invited to bid for the 4th All African Games to be held at the end of the decade. Kenya won the bid to host the games in 1987. In preparation, Kenya signed an agreement with the Chinese government to build a sports complex to host the games. In 1987, a 60,000 capacity stadium was ready for the games in August. It is about 10km from the city centre on Thika Road. Facilities at Kasarani include: Stadion Hotel Kasarani Stadium — 60,000 capacity, VIP lounges and hospitality suites Kasarani Indoor Arena Kasarani Aquatic Stadium
www.stadiumskenya.co.ke
1080
However, Athens 1997 is remembered most for the exploits of Barsosio, who ran an almost solo race to win the 10,000m race in and become the first Kenyan female global titleholder. But in the 1999 edition in Seville, only Christopher Kosgei, who upstaged defending champion Boit Kipketer, won the country’s lone gold in the men’s steeplechase. At the Edmonton 2001 edition, Kenya reclaimed the men’s 5,000m title lost in Seville through Richard Limo as Charles Kamathi staged one of the greatest upsets in the competition’s history when he crushed four-time champion, Ethiopia’s great Haile Gebrselassie, in the men’s 10,000m final. Reuben Kosgei bagged Kenya’s sixth men steeplechase title in a row.
World Cross Country Championships
Since the late Some Muge won a bronze medal at the 1983 World Cross Country in Gateshead, England, Kenyan runners are acknowledged as a dominant force at the annual event that will now be held
Y E A R B O O K
In 18 editions of the games, Kenya has clinched 130 medals — 59 gold, 35 silver and 36 bronze. Kenya scooped her first two medals at the 1958 edition in Cardiff, Wales, when Arere Anentia clocked 28:51.48 in the six-mile and Bartonjo Rotich won the bronze in the six-mile and 440 yards hurdles. The country has bagged medals in subsequent editions apart from the 1986 Games in Edinburgh when Kenya joined 31 other African nations to boycott the championships. The snub was to protest over former British government’s sporting links with apartheid South Africa. Seraphino Antao won the sprint double at the 1962 Commonwealth Games in Perth (110 yards and 220 yards), making him the first Kenyan athlete to win a gold medal at the international level. Sabina Chebichi, who won bronze in the 800m at the 1974 Games in Christchurch became the first Kenyan female athlete to bag a Commonwealth medal. With seven gold, three silver and three bronze medals, the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Games in Malaysia remain Kenya’s most bountiful outing.
2 0 1 0 0 9
Commonwealth Games
K E N Y A
At the 2003 championship in Paris, Catherine Ndereba claimed her first women’s marathon title and Eliud Kipchoge ensured the 5,000m gold returned home. However, Qatar’s Saif Saeed Shaheen snapped Kenya’s hot streak in the steeplechase when he forced Ezekiel Kemboi to accept the first of his three successive silver medals. At Helsinki in 2005, another 5,000m gold was won courtesy of Benjamin Limo as Kemboi and Brimin Kipruto trailed Shaheen for silver and bronze in steeplechase. Jeruto Kiptum scooped bronze in the first-ever women’s 3,000m steeplechase competition as Ndereba settled for silver. With five gold, three silver and five bronze (13 medals), Osaka 2007 remains the most decorated championships for Kenya. Jepkosgei became the first Kenyan woman to win a world title in middle distance as Ndereba reclaimed her women’s world title. Luke Kibet became the second Kenyan male marathoner to win the world title after Wakiihuri, ending a 20-year wait. In Berlin 2009, Kemboi at last won the elusive men’s steeplechase gold in a championship record of 8:00.43. Linet Masai ended Kenya’s 12-year Ethiopian dominance of the women’s 10,000m race, while Vivian Cheruiyot became the first Kenyan woman 5,000m gold medallist. Abel Kirui, in a championship record of 2:06.54, ensured the men’s marathon title remained at home.
1081
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Athletics legend
1082
Kipchoge Keino began his career at the 1962 Commonwealth Games in Australia, where he came 11th in the three miles. At the 1964 Olympics, he was fifth in the 5,000m. In 1965, Keino lowered the 3,000m world record by over six seconds at his first attempt. He won two gold medals (1,500m and 5,000m) at the inaugural All-Africa Games. Later in the year, he broke the 5,000m world record. At the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Jamaica, Kip won the mile and three miles. In the next Commonwealth Games, he won the 1,500m and was third in the 5,000m. At the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, he won the 1,500m gold medal and 5,000m silver medal. In 1972, he won the 3,000m steeplechase gold and 1,500m silver at the Olympics in Germany. In 1996, he was inducted into the World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame. In 2007, he was made an honorary Doctor of Law by the University of Bristol, while Egerton University awarded him an honorary degree. He has built Kip Keino Primary and Secondary schools in Eldoret.
biannually after the 2010 edition in Poland. In an incredible show of dominance, Kenya or rivals Ethiopia has won the senior men’s team race every year since 1981 in the short and long races (discontinued in 2006). Cross country legend and 1988 5,000m Olympic champion John Ngugi (1986-89 and 1992), was the first man to win the men’s long race five times. Former world marathon record holder and twice Olympic 10,000m silver medallist Tergat (1995-1999) was the first man to win the senior men 12km individual title five times in a row. Helen Chepng’eno became the first and only Kenyan athlete to win the senior women 8km individual title in 1994 until Florence Kiplagat matched the achievement at the 2009 Amman World Cross Country. Edith Masai, with three successive women 4km short course titles between 2002 and 2004, and William Sigei, who won the men’s 12km title in 1993 and 1994, are other decorated cross country runners. Jackline Maranga (1999) was the first woman to win the 4km World Cross short course senior title. In junior ranks, Wilfred Kirochi (1987 and 1988) and Philip Mosima (1993 and 1994) for men 8km and Viola Kibiwott (2001 and 2002) in women’s 6km have collected backto-back gold medals. Africa Athletics Championships
Kenya has produced medallists at all African Championships since they were first held in 1979. Since then, Kenya has won many medals and in a fitting tribute, the country hosted the 2010 edition in Nairobi between July 27 and August 1. Kenya topped the medal charts for the first time since the inception of the games in 1979. The final medal tally read 25 — 10 gold, seven silver and eight bronze. The
1083 1083
K E N Y A K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 2 0 0 9
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
1084
victory, achieved in freezing cold was made the sweeter when, against expectation, Kenya won the 4x400m relay thanks to Anderson Mureta, Vincent Koskei, Julius Kirwa and anchor Mark Mutai. It was a fitting finale that had begun with Wilson Kiprop winning gold in the 10,000m and Geoffrey Mutai (bronze), with Uganda’s Moses Kipsiro spoiling a clean sweep. But while there was always a feeling there would be straight forward victories in certain specialities such as the men’s water and barrier event
(3,000m steeplechase) and women’s 800m, there was doubt the 5,000m men and women would be easy. Ethiopia, as usual, posed the greatest challenge. In the end, the 3,000m steeplechase went according to book and Vivian Cheruiyot obliterated the Ethiopian challenge in the women’s 5,000m. Edwin Soi, Vincent Yator and Mark Kiptoo secured the men’s 5,000m with a 1-2-3 sweep. But the jolt came in the women’s 800m where Jepkosgei was beaten by Algerian Zahra Bouras. Jepkosgei
www.stadiumskenya.co.ke
The biennial event was first held in 1986 and Kenya has used the championships to introduce future dominant forces in the middle and distance running. Wilfred Kirochi, who made a name at the 1987 and 1988 World Cross Championships, won the 1,500m gold, beating teammate Peter Rono to silver in the first games in Athens, Greece. Two years later in Sudbury, Canada, Kirochi defended his title, becoming the only Kenyan to achieve double victories at World Junior and World Cross competitions. Peter Chumba won the 5,000m and 10,000m double at the inaugural event, while Selina Chirchir scooped the women’s 800m
2 0 1 0 0 9
IAAF World Junior Championships
Y E A R B O O K
The completion of the 30,000 capacity stadium in 1983 qualified Kenya to bid for the 4th All African Games in 1987. In essence, Nyayo National Stadium gave birth to Moi International Sports Centre. Facilities at the stadium include: Main Stadium — Fifaapproved football pitch, two VIP lounges and Internetenabled media centre Aquatic Centre — spectator terraces for 2,000 people, 50m x 25m swimming pool, trained lifeguards Indoor Gymnasium for basketball, boxing, badminton, martial arts Handball and volleyball training courts — terraces for 1,500 and standard court
K E N Y A
Nyayo Stadium
also anchored the 4x400m team to win a silver. On the field, Priscilla Isiao won silver in the women’s shot putt with 13.62m effort. The Africa Athletics Championships inaugural edition in Dakar, Senegal, witnessed impressive performances from the women’s team in the sprints, relay, middle distance and field events. Among the medallists were Mary Chemweno (gold in 800m and bronze in 400m), Rose Tata Muya (silver 800m and 400m hurdles), Rose Thomson (silver 1,500m and 3,000m), Ndouga Kolossi (silver triple jump), Eunice Nekesa (silver javelin), Ruth Waithera (bronze 200m), and the 4X400m relay (silver). For the men, James Maina won a gold medal in the 800m, Mike Boit (1,500m), Kip Rono (3,000m steeplechase), Daniel Kimaiyo (400m hurdles) and the 4X400m relay team. Other notable pioneers include silver medallists Wilson Kibiego (400m hurdles), Philip Sang (110m hurdles) and James Atuti (400m).
1085
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
gold. Matthew Birir, Brimin Kipruto, Wilfred Bungei, Reuben Kosgei, Alfred Kirwa Yego, Moses Kiptanui, Nancy Jebet Lang’at, Jepkosgei and Vivian Cheruiyot, who won medals for Kenya at World Juniors, have become Olympic or World champions at senior level.
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
IAAF World Youth Championships
1086
It is a biennial event first held in 1999. The athletes must be 15, 16 or 17 years of age on December 31 of the year of the competition. Just like the World Juniors, Kenya has sent teams to this event and introduced budding runners to international competition, winning the overall global title in Marrakech 2005 and Bydgoszcz 2009. The notable stars who have won gold at this level include Commonwealth 5,000m champion Augustine Choge (3,000m/2003) and Stephen Cherono (2,000m steeplechase/1999) who went on to switch nationality to Qatar, adopting the name Saif Saeed Shaheen, and win two World Championships in steeplechase as well as set the world record. Olympic steeplechase gold medallist and 2007 World Champion, Brimin Kipruto, won silver in the 2,000m steeplechase at the 2001 edition in Hungary. CAA Africa Junior Athletics
This is another event through which Kenya has given precocious talent to express their finesse against
top-level competition. The 2007 edition in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, entered the history books with Kenya winning 13 gold medals, the highest number ever by a Kenyan team to an athletics championship at junior or senior level. Among those discovered at the
Women Kenya has produced many top women athletes, starting with Sabina Chebichii, who was popularly known as the ‘petti-coat girl’, Tecla Chemabwai Sang and Lydia Stephens. Susan Sirma became the first Kenyan woman to win a medal at the world championships (3,000m bronze in Tokyo, 1991) and Lydia Cheromei won two junior titles in World Cross Country Championships. Later, Sally Barsosio became the first Kenyan woman to win a world gold medal (10,000m in Athens, 1997). Tegla Loroupe was the first African woman to win a major marathon, New York City, in 1994 and 1995. She later won marathons in Berlin, London, Rome and Leipzig. Joyce Chepchumba, Mar-
2 0 1 0 0 9
interceder.net/ Dennis Oliech
Y E A R B O O K
Dennis Oliech was the first Kenyan footballer to strike it big internationally. He is a striker for Auxerre of France. He started playing for Dagoretti Santos and Mathare United. He later became the top scorer for national team Harambee Stars. His debut for Kenya was in 2003 and played at the 2004 African Cup of Nations, and was voted one of the most promising talents alongside Wayne Rooney of Manchester United. Oliech’s first international was in 2002, when Kenya lost to Nigeria 3–0. He turned professional in 2003 for Al-Arabi, Qatar. In 2004, Qatar offered him Sh200 million ($2.5 million) to change his citizenship but he refused. He signed a fouryear contract with the French team FC Nantes in 2005. In 2006, Auxerre signed him from Nantes.
event was Pamela Jelimo, who a year later became Africa, Olympic, IAAF $1m Golden League (now discontinued), World Athletics final winner as well as world junior record holder in 800m. Jelimo won the 400m title before anchoring the women’s 4X400m relay team to gold, thus becoming a part of the only female quartet from the country to win the race at a major championship. A few months later, she switched to 800m. Other notable athletes unearthed at the Africa Juniors include Ezekiel Kemboi, who won Olympic gold in steeplechase in 2004 and World title in 2009. Kemboi won the event at the 2001 Africa Juniors in Reduit, Mauritius. Olympic steeplechase champion Brimin Kipruto also won silver at the 2003 event in Garoua, Cameroon, while the 1997 World 10,000m champion, Sally Barsosio, won the 3,000m title at the 1994 edition. World 5,000m women’s champion Vivian Cheruiyot was a winner at her favoured event in 2001.
K E N Y A
Denis the menace
1087
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Women stamp their authority in marathon
1088
garet Okayo and Salina Kosgei are talented marathon runners who have won in New York, London and Paris. But it is Catherine Ndereba who became a phenomenon. When she took to the 42km race, she changed its face and earned Kenya another first. Her victory in the world title in Paris in 2003 went down in history as another first for Kenyan women. She repeated it in 2007 in Osaka and also won silver medals in the Olympics in Athens and Beijing. Pauline Konga became the first Kenyan woman to scoop a medal at the Olympics when she won 5,000m silver at the 1996 Atlanta Games. Joyce Chepchumba (Sydney
Prior to the mid-1990s, women’s marathon was dominated Western athletes. But in 1994, Tegla Loroupe became the first African woman to win the New York City Marathon. Since then, Kenyan women have won the New York marathon five times, the Boston Marathon seven times and the Chicago Marathon five times. In 1998, Loroupe claimed the women’s record that had been held for 13 years by Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway, and a year later lowered the mark again to 2:20:43. Catherine Ndereba slashed the world record to 2:18:47 at the 2001 Chicago Marathon. faculty.css.edu/ women marathon
2 0 1 0 0 9
The race has become synonymous with Kenyans. No marathon race takes place anywhere in the world without the participation of Kenyans. The country’s prowess is so enormous that there are more Kenyans in the world ranking than from any other nation. Although Tergat is 40 years old, he is still ranked among the best marathon runners in the world. Robert Cheruiyot alias ‘Mwafrika’ not only won Boston Marathon four times, but also the inaugural World Marathon Masters. Martin Lel, who also won the World Masters Marathon after Cheruiyot, has taken the New York City Marathon honours
Y E A R B O O K
Marathon
twice — in 2003 and 2007 — and the London Marathon three times, setting a course record in 2007. Samuel Wanjiru is the latest kid on the block — an Olympics gold medal in Beijing in 2008 and subsequent victories in London and Chicago in 2009. Wanjiru’s win in an Olympic record of 2:06:32 is considered the ‘unofficial’ world record because the race had no pacemakers. Surprisingly, it took Wanjiru’s heroic effort at the 2008 Beijing Olympics for a Kenyan to register victory over the marathon. Luke Kibet, who won world marathon gold in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, Abel Kirui, who won the world title in Berlin 2009, and the 2009 Rotterdam winner and runner-up, Duncan Kibet and James Kwambai, are just among the latest athletes to emerge among top marathon runners. With one Olympic, three world and a plethora of victories at major international marathons where Kenyans account for up to 70 per cent of all winners each year, the country’s athletes have proven they are the kings and queens of middle and long distance running. Before Wanjiru, Eric Wainaina, who won men’s bronze in 1996 and silver in 2000, and Catherine Ndereba, the twice women silver medallist (Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008), had been the only Kenyans to step into the podium at the biggest sporting carnival. Similarly, it took 20 years for Kenya to produce a male marathon
K E N Y A
2000/marathon bronze), Isabella Ochichi (Athens 2004/5,000m silver) and Catherine Ndereba (Athens 2004/marathon silver) won more Olympic medals prior to Beijing 2008. On the track, the battle of the ‘two buses’ from Nandi captured the imagination of world athletics. The first to emerge was Jepkosgei, the ‘Eldoret Express’, who won the 800m gold in Osaka in 2007. Pamela Jelimo, the ‘Kapsabet Express’, followed with an Olympics gold medal in Beijing in 2008. Nancy Jebet Lagat’s 1,500m gold medal in Beijing and Vivian Cheruiyot’s 5,000m gold in the Berlin World Championships confirmed that Kenyan women are forces to reckon with.
1089
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kapsabet Express
1090
Pamela Jelimo was born in 1989 in Nandi District. She came to the world stage in style — a gold medal in the 800m at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. She is the first Kenyan woman to win an Olympic gold medal and to clinch the $1 million (Sh80 million) Golden League Jackpot. She was 18 when she made history. Jelimo holds the 800m world junior record and the senior African record. She began running in 2003 and won at schools’ championships in the 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m, 400m hurdles and heptathlon. In 2007, she concentrated in the 800m. She joined the police force and ran her first race at the African championships trials in 2008. The rest is history. wikipedia.org/ pamela jelimo
winner at World Championships after Douglas Wakiihuri paved the way in 1987. Luke Kibet broke the sequence in Osaka 2007. Abel Kirui became the third Kenyan World marathon champion in Berlin 2009. But it is Ndereba who became a phenomenon. When she took to the 42km race, she changed its face and earned Kenya another first. Her victory in the world title in Paris in 2003 went down in history as another first for Kenyan women. She repeated it in 2007 in Osaka and also won silver medals in the Olympics in Athens and Beijing. Joyce Chepchumba (bronze, Sydney 2000) is the only other Kenyan female runner to step onto the marathon podium at a major international event. However, when it comes to the marathon money circuit running, Kenyans are peerless with Tergat, Ndereba and Loroupe (twice) holding the world marathon record at some stage in their careers. With the ‘Big Five’ marathons of London, Boston, Berlin, Chicago and New York being used as the yardstick, Kenyans’ performance surpasses any other country in the world. During the 2006/2007 season, organisers of the ‘Big Five’ launched the $1 million (Sh80 million) World Marathon Majors Series (WMM) where men and women winners share $500,000 (Sh40 million) each. Four-time Boston Marathon champion, Robert ‘Mwafrika’ Cheruiyot, otherwise known as Omar Ahmed, became the first WMM winner with three-time London Marathon champion, Martin Lel, succeeding him and then passing the baton to Wanjiru. Joe Nzau, the 1983 Chicago Marathon champion, was the first Kenyan to win a ‘Big Five’ event, while Loroupe, who won the 1994 New York Marathon, was the first female vic-
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Star in Italy McDonald Mariga, who plays for Italian Serie A club Inter Milan, was born in 1987. He made history as the first Kenyan to play in the UEFA Champions League in 2010. On February 1 2010, the last day of the transfer window, Mariga moved from Parma to Inter though he had wanted Manchester City. But a work permit was turned down by the FA. Mariga scored his first goal for Inter on April 24, 2010 against Atalanta when he netted Samuel Eto’s back pass into the roof of the net. Inter won the match 3–1. Mariga started his career at Ulinzi Stars, Tusker FC and Pipeline FC while at Kamukunji High Nairobi. The central midfielder went to Sweden in 2005 to play for third Division side Enköpings SK. After one season, he signed for Helsingborgs. Mariga moved to Parma on loan in 2007. Mariga played 35 times for Parma in Serie B in the 2008–2009 season, scoring three times to help them back to Serie A for 2009–2010.
1091
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
1092
tor. In all, Kenya has won 11 (seven male, four female) titles at London, 24 (17 men and seven women) at Boston, 10 (nine men, one women) at Berlin, 14 (10 men and four women) and 14 (nine men and five women) at New York. Ndereba has won the Boston event four times (2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005) and Chicago twice (2000 and 2001), a record she shares with Joyce Chepchumba (1998-99). Ndereba’s second victory in 2001 was a world record since lowered by Britain’s Paula Radcliffe. Ibrahim Hussein (1988, 1991
and 1992) and Cosmas Ndeti (1993 to 1995) captured the Boston title three times, with Moses Tanui taking it twice (1996 and 1998). Wakiihuri, who won the New York Marathon in 1990, was the first Kenyan winner at London. A year before Hussein won his maiden Boston title, he became the first Kenyan winner at New York. Loroupe ran her second world record (2:20:43) and at the same time won the 1999 Berlin Marathon, the same event where Tergat clocked 2:04:55 to set the men’s world record in 2003 that has since been broken by Ethiopia’s Haile Gebrsellasie.
Exports
Y E A R B O O K
The Government has recognised the role athletes play in marketing Kenya and as good ambassadors of the nation. Since the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, the State has rewarded winners and participants with cash prizes. The Government reward scheme has extended cash awards to winners at Olympics, World Championships, World Cross, Commonwealth Games, Africa Championships, World Youth and World Junior as well as Africa Junior held since 2006. Gold medallists have received as high as Sh750,000 ($9,375), Sh500,000 ($6,250) for silver and Sh300,000 ($3,750) for bronze
K E N Y A
Special ambassadors
2 0 1 0 0 9
So emphatic has been Kenyan dominance in world athletics that other countries have poached talent from Kenya and naturalised it. Denmark imported Wilson Kipketer, who won 800m world titles in 1995, 1997 and 1999, and set the world record twice. He was undefeated over the distance for three years and held the indoors and outdoors world records as well as the 1,000m indoor honours. In 2002, Stephen Cherono switched allegiance to Qatar and was renamed Saif Saeed Shaheen. He won the 3,000m steeplechase world titles in 2003 (Paris) and Helsinki (2005). Bernard Lagat was snapped by the US after winning a silver medal in 1,500m at the Athens Olympics in 2004. In the 2007 World Championships, he won gold medals in the 1,500m and 5,000m. In 2009, Gregory Konchellah, renamed Youssef Kamal, won the world 800m gold medal in Berlin and added the 1,500m bronze. Many other Kenyans have become citizens of other nations in Europe and the Middle East, courtesy of athletics whose skills have been honed in Kenya.
1093
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
A golfing nation Kenya has about 40 golf courses — more than any other African country except South Africa. And the Kenyan climate could have been made specially for the game. In fact, Kenya has all the right ingredients to rival the Mediterranean as a winter golf destination. Young and gifted players are now competing internationally. Kenya’s magnificent golfing inheritance is a valuable commodity that can and should be marketed overseas. The country’s top courses have been refurbished or upgraded in recent years. www.buzzle.com
1094
winners. The private sector, including mobile phone company Safaricom, supermarket chain Nakumatt and Barclays Bank, have topped up the awards to hit highs of Sh1.5 million ($18,750), Sh1.1 million (13,750) and Sh800,000 ($10,000) for gold, silver and bronze medallists respectively. Athletes are hosted to lavish State parties and promoted in the uniformed services — police, prisons and military. Gold medallists in Berlin — Linet Masai, Ezekiel Kemboi and Vivian Cheruiyot — have been given State honours — the Moran of Burning Spear (MBS), Disciplined Forces Division. Local authorities have not been left behind. The Kapsabet Municipal Council named streets after Pamela Jelimo and Wilfred Bungei, who won gold in Beijing, while the Kipchoge Keino Stadium in Eldoret is named after the two-time Olympic champion. The athletes also join delegations that market Kenya in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Tergat, Ngugi and Ndereba were some of the people behind Kenya’s successful bid for the World Cross Country held in Mombasa on March 24, 2007. The Government spent Sh350 million ($4.375 million) to host the IAAF event. A further Sh200 million ($25,000) was spent in the Africa Championships in Athletics in JulyAugust.
Big plans for athletics The Ministry of Youth and Sport has three flagship projects that will help to achieve the Government’s Vision 2030 strategy in sports. They are: A sports lottery, an international sports academy and 30 regional stadia. The lottery is the global trend in raising funds for training and international competitions. It will ease financial pressure on the Government, which has funded such projects. Plans
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K
Burundi. Groundbreaking work for the institution will be done in the 2010-2011 financial year. For the country to have 30 regional stadia, provincial stadiums across will be upgraded. The first to benefit are Kipchoge Keino Stadium in Eldoret and Mombasa Municipal Stadium. Work on Kipchoge Keino Stadium starts towards the end of 2010. The Mombasa stadium will be upgraded in two phases.
K E N Y A
on the lottery are at an advanced stage and it could be in operation in 2010. The International Sports Academy, to be housed at the Moi International Sports Centre, Kasarani, Nairobi, will be a specialised institution for training athletes, technical staff and administrators. It will help disseminate information on nutrition, media and doping, among others. It may also open its gates to officials from the region — East African Community countries of Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and
1095
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Paralympic Games
1096
Kenya made its début at this event in the 1972 Summer Paralympics. It was absent in 1976, but returned to the 1980 Summer Games and has competed in every edition since then. It has never competed at the Winter Paralympics. Kenyans have won 36 Paralympic medals: 14 gold, 13 silver and nine bronze. All but one of the medals has been in the track and field. This puts Kenya in 49th place on the all time Paralympic Games medal table. Kenya’s gold medallists are: Lucy Wanjiru (javelin 1980) Japheth Musyoki (shot putt 1984) Mary Nakhumicha (javelin 1992) Christopher Moori (javelin 1996) Henry Wanyoike (5,000m 2000; 5,000m and 10,000m, 2004) Joseph Ngorialuk (5,000m 2004) Henry Kiprono Kirwa (1,500, 5,000 and 10,000 2008) Abraham Cheruiyot Tarbei (1,500m and 5,000m 2008) Athletics Kenya (AK)
Formerly Kenya Amateur Athletics Association, it is the body governing the sport in Kenya. It is a member of the IAAF and Confederation of African Athletics. AK organises athletics competitions held in Kenya. It also sends Kenyan teams to international championships. AK’s headquarters is Riadha House, next to the Nyayo National
Man for all seasons Paul Tergat is a long distance runner of all times. He was born in 1969 in Baringo. His exceptional career began in 1992 when he won the Kenyan Cross Country Championships title. Tergat won a record five consecutive IAAF World Cross Country titles from 1995 to 1999. He won two World Championships (1997 and 1999) and two Olympics (1996 and 2000) silver medals in the 10,000m. His most memorable victory was the sprint finish at New York City Marathon on November 6, 2005. Tergat won two consecutive IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1999 and 2000. In September 2003, he broke the Marathon World record in Berlin. Tergat is married and has three children. He is a goodwill ambassador for the WFP.
www.paultergat.net
FIFA WORLD RANKINGS - AUGUST 2009 RANK
COUNTRY
1
Brazil
2
Spain
3
Netherlands
4
Germany
5
Italy
6
Russia
7
England
8
Argentina
9
France
10
Croatia
75
Uganda
93
Tanzania
105
Kenya
2 0 1 0 0 9 Y E A R B O O K K E N Y A
Stadium in Nairobi. The chairmen have been: 1951-1964 — Sir Derek Erskine • 1964-1967 — Musembi Mbathi • 1967-1970 — Bartonjo Rotich • 1970-1978 — Charles Mukora • 1978-1984 — Sam Ongeri (now Education minister) • 1984-1992 — Paul Boit 1992 to date — Isaiah Kiplagat The history of the association goes back to 1951. Sir Derek Erskine and Archie Evans are the forefathers of athletics in Kenya. Erskine formed the Kenya Amateur Athletics Association (KAAA) in 1951 and became its first president. He was at the helm for 16 years and at the time, world-class athletes emerged — Kipchoge Keino, Nyandika Maiyoro, Kanuti Sum, Bartonjo Rotich and Arere Anentia, among others. They set the pace for the stars that came later. But Evans, who was then the principal of Jeans School, Nairobi, (Kenya Institute of Administration), and later the first Kenya sports officer, was the brain behind the formation of the association. In 1952, KAAA organised a competition among the Kenya Colony, Uganda Protectorate and Tanganyika Territory. The competition was known as the East African Territorial Championships. The event took place every year and became the bedrock of Kenya’s athletics programmes. In 1953, Evans was appointed the first colonial Sports Officer, national athletics coach and KAAA Executive Officer. Also, neighbouring countries — Somalia, Ethiopia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (Malawi) — formed the East African Amateur Athletics Board. In 1954, Kenya entered a team for the first global competition, the British Empire and
1097
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Tegla Loroupe
1098
Commonwealth Games, in Vancouver, Canada. In 1956, Kenya entered the Olympics for the first time in Melbourne, Australia, the 1958 Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales, and the 1960 Olympics in Rome. The 1962 Commonwealth Games in Perth, New Zealand, are remembered for the double sprint gold by Seraphino Antao, and the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo for the first ever Olympics medal, a 800m bronze, by Kiprugut arap Chumo. In 1964, William Yeda was appointed Kenya Sports Officer, while Musembi Mbathi became KAAA president. In
She was born in 1973 in Pokot. Loroupe was the first African woman to win the New York Marathon in 1994 and in 1995. She won marathons in London, Boston, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin and Rome, Lausanne, Cologne and Leipzing. In 1994 and 1998, Loroupe won the 10,000m at the Goodwill Games barefoot, and bronze medals at the World Championships in 1995 and 1999. Between 1997 and 1999, she won three world titles over the half marathon. In 2003, Loroupe created an annual an Peace Marathon sponsored by Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in the cattle-raiding region. In 2006, she was named a UN Ambassador of Sport and is also an International Sports Ambassador for IAAF. She established Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy for children from the region.
letics Museum in Riadha House, Nairobi. The museum was opened in 2006. AK was awarded the Kenyan Sports Federation of the Year in 2006 and 2009.
Y E A R B O O K
The Kenya Olympic Association was formed in 1955 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee. Organisations affiliated to the Kenya Olympic Association include the Kenya Amateur Athletic Association, the Hockey Union of Kenya, the Rugby Union of Kenya, the Kenya Amateur Swimming Association, the Amateur Football Association of Kenya, the Kenya Rifle Association and the Amateur Boxing Association of Kenya. The Olympic movement embodies the spirit of Olympism, enriching the will, body and mind. Through education and programming, the movement blends sport with culture to create a standard of friendship, solidarity and fair play. Olympic values are inseparable from culture. Olympism reaches its peak when the world’s athletes come together at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. To practise sport is a human right, and discrimination is incompatible with the Olympic movement. Olympism seeks to display universal respect and supports people in all walks of life. It means educating the youth and advocating peace during war and an equal opportu-
2 0 1 0 0 9
National Olympic Committee Kenya (NOCK)
K E N Y A
1993, KAAA was renamed Athletics Kenya on the realisation that the word ‘amateur’ was a misnomer. Athletes were already making millions of dollars from athletics and even the world ruling body had been renamed International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) . Kenyan championships are held at trials where athletes are picked for major international competitions. Top athletes attend the events, since those who skip them are likely to miss major championships. Leading Kenyan runners compete in Europe, and national championships and trials are the only events where local spectators can see them compete. Other competitions organised by AK include track and cross-country meetings and number of road races. Kenya hosts three annual marathon events. The Nairobi Marathon is the youngest, but is now leading in competitiveness and participation. Others are Mombasa Marathon and the Great Lake Marathon, which is held in Kisumu. Another competition is the Lewa Marathon, which involves races equal to full (42km) and halfmarathon. But it is a cross-country race and cannot be classified as a marathon. Nevertheless, the halfmarathon event lures many Kenyan international runners. Paul Tergat, Catherine Ndereba and Joyce Chepchumba have won the event in recent years. Athletics Kenya operates an Ath-
1099
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Legend in the making
1100
Samuel Kamau Wanjiru was born in 1986 in Nyahururu. The athlete became a professional at a young age and specialises in long distance running. At 18, he broke the world record in the half marathon, erasing. In 2007, he broke the 20km road running record and improved the half-marathon record by more than 20 seconds. He erased Ethiopia’s Haile Gebrselassie records in the two races. He moved up to the full marathon and won at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in record time of 2:06:32. He is the first Kenyan to win the Olympic gold in the marathon. In 2009, he won the London and Chicago marathons, running the fastest ever recorded in the UK and US. Wanjiru started running at the age of 15. In 2002, he moved to a high school in Japan and had major successes in the Japanese cross country circuit — he won the Fukuoka International Cross Country in 2003 and Fukuoka and Chiba in 2004 and 2005. At 18, Wanjiru broke the half-marathon world record in the Rotterdam Half Marathon, beating Paul Tergat’s. He won the 2008 Kenya Sportsman of the Year Award.
nity for all. The Olympic Creed is: The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well.
Football British colonialists introduced football in Kenya at the beginning of the 20th Century. By the 1940s and 1950s, the game had taken root. The national team took part in the Gossage Cup, which pitted it against Tanzania and Uganda. Among the stalwarts of the 1940s and 1950s were Shem Chimoto, Elijah Lidonde and Peter Oronge. Clubs competed in the Remington Cup organised by the Football Association (FA), the then supreme soccer body. Teams from Coast Province, in particular Mwenge and Feisal, dominated the local scene, producing classy players like Kadir Farah, Ahmed Breik, Ali Sungura and Ali Kadjo. No teams were drawn from Nyanza, Western, Central and Eastern provinces until later. The idea to start a national league was mooted at a meeting at Nairobi’s Railways Club and attended by football leaders in the early 1960s. It was attended by Jimmy McFarnell (convener), Isaac Lugonzo, Williams Ngaah and Tony Pinto, among others. A committee, headed by Lugonzo as founder-chairman and Pinto as secretary, was formed to work out the logistics of running the league. It started with four matches — two in Nairobi and two in Mombasa. The legendary Joe Kadenge, who turned out for Maragoli United, scored the fastest goal of the league. Nakuru All-Stars, coached by Ray Bachelor, Rift Valley provincial sports officer, won the first league title. Luo Union, inspired
1101
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
1102
by talented stars such as Daniel Nicodemus, Stephen Yongo, Fred Siranga and James Siang’a, became the second winners of the league in 1964 and capped a glorious season by beating the Ethiopian national team, the then African Nations Cup champions. The same year, Luhya clubs — Bunyore, Kakamega, Marama, Bunyatso, Samia Union and Bukusu Brotherhood — merged to form Abaluhya United. Abaluhya debuted in the league in 1965 and finished fifth. Feisal from Mombasa won
the league, with Luo Union coming second on goal difference. In 1966, Abaluhya, with outstanding players such as Jonathan Niva, Kadenge, Anthony Mukabwa, Daniel Anyanzwa, Moses Wabwayi, Charles Makunda, Livingstone Madegwa and John Nyawanga clinched the league title and retained it the following year. In the mid-1960s, a split in the Luo Union down gave birth to a splinter group, the Luo Sports Club. It joined the Kenya National Football League (KNFL) programme. Most great Luo
Union greats decamped to the Kisumu Hot Stars. They included William ‘Cege’ Ouma, the goal wizard, John ‘Hatari’ Owiti, a great defender, Siang’a, the protracted goaltender, and Chris Obure (now Public Works minister). Due to the burden of living in Nairobi and travelling to Kisumu every Friday for practice, then Cabinet Minister Tom Mboya, Bethuel Ogot, Zack Ramogo and Peter Anyumba persuaded former Luo Union players to form one club. In 1968, Luo Sports Club and Luo Union merged to form Gor Mahia. In its debut, Gor Mahia won the league title. The late 1960s also saw the formation of Ramogi FC in Mombasa. Nakuru All-Stars won the league in 1969. All-Stars, however, folded up soon after clinching the title. Abaluhya regained the league title in 1970 with an unbeaten record. Ngong Racecourse
Y E A R B O O K
Kenya first made an appearance in the Nations Cup finals in Cameroon in 1972, but did not qualify for the semi-finals. In the tournament’s opening match, Kenya was pitted against the hosts, the Indomitable Lions, who edged them out 2-1. Harambee Stars drew the first blood when player-coach Niva slotted home a first half spot-kick. After the Cameroon tournament, CAF named an All-African squad from the competing teams for a special match against World Cup champions, Brazil. Kenya, though eliminated in the quarter finals, provided one player — Livingstone Madegwa. But due to breakdown in communication, the talented striker missed out. In 1972 the national team, Harambee Stars, qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations in Cameroon and narrowly missed a semi-final place. The team won the regional Council for
2 0 1 0 0 9
National team
K E N Y A
It is in Nairobi and the only thoroughbred racing venue in Kenya. The course was opened in 1954 and replaced the old one in Kariokor. The first horse racing event in Kenya was in 1904 in Machakos. The most prominent event held at the racecourse is the annual Kenya Derby, first held in 1914. Races are held on most Sundays. The venue has also been used for cross country competitions, and acted as a special stage for the Safari Rally. It has also been used for ostrich racing. Other racecourses are in Eldoret, Nakuru, Nanyuki and Limuru.
1103
Economy, Sports andFinance Youth Affairs and Planning
K E N Y A
Y E A R B O O K
2 0 1 0 0 9
Kenyan rugby soars
1104
Kenyan rugby players are known the world over for flair, pace and sheer athleticism. This has been noted by many — International Rugby Board Chairman Vernon Pugh and international players and coaches. Kenya has competed in major tournaments and beaten rugby giants — France, Samoa, Wales, Australia, England and France among others. The introduction
