Contents
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Contents Preface .................................................................................................. (v)
Chapter 1
Polysaccharide Carriers for Induction and Evaluation of Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery 1.1 Introduction ................................................................ 1 1.2 Role of Biomaterials for Induction of Tissue Regeneration ................................................... 2 1.2.1 Polysaccharide as a Cell Scaffold to Induce Tissue Regeneration........................... 7 1.2.2 Polysaccharide as a Transfection Carrier to Induce Tissue Regeneration .......... 9 1.3 Role of Biomaterials in Evaluation of Tissue Regeneration ................................................. 18 1.3.1 Polysaccharide as a Nano-sized Carrier for Cell Labeling ............................. 20 1.3.2 Polysaccharide as a Nano-sized Carrier for Targeting to the Regeneration Site ......................................... 23 Conclusion ....................................................................... 27 References ........................................................................ 28
Chapter 2
Starch based Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications 2.1 Drug Delivery Systems ............................................ 37 2.1.1 Conventional Free Drug Administration ..... 37 2.1.2 Drug Delivery Systems Classification ......... 38 2.1.3 Polymeric Materials in Drug Delivery ........ 39 2.2 Starch as a Biomaterial ............................................. 40 2.2.1 Native Starch ............................................... 40 (vii)
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Contents 2.2.2 Modified Starch ........................................... 42 2.2.3 Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites ... 42 2.3 Starch based Drug Delivery Systems ....................... 44 2.3.1 Gels and Hydrogels ..................................... 44 2.3.2 Micelles ....................................................... 46 2.3.3 Capsules ....................................................... 47 2.3.4 Microparticles .............................................. 48 2.3.5 Nanoparticles ............................................... 49 2.3.6 Other Starch based Drug Delivery Systems ... 50 Conclusion ....................................................................... 51 References ........................................................................ 51
Chapter 3
Seaweed Polysaccharides in Advanced Drug Delivery Application to Carragennans 3.1 Introduction .............................................................. 61 3.2 Seaweed polysaccharides ......................................... 62 3.2.1 Alginates ...................................................... 64 3.2.2 Carageenans ................................................. 66 3.2.3 Agar Gum .................................................... 67 3.2.4 Ulvans .......................................................... 68 3.2.5 Microbial Polysaccharides ........................... 70 3.2.6 Chitosan ....................................................... 70 3.3 Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems ........................... 71 3.4 Potential use of κ-carrageenan in Pharmaceutical Applications .................................... 75 3.4.1 Introduction ................................................. 75 3.4.2 κ-carrageenan as a Gelling Agent ................ 76 3.4.3 Carrageenans as a Blend Agent ................... 77 3.4.4 Modified Kappa Carrageenan as an Excipients Agent.......................................... 80 Conclusion ....................................................................... 81 References ........................................................................ 81
Chapter 4
Konjac Polysaccharide for Drug Delivery 4.1 Introduction .............................................................. 90 4.2 Konjac Glucomannan (KGM): Origin and Structure ................................................. 91
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(ix) 4.3 Physicochemical Properties ...................................... 93 4.3.1 Solubility ..................................................... 93 4.3.2 Molecular Weight ........................................ 94 4.3.3 Gelation Properties ...................................... 94 4.3.4 Derivates ...................................................... 96 4.4 KGM based Drug Delivery Systems ........................ 97 4.4.1 Blend with Polymers ................................... 98 4.4.2 Covalent Crosslinking ................................. 99 4.4.3 Polyelectrolyte Complex ........................... 103 4.3 Self-Assembly of KGM Derivates ......................... 106 4.3.1 Hydrophobically Modified KGM .............. 106 4.3.2 Polyethylene Glycol Modified KGM ........ 108 4.3.3 Others ........................................................ 109 Perspective ..................................................................... 110 Reference ........................................................................ 110
Chapter 5
Chitosan and Modified Chitosans for Drug Delivery Application 5.1 Introduction ............................................................ 116 5.2 Chemistry of Chitosan Relevant to its Chemical Modification and Drug Delivery ............ 117 5.3 Chemically Modified Chitosan for Drug Delivery Systems .......................................... 119 5.4 Importance of Mucoadhesive Properties of Chitosan in Drug Delivery Systems ....................... 122 5.5 Usage of Chitosan and Modified Chitosans in Drug Delivery Systems .......................................... 123 Conclusion ..................................................................... 125 References ...................................................................... 126
Chapter 6
Alginate, Its Chemistry and Applications in Advanced Drug Delivery 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Introduction ............................................................ 131 Sources of Alginate ................................................ 132 Commercial Production of Alginate ....................... 132 Chemistry of Alginate ............................................ 133
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Contents 6.5 Physical Properties of Alginate .............................. 134 6.6 Chemical Properties of Alginate ............................ 134 6.7 Biocompatibilty ...................................................... 135 6.8 Gelling Methods ..................................................... 135 6.9 Applications of Alginate in the Advanced Drug Delivery........................................ 136 Conclusion ..................................................................... 140 Acknowledgement ........................................................... 140 References ...................................................................... 141
Chapter 7
Polysaccharides used for Microencapsulation Processes 7.1 Introduction ............................................................ 147 7.2 Microencapsulation of Drugs ................................. 147 7.3 Wall Materials for Microencapsulation .................. 150 7.3.1 Gum Arabic ............................................... 151 7.3.2 Alginate ..................................................... 153 7.3.3 Carrageenan ............................................... 155 7.3.4 Starch and Modified Starches .................... 156 7.3.5 Chitosan ..................................................... 157 7.3.6 Celluloses and Celluloses Derivatives ....... 159 7.3.7 Others ........................................................ 161 Conclusion ..................................................................... 161 References ...................................................................... 162
Chapter 8
Polysaccharides used in Nanoparticle based Drug Delivery Formulations 8.1 Introduction ............................................................ 170 8.2 Polysaccharide-based Nanoparticles Fabricated by Crosslinking ..................................... 173 8.2.1 Covalently Crosslinked Polysaccharide Nanoparticles .................... 173 8.2.2 Ionically Crosslinked Polysaccharide Nanoparticles ............................................. 175
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(xi) 8.3 Self-Assembling Polysaccharide-based Nanoparticles .......................................................... 177 8.3.1 Self-assembly of Hydrophobically Modified Polysaccharides.......................... 177 8.3.1.1 Linear Hydrophobic Molecules.. 178 8.3.1.2 Cyclic Hydrophobic Moieties .... 180 8.3.1.3 Polyacrylate Family Molecules .. 181 8.3.2 Polysaccharide-based Polymersomes ........ 182 8.4 Polysaccharide Nanoparticles by Polyelectrolyte Complexation ................................ 183 8.4.1 Negative Polysaccharides .......................... 183 8.4.2 Negative Peptides ...................................... 184 8.4.3 Others ........................................................ 185 8.5 Polysaccharide-based Hollow Nanospheres ........... 185 References ...................................................................... 186
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