CPCB BULLETIN VOL.-I, JULY 2016
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
“PARIVESH BHAWAN”, East Arjun Nagar 1
Delhi-110032
MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN
CONTENTS
The CPCB is the apex body for control
Background Monitoring of Air Quality in million plus Cities during 2015 Air Quality Index Good days/ Bad dayw.r.t Air Quality
and abatement of various forms of pollution. It monitors air, water, noise and other forms of pollution throughout the country. A need has been felt that the work done by CPCB be brought in public domain for the benefit of all
stakeholders. Accordingly, CPCB Bulletin is
which shall cover data related to air and water pollution
development compliance
of related
abatement emission activities,
in
rivers,
standards, landmark
judgements and important public events.
Quality Index and Good Days/Bad days w.r.t air
quality, in million plus cities have been highlighted in the section on air quality.
taken for pollution abatement in river Ganga
have been detailed in the section on river Ganga. Progress in implementation of CPCB’s Direction related to installation of CEMS have been detailed
in the section on CEMS. Other
important issues covered in this bulletin include the major decisions taken during the 60th Conference of Chairmen/Member Secretaries of SPCBs/PCCs, revamping of CEPI criteria, re-categorisation of industries and development of emission / effluent standards for various sectors. It is hoped that this initiative will serve a
Chairman 2
Background Water Quality Monitoring Segmental Approach for River Ganga Water Quality of River Ganga Industrial & Domestic Waste discharge in River Ganga Pollution Abatement Initiatives
ONLINE MONITORING SYSTEMS CEMS Installation SMS Alert Trends WASTE MANAGEMENT Hazardous Waste Bio-medical Waste Management E-waste Municipal Solid Waste Plastic Waste Construction and Demolition(C&D) Waste DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS
OF
EMISSION
RE-CATEGORIZATION OF INDUSTRIES
REVAMPING CEPI CRITERIA
useful purpose for the society.
Background Water Quality Monitoring Polluted River Stretches Sewage generation and treatment Overall pollution load assessment
POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN RIVER GANGA
Air quality trends, including the Air
Segmental approach and various initiatives
WATER QUALITY
being brought out as a monthly document,
quality,
AIR QUALITY
60TH CONFERENCE OF CHAIRMEN/MEMBER SECRETARIES OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS/ COMMITTEES
1.0 AIR QUALITY Background
The National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009 were notified on November 18, 2009 covering 12 parameters namely PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, NH3, CO, As, Ni, Pb, Benzene &Benzopyrene. For monitoring the ambient air quality in the country, Central Pollution Control Board has established a monitoring network-National Ambient Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP), which presently comprises of 614monitoring stations covering257 cities in 29 states & 5 UTs. Under NAMP three major pollutants viz. PM10 (Particulate Matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations.
Monitoring ofAir Qualityin million plus Citiesduring 2015 • According to the 2011 Census, there are 46 cities with population more than one million in India, termed as “million-plus” cities. In the 46 million plus cities, the air quality is monitored at 205 operating monitoring stations. Of these 46 million plus cities, air quality data for 2015 is available for 41 cities (except for Ranchi, Meerut, Srinagar, Kalyan-Dombivili& Vasai Virar). • Also in some cases, there is considerable timelag in generation of data by SPCBs/PCCs and its receipt at CPCB.
Air Quality Index • The Air Quality Index has been launched for effective communication of air quality status to people in terms, which are easy to understand, transforms complex air quality data of various pollutants into a single number (index value), nomenclature and colour. There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. • As per the AQI calculated for 41 million plus cities based on available air quality data, 48% of AQI values can be categorized as moderate category, 32% as satisfactory and 1% as severe (Fig 1). 2
quality data, 48% of AQI A values can be ca ategorized as modera ate categoryy, sfactory and 1% as se evere (Fig 1) 1 32% as satis
2% 1% 6%
Good
11%
Satisfactory 3 32%
48% %
Moderate Poor Very Poor Severe
FIG 1: AQI FOR MILLION PLUS CITIES DURING 2015
FIG 1: AQI FOR MILLION PL LUS CITIES D DURING 2015 Good days/ Bad dayw.r.t Air Quality
ood da ays/ x
• The monitoring days whereinthe values of all the monitored parameters are within the prescribed norms are considered as good days while remaining days when value of one or the other parameter exceeds the norms Bad dayw.r.t dmonitoringAir r Quality are categorised as bad days.
T The monitorring days whereinthe w values of all the mon nitored parrameters arre
• As per the monitored air quality data of 41million plus cities during 2015, w within the prescribed p42% of the total good days whil e remainin norms are considere monitoring days can d be as categorised as good days while ng as bad details of good days is m monitoring dremaining days whendays ne(Fig or 2). theCitywise other parame eter exceed dsgiven the in norm ms value of days on Table 1.
are categorised as bad d days. x
A per As
• Two cities with highest number of good days are Coimbatore and Rajkot and Ahmedabad while the two cities i.e., Gwalior& Allahabad have the least the monitored m a quality data of 41m air million plus ccities during g 2015, 42% % number of good days.
of the total monitoring m be categoris sed as good days while remainin ng days can b days as x
T Three
• Most cities have recorded high percentage of good days during monsoon bad d season days (Fig 2) percentage of good days during winter season. and low
• Coastal cities have recorded higher percentage of good days compared to the withlocked highe cities land est numberr of good days d are C Coimbatore,, Rajkot cities.
an nd
A Ahmedabad d while the three t cities i.e., Gwalio or, Allahaba ad & Varan nasi have th he le east x
• The southern/western cities have recorded higher percentage of good days, numbe erwhich of good days. d due to variation in the local meteorological &geographical can be conditions including topography, type of soil, vehicular density etc.
M Most cities have recorded high percentage e of good days durin ng monsoo on season and low percen ntage of goo od days during winter season
3
TABLE 1: GOOD DAYS VS TOTAL MONITORING DAYS IN 41 MILLION PLUS CITIES STATE TAMIL NADU GUJARAT GUJARAT TAMIL NADU ANDHRA PRADESH GUJARAT TAMIL NADU GUJARAT MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA MP MP TELANGANA MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA WEST BENGAL MAHARASHTRA HARYANA RAJASTHAN MAHARASHTRA MAHARASHTRA KARNATAKA JHARKHAND PUNJAB RAJASTHAN RAJASTHAN WEST BENGAL ANDHRA PRADESH UTTAR PRADESH MP PUNJAB MAHARASHTRA UTTAR PRADESH DELHI UTTAR PRADESH UTTAR PRADESH CHHATTISGARH UTTAR PRADESH MP UTTAR PRADESH TOTAL
4
City Coimbatore Rajkot Ahemdabad Madurai Vishakapatnam Surat Chennai Vadodara Aurangabad Nashik Ambernath Jabalpur Indore Hyderabad Mumbai Pune Kolkata PimpriChinchwad Faridabad Kota Nagpur Thane Bangalore Dhanbad Ludhiana Jodhpur Jaipur Howrah Vijaywada Agra Bhopal Amritsar Navi Mumbai Kanpur Delhi Ghaziabad Lucknow Raipur Varanasi Gwalior Allahabad
No. of Good days
Total no. of monitoring days
% Good days
156 46 156 163 659 66 519 82 132 258 81 105 150 407 32 101 417 90 40 107 168 69 254 43 142 171 140 27 45 28 50 26 37 85 24 5 15 1 0 0 0 5097
157 48 168 176 716 72 567 96 173 359 121 165 238 668 53 171 766 166 79 232 377 181 693 129 460 617 524 104 252 165 299 182 296 730 535 127 566 55 227 136 263 12109
99 96 93 93 92 92 92 85 76 72 67 64 63 61 60 59 54 54 51 46 45 38 37 33 31 28 27 26 18 17 17 14 13 12 4 4 3 2 0 0 0 42
which can be due to variation in the local meteorological &geographical conditions including topography, type of soil, vehicular density etc.
Good days 5054,42%
Bad days 6926, 58 %
FIGURE GOOD DAYS VS BAD MONITORING FIGURE 2: 2: GOOD DAYS VS BAD MONITORING DAYS IN 2015 DAYS IN 2015
2.0 WATER QUALITY 2. WATER QUALITY Background
Background x
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is monitoring the water quality of aquatic resources acrossBoard the country underisa three-tier programme i.e. Global Central Pollution Control (CPCB) monitoring the water quality of Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National aquatic resources across the country under a three-tier programme i.e. Global Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). The Environmental Monitoring Systemnetwork (GEMS), Monitoring Indian National present water quality monitoring comprises of 2500of stations covering Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and 28 States and 6 Union Territories across theYamuna country. Action Plan (YAP). The
present water quality monitoring network comprises of 2500 stations covering 28 Water Quality Monitoring States and 6 Union Territories across the country.
• The parameters monitored include Total Coliforms Organism, pH, Dissolved Oxygen &Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
Water Quality Monitoring x
• Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Kerala have the highest number of river monitoring stations while Delhi, Haryana & Puducherry have the least number The parameters monitored include Total Coliforms Organism, pH, Dissolved of river monitoring stations.
Oxygen &Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
• Based on the long term assessment of water quality data, 275 rivers out of 445 rivers monitored under National Water Monitoring Programme are identified as polluted. 3 5
polluted stre etches. As the level o of BOD va aries widelyy in river stretches s t same pollute ed stretche es are prioriitized in five e categorie es i.e. Prioriity Class I
P Priority Classs V based d on BOD load. BOD D>30 mg/l, BOD betw ween 20&
Polluted River Stretches
m mg/l, BOD between b 10 0&20mg/l, BOD betwe een 6-10 mg/l m and BO OD betwe
• The river stretches not meeting the prescribed criteria are designated as 3polluted & 6 mg/l. stretches. As the level of BOD varies widely in river stretches the are five categories I to ity Class – x Out Osameofpolluted the 302 3 stretches identifie edprioritized pollutedinriver stretc chesi.e. – Priority 34 a areClass in Priori Priority Class V based on BOD load. BOD>30 mg/l, BOD between 20&30 17 in Priority y Class – III, 36 in Prio ority Class – III, 57 in Priority Cla ass – IV a mg/l, BOD between 10&20mg/l, BOD between 6-10 mg/l and BOD between in Priority P Classs – V. 1358 & are 6 mg/l.
x • Maximum MOut of the 302 p identified epolluted percentage of pollut ted river stretches s are in the e states river stretches – 34 are in Priority Class – I, M17 in Prioritya,Class Maharashtra Assam & in Madhya P – II, 36 Priority Pradesh(Fig Class – III, 57gin3)Priority Class – IV and 158 are in Priority Class – V. • Maximum percentage of polluted river stretches areDIS inSTRIBUTION the states of Maharashtra, FIGUR RE 3: STATE EWISE PERC ENTAGE POL LLUTED ER STRECHE ES Assam & Madhya OF Pradesh (Fig 3) RIVE
M Maharashtra 16%
Remaiining stattes 31% %
Meghalaya M 3% Orissa Manip pur 4% 4% %
Gujarat 7%
Kerala 4%
Uttar Pradesh 4%
Assam 9%
K Karnataka 5%
Madhya Pradesh 7%
West Bengaal 6%
Sewage generation and treatment • During 2015,theestimated sewage generation in the country was 61754 MLD as against the developed sewage treatment capacity of 22963 MLD. 4 Because of the hiatus in sewage treatment capacity, about 38791 MLD of untreated sewage (62% of the total sewage) is discharged directly into nearby water bodies (Fig-4) 6
sewage (62% of the total sewage) is discharged directly into nearby water bodies (Fig-4)
Sewage generation 61754 MLD
Untreated Sewage 38791 MLD
Sewage Treatment Capacity 22963 MLD
FIGURE 4: STATUS OF SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT
FIGURE 4: STATUS OF SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT • The five states viz Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi & Gujarat
x
account for approximately 50% of the total sewage generated in the country. Maharashtra alone accounts for 13% of the total sewage generation in the The five states viz Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi & Gujarat country (Fig 5). x The T capacitty of STPss installed in the two states viz. Himachall Pradesh & account for approximately 50% of the total sewage generated in the country.
• Maharashtra, , Uttar Pradesh & of Gujarat account for 67% of S Sikkim is Gujarat, ad dequateDelhi to o treat the total sewage generatted in thes se the qualitty Maharashtra total alone accounts forcapacity 13% of the total sewage treatment installed in thesewage country. generation in the st tates.
country (Fig 5) Odisha 2%
Haryana 2%
x
Jhaarkhand
Punjab maining & states Rem Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi , Uttar2% Pradesh Gujarat account for 67% of the 3% 6% Bihar 3% TTelangana 3%
total sewage treatment capacity installed in the Mah country harashtra 13%
Keraala 4% %
x
Uttar Pradesh 112%
Rajasthan Tamil Nadu No sewage treatment plant has been established in seven states/UTs viz. 4% 9%
Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Daman Diu, Nagaland Assam & Tripura Wesst, Bengal Karnataka 6%
Andhra Pradesh 5%
Gujarat 7%
Delhi 7%
8%
Madhya Pradesh % 5%
FIGURE5: STATEWIS SE PERCENT TAGE GENER RATION OF
SEWAGE FIGURE5: STATEWISE PERCENTAGE GENERATION OF SEWAGE
Overall pollution load l asses ssment
5
x
B BOD is the primary po ollutant whicch is consid dered for a assessing the quality of o surface wate er in India.
7
• No sewage treatment plant has been established in seven states/UTs viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Daman Diu, Nagaland , Assam & Tripura. • The capacity of STPs installed in the two states viz. Himachal Pradesh & Sikkim is adequate to treat the total quality of sewage generated in these states. Overall pollution load assessment • BOD is the primary pollutant which is considered for assessing the quality of surface water in India. • BOD is contributed both by domestic and industrial waste water. • Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu contribute maximum BOD load into surface water bodies, mainly rivers (Figure 6). • Overall BOD load discharged into the surface water bodies has been assessed FIGU URE 6 : STAT TEWISE PER RCENTAGE CONTR RIBUTION OF F is contributed by industries. as 14352.7 TPD out of which less than 1% BO OD LOAD
Remaining states 40%
Uttar Pradesh 12% W West Bengal 10% u Tamil Nadu 10% Maharashtra 8%
Karnataka 6%
Andhra Pradessh 7%
Madhya Pradesh 7%
FIGURE 6 : STATEWISE PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF BOD LOAD
3. POLLU UTION AB BATEMEN NT IN RIV VER GANGA 3.0 ound POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN RIVER GANGA Backgro
xBackground T Ganga basin, the biggest rivver basin in The n India, acccounts for a little morre th han one-fou urth (26.3% %) of the country’s tottal geograp phical area a, covers th he • The Ganga basin, the biggest river basin in India, accounts for a little more entire states s of Uttara Pradesh htotal (UP), Bih har, Delhi, acovers parts o khand, than one-fourth (26.3%) of Utta thearcountry’s geographical area,and theof P Punjab, Harryana, Hima achal Prade esh, Rajastthan, Madh hya Pradesh, and Wesst B 8 Bengal.
Water Quality Q Mon nitoring
entire states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Delhi, and parts of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. Water Quality Monitoring • CPCB is assessing the river water quality at 57 locations in the 5 Ganga States. • The core water quality parameters studied are temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, nitrite, total coliforms (TC), and faecal coliforms (FC). Besides, several other locationspecific parameters like pesticides & heavy metals are also monitored. Segmental Approach for River Ganga • Based on understanding and assessing the hydro geological status of river and knowing the problem in-terms of pollution, river Ganga has been divided into seven segments (Fig 7). Water Quality of River Ganga • Assessment of water quality data for the year 2015 indicates that the river water quality conforms to notified mass bathing criteria with regards to BOD (
