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MONITORING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ENLARGING PEOPLE’S CHOICES . . .
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001
Combined primary, Adult secondary and literacy tertiary gross rate enrolment (% age 15 ratio and above) (%) 2001 2000-01 b
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank c
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2001
Life expectancy index
Education index
GDP index
Human development index (HDI) value 2001
29,620 29,990 24,180 25,370 27,190
0.90 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89
0.99 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.95 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.94
0.944 0.942 0.941 0.939 0.938
4 2 15 8 3
25,520 34,320 27,130 25,130 28,100
0.89 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.90
0.99 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.95
0.92 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.94
0.937 0.937 0.937 0.932 0.932
5 -5 1 5 -3
29,000 32,410 24,160 24,430 53,780
0.86 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.88
0.99 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.90
0.95 0.96 0.92 0.92 1.00
0.930 0.930 0.930 0.930 0.930
-5 -9 6 3 -14
26,730 23,990 25,350 20,150 19,160
0.89 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.88
0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.99
0.93 0.91 0.92 0.89 0.88
0.929 0.925 0.921 0.918 0.917
-6 3 -5 5 8
24,670 19,790 18,150 17,440 21,190
0.89 0.90 0.85 0.89 0.88
0.93 0.93 0.97 0.93 0.90
0.92 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.89
0.916 0.905 0.896 0.892 0.891
-5 4 7 7 -3
0.91 0.87 0.88 0.85 0.84
0.83 0.96 0.87 0.94 0.96
0.92 0.84 0.91 0.86 0.84
0.889 0.888 0.884 0.881 0.879
-11 9 -7 3 7
0.85 0.83 0.88 0.81 0.81
0.89 0.91 0.87 0.94 0.95
0.88 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.76
0.872 0.861 0.856 0.849 0.841
-4 7 8 11 17
0.80 0.81 0.77 0.80 0.83
0.87 0.86 0.93 0.90 0.93
0.86 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.74
0.840 0.839 0.837 0.836 0.834
-3 -2 4 5 19
0.77 0.88 0.85 0.78 0.79
0.96 0.86 0.89 0.82 0.94
0.77 0.76 0.75 0.88 0.74
0.833 0.832 0.831 0.826 0.824
7 9 10 -19 12
0.86 0.82 0.82 0.70 0.76
0.73 0.88 0.73 0.88 0.95
0.87 0.75 0.89 0.85 0.73
0.820 0.818 0.816 0.812 0.811
-17 7 -25 -15 11
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
78.7 79.6 79.9 79.0 78.2
.. .. .. .. ..
d
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
78.5 76.9 79.2 81.3 79.0
.. .. .. .. ..
d
d d d d
d d d d
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
76.4 76.7 77.9 77.8 78.1
.. .. .. .. ..
d
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
78.3 78.7 78.0 79.1 78.1
.. .. .. 97.7 ..
d
d
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
78.6 78.9 75.9 78.1 78.1
98.5 95.1 92.5 97.3 97.2
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
79.7 76.9 77.8 75.9 75.2
93.5 99.7 92.5 99.6 97.9
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
76.1 75.1 78.1 73.9 73.6
91.6 .. 92.3 96.9 99.7
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
72.7 73.7 71.5 73.3 75.0
m
d d d
d d d d
d d
d
d d
d
d
91.0 87.9 99.3 100.0 97.6
m
d
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
71.2 77.9 75.8 71.8 72.3
99.8 95.7 95.9 81.7 99.6
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
76.3 74.0 74.4 67.2 70.5
82.4 98.4 76.7 95.5 99.8
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
d
d d, p, q
d
d
98 91 113 114 99
e
107 94 94 83 88
e, f, g
98 91 112 103 73
e
92 91 89 92 99
e
82 90 93 81 74
e
63 89 75 83 91
h
83 76 76 89 88 .. 81 82 73 84 89 66 76 81 85 54 68 67 74 86
e e, f e, f e
e e, g e e
e, h e, f e, f, h e, i
e e, g e e
e e, h g, k
h h e
e g e, g e n g e, g e e
e
g h g h
j
l
24,850 15,560 22,680 17,130 15,090 19,210 14,720 13,160 11,320 9,450
g
17,030 16,060 12,340 11,960 8,400
o
10,170 9,460 9,190 19,844 8,470 18,700 9,170 20,530 16,270 7,730
l
g, r
l
g, l g
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51 52 53 54 55
70.0 76.5 69.6 71.5 73.1
s
s
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
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Combined primary, Adult secondary and literacy tertiary gross rate enrolment (% age 15 ratio and above) (%) 2001 2000-01 b 97.8 96.8 99.7 98.4 91.4
s
86.6 98.5 87.9 92.1 94.0
s
d
70 76 86 67 74
s
69 77 72 75 70
s
89 69 82 71 95
e
64 76 65 68 71
v
82 68 58 72 81
g
e
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank c
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2001
Life expectancy index
Education index
GDP index
Human development index (HDI) value 2001
11,300 5,259 7,620 9,100 8,430
0.75 0.86 0.74 0.78 0.80
0.89 0.90 0.95 0.88 0.86
0.79 0.66 0.72 0.75 0.74
0.808 0.806 0.804 0.802 0.800
-5 38 9 1 3
0.82 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.81
0.81 0.91 0.83 0.86 0.86
0.77 0.71 0.75 0.68 0.69
0.798 0.795 0.790 0.788 0.784
-8 12 -2 23 15
0.79 0.78 0.69 0.78 0.71
0.84 0.80 0.93 0.85 0.90
0.72 0.77 0.71 0.71 0.72
0.783 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777
2 -12 3 3 -1
5,970 5,690 5,520 5,670 6,180
0.81 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.74
0.83 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.89
0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69
0.777 0.776 0.776 0.775 0.775
13 16 18 15 4
5,260 5,830 13,330 6,400 4,350
0.79 0.76 0.78 0.73 0.74
0.88 0.88 0.71 0.88 0.93
0.66 0.68 0.82 0.69 0.63
0.775 0.773 0.769 0.768 0.766
17 9 -33 -2 23
0.68 0.76 0.84 0.79 0.81
0.92 0.88 0.83 0.68 0.79
0.70 0.64 0.60 0.80 0.66
0.765 0.762 0.757 0.755 0.755
-5 18 27 -36 7
0.74 0.74 0.80 0.76 0.74
0.88 0.88 0.83 0.84 0.90
0.65 0.64 0.62 0.66 0.61
0.754 0.752 0.752 0.751 0.751
11 14 18 7 19
0.70 0.69 0.81 0.78 0.76
0.91 0.92 0.89 0.88 0.86
0.65 0.63 0.54 0.57 0.61
0.751 0.748 0.746 0.744 0.743
7 13 33 24 13
6,390 4,690 6,740 7,020 3,680
0.79 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.81
0.73 0.94 0.84 0.81 0.80
0.69 0.64 0.70 0.71 0.60
0.740 0.740 0.738 0.737 0.735
-18 2 -23 -26 11
5,890 3,280 .. 3,180 2,650
0.75 0.76 0.79 0.79 0.78
0.77 0.85 0.85 0.82 0.86
0.68 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.55
0.734 0.731 0.731 0.730 0.729
-16 12 19 13 19
g, r
l
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
73.9 70.9 72.8 74.4 73.3
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
72.4 71.6 66.6 71.8 67.8
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
73.8 71.7 72.9 73.5 69.5
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
72.2 70.5 71.9 68.9 69.2
80.8 84.8 99.6 91.9 87.3
s
93.0 93.4 96.4 92.8 98.7 90.2 98.2 77.1 95.7 99.6
s
d
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
65.8 70.8 75.5 72.2 73.8
99.4 94.0 87.3 73.0 88.9
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
69.3 69.4 73.3 70.5 69.5
93.2 90.2 86.5 93.5 95.1
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
66.8 66.6 73.4 71.8 70.6
97.0 98.0 100.0 97.0 90.3
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
72.5 63.3 65.3 66.7 73.4
72.1 98.6 94.4 84.0 85.3
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
70.1 70.5 72.1 72.3 72.1
96 97 98 99 100
238
d
p, q
76 77 78 79 80
s
q, t
85.5 91.8 89.2 91.9 98.5
s
d
p, q
s
78 77 74 58 58 76 83 76 64 80
q, t d, p, q p, q
s
w
79 81 69 69 77
e g
e
e
e s
g e g
e e g s e, g e, g
e, h e
h
g e, g
76 84 63 74 69
e
60 72 77 63 60
e, g
e, g
e
e g e, g
10,170 6,890 8,750 5,750 6,110 7,570 9,860 7,100 7,040 7,360
6,500 4,599 3,720 12,040 5,330
l
g, u
l, o
g
4,850 4,570 4,170 5,210 3,840 4,798 4,320 2,560 3,090 3,870
l, o
x
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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Combined primary, Adult secondary and literacy tertiary gross rate enrolment (% age 15 ratio and above) (%) 2001 2000-01 b
HDI rank a
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
69.3 68.1 69.7 70.6 70.4
99.2 97.0 74.9 85.8 79.2
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
69.8 69.2 68.5 68.6 71.5
77.1 67.8 99.0 92.7 75.3
64 71 61 64 59
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
50.9 66.2 68.3 63.3 68.8
85.6 87.3 99.3 86.0 75.6
78 64 71 84 62
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
49.0 63.3 56.6 65.3 68.3
84.2 98.5 71.0 69.2 56.1
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
69.1 69.4 68.7 47.4 44.7
66.8 83.1 76.6 82.7 78.1
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
68.1 63.3 68.3 57.7 57.4
49.8 58.0 34.0 72.7 68.7
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
57.0 57.0 38.2 60.2 53.9
85.0 64.6 80.3 56.0 65.6
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
62.5 38.6 55.4 60.5 48.5 50.3
47.0 83.9 58.8 40.6 81.8 58.4
d p, q
d
p, q
m m
m
76 79 80 64 64
e e, g
e
g
e
e e
58 64 83 57 76
g
65 58 50 74 80
e, g
51 56 54 46 55
g
47 41 77 40 57 p, q
h
e e e, h
m m g
e, g g
g g g
33 63 34 54 57 67
h
e, g
g
e g
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank c
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2001
Life expectancy index
Education index
GDP index
Human development index (HDI) value 2001
2,460 2,750 5,570 4,020 5,260
0.74 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.76
0.91 0.91 0.77 0.79 0.74
0.53 0.55 0.67 0.62 0.66
0.729 0.727 0.727 0.721 0.719
21 16 -18 -2 -17
0.75 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.77
0.73 0.69 0.86 0.83 0.70
0.68 0.69 0.51 0.51 0.58
0.719 0.704 0.700 0.688 0.685
-29 -31 21 21 -1
6,000 6,090 2,150 2,070 3,280
l
l
11,290 2,940 1,170 2,300 2,830
l
0.43 0.69 0.72 0.64 0.73
0.83 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.71
0.79 0.56 0.41 0.52 0.56
0.684 0.682 0.677 0.672 0.667
-64 2 41 12 1
15,073 1,740 5,990 4,400 3,520
g, y
0.40 0.64 0.53 0.67 0.72
0.76 0.87 0.75 0.65 0.63
0.84 0.48 0.68 0.63 0.59
0.664 0.661 0.653 0.652 0.648
-78 25 -40 -22 -12
2,450 1,317 1,910 7,120 7,820
g, l
0.73 0.74 0.73 0.37 0.33
0.66 0.75 0.68 0.80 0.79
0.53 0.43 0.49 0.71 0.73
0.643 0.639 0.632 0.627 0.614
2 28 13 -59 -65
0.72 0.64 0.72 0.54 0.54
0.50 0.57 0.41 0.64 0.64
0.60 0.56 0.58 0.52 0.49
0.606 0.590 0.568 0.567 0.556
-19 -12 -17 -1 9
0.53 0.53 0.22 0.59 0.48
0.72 0.57 0.79 0.51 0.63
0.39 0.54 0.63 0.49 0.46
0.549 0.548 0.547 0.528 0.525
28 -12 -34 4 10
0.62 0.23 0.51 0.59 0.39 0.42
0.42 0.77 0.51 0.45 0.73 0.61
0.49 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.38 0.47
0.511 0.510 0.503 0.502 0.502 0.501
5 -13 -4 7 22 3
0.38 0.57 0.59 0.17 0.36
0.64 0.50 0.41 0.79 0.73
0.47 0.43 0.49 0.52 0.38
0.499 0.499 0.499 0.496 0.489
1 8 -7 -18 14
0.33 0.57 0.47 0.40 0.48
0.69 0.49 0.58 0.51 0.41
0.45 0.34 0.35 0.49 0.50
0.489 0.470 0.468 0.467 0.463
1 21 17 -11 -20
3,600 2,840 3,190 2,250 1,860
g, r l l
l l
1,027 2,570 4,330 1,870 1,620
g, u
1,833 2,420 1,970 1,610 970 1,650
o
l
l l
l
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
48.0 59.1 60.4 35.4 46.4
72.4 42.9 44.0 89.3 83.3
48 64 36 59 52
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
44.7 59.4 53.0 49.1 53.7
68.0 47.7 67.3 50.8 37.8
71 52 41 52 47
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
e
g g h e
1,680 1,310 1,890 2,280 980 1,490 790 830 1,860 2,050
l
l l
239
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Combined primary, Adult secondary and literacy tertiary gross rate enrolment (% age 15 ratio and above) (%) 2001 2000-01 b
HDI rank a
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001
152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
51.8 46.1 51.9 52.5
65.4 65.5 40.7 56.7
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
52.3 48.5 38.2 50.9 44.0
38.3 41.0 68.0 38.6 76.0
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
41.7 38.5 33.4 40.2 44.6
49.7 61.0 79.0 42.0 44.2
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
45.0 40.6 40.4 45.7 39.2
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank c
GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2001
Life expectancy index
Education index
GDP index
Human development index (HDI) value 2001
850 2,370 1,990 1,030
0.45 0.35 0.45 0.46
0.59 0.51 0.41 0.49
0.36 0.53 0.50 0.39
0.463 0.462 0.454 0.446
13 -28 -21 3
1,500 1,960 1,250 980 520
0.46 0.39 0.22 0.43 0.32
0.38 0.39 0.63 0.42 0.61
0.45 0.50 0.42 0.38 0.28
0.430 0.425 0.422 0.411 0.400
-9 -22 -5 1 14
1,490 570 780 2,040 1,070
0.28 0.22 0.14 0.25 0.33
0.46 0.65 0.68 0.38 0.41
0.45 0.29 0.34 0.50 0.40
0.396 0.387 0.386 0.377 0.376
-13 11 7 -32 -8
0.33 0.26 0.26 0.34 0.24
0.41 0.51 0.40 0.38 0.43
0.38 0.32 0.43 0.35 0.41
0.373 0.363 0.363 0.359 0.356
-4 5 -16 -2 -15
0.26 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.16
0.43 0.27 0.24 0.17 0.41
0.32 0.35 0.40 0.36 0.26
0.337 0.337 0.330 0.292 0.275
0 -5 -17 -10 0
45 21 43 33
h
38 34 52 49 31
e
39 72 45 29 33
g
39.6 62.7 48.2 40.3 45.2
43 27 24 34 37
g
40.4 48.4 45.8 45.6 34.5
49.2 26.4 24.8 16.5 36.0
31 29 22 17 51
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
64.4 50.4 66.0 69.5 70.3 62.8 46.5 69.3 77.0 78.1
74.5 53.3 60.8 87.1 89.2 56.3 62.4 99.3 .. ..
60 43 60 65 81 54 44 79 87 93
3,850 1,274 5,038 4,233 7,050 2,730 1,831 6,598 23,363 27,169
0.66 0.43 0.70 0.74 0.75 0.64 0.36 0.74 0.87 0.89
0.70 0.50 0.63 0.80 0.86 0.56 0.56 0.92 0.94 0.97
0.61 0.42 0.65 0.63 0.71 0.55 0.49 0.70 0.91 0.94
0.655 0.448 0.662 0.722 0.777 0.582 0.468 0.787 0.905 0.929
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
77.1 67.0 49.4
.. 78.1 55.0
89 64 41
23,135 4,053 1,186
0.87 0.70 0.41
0.95 0.74 0.50
0.91 0.62 0.41
0.908 0.684 0.440
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
78.1 69.8 59.1
.. 86.6 63.0
92 70 51
26,989 5,519 2,230
0.89 0.75 0.57
0.96 0.82 0.59
0.93 0.67 0.52
0.927 0.744 0.561
.. .. ..
World
66.7
..
64
7,376
0.70
0.75
0.72
0.722
..
p, q
q, t
p, q
g
e g e
e
g g
g h
g e
970 680 1,300 810 1,140 690 810 1,120 890 470
l
l l
l l
l l
l l
Note: As a result of revisions to data and methodology and varying country coverage, human development index values and ranks are not strictly comparable with those in earlier Human Development Reports. The index has been calculated for UN member countries with reliable data in each of its components as well as for Hong Kong, China (SAR) and the Occupied Palestinian Territories. For data on the remaining 18 UN member countries, see table 30. Aggregates for columns 5-8 are based on all data in the table. a. The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the sixth decimal point. b. Data refer to the 2000/01 school year. Data for some countries may refer to national or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates. For details, see http://www.uis.unesco.org/. Because data are from different sources, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. c. A positive figure indicates that the HDI rank is higher than the GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank, a negative the opposite. d. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 99.0% was applied. e. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision. f. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 100% was applied. g. Data refer to a year other than that specified. h. Data refer to the 1999/2000 school year. They were provided by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for Human Development Report 2001 (see UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2001). i. The ratio is an underestimate, as many secondary and tertiary students pursue their studies in nearby countries. j. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of $40,000 (PPP US$) was applied. k. Excludes Turkish students and population. l. Estimate based on regression. m. Data are from national sources. n. Because the combined gross enrolment ratio was unavailable, the Human Development Report Office estimate of 78% was used. o. Preliminary World Bank estimate, subject to further revision. p. UNICEF 2003b. q. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country. r. Aten, Heston and Summers 2002. s. Data are from the Secretariat of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, based on national sources. t. UNICEF 2000. u. Aten, Heston and Summers 2001. v. UNDP 2002. w. Birzeit University 2002. x. In the absence of an estimate of GDP per capita (PPP US$), the Human Development Report Office estimate of $2,788, derived using the value of GDP in US dollars and the weighted average ratio of PPP US dollars to US dollars in the Arab States, was used. y. World Bank 2002. Source: Column 1: unless otherwise noted, calculated on the basis of data on life expectancy from UN 2003d; column 2: unless otherwise noted, UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; column 3: unless otherwise noted, UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003b; column 4: unless otherwise noted, World Bank 2003c; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; column 5: calculated on the basis of data in column 1; column 6: calculated on the basis of data in columns 2 and 3; column 7: calculated on the basis of data in column 4; column 8: calculated on the basis of data in columns 5-7; see technical note 1 for details; column 9: calculated on the basis of data in columns 4 and 8.
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MONITORING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ENLARGING PEOPLE’S CHOICES . . .
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2001
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
0.858 0.862 0.862 0.843 0.863
0.876 0.884 0.871 0.859 0.876
0.887 0.893 0.882 0.872 0.890
0.900 0.912 0.893 0.886 0.904
0.924 0.918 0.924 0.926 0.925
0.944 0.942 0.941 0.939 0.938
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
0.840 0.864 0.866 0.851 0.872
0.857 0.883 0.881 0.875 0.884
0.871 0.896 0.904 0.890 0.891
0.892 0.911 0.924 0.906 0.904
0.923 0.923 0.929 0.920 0.912
0.937 0.937 0.937 0.932 0.932
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
0.871 0.819 0.840 0.835 0.835
0.879 0.832 0.847 0.854 0.849
0.886 0.847 0.857 0.872 0.864
0.893 0.871 0.877 0.894 0.886
0.910 0.895 0.916 0.907 0.913
0.930 0.930 0.930 0.930 0.930
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
0.839 0.846 .. 0.834 0.844
0.853 0.862 0.859 0.851 0.850
0.867 0.874 0.868 0.865 0.861
0.890 0.896 0.885 0.883 0.870
0.908 0.912 0.908 0.901 0.898
0.929 0.925 0.921 0.918 0.917
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
0.838 0.794 0.785 0.831 ..
0.854 0.818 0.799 0.847 0.800
0.862 0.838 0.821 0.859 0.820
0.884 0.857 0.847 0.869 0.844
0.900 0.879 0.876 0.875 0.864
0.916 0.905 0.896 0.892 0.891
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
0.755 0.802 0.722 .. 0.701
0.794 0.823 0.755 .. 0.736
0.821 0.835 0.782 .. 0.774
0.857 0.849 0.819 0.843 0.814
0.875 0.855 0.858 0.851 0.848
0.889 0.888 0.884 0.881 0.879
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. .. 0.716 0.784 ..
.. .. 0.751 0.797 ..
.. .. 0.778 0.804 ..
.. 0.835 0.812 0.807 0.794
.. 0.843 0.835 0.829 0.810
0.872 0.861 0.856 0.849 0.841
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. .. 0.775 .. 0.756
.. 0.742 0.791 .. 0.775
.. 0.773 0.803 .. 0.779
.. 0.796 0.803 .. 0.799
.. 0.823 0.807 .. 0.814
0.840 0.839 0.837 0.836 0.834
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
.. 0.749 0.700 .. ..
0.811 0.774 0.735 .. ..
0.818 0.776 0.752 .. ..
0.814 0.794 0.780 .. 0.819
0.793 0.815 0.811 .. 0.785
0.833 0.832 0.831 0.826 0.824
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
0.760 .. .. .. ..
0.780 .. .. .. 0.791
0.784 .. .. .. 0.803
.. 0.801 .. .. 0.803
0.822 0.794 .. .. 0.761
0.820 0.818 0.816 0.812 0.811
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2001
.. .. .. 0.733 0.684
.. .. .. 0.765 0.729
.. .. .. 0.784 0.748
.. .. 0.806 0.787 0.757
.. .. 0.774 0.788 0.771
0.808 0.806 0.804 0.802 0.800
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. .. 0.615 0.710 ..
.. 0.769 0.658 0.729 ..
.. 0.790 0.692 0.744 ..
.. 0.792 0.721 0.745 ..
.. 0.784 0.759 0.768 ..
0.798 0.795 0.790 0.788 0.784
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. .. .. 0.667 0.643
.. 0.654 0.796 0.696 0.678
.. 0.684 0.811 0.711 0.691
.. 0.720 0.809 0.731 0.712
.. 0.744 0.766 0.758 0.738
0.783 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. .. .. 0.715 ..
.. 0.709 .. 0.729 ..
.. 0.717 .. 0.737 0.714
.. 0.749 .. 0.755 0.726
.. 0.768 .. 0.765 0.743
0.777 0.776 0.776 0.775 0.775
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. .. 0.596 0.612 ..
.. .. 0.656 0.650 ..
.. 0.782 0.679 0.673 ..
.. 0.768 0.716 0.705 0.797
.. 0.765 0.746 0.739 0.748
0.775 0.773 0.769 0.768 0.766
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
.. .. 0.690 .. ..
.. .. 0.693 .. ..
.. .. 0.695 .. ..
0.781 .. 0.723 .. ..
0.738 .. 0.736 .. ..
0.765 0.762 0.757 0.755 0.755
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
0.654 0.639 .. 0.674 0.647
0.677 0.668 .. 0.708 0.680
0.691 0.691 .. 0.714 0.684
0.717 0.702 0.678 0.726 0.713
0.739 0.729 0.728 0.744 0.731
0.754 0.752 0.752 0.751 0.751
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 0.637
.. .. .. .. 0.659
.. .. .. .. 0.675
.. .. .. .. 0.702
0.751 0.748 0.746 0.744 0.743
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
0.514 0.686 .. 0.625 ..
0.572 0.689 .. 0.654 0.668
0.620 0.680 .. 0.675 0.686
0.654 0.687 .. 0.683 0.697
0.693 0.711 .. 0.703 0.698
0.740 0.740 0.738 0.737 0.735
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
0.589 0.627 .. 0.609 ..
0.612 0.672 .. 0.644 ..
0.649 0.694 .. 0.670 ..
0.681 0.704 .. 0.692 0.756
0.712 0.720 .. 0.715 0.709
0.734 0.731 0.731 0.730 0.729
96 97 98 99 100
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HDI rank
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2001
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
.. .. .. 0.521 0.595
.. .. .. 0.554 0.595
.. .. 0.593 0.591 0.614
0.728 .. 0.632 0.624 0.653
0.712 .. 0.683 0.679 0.692
0.729 0.727 0.727 0.721 0.719
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
0.562 0.510 .. .. 0.536
0.566 0.559 0.718 .. 0.578
0.607 0.609 0.739 0.582 0.612
0.646 0.648 0.756 0.603 0.632
0.690 0.668 0.704 0.646 0.664
0.719 0.704 0.700 0.688 0.685
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
0.660 0.464 .. 0.511 0.522
0.676 0.526 .. 0.546 0.571
0.702 0.578 0.736 0.573 0.603
0.734 0.619 0.736 0.598 0.626
0.741 0.659 0.665 0.631 0.648
0.684 0.682 0.677 0.672 0.667
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. .. .. 0.514 0.433
.. .. .. 0.551 0.480
.. 0.647 .. 0.563 0.530
.. 0.655 .. 0.587 0.572
.. 0.634 .. 0.617 0.605
0.664 0.661 0.653 0.652 0.648
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
.. .. .. .. 0.509
.. .. .. .. 0.573
.. .. .. .. 0.626
.. .. .. .. 0.674
.. .. .. 0.677 0.666
0.643 0.639 0.632 0.627 0.614
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
0.427 0.416 .. 0.444 ..
0.472 0.443 .. 0.474 ..
0.506 0.481 .. 0.487 ..
0.538 0.519 .. 0.515 0.512
0.567 0.553 .. 0.537 0.543
0.606 0.590 0.568 0.567 0.556
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. 0.428 0.510 .. ..
.. 0.450 0.541 0.485 ..
.. 0.470 0.567 0.503 0.422
.. 0.487 0.611 0.507 0.449
.. 0.527 0.606 0.515 0.485
0.549 0.548 0.547 0.528 0.525
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 0.477 0.351 0.336 0.462 0.402
.. 0.517 0.378 0.352 0.506 0.450
.. 0.542 0.399 0.384 0.553 0.449
.. 0.565 0.431 0.414 0.538 0.480
.. 0.558 0.465 0.443 0.517 0.491
0.511 0.510 0.503 0.502 0.502 0.501
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
0.402 0.287 0.344 0.544 0.440
0.445 0.326 0.370 0.570 0.487
0.495 0.368 0.403 0.626 0.510
0.510 0.413 0.440 0.614 0.535
0.498 0.451 0.472 0.567 0.519
0.499 0.499 0.499 0.496 0.489
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
.. .. 0.397 .. 0.291
.. .. 0.431 0.446 ..
0.402 .. 0.424 0.461 ..
0.403 0.392 0.431 0.457 ..
0.412 0.429 0.438 0.456 0.426
0.489 0.470 0.468 0.467 0.463
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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HDI rank
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2001
152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
0.324 .. 0.346 ..
0.384 .. 0.369 ..
0.400 .. 0.387 ..
0.426 0.459 0.399 ..
0.452 0.457 0.427 0.419
0.463 0.462 0.454 0.446
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
0.311 .. 0.349 0.286 ..
0.328 .. 0.394 0.322 ..
0.354 .. 0.405 0.348 ..
0.378 .. 0.359 0.352 0.408
0.394 .. 0.343 0.378 0.401
0.430 0.425 0.422 0.411 0.400
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
0.380 0.314 0.462 .. 0.265
0.413 0.341 0.470 .. 0.265
0.422 0.355 0.478 .. 0.305
0.420 0.365 0.461 .. 0.330
0.405 0.404 0.414 .. 0.342
0.396 0.387 0.386 0.377 0.376
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
0.263 0.419 0.339 .. ..
0.267 0.426 0.356 .. 0.309
0.297 0.429 0.378 0.281 0.295
0.319 0.417 0.379 0.305 0.317
0.347 0.380 0.370 0.322 0.325
0.373 0.363 0.363 0.359 0.356
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
0.287 0.231 0.237 0.243 ..
0.312 0.261 0.260 0.262 ..
0.338 0.268 0.286 0.254 ..
0.343 0.287 0.301 0.264 ..
0.317 0.308 0.313 0.270 ..
0.337 0.337 0.330 0.292 0.275
Note: The human development index values in this table were calculated using a consistent methodology and data series. They are not strictly comparable with those in earlier Human Development Reports. Source: Columns 1-5: calculated on the basis of data on life expectancy from UN 2003d, data on adult literacy rates from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a, data on combined gross enrolment ratios from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003b and data on GDP at market prices (constant 1995 US$), population and GDP per capita (PPP US$) from World Bank 2003c; column 6: column 8 of table 1.
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MONITORING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ENLARGING PEOPLE’S CHOICES . . . Population Probability without Children at birth Adult sustainable under Population below of not illiteracy access to an weight income poverty line Human poverty index surviving rate † improved for age † (%) National (HPI-1) to age 40 † (% age 15 water source † (% under Value (% of cohort) and above) (%) age 5) $1 a day c $2 a day d poverty line Rank (%) 2000-05 a 2001 2000 1995-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1987-2000 b
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank e
High human development 25 26 27 28 30
Cyprus Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Korea, Rep. of
.. .. 1 6 ..
.. .. 2.5 6.3 ..
2.9 1.8 2.6 1.9 3.4
2.8 6.5 0.3 7.5 2.1
0 .. 0 0 8
.. .. 6 14 ..
.. .. .. .. <2
.. .. .. .. <2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
31 34 36 37 40
Brunei Darussalam Argentina Seychelles Bahrain Uruguay
.. .. .. .. 2
.. .. .. .. 3.6
2.8 5.1 .. 4.0 4.4
8.4 3.1 .. 12.1 2.4
.. .. .. .. 2
.. 5 6 9 5
.. .. .. .. <2
.. .. .. .. <2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 0
42 43 44 46 48
Costa Rica Chile Qatar Kuwait United Arab Emirates
4 3 .. .. ..
4.4 4.1 .. .. ..
3.7 4.1 5.1 2.6 3.4
4.3 4.1 18.3 17.6 23.3
5 7 .. .. ..
5 1 6 10 14
6.9 <2 .. .. ..
14.3 8.7 .. .. ..
.. 17.0 .. .. ..
-12 1 .. .. ..
49 51 52 54 55
Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
.. .. 5 8 13
.. .. 5.0 7.7 8.8
16.0 .. 6.0 9.1 7.6
4.5 .. 0.3 1.6 8.6
3 2 0 10 12
.. .. 4 7 8
.. .. <2 12.4 8.0
.. .. <2 39.0 24.3
.. .. 41.9 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. <2 7.6 .. ..
.. 9.3 17.9 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. -12 .. ..
14.4 9.9 .. .. 15.0
26.5 23.7 .. .. 32.0
17.7 .. .. .. ..
-17 -8 .. .. -18
.. .. .. <2 ..
.. .. .. 32.5 ..
.. .. .. 13.1 ..
.. .. .. 12 ..
<2 .. .. .. 15.5
13.3 .. .. .. 41.4
18.7 .. .. .. 49.0
7 .. .. .. -15
f f
f
f
Medium human development f
56 58 59 61 62
Antigua and Barbuda Malaysia Panama Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius
.. .. 9 29 17
.. .. 7.8 15.7 11.1
.. 4.2 6.8 4.5 4.6
.. 12.1 7.9 19.2 15.2
9 .. 10 28 0
10 18 7 5 16
64 65 67 68 69
Colombia Brazil Belize Dominica Venezuela
10 18 12 .. 11
8.2 11.4 8.8 .. 8.6
8.4 11.5 11.3 .. 5.9
8.1 12.7 6.6 .. 7.2
9 13 8 3 17
7 6 6 5 5
70 71 73 74 77
Samoa (Western) Saint Lucia Saudi Arabia Thailand Suriname
.. .. 30 24 ..
.. .. 16.3 12.9 ..
6.6 5.7 5.2 10.2 6.5
1.3 .. 22.9 4.3 ..
1 2 5 16 18
.. 14 14 19 ..
78 79 80 81 82
Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines Fiji Peru
14 50 .. 41 19
9.3 31.8 .. 21.3 11.4
4.9 5.0 3.9 5.4 10.2
12.7 27.0 .. 6.8 9.8
8 61 7 53 20
4 24 .. 8 7
83 84 85 86 90
Lebanon Paraguay Philippines Maldives Jordan
15 16 28 20 7
9.5 10.3 14.8 11.4 7.5
4.3 8.0 7.4 10.2 6.6
13.5 6.5 4.9 3.0 9.7
0 22 14 0 4
3 5 28 30 5
.. 19.5 14.6 .. <2
.. 49.3 46.4 .. 7.4
.. .. 36.8 .. 11.7
.. -22 -6 .. 3
91 92 93 94 96
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Turkey
37 23 .. 25 22
19.9 12.7 .. 13.9 12.4
4.9 17.6 .. 14.6 8.0
27.9 1.4 .. 16.0 14.5
20 6 5 14 18
4 12 .. 5 8
<2 <2 .. <2 <2
10.0 6.1 .. <2 10.3
7.6 .. .. 20.6 ..
24 13 .. 14 ..
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
f f
f
f
f
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Population Probability without Children at birth Adult sustainable under Population below of not illiteracy access to an weight income poverty line Human poverty index surviving rate † improved for age † (%) National (HPI-1) to age 40 † (% age 15 water source † (% under Value (% of cohort) and above) (%) age 5) $1 a day c $2 a day d poverty line Rank (%) 2000-05 a 2001 2000 1995-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1987-2000 b
97 98 99 103 104
Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Cape Verde China
21 .. 34 40 26
11.9 .. 18.3 20.1 14.2
10.3 5.2 5.1 7.6 7.1
8.2 .. 8.1 25.1 14.2
15 14 23 26 25
15 3 29 14 10
105 106 107 109 110
El Salvador Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
32 31 42 39 35
17.2 16.4 22.6 19.9 18.8
9.9 7.0 9.3 10.7 5.7
20.8 22.9 32.2 7.3 24.7
23 8 11 23 20
111 112 114 115 116
South Africa Indonesia Bolivia Honduras Equatorial Guinea
49 33 27 38 ..
31.7 17.9 14.6 19.9 ..
44.9 10.8 16.0 13.8 36.4
14.4 12.7 14.0 24.4 15.8
117 118 119 120 121
Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt Nicaragua
36 .. 43 47 44
19.1 .. 22.9 30.5 24.3
13.0 28.1 14.1 8.6 10.3
122 123 124 125 126
São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana Morocco
.. .. 62 75 56
.. .. 37.8 43.6 35.2
127 128 129 130 131
India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia Myanmar
53 .. 46 73 45
132 133 134 135 136
Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Bhutan
137 138 139 140 141
Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank e
20.2 .. 6.6 .. 16.1
52.3 .. 45.4 .. 47.3
.. .. 25.0 .. 4.6
-21 .. 10 .. -13
12 11 6 33 13
21.4 <2 <2 17.7 ..
45.0 7.3 15.1 63.7 ..
.. .. 22.6 .. ..
-14 18 26 -4 ..
14 22 17 12 56
12 26 10 25 ..
<2 7.2 14.4 23.8 ..
14.5 55.4 34.3 44.4 ..
.. 27.1 62.7 53.0 ..
31 5 -5 -15 ..
1.5 .. 30.8 43.9 33.2
40 14 8 3 23
13 12 24 4 12
13.9 .. 16.0 3.1 82.3
50.0 .. 37.4 43.9 94.5
.. .. .. 16.7 47.9
2 .. 0 18 -34
10.0 6.8 52.3 61.9 9.4
.. .. 17.3 21.9 50.2
.. 29 23 5 20
16 21 24 13 9
.. .. 34.9 23.5 <2
.. .. 55.8 50.1 14.3
.. .. .. .. 19.0
.. .. -2 11 34
33.1 .. 26.4 42.8 25.7
15.3 7.3 25.8 24.0 24.6
42.0 .. 27.3 31.3 15.0
16 12 27 70 28
47 20 25 45 36
34.7 .. 44.8 .. ..
79.9 .. 78.5 .. ..
28.6 .. .. 36.1 ..
-9 .. -21 .. ..
61 .. 48 66 ..
37.0 .. 31.5 40.5 ..
19.0 70.5 18.1 27.9 17.3
35.4 19.7 44.0 34.4 ..
58 .. 4 63 38
35 10 25 40 19
.. .. .. 26.3 ..
.. .. .. 73.2 ..
.. .. .. 38.6 ..
.. .. .. 4 ..
83 52 72 51 64
47.7 32.2 42.6 32.0 38.5
68.1 27.6 17.3 39.3 37.9
16.1 41.2 59.4 18.2 41.6
22 25 3 49 46
16 17 48 14 25
43.1 .. 36.0 .. ..
65.7 .. 82.8 .. ..
.. .. 33.7 .. ..
4 .. 0 .. ..
f
f
f
f
f
f
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
58 70 65 90 63
35.9 41.9 40.2 52.0 37.8
44.2 19.3 17.8 74.8 49.5
27.6 57.1 56.0 10.7 16.7
42 12 10 17 43
21 48 38 13 23
33.4 37.7 13.4 36.0 23.0
64.4 82.5 65.6 64.2 58.6
.. .. 32.6 34.9 ..
-5 -2 22 14 5
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
60 67 57 68 79
36.6 41.0 35.9 41.6 45.8
41.1 19.1 29.0 37.3 29.6
32.0 52.3 32.7 49.2 62.2
48 31 53 54 38
23 46 33 17 17
82.2 15.7 49.1 .. 59.3
96.4 45.2 83.3 .. 82.9
.. .. 71.3 .. ..
-24 17 -13 .. -3
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Population Probability without Children at birth Adult sustainable under Population below of not illiteracy access to an weight income poverty line Human poverty index surviving rate † improved for age † (%) National (HPI-1) to age 40 † (% age 15 water source † (% under Value (% of cohort) and above) (%) age 5) $1 a day c $2 a day d poverty line Rank (%) 2000-05 a 2001 2000 1995-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1990-2001 b 1987-2000 b
Developing countries
HDI rank 152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
54 55 86 69 76
34.0 34.3 48.6 41.8 44.5
34.9 42.9 30.5 27.5 27.7
34.6 34.5 59.3 43.3 61.7
38 0 63 54 22
27 18 32 44 18
70.2 .. 28.6 .. 26.3
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. 77 81 59 78
.. 44.5 46.4 36.2 45.0
35.9 54.3 34.6 46.4 51.7
.. 32.0 61.4 24.0 50.3
52 59 37 32 19
23 24 23 29 21
.. 35.7 .. 19.9 12.3
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
82 89 .. 88 84
47.0 50.3 .. 50.3 47.8
59.6 70.1 49.2 42.9 41.3
39.0 21.0 .. 55.8 60.4
43 36 62 73 44
25 25 .. 28 23
41.7 63.7 .. .. ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
74 85 92 87 80
42.9 47.8 56.0 50.3 46.3
47.2 55.3 43.3 56.0 50.5
37.3 51.8 59.7 54.8 50.8
55 30 76 43 22
31 24 47 26 45
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
91 93 94 ..
55.1 58.6 61.8 ..
35.3 43.4 38.7 57.5
73.6 75.2 83.5 ..
35 58 41 43
43 34 40 27
90.8 .. 68.7 .. 67.8
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank e
34.1 .. 46.3 .. ..
-25 .. 16 .. 10
.. .. .. 41.6 ..
.. 5 .. 5 31
76.1 87.4 .. .. ..
65.3 72.9 .. .. ..
4 0 .. .. ..
.. 66.6 81.9 37.9 58.4
.. 84.0 98.4 78.4 89.2
.. .. 44.2 .. ..
.. -3 0 10 -1
72.8 61.2 61.4 57.0
90.6 85.8 85.3 74.5
.. 45.3 .. ..
0 7 7 ..
g
g
.. 84.6 .. 59.7 49.4
g
g
† Denotes indicators used to calculate the human poverty index (HPI-1). For further details, see technical note 1. a. Data refer to the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40, times 100. They are medium-variant projections for the period specified. b. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. c. Poverty line is equivalent to $1.08 (1993 PPP US$). d. Poverty line is equivalent to $2.15 (1993 PPP US$). e. Income poverty refers to the percentage of the population living on less than $1 a day. All countries with an income poverty rate of less than 2% were given equal rank. The rankings are based on countries for which data are available for both indicators. A positive figure indicates that the country performs better in income poverty than in human poverty, a negative the opposite. f. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country. g. Data refer to a period other than that specified. Source: Column 1: determined on the basis of the HPI-1 values in column 2; column 2: calculated on the basis of data in columns 3-6; see technical note 1 for details; column 3: UN 2003d; column 4: UNESCO 2003a; column 5: calculated on the basis of data on population with sustainable access to an improved water source from UN 2003a, based on data from a joint effort by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO); column 6: UNICEF 2003b, based on data from a joint effort by UNICEF and the WHO; columns 7-9: World Bank 2003c; column 10: calculated on the basis of data in columns 1 and 7.
HPI-1 ranks for 94 developing countries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Barbados Uruguay Chile Costa Rica Cuba Singapore Jordan Trinidad and Tobago Panama Colombia Venezuela Belize Mexico Jamaica Lebanon Paraguay Mauritus
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Brazil Peru Maldives Ecuador Turkey Guyana Thailand Dominican Republic China Bolivia Philippines Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Saudi Arabia Iran, Islamic Rep. El Salvador Indonesia Sri Lanka Syrian Arab Republic Mongola Tunisia
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Honduras Viet Nam Cape Verde Fiji Algeria Guatemala Nicaragua Myanmar Ghana Egypt Comoros South Africa Oman Congo Sudan India Nigeria Djibouti Morocco Madagascar
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
Cameroon Tanzania, U. Rep. of Uganda Papua New Guinea Namibia Kenya Togo Pakistan Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Yemen Haiti Eritrea Nepal Iraq Bangladesh Cambodia Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Botswana Senegal Rwanda
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Côte d’Ivoire Gambia Burundi Benin Malawi Lesotho Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic Mauritania Mozambique Chad Zambia Zimbabwe Mali Ethiopia Burkina Faso Niger
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MONITORING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ENLARGING PEOPLE’S CHOICES . . .
4 Human and income poverty OECD, Central & Eastern Europe & CIS Human poverty index (HPI-2) a Value Rank (%)
HDI rank
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 † (% of cohort) 2000-05 b
People lacking Population below functional income poverty line literacy Long-term (%) skills † unemployment † 50% of (% age (as % of median 16-65) labour force) d income e, † $11 a day $4 a day 1994-98 c 2001 1990-2000 f 1994-95 f, g 1996-99 f, h
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank i
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
2 .. 1 14 4
7.2 .. 6.5 12.9 8.4
8.3 7.6 7.3 8.8 8.7
8.5 .. 7.5 17.0 10.5
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
13 17 12 10 ..
12.4 15.8 12.2 11.1 ..
9.4 12.6 8.7 7.5 9.1
18.4 20.7 16.6 .. ..
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
5 16 15 3 7
9.1 15.3 14.8 8.4 10.3
11.0 9.3 8.9 10.2 9.7
9.6 22.6 21.8 10.4 ..
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
.. 8 6 9 ..
.. 10.8 10.2 11.0 ..
9.5 10.0 9.2 8.8 9.8
.. .. 14.4 .. 18.4
21 22 23 24 29
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Slovenia
11 .. .. .. ..
12.2 .. .. .. ..
8.6 7.4 11.7 9.1 11.8
.. .. 48.0 .. 42.2
32 33 35 38 39
Czech Republic Malta Poland Hungary Slovakia
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
12.2 7.7 15.6 19.6 15.2
41 45 47 50 53
Estonia Lithuania Croatia Latvia Belarus
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.2 0.3 1.1 1.4 1.6
6.9 .. 6.6 14.3 8.1
4.3 .. 6.3 17.6 7.1
.. .. .. .. ..
-2 .. -2 -2 -4
8.0 17.0 12.8 11.8 9.3
.. 13.6 7.4 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
7 0 -2 -1 ..
9.2 12.3 12.5 5.4 3.9
.. .. 15.7 4.8 0.3
.. .. .. .. ..
-4 4 2 1 6
10.6 8.0 7.5 10.1 ..
.. 9.9 7.3 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 2 1 -1 ..
6.1 .. 1.6 5.5 ..
14.2 13.5 .. .. 8.2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. <1
-4 .. .. .. ..
15.7 .. 42.6 33.8 ..
4.3 .. 8.0 2.7 9.3
4.9 .. 8.6 6.7 2.1
.. .. .. .. ..
<1 .. 10 <1 8
.. .. .. .. ..
20.4 19.5 14.5 21.4 22.8
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
12.3 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
18 17 .. 28 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
k
l
l
l
l
l
j
3.2 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.9 3.2 1.3 2.4 0.5 0.9 3.3 4.2 4.6 0.9
j
n
o
m
Medium human development 57 60 63 66 72
Bulgaria Macedonia, TFYR Russian Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina Romania
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
18.6 13.3 28.9 13.7 20.3
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 20.1 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
22 .. 53 .. 23
.. .. .. .. ..
75 76 87 88 89
Ukraine Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
23.0 27.0 24.8 16.2 18.5
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
25 62 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
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4 Human and income poverty OECD, Central & Eastern Europe & CIS Human poverty index (HPI-2) a Value Rank (%)
HDI rank 95 100 101 102 108 113
Albania Armenia Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Moldova, Rep. of Tajikistan
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 † (% of cohort) 2000-05 b 11.3 14.9 21.8 23.7 22.8 22.8
People lacking Population below functional income poverty line literacy Long-term (%) skills † unemployment † 50% of (% age (as % of median 16-65) labour force) d income e, † $11 a day $4 a day 1994-98 c 2001 1990-2000 f 1994-95 f, g 1996-99 f, h .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 88 82 ..
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank i .. .. .. .. .. ..
† Denotes indicators used to calculate the human poverty index (HPI-2). For further details, see technical note 1. Note: This table includes Israel and Malta, which are not OECD member countries, but excludes the Republic of Korea, Mexico and Turkey, which are. For the human poverty index and related indicators for these countries, see table 3. a. The human poverty index (HPI-2) is calculated for selected high-income OECD countries only. b. Data refer to the probability at birth of not surviving to age 60, times 100. They are medium-variant projections for the period specified. c. Based on scoring at level 1 on the prose literacy scale of the International Adult Literacy Survey. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. d. Data refer to unemployment lasting 12 months or longer. e. Poverty line is measured at 50% of the median adjusted household disposable income. f. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. g. Based on the US poverty line, $11 (1994 PPP US$) a day per person for a family of three. h. Poverty line is $4 (1990 PPP US$) a day. i. Income poverty refers to the percentage of the population living on less than 50% of the median adjusted household disposable income. A positive figure indicates that the country performs better in income poverty than in human poverty, a negative the opposite. j. Data refer to 1999. k. Data refer to Flanders. l. For purposes of calculating the HPI-2, an estimate of 15.1%, the unweighted average for countries with available data, was applied. m. Smeeding 1997. n. Data are based on a small sample and should be treated with caution. o. Data refer to 2000. Source: Column 1: determined on the basis of the HPI-2 values in column 2; column 2: calculated on the basis of data in columns 3-6; see technical note 1 for details; column 3: calculated on the basis of survival data from UN 2003d; column 4: unless otherwise noted, OECD and Statistics Canada 2000; column 5: calculated on the basis of data on long-term unemployment and labour force from OECD 2002a; column 6: LIS 2003; column 7: Smeeding, Rainwater and Burtless 2002; column 8: Milanovic 2002; column 9: calculated on the basis of data in columns 1 and 6.
HPI-2 ranks for 17 selected OECD countries 1 2 3 4 5
Sweden Norway Finland Netherlands Denmark
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Germany Luxembourg France Spain Japan Italy Canada
13 14 15 16 17
Belgium Australia United Kingdom Ireland United States
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. . . TO LEAD A LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE . . .
5 Demographic trends
Total population (millions) 1975 2001 b 2015 b
HDI rank
Annual population growth rate 19752001 2001-15 b
Urban population (as % of total) a 1975 2001 b 2015 b
Population under Population aged age 15 65 and above Total fertility rate (as % of total) (as % of total) (per woman) 2001 b 2015 b 2001 b 2015 b 1970-75 c 2000-05 b
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
4.0 0.2 8.2 13.9 13.7
4.5 0.3 8.9 19.4 16.0
4.7 0.3 9.0 21.7 16.8
0.4 1.0 0.3 1.3 0.6
0.4 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.4
68.2 86.6 82.7 85.9 88.4
75.0 92.6 83.3 91.1 89.6
78.9 94.3 84.2 94.8 91.0
19.8 23.2 18.1 20.3 18.4
16.6 18.7 15.7 17.3 16.4
15.3 11.6 17.4 12.4 13.7
18.0 13.5 21.4 15.5 17.4
2.2 2.8 1.9 2.5 2.1
1.8 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
9.8 220.2 23.1 111.5 6.3
10.3 288.0 31.0 127.3 7.2
10.5 329.7 34.1 127.2 7.0
0.2 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.5
0.1 1.0 0.7 (.) -0.2
94.9 73.7 75.6 75.7 55.7
97.4 77.4 78.9 78.9 67.5
98.0 81.0 81.9 81.5 69.5
17.3 21.7 18.7 14.5 16.5
15.5 20.3 14.8 13.0 12.6
17.2 12.3 12.7 17.7 16.2
19.5 14.2 16.4 26.0 22.0
1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.8
1.7 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.4
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
5.1 3.2 55.4 4.7 0.4
5.3 3.9 58.9 5.2 0.4
5.4 4.4 61.3 5.3 0.5
0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.8
0.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 1.2
81.8 53.6 88.7 58.3 73.7
85.1 59.3 89.5 59.0 91.8
85.7 64.0 90.8 59.0 95.0
18.4 21.2 18.9 18.0 19.0
16.3 20.3 15.9 15.8 17.6
15.0 11.3 15.9 15.1 13.6
19.2 13.4 17.8 20.3 14.4
2.0 3.8 2.0 1.6 2.0
1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
7.6 52.7 78.7 35.6 3.1
8.1 59.6 82.3 40.9 3.8
8.1 62.8 82.5 41.2 4.2
0.3 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8
(.) 0.4 (.) 0.1 0.6
67.4 73.0 81.2 69.6 82.8
67.4 75.5 87.7 77.8 85.9
71.0 78.4 89.9 81.1 87.5
16.4 18.7 15.4 14.4 22.8
12.4 17.8 13.2 13.2 19.3
15.6 16.1 16.7 16.9 11.8
19.5 18.5 20.8 19.2 14.6
2.0 2.3 1.6 2.9 2.8
1.3 1.9 1.4 1.2 2.0
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
55.4 3.4 9.1 9.0 0.6
57.5 6.2 10.0 10.9 0.8
55.5 7.8 10.0 10.9 0.9
0.1 2.3 0.4 0.7 1.0
-0.3 1.6 (.) (.) 0.6
65.6 86.6 27.7 55.3 45.2
67.1 91.8 65.6 60.4 70.2
70.6 93.5 77.5 65.1 74.6
14.2 28.1 16.6 14.9 22.5
12.3 24.8 15.3 13.2 18.9
18.4 9.9 15.8 17.8 11.7
22.3 11.4 18.0 20.9 14.9
2.3 3.8 2.7 2.3 2.5
1.2 2.7 1.5 1.3 1.9
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
4.4 0.2 2.3 1.7 35.3
6.9 0.3 4.1 2.0 47.1
7.9 0.3 4.7 1.9 49.7
1.7 0.3 2.3 0.5 1.1
0.9 0.3 1.0 -0.2 0.4
89.7 38.6 100.0 42.4 48.0
100.0 50.5 100.0 49.2 82.4
100.0 58.4 100.0 51.6 88.2
16.2 20.5 21.5 15.4 20.6
12.9 16.4 12.9 12.1 15.5
10.8 10.1 7.4 14.2 7.4
13.6 11.1 13.1 18.5 11.9
2.9 2.7 2.6 2.2 4.3
1.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.4
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
0.2 10.0 0.3 26.0 34.0
0.3 10.3 0.4 37.5 38.7
0.5 10.1 0.4 43.4 38.2
2.9 0.1 1.0 1.4 0.5
2.0 -0.1 0.4 1.0 -0.1
62.0 63.7 80.4 80.7 55.4
72.7 74.6 91.2 88.3 62.6
78.7 76.4 93.7 90.2 66.5
31.0 16.0 19.7 27.5 18.6
25.4 13.2 17.0 24.4 14.6
2.9 13.9 12.5 9.9 12.3
4.4 18.6 18.0 11.0 14.8
5.4 2.2 2.1 3.1 2.3
2.5 1.2 1.8 2.4 1.3
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
0.1 0.3 10.5 4.7 2.8
0.1 0.7 10.0 5.4 3.4
0.1 0.9 9.3 5.4 3.7
1.2 3.6 -0.2 0.5 0.7
0.8 1.9 -0.5 0.1 0.6
33.3 79.2 52.8 46.3 83.1
64.5 92.5 64.8 57.6 92.1
72.3 95.0 69.4 62.0 94.4
.. 29.4 16.7 19.0 24.7
.. 23.2 13.3 15.4 22.5
.. 2.3 14.7 11.4 13.1
.. 3.9 17.4 13.6 13.7
.. 5.9 2.1 2.5 3.0
.. 2.7 1.2 1.3 2.3
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
1.4 2.1 10.3 0.2 3.3
1.4 4.0 15.4 0.6 3.5
1.2 5.0 18.0 0.7 3.2
-0.2 2.6 1.5 4.8 0.2
-1.1 1.6 1.1 1.3 -0.6
67.6 42.5 78.4 82.9 55.7
69.4 59.5 86.0 92.9 68.7
71.3 66.5 89.1 95.0 71.6
17.4 31.1 28.1 26.9 19.6
14.2 23.9 23.6 21.7 16.0
15.4 5.5 7.4 1.5 14.3
18.2 7.4 9.8 4.6 16.4
2.2 4.3 3.6 6.8 2.3
1.2 2.3 2.4 3.2 1.3
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
1.0 4.3 0.5 0.2 2.5
2.4 4.4 2.9 0.3 2.4
3.4 4.3 3.6 0.4 2.1
3.3 0.2 6.7 1.9 -0.2
2.5 -0.3 1.6 1.0 -0.9
83.8 45.1 65.4 73.4 65.4
96.1 58.1 87.1 88.8 60.4
96.9 64.4 91.6 91.5 60.4
26.3 17.0 26.4 29.3 17.3
22.6 16.5 20.8 24.5 13.0
1.4 15.9 1.2 5.2 15.4
3.5 17.8 4.2 8.3 18.3
6.9 2.0 6.4 3.4 2.0
2.7 1.7 2.8 2.3 1.1
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5 Demographic trends
Total population (millions) 1975 2001 b 2015 b
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Annual population growth rate 19752001 2001-15 b
Urban population (as % of total) a 1975 2001 b 2015 b
Population under Population aged age 15 65 and above Total fertility rate (as % of total) (as % of total) (per woman) 2001 b 2015 b 2001 b 2015 b 1970-75 c 2000-05 b
(.) 9.3 9.4 1.0 59.1
(.) 11.2 10.0 1.3 100.5
(.) 11.5 9.4 1.3 119.6
-0.3 0.7 0.2 0.9 2.0
-0.3 0.2 -0.4 0.3 1.2
35.0 64.2 50.3 63.0 62.8
34.3 75.5 69.6 74.5 74.6
39.3 78.5 72.6 79.3 77.9
.. 20.8 17.9 24.1 33.3
.. 16.3 14.1 19.7 26.4
.. 9.9 13.9 6.8 4.9
.. 14.4 14.3 10.0 6.8
.. 3.5 2.3 3.5 6.5
.. 1.6 1.2 1.6 2.5
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
0.1 8.7 12.3 1.7 1.7
0.1 8.0 23.5 3.0 2.0
0.1 7.2 29.6 3.8 2.2
0.6 -0.3 2.5 2.1 0.7
0.4 -0.8 1.6 1.7 0.4
34.2 57.5 37.7 49.0 50.6
37.1 67.5 58.1 56.6 59.5
43.3 69.3 66.4 61.7 62.0
.. 15.3 33.4 31.6 22.3
.. 12.6 27.2 27.5 20.0
.. 16.3 4.1 5.6 10.2
.. 18.0 6.1 7.5 12.2
.. 2.2 5.2 4.9 3.0
.. 1.1 2.9 2.7 1.9
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
2.4 0.9 134.2 25.4 108.1
5.3 1.2 144.9 42.8 174.0
6.9 1.3 133.4 52.2 202.0
3.0 1.1 0.3 2.0 1.8
1.8 0.8 -0.6 1.4 1.1
60.9 43.4 66.4 60.0 61.8
87.9 41.6 72.9 75.5 81.7
90.3 48.6 74.0 81.3 87.7
32.0 25.5 17.2 32.4 28.8
28.7 21.0 13.7 27.0 24.1
3.7 6.2 12.8 4.8 5.3
5.5 8.2 14.3 6.5 7.5
7.6 3.2 2.0 5.0 4.7
3.0 1.9 1.1 2.6 2.2
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
3.7 0.1 0.1 12.7 0.2
4.1 0.2 0.1 24.8 0.2
4.3 0.3 0.1 31.2 0.2
0.3 2.3 0.3 2.6 0.6
0.4 1.8 0.2 1.7 1.1
31.3 50.2 55.3 75.8 21.1
43.4 48.1 71.3 87.2 22.3
50.8 51.7 76.0 90.0 27.6
18.3 38.3 .. 33.5 40.7
14.1 31.1 .. 27.6 35.5
10.3 4.1 .. 4.6 4.6
13.6 4.8 .. 6.6 4.4
2.6 6.3 .. 4.9 5.7
1.3 3.2 .. 2.7 4.1
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
0.1 21.2 7.3 41.3 49.0
0.1 22.4 22.8 61.6 49.3
0.2 21.6 32.7 69.6 44.4
1.3 0.2 4.4 1.5 (.)
0.7 -0.3 2.6 0.9 -0.8
38.6 46.2 58.4 15.1 58.3
38.0 55.3 86.6 20.0 68.0
43.6 59.3 91.0 24.2 70.4
30.6 17.7 39.3 25.9 17.2
26.0 15.4 34.5 22.0 13.2
5.4 13.6 2.6 5.6 14.2
6.2 14.8 3.4 8.1 16.1
5.7 2.6 7.3 5.0 2.2
2.3 1.3 4.5 1.9 1.2
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
14.1 0.4 2.0 0.9 0.1
15.5 0.4 2.6 2.7 0.1
15.3 0.5 3.0 3.9 0.1
0.4 0.6 1.0 4.1 0.8
-0.1 0.7 1.0 2.7 0.5
52.2 49.5 44.1 19.6 27.0
55.9 74.7 56.6 76.5 55.8
58.2 81.3 63.5 82.6 68.0
26.9 31.5 31.2 37.4 31.2
21.4 27.0 25.8 36.0 26.0
7.1 5.4 7.1 2.0 6.8
8.4 6.2 7.7 3.0 7.1
3.5 5.3 5.0 7.2 5.5
2.0 2.5 2.4 5.0 2.2
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
0.6 15.2 2.8 2.7 42.0
0.8 26.4 3.5 5.6 77.2
0.9 32.0 4.2 7.7 96.3
1.4 2.1 0.9 2.9 2.3
0.8 1.4 1.2 2.2 1.6
36.7 61.5 67.0 39.0 35.6
50.2 73.1 90.0 56.6 59.3
59.9 77.9 92.6 65.0 69.0
32.8 34.1 30.2 39.2 37.1
27.6 27.5 24.0 34.2 29.9
3.5 4.9 6.1 3.5 3.6
5.8 6.5 6.5 4.3 4.9
4.2 6.0 4.9 5.7 6.0
2.9 2.9 2.2 3.8 3.2
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
0.1 2.5 4.9 5.7 1.9
0.3 4.7 5.2 8.2 5.2
0.4 5.8 4.7 9.5 7.0
3.0 2.4 0.2 1.4 3.8
2.9 1.5 -0.7 1.0 2.1
18.1 47.6 49.5 51.5 57.8
28.0 45.0 56.5 51.9 78.8
35.2 49.9 61.4 53.9 81.1
43.4 35.6 19.9 30.9 38.5
39.6 27.4 15.2 23.5 31.6
3.3 4.4 13.3 5.8 2.9
3.1 4.6 14.9 5.9 4.0
7.0 6.2 2.6 4.3 7.8
5.3 2.7 1.4 2.1 3.6
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
5.7 0.7 0.1 5.0 2.4
9.6 0.8 0.1 8.5 3.1
11.1 0.8 0.1 10.1 3.4
2.0 0.1 -0.5 2.0 1.0
1.0 (.) -0.3 1.3 0.7
49.9 30.0 32.6 45.3 32.7
66.1 36.7 38.4 66.0 42.9
73.5 44.0 47.2 73.0 51.9
29.4 30.2 .. 33.0 29.0
22.6 25.5 .. 28.3 22.9
5.8 5.0 .. 4.5 6.0
6.7 6.6 .. 6.4 8.1
6.2 4.9 .. 5.6 4.7
2.0 2.3 .. 2.7 2.3
Turkey 41.0 Ecuador 6.9 Occupied Palestinian Territories 1.3 Sri Lanka 13.5 Armenia 2.8
69.3 12.6 3.3 18.8 3.1
82.1 15.2 5.3 20.6 3.0
2.0 2.3 3.7 1.3 0.3
1.2 1.3 3.3 0.7 -0.3
41.6 42.4 59.6 22.0 63.0
66.2 63.4 .. 23.1 67.3
71.8 69.4 71.7 29.9 69.8
31.2 33.6 46.3 25.5 22.5
25.0 27.1 42.1 21.3 14.4
5.6 4.9 3.4 6.8 8.8
6.7 6.6 3.0 9.3 9.9
5.2 6.0 7.7 4.1 3.0
2.4 2.8 5.6 2.0 1.2
96 97 98 99 100
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Total population (millions) 1975 2001 b 2015 b
HDI rank 101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
14.0 3.3 0.3 927.8 d 4.1
25.3 5.0 0.4 1,285.2 d 6.3
30.7 5.9 0.6 1,402.3 d 7.6
Annual population growth rate 19752001 2001-15 b
Urban population (as % of total) a 1975 2001 b 2015 b
Population under Population aged age 15 65 and above Total fertility rate (as % of total) (as % of total) (per woman) 2001 b 2015 b 2001 b 2015 b 1970-75 c 2000-05 b
2.3 1.6 1.8 1.3 d 1.6
1.4 1.2 1.9 0.6 d 1.3
39.1 37.9 21.4 17.4 41.5
36.7 34.4 63.3 36.7 61.3
38.4 36.0 73.5 49.5 73.2
35.4 33.3 40.9 24.3 35.4
26.2 26.4 32.6 19.4 29.4
4.8 6.1 4.5 7.0 5.2
5.0 5.9 3.5 9.4 6.5
6.3 4.7 7.0 4.9 6.1
2.4 2.6 3.3 1.8 2.9
33.4 16.0 3.8 48.0 7.5
67.2 30.7 4.3 79.2 17.0
81.4 38.1 4.2 94.7 23.0
2.7 2.5 0.4 1.9 3.1
1.4 1.5 -0.1 1.3 2.2
45.8 40.3 35.8 18.8 45.1
64.7 57.7 41.7 24.5 51.8
73.2 65.2 45.2 31.6 57.9
33.9 34.3 22.1 32.6 39.1
26.8 27.4 16.5 25.3 32.2
4.5 4.2 9.6 5.4 3.0
4.9 4.9 10.9 5.5 3.6
6.4 7.4 2.6 6.7 7.5
2.3 2.8 1.4 2.3 3.3
25.8 134.4 3.4 4.8 3.0
44.4 214.4 6.1 8.5 6.6
44.3 250.4 7.3 10.8 8.8
2.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 3.0
(.) 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.0
48.0 19.4 35.5 41.3 32.1
57.6 42.0 27.6 62.9 53.6
67.2 55.0 29.6 69.9 64.3
33.6 30.4 38.5 39.3 41.2
29.2 25.3 28.5 32.8 33.5
3.8 5.0 4.7 4.4 3.6
6.0 6.4 4.6 5.3 4.5
5.4 5.2 6.8 6.5 7.1
2.6 2.4 3.1 3.8 3.7
0.2 1.4 0.6 6.0 39.3
0.5 2.5 1.3 11.7 69.1
0.7 3.1 1.6 16.2 90.0
2.8 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.2
2.5 1.3 1.8 2.3 1.9
27.1 48.7 40.0 36.7 43.5
49.2 56.7 82.1 40.0 42.7
61.4 59.5 88.9 46.2 45.8
43.5 34.2 41.3 43.3 35.7
43.0 26.6 35.0 37.4 31.7
3.8 3.8 4.5 3.6 4.5
3.6 4.1 4.3 3.9 5.4
5.7 7.3 5.3 6.5 5.7
5.9 2.4 4.0 4.4 3.3
2.5 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.8
5.2 0.2 0.5 1.9 1.7
7.0 0.2 0.6 2.2 1.7
2.8 2.4 3.3 2.8 2.9
2.1 2.3 2.6 0.9 -0.2
48.9 27.0 9.1 20.6 12.8
56.5 47.6 20.2 31.4 49.4
62.6 56.4 28.6 39.4 56.0
42.2 41.2 43.3 43.2 40.0
34.9 36.4 36.5 37.5 37.4
3.1 4.6 2.7 3.7 2.6
3.8 3.8 3.4 4.6 4.5
6.8 5.4 7.2 6.6 6.7
3.7 4.0 4.4 4.6 3.7
17.3 620.7 0.1 9.9 7.1
29.6 1,033.4 0.2 20.0 13.5
36.5 1,246.4 0.3 26.4 18.4
2.1 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.5
1.5 1.3 2.2 2.0 2.2
37.8 21.3 15.7 30.1 10.3
56.1 27.9 22.1 36.4 17.4
64.4 32.2 28.6 42.4 26.1
32.3 33.7 41.6 40.6 42.5
27.9 27.7 34.9 34.9 37.4
4.3 5.0 3.5 3.3 2.9
5.1 6.3 4.0 4.1 3.6
6.9 5.4 6.1 6.9 5.5
2.7 3.0 4.1 4.1 4.8
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
30.2 2.9 0.5 0.3 3.0
48.2 5.5 1.1 0.7 5.4
55.8 7.2 1.1 1.0 7.3
1.8 2.5 2.8 3.2 2.2
1.0 1.9 0.1 2.6 2.1
23.9 11.9 14.0 21.2 11.1
28.2 17.6 26.7 33.8 19.7
36.7 22.3 32.7 42.6 27.1
32.7 41.4 44.0 42.7 42.4
26.8 34.0 39.7 38.5 36.8
4.6 2.4 3.2 2.3 3.5
5.9 2.8 4.6 3.0 3.7
5.8 6.1 6.9 7.1 6.2
2.9 4.1 4.5 4.9 4.8
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
1.2 1.1 16.7 75.2 1.5 2.3
2.1 1.8 32.2 140.9 3.5 4.7
3.0 1.7 41.4 181.4 5.2 6.4
2.3 1.8 2.5 2.4 3.2 2.8
2.6 -0.3 1.8 1.8 2.8 2.2
3.5 10.8 18.9 9.9 35.0 16.3
7.4 28.7 37.0 25.5 66.0 33.9
11.6 38.9 48.7 34.4 72.6 42.7
42.3 40.2 39.9 38.8 46.6 44.1
37.8 38.2 34.8 31.9 46.2 40.3
4.3 4.6 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.2
4.5 5.4 4.4 3.8 2.8 3.5
5.9 5.7 6.7 6.2 6.3 7.1
5.0 3.8 4.4 3.5 6.3 5.3
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
7.6 13.4 70.3 6.1 13.6
15.4 24.1 146.3 12.8 31.1
18.9 32.0 204.5 13.0 36.9
2.7 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.2
1.4 2.0 2.4 0.2 1.2
26.9 5.0 26.4 19.6 12.9
49.6 12.2 33.4 36.0 34.3
58.9 17.9 39.5 45.9 47.2
42.7 40.5 41.8 43.5 42.7
37.8 35.6 38.1 39.6 36.5
3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4 2.9
4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.4
6.3 5.8 6.3 7.6 8.1
4.6 4.3 5.1 3.9 4.0
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
10.8 6.9 7.9 4.9 0.6
24.2 18.7 16.4 8.1 1.4
39.3 30.7 24.0 9.7 1.9
3.1 3.8 2.8 1.9 3.4
3.5 3.6 2.7 1.3 2.3
8.3 16.6 16.3 21.7 17.0
14.5 25.0 30.1 36.3 31.2
20.7 31.2 39.4 45.6 40.5
50.0 48.9 44.7 39.8 41.1
49.7 47.2 41.7 35.1 36.6
2.6 2.3 3.0 3.9 3.5
2.3 2.2 3.1 4.5 4.4
7.1 8.4 6.6 5.8 6.5
7.1 7.0 5.7 4.0 4.7
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HDI rank
Total population (millions) 1975 2001 b 2015 b
Annual population growth rate 19752001 2001-15 b
Urban population (as % of total) a 1975 2001 b 2015 b
Population under Population aged age 15 65 and above Total fertility rate (as % of total) (as % of total) (per woman) 2001 b 2015 b 2001 b 2015 b 1970-75 c 2000-05 b
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
54.9 0.2 1.4 2.1 4.8
117.8 0.7 2.7 3.8 9.6
161.7 0.8 4.0 5.9 13.2
2.9 4.4 2.5 2.3 2.7
2.3 1.5 2.7 3.1 2.2
23.4 68.9 20.3 12.7 34.2
44.8 84.2 59.0 19.1 48.1
55.5 86.9 73.8 26.2 57.4
44.8 43.0 43.2 45.7 43.8
40.6 40.3 41.7 41.7 39.0
3.1 2.9 3.4 2.1 2.4
3.4 3.8 3.5 2.4 2.7
6.9 7.2 6.5 6.5 7.0
5.4 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.0
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
4.1 4.4 3.0 16.2 6.8
8.2 8.1 6.4 35.6 16.1
11.2 10.6 9.1 45.9 19.8
2.7 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.3
2.2 1.9 2.5 1.8 1.5
16.3 4.0 21.9 10.1 32.1
27.9 6.3 43.0 33.2 44.0
35.5 8.9 53.0 46.2 50.9
44.1 45.3 45.9 45.6 42.3
41.5 43.5 42.1 40.2 37.3
2.8 2.5 2.7 2.3 3.1
3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.9
7.0 8.3 7.1 6.8 7.4
5.8 5.7 5.7 5.1 4.7
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
5.2 5.1 6.2 4.1 0.7
11.6 10.6 12.8 8.1 1.4
15.2 12.7 19.3 12.1 2.1
3.1 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0
1.9 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9
7.7 34.8 17.8 15.6 15.9
15.1 39.8 34.8 24.2 32.3
21.3 45.2 44.1 30.9 43.0
45.9 46.4 47.4 46.6 46.9
44.9 44.7 47.9 46.5 46.9
3.5 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.1
3.6 3.2 2.6 2.8 2.8
7.4 7.8 6.6 6.7 7.1
6.1 5.6 7.2 6.7 7.1
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
23.9 2.1 33.1 10.6 3.7
49.8 3.8 67.3 18.2 6.4
74.2 4.6 93.8 22.5 9.8
2.8 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.1
2.8 1.4 2.4 1.5 3.1
29.5 33.7 9.5 8.7 3.2
.. 41.7 15.9 33.2 9.3
39.3 49.7 22.0 48.2 14.5
46.8 43.1 45.8 44.0 47.5
47.2 40.4 43.1 41.2 45.8
2.6 4.0 2.9 3.2 2.9
2.6 4.0 3.2 3.5 2.5
6.5 5.7 6.8 6.6 6.8
6.7 4.9 6.1 5.6 6.8
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
6.3 6.1 4.8 2.9
12.3 12.3 11.1 4.6
19.0 18.6 18.3 6.4
2.6 2.7 3.2 1.7
3.1 3.0 3.6 2.4
16.2 6.3 10.6 21.4
30.8 16.9 21.0 37.3
40.7 23.1 29.1 46.7
49.2 48.9 49.9 44.0
48.7 47.7 49.7 44.1
2.4 2.7 2.0 2.9
2.1 2.4 1.9 3.0
7.1 7.8 8.1 6.5
7.0 6.7 8.0 6.5
Developing countries 2,961.2 T Least developed countries 353.7 T Arab States 143.4 T East Asia and the Pacific 1,310.5 T Latin America and the Caribbean 317.9 T South Asia 842.1 T Sub-Saharan Africa 305.8 T Central & Eastern Europe & CIS 366.6 T OECD 925.6 T High-income OECD 766.2 T
4,863.8 T 684.1 T 289.9 T 1,899.7 T 522.6 T 1,455.1 T 626.4 T 409.8 T 1,140.8 T 906.8 T
5,868.2 T 941.9 T 389.7 T 2,124.6 T 622.5 T 1,805.3 T 843.1 T 398.4 T 1,227.7 T 962.9 T
1.9 2.5 2.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.8 0.5 0.8 0.7
1.4 2.3 2.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 2.1 -0.2 0.5 0.4
26.3 14.7 41.5 20.2 61.4 21.3 21.0 57.0 70.4 73.7
40.8 25.7 53.9 38.8 75.8 29.5 34.8 63.0 77.1 79.1
48.6 34.5 59.1 50.3 80.5 34.9 42.8 64.4 80.4 82.3
32.6 43.1 37.5 26.4 31.5 35.2 44.4 20.1 20.4 18.3
28.2 40.1 33.5 21.4 26.3 29.6 41.9 16.3 17.9 16.5
5.1 3.1 3.7 6.4 5.5 4.6 3.0 11.9 13.1 14.6
6.4 3.3 4.3 8.4 7.3 5.6 3.3 13.2 16.0 18.0
5.4 6.6 6.7 5.0 5.1 5.6 6.8 2.5 2.5 2.2
2.9 5.1 3.8 2.0 2.5 3.3 5.4 1.4 1.8 1.7
High human development Medium human development Low human development
972.3 T 2,678.4 T 354.5 T
1,193.9 T 4,116.2 T 737.5 T
1,282.0 T 4,759.1 T 1,021.6 T
0.8 1.7 2.8
0.5 1.0 2.3
71.7 28.1 19.1
78.3 41.6 31.6
81.5 49.4 39.7
20.2 29.7 44.6
17.8 24.7 41.8
13.2 5.9 3.1
16.2 7.4 3.3
2.5 4.9 6.8
1.8 2.4 5.6
High income Middle income Low income
782.0 T 1,847.5 T 1,437.1 T
935.9 T 2,694.8 T 2,515.0 T
997.7 T 3,027.9 T 3,169.0 T
0.7 1.5 2.2
0.5 0.8 1.7
73.8 35.0 22.1
79.4 51.6 31.5
82.6 60.7 38.1
18.5 27.1 36.9
16.6 22.5 32.5
14.4 6.8 4.4
17.7 8.5 5.1
2.2 4.6 5.7
1.7 2.1 3.7
World
4,068.1 T e 6,148.1 T e 7,197.2 T e 1.6
1.1
37.9
47.7
53.7
29.8
26.1
7.0
8.3
4.5
2.7
a. Because data are based on national definitions of what constitutes a city or metropolitan area, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. b. Data refer to medium-variant projections. c. Data refer to estimates for the period specified. d. Population estimates include Taiwan, province of China. e. Data refer to the total world population according to UN 2003d. The total population of the 175 countries included in the main indicator tables was estimated to be 4,063 million in 1975, and projected to be 6,140 million in 2001 and 7,188 million in 2015. Source: Columns 1-3, 13 and 14: UN 2003d; column 4: calculated on the basis of data in columns 1 and 2; column 5: calculated on the basis of data in columns 2 and 3; columns 6-8: calculated on the basis of data on urban population and total population from UN 2002b; columns 9 and 10: calculated on the basis of data on population under age 15 and total population from UN 2003d; columns 11 and 12: calculated on the basis of data on population aged 65 and above and total population from UN 2003d.
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. . . TO LEAD A LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE . . .
6 Commitment to health: access, services and resources
HDI rank
Population Population Popuwith with Oral Births lation sustainable sustainable rehydration Contra- attended by with access to an access to One-year-olds therapy ceptive skilled Physicians Health expenditure access to improved affordable fully immunized use prevalence health (per Per improved water essential Against Against rate rate personnel 100,000 Public Private capita (%) (%) c (%) people) (as % of (as % of (PPP sanitation source drugs tuberculosis measles (%) (%) (%) a (%) (%) 1994199519951990GDP) GDP) US$) 2000 2000 1999 2001 2001 2000 b 2001 b 2001 b 2002 b 2000 2000 2000
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
.. .. 100 100 100
100 .. 100 100 100
95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
92 .. .. .. ..
93 88 94 93 96
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 100 100
413 326 311 260 251
6.5 7.6 6.2 6.0 5.5
1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.6
2,769 2,642 2,108 2,213 2,216
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
.. 100 100 .. 100
.. 100 100 .. 100
95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
.. .. .. .. ..
83 91 96 96 81
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 76 75 .. 82
.. 99 98 100 ..
395 276 186 197 336
6.2 5.8 6.5 5.9 6.0
2.5 7.3 2.5 1.8 4.7
2,306 4,499 2,534 2,009 3,161
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
.. .. 100 100 ..
100 .. 100 100 ..
95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
.. 90 .. 99 ..
94 73 85 96 91
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 99 .. ..
339 226 164 306 253
6.8 5.1 5.9 5.0 5.3
1.5 1.6 1.4 1.7 0.5
2,434 1,908 1,804 1,698 2,785
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
100 .. .. .. ..
100 .. .. .. ..
95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
.. 84 .. .. ..
79 84 89 94 85
.. .. .. .. ..
51 .. .. 81 75
.. .. .. .. 100
302 303 354 436 226
5.6 7.2 8.0 5.4 6.2
2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 1.8
2,245 2,380 2,768 1,547 1,646
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
.. .. .. .. 100
.. .. .. .. 100
95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
.. .. 82 88 ..
70 94 87 88 86
.. .. .. .. ..
60 .. .. .. ..
.. .. 100 .. ..
567 378 312 392 269
5.9 8.1 5.8 4.6 3.9
2.1 2.6 2.4 3.7 4.1
2,028 2,338 1,397 1,349 904
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
.. 100 100 .. 63
.. 100 100 100 92
.. 95-100 95-100 95-100 95-100
.. .. 97 96 89
.. 92 89 98 97
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 81
.. 91 100 .. 100
.. 121 135 215 173
.. 4.2 1.3 6.8 2.6
.. 2.2 2.3 1.8 3.3
.. 909 913 1,463 899
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. .. 100 .. ..
.. .. 100 .. ..
95-100 80-94 95-100 50-79 80-94
99 98 .. 99 95
99 .. 65 94 97
.. .. .. ..
.. 72 .. .. ..
99 .. .. 98 ..
85 308 263 294 233
2.5 6.5 6.1 4.7 4.2
0.6 0.6 2.8 3.9 1.8
618 1,031 803 1,091 575
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. .. 99 100 94
.. .. 99 100 98
80-94 95-100 95-100 95-100 50-79
99 .. 99 93 99
95 98 99 99 94
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 62 .. .. ..
.. 98 .. .. 99
132 169 361 322 375
3.9 2.8 5.1 5.2 5.1
2.0 1.3 1.6 0.6 5.8
749 641 838 653 1,007
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
.. 93 96 .. ..
.. 95 93 .. ..
95-100 95-100 80-94 95-100 80-94
99 92 97 99 99
95 82 97 92 97
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 43 47
.. 98 100 .. ..
307 178 115 220 394
4.5 4.7 3.1 2.5 4.4
1.4 2.1 4.2 0.7 1.8
540 474 697 849 430
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
.. .. .. 100 ..
.. .. .. 97 ..
95-100 95-100 95-100 80-94 80-94
.. 97 98 .. 99
99 94 94 93 98
.. .. .. .. ..
50 .. 28 .. 48
98 .. 99 99 100
160 229 177 106 313
2.7 7.5 2.5 4.4 3.5
0.4 1.6 0.7 3.4 2.3
538 665 762 1,111 406
254
d
d
d
d
e
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Population Population Popuwith with Oral Births lation sustainable sustainable rehydration Contra- attended by with access to an access to One-year-olds therapy ceptive skilled Physicians Health expenditure access to improved affordable fully immunized use prevalence health (per Per improved water essential Against Against rate rate personnel 100,000 Public Private capita (%) (%) c (%) people) (as % of (as % of (PPP sanitation source drugs tuberculosis measles (%) (%) (%) a (%) (%) 1994199519951990GDP) GDP) US$) 2000 2000 1999 2001 2001 2000 b 2001 b 2001 b 2002 b 2000 2000 2000
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
96 98 .. 99 74
98 91 100 90 88
50-79 95-100 50-79 50-79 80-94
97 99 99 .. 99
94 99 99 91 97
.. .. .. 17 ..
e
.. .. 50 .. 67
100 100 .. 99 86
117 590 457 79 130
3.1 6.1 4.9 2.3 2.5
2.1 1.0 0.1 2.2 2.8
658 193 389 468 477
17 344 68 117 300
3.3 2.9 1.8 4.8 5.1
2.2 0.8 1.6 2.1 0.9
629 225 310 464 301
120 85 423 109 158
1.5 2.1 3.7 5.3 3.4
1.4 1.2 1.4 4.0 4.9
370 315 405 612 631
140 55 49 203 70
3.1 2.1 4.3 2.7 5.0
4.7 2.5 1.8 2.0 1.7
259 273 340 280 227
Medium human development e
56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
95 100 .. 92 ..
91 100 .. 90 ..
50-79 80-94 50-79 80-94 50-79
.. 98 99 99 97
97 90 92 97 92
.. .. .. 7 ..
.. 42 .. .. ..
100 .. 96 90 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
97 99 .. 86 76
72 100 99 91 87
95-100 95-100 50-79 80-94 0-49
99 89 97 86 99
93 90 98 75 99
.. .. .. .. 18
40 .. 73 77 77
94 .. .. 86 88
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 50 83 68 99
.. 92 97 83 99
80-94 80-94 80-94 80-94 95-100
95 95 99 94 98
92 96 99 49 92
11 .. .. .. ..
48 .. .. .. ..
100 77 100 95 100
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
89 53 100 96 99
98 58 95 84 98
50-79 80-94 95-100 95-100 50-79
99 99 94 99 98
89 98 94 94 99
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 64 32 72 68
100 98 91 85 99
518 191 153 24 299
2.6 1.9 3.5 2.1 2.9
1.6 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2
272 190 641 237 152
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
99 93 99 92 96
91 82 92 39 93
50-79 95-100 95-100 80-94 80-94
96 .. 96 98 99
96 90 85 99 98
20 24 .. 88 ..
66 .. 66 24 ..
99 85 95 91 100
339 45 140 137 88
2.8 5.5 2.6 2.0 4.1
1.0 4.3 2.9 0.5 2.2
211 424 208 388 374
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
43 71 99 94 83
47 80 100 78 86
95-100 50-79 80-94 0-49 50-79
99 88 .. 51 45
90 97 94 77 75
.. 29 30 .. 28
.. 69 61 57 47
100 59 88 58 56
36 117 274 117 124
2.6 2.8 3.7 3.0 1.5
1.4 2.0 8.5 4.9 1.8
194 238 719 323 167
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
56 .. 100 81 99
100 .. 79 78 96
50-79 50-79 0-49 50-79 95-100
99 99 97 98 ..
99 98 73 99 99
.. 31 33 27 ..
.. 62 41 55 53
70 97 96 88 97
40 300 487 357 205
6.3 4.6 0.7 0.9 4.3
1.3 0.8 6.3 1.2 3.8
254 267 197 57 341
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
84 87 97 67 91
80 94 95 86 97
50-79 0-49 95-100 50-79 50-79
97 95 .. 96 93
92 92 96 98 95
.. 7 .. 22 48
.. .. .. 64 58
90 95 100 96 99
70 48 50 216 133
5.5 4.2 3.4 1.8 2.1
1.5 0.9 1.4 4.6 1.3
472 198 351 357 129
Turkey 90 Ecuador 86 Occupied Palestinian Territories 100 Sri Lanka 94 Armenia ..
82 85 86 77 ..
95-100 0-49 .. 95-100 0-49
89 99 .. 99 97
90 99 .. 99 93
15 .. 43 .. 30
64 66 .. .. 61
81 69 .. 97 97
127 138 .. 41 305
3.6 1.2 .. 1.8 3.2
1.4 1.2 .. 1.9 4.4
315 78 .. 120 192
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
f
e
e
e
255
hdr03-14 HDI 01-10 051903.qxd
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Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
106 107 108 109 110
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Population Population Popuwith with Oral Births lation sustainable sustainable rehydration Contra- attended by with access to an access to One-year-olds therapy ceptive skilled Physicians Health expenditure access to improved affordable fully immunized use prevalence health (per Per improved water essential Against Against rate rate personnel 100,000 Public Private capita (%) (%) c (%) people) (as % of (as % of (PPP sanitation source drugs tuberculosis measles (%) (%) (%) a (%) (%) 1994199519951990GDP) GDP) US$) 2000 2000 1999 2001 2001 2000 b 2001 b 2001 b 2002 b 2000 2000 2000 89 100 71 40 82
85 77 74 75 77
50-79 50-79 80-94 80-94 80-94
98 99 84 77 99
99 99 72 79 97
19 13 .. 29 ..
67 60 53 84 60
96 98 53 89 51
300 288 17 167 121
2.8 3.5 1.9 2.0 3.8
0.8 2.2 0.7 3.4 5.0
86 145 106 205 391
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
83 92 99 47 90
92 89 92 77 80
80-94 95-100 50-79 80-94 80-94
93 97 98 99 99
96 83 81 97 93
.. 62 19 20 ..
73 64 62 75 ..
.. 92 99 70 76
110 85 325 52 142
2.7 3.0 2.9 1.4 1.6
3.3 0.6 0.7 3.9 0.9
356 142 65 130 51
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
87 55 90 70 75
86 78 60 83 88
80-94 80-94 0-49 50-79 0-49
87 65 97 94 99
72 59 86 79 95
.. 18 20 40 ..
56 57 34 53 50
84 56 77 59 54
443 16 207 130 83
3.7 0.6 2.0 4.3 4.3
5.1 2.1 0.5 1.8 2.5
663 84 29 145 165
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
53 30 53 81 98
44 60 86 92 97
0-49 50-79 0-49 50-79 80-94
34 98 89 92 98
19 95 55 90 97
.. 32 .. 15 ..
.. 60 33 38 56
.. 97 86 41 61
25 254 .. 90 218
1.0 4.7 2.0 2.3 1.8
2.2 2.0 0.9 2.5 2.3
168 120 171 192 143
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
85 .. 34 41 66
77 .. 71 77 95
0-49 0-49 80-94 80-94 80-94
98 81 85 69 99
99 69 .. 58 83
18 25 .. .. ..
60 .. .. .. 40
65 86 85 78 99
61 47 13 29 26
2.3 1.6 5.5 4.2 3.7
2.1 0.8 0.3 2.9 2.2
108 23 97 366 358
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
68 28 100 72 17
80 84 88 73 30
50-79 0-49 .. 0-49 0-49
93 73 90 91 64
96 56 94 81 59
.. .. .. 22 ..
50 48 .. 22 24
40 43 89 44 32
49 48 12 6 30
1.6 0.9 2.3 2.2 1.0
3.1 4.0 1.5 1.9 6.1
174 71 119 51 97
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
64 82 .. 98 30
72 42 .. 96 37
50-79 80-94 95-100 80-94 50-79
70 74 95 90 60
73 58 72 70 50
24 .. 7 22 20
33 26 .. 21 32
.. 53 70 62 21
30 7 15 7 61
0.4 3.8 2.7 3.1 1.3
1.8 0.4 1.2 1.2 2.1
24 145 195 35 52
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
70 49 62 48 .. 34
62 78 75 97 51 54
80-94 80-94 0-49 50-79 50-79 50-79
81 92 51 94 53 84
78 77 67 76 35 58
.. .. 21 .. 13 23
.. 30 .. 54 .. 24
15 60 86 12 .. 49
16 7 16 20 25 8
3.7 5.2 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.5
0.4 1.1 2.1 2.6 0.5 1.4
64 100 43 47 23 35
g
e
e
e
e
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
79 28 62 62 87
58 88 90 83 57
50-79 0-49 50-79 50-79 0-49
77 84 78 80 91
62 71 54 68 76
23 11 19 50 30
19 39 28 54 39
56 11 20 73 44
7 4 68 14 14
1.0 1.6 0.9 3.7 2.4
2.9 3.6 3.2 3.6 6.4
55 64 76 170 123
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
79 38 42 28 37
52 69 47 46 62
50-79 50-79 50-79 0-49 80-94
81 73 72 71 99
61 79 55 53 90
.. .. 16 .. 26
23 21 19 27 10
39 22 47 24 51
5 22 11 25 4
1.6 1.5 2.6 2.4 3.0
2.4 3.4 1.0 2.4 0.6
38 69 33 56 51
256
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Population Population Popuwith with Oral Births lation sustainable sustainable rehydration Contra- attended by with access to an access to One-year-olds therapy ceptive skilled Physicians Health expenditure access to improved affordable fully immunized use prevalence health (per Per improved water essential Against Against rate rate personnel 100,000 Public Private capita (%) (%) c (%) people) (as % of (as % of (PPP sanitation source drugs tuberculosis measles (%) (%) (%) a (%) (%) 1994199519951990GDP) GDP) US$) 2000 2000 1999 2001 2001 2000 b 2001 b 2001 b 2002 b 2000 2000 2000
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
54 91 33 13 70
62 100 37 46 78
0-49 80-94 50-79 50-79 50-79
54 38 70 98 89
40 49 58 88 48
24 .. .. .. 4
15 .. 8 5 13
42 .. 53 21 51
19 13 14 5 10
0.5 2.4 3.4 2.9 2.6
1.2 2.5 0.9 1.5 2.0
15 63 52 24 56
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
58 8 23 90 52
48 41 63 68 81
80-94 0-49 50-79 50-79 80-94
71 74 94 89 72
52 78 65 83 61
21 4 18 21 25
6 13 19 25 15
35 31 66 36 47
13 .. 10 4 9
1.9 2.6 1.8 2.2 1.0
1.4 2.5 1.4 2.5 1.8
56 40 28 27 45
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
76 78 44 29 56
57 64 38 27 56
0-49 50-79 0-49 0-49 0-49
93 92 74 44 70
82 85 72 36 48
.. 8 .. 36 13
31 25 8 8 8
56 47 23 16 35
.. 7 5 3 17
3.6 3.5 2.0 2.3 1.8
4.0 2.1 1.6 0.5 0.4
38 49 52 16 12
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
21 25 12 43 88
45 70 24 57 78
.. 50-79 50-79 50-79 0-49
57 38 76 97 84
46 29 52 92 75
.. 34 .. 27 10
.. 15 8 6 ..
61 44 6 44 25
7 4 3 6 1
0.3 1.4 1.1 2.8 1.7
2.7 1.0 2.7 1.6 1.5
.. 31 14 30 16
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
69 29 20 66
65 42 59 57
50-79 50-79 50-79 0-49
68 72 49 74
37 46 51 37
22 37 38 28
8 12 14 4
24 31 16 42
5 3 4 9
2.2 3.0 1.5 2.0
2.7 1.2 1.8 1.7
32 37 22 24
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
51 44 83 48 77 37 53 .. .. ..
78 62 86 76 86 85 57 93 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
78 77 85 75 95 77 73 97 .. ..
69 63 84 77 91 60 58 97 91 90
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
56 31 67 80 82 36 38 96 94 99
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
.. 51 51
.. 82 62
.. .. ..
.. 80 73
91 74 57
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
96 64 31
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
.. 60 44
.. 82 76
.. .. ..
.. 85 75
89 86 60
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
99 84 40
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
World
61
..
79
72
..
..
60
..
..
..
..
h
82
h
a. The data on access to essential drugs are based on statistical estimates received from World Health Organization (WHO) country and regional offices and regional advisers and through the World Drug Situation Survey carried out in 1998-99. These estimates represent the best information available to the WHO Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy to date and are currently being validated by WHO member states. The department assigns the estimates to four groupings: very low access (0-49%), low access (50-79%), medium access (80-94%) and good access (95-100%). These groupings, used here in presenting the data, are often employed by the WHO in interpreting the data, as the actual estimates may suggest a higher level of accuracy than the data afford. b. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. c. Data usually refer to married women aged 15-49; the actual age range covered may vary across countries. d. WHO 2003d. e. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country. f. Data refer to the cities of Ivanovo, Perm and Yekaterinburg. g. Excluding the state of Tripura. h. Data refer to the world aggregate according to UNICEF 2003b. Source: Columns 1 and 2: UN 2003a, based on data from a joint effort by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the WHO; column 3: UN 2003a, based on data from the WHO; column 4: UNICEF 2003b, based on data from a joint effort by UNICEF and the WHO; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the WHO; columns 5 and 8: UN 2003a, based on data from a joint effort by UNICEF and the WHO; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the WHO; column 6: UNICEF 2003b; column 7: UN 2003c; column 9: WHO 2003c; columns 10-12: WHO 2003b.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO LEAD A LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE . . .
Undernourished people (as % of total population) 1998/2000 a
Children under weight for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Children under height for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Infants with low birthweight (%) 19952000 b
.. .. .. .. ..
5 4 4 7 ..
0.08 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.21
400 <100 880 800 3,300
<100 <100 <100 140 160
.. .. .. .. ..
3 2 2 4 3
739 2,013 1,085 1,708 2,775
8 8 6 7 6
0.16 0.61 0.31 <0.10 0.50
2,900 180,000 14,000 6,600 6,000
330 10,000 <500 110 300
.. .. .. .. ..
6 2 3 21 5
1,830 2,092 1,820 2,950 2,880
0.15 0.11 0.10 <0.10 0.16
770 660 7,400 330 ..
<100 190 550 <100 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6 6 5 5 6
1,847 2,316 1,553 1,171 ..
People living with HIV/AIDS Adults Women Children (% age 15-49) (age 15-49) (age 0-14) 2001 c 2001 c 2001 c
Malaria cases (per 100,000 people) 2000 d
TuberCigarette culosis consumption cases per adult (per (annual 100,000 average) people) 19922001 e 2000 f
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 1 .. .. ..
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6 4 8 6 4
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
7 6 7 6 6
0.24 0.33 0.10 0.50 0.06
2,200 27,000 8,100 26,000 180
<100 1,000 550 1,300 <100
.. .. .. .. ..
6 6 5 14 5
1,650 1,757 1,814 2,826 1,038
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6 8 7 7 ..
0.37 0.10 0.52 0.17 0.25
33,000 .. 5,100 1,800 150
770 .. 350 <100 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
4 5 17 11 5
2,041 2,118 2,036 3,230 ..
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 6 14 .. ..
.. 10 8 6 ..
0.08 1.20 0.20 <0.10 <0.10
660 .. 860 <100 960
<100 .. <100 <100 <100
.. .. .. .. 9
39 11 22 12 48
.. 523 .. 2,742 2,668
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 1 .. 5 ..
.. 6 7 7 6
.. <0.10 0.13 0.69 0.10
.. <100 .. 30,000 ..
.. <10 .. 3,000 ..
.. .. .. 1 ..
24 7 3 30 23
.. 1,476 .. 1,456 2,473
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. .. .. .. 3
6 9 2 .. 5
.. 0.26 0.06 <0.10 0.30
.. 150 300 <100 1,400
.. .. <100 .. 100
.. .. .. .. ..
26 34 22 15 15
.. .. 2,697 2,039 1,425
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
.. 5 4 .. ..
.. 5 1 6 ..
.. 6 2 8 ..
5 6 5 10 4
1.00 0.55 0.30 .. 0.07
1,500 2,800 4,300 .. 260
.. 320 <500 .. <100
.. 42 .. .. ..
27 7 10 13 48
2,092 .. 1,230 .. 1,839
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
4 .. .. .. ..
10 1 14 .. ..
24 1 17 .. ..
7 6 .. .. 5
.. <0.10 .. 3.50 0.40
.. <100 .. 2,700 1,000
.. <10 .. <100 <100
.. .. .. .. ..
27 40 13 19 43
1,616 2,218 .. .. ..
258
g
g g
g
g
g
.. 2 .. .. ..
.. 7 11 .. .. .. 2 .. 12 .. 5 10 3 .. 8
g
g g
g
g
g
10 10 9 7 ..
g
g
g
h
h
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
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Children under weight for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Children under height for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Infants with low birthweight (%) 19952000 b
.. 13 .. 12 5
.. 4 .. 7 8
.. 5 .. 4 18
13 6 5 .. 9
Undernourished people (as % of total population) 1998/2000 a
g
g
g
People living with HIV/AIDS Adults Women Children (% age 15-49) (age 15-49) (age 0-14) 2001 c 2001 c 2001 c .. <0.10 0.27 2.50 0.28
Malaria cases (per 100,000 people) 2000 d
TuberCigarette culosis consumption cases per adult (per (annual 100,000 average) people) 19922001 e 2000 f
.. 830 3,700 5,600 32,000
.. <100 .. 300 3,600
.. .. .. 1 8
7 6 57 9 19
.. .. 2,285 673 752
.. .. 11,000 8,700 <100
.. .. 770 800 <100
.. .. 57 36 ..
3 20 67 28 26
.. 3,322 1,262 .. 2,360
1,100 350 180,000 20,000 220,000
.. <100 .. 4,000 13,000
2 1 1 250 344
11 57 93 29 44
.. 1,349 2,691 614 869
.. 1,000 .. .. ..
.. 180 .. .. ..
.. 657 .. 94 ..
35 18 9 22 22
1,546 1,127 .. 1,221 ..
.. <0.10 .. 1.79 0.99
.. .. .. 220,000 76,000
.. 4,000 .. 21,000 ..
.. .. 32 130 ..
9 94 27 100 57
.. 1,563 .. 798 1,225
0.07 1.20 1.22 0.11 ..
1,200 1,800 7,200 200 ..
<100 190 800 .. ..
(.) 2,954 .. 27 ..
94 44 3 5 ..
1,771 2,285 592 .. ..
0.07 0.35 .. .. <0.10
<100 13,000 .. .. 2,500
.. 1,500 .. .. <10
.. 258 .. 124 15
23 94 11 43 226
819 166 .. 1,838 1,563
Medium human development g
g
56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. .. .. 18 ..
10 .. 18 7 6
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. 5 .. 13 10
5 16 3 7 6
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. .. .. 21 ..
4 6 5 5 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. .. 3 18 ..
14 6 14 19 3
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
.. 11 9 .. ..
4 .. 4 24 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
.. 11 3 14 23
8 7 3 5 28
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. .. .. .. 6
30 12 3 17 5
25 22 12 20 8
12 5 6 10 10
0.06 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10
.. <100 180 280 150
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 1 5 19 3
21 56 58 56 5
.. .. .. 774 1,686
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
.. .. .. 26 ..
4 12 .. 5 14
12 10 .. 6 32
5 14 11 13 5
.. 2.70 .. 2.50 ..
.. 8,500 .. 61,000 ..
.. 800 .. 4,700 ..
1 3,074 .. 6 ..
18 65 3 88 21
1,775 637 .. 762 1,027
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
.. 5 .. 23 ..
8 15 3 29 3
16 27 8 14 13
15 16 9 17 9
.. 5,100 .. 1,400 480
.. 660 .. <100 <100
17 728 .. 1,110 4
25 94 19 50 47
2,118 259 .. 344 1,389
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
g g
g g
g
7 .. .. 14 7 15 10 13 14 11
7 13 7 7 9
10 .. 6 14 ..
4 4 8 6 ..
11 8 20 16 15
g
g g
g
10 .. 3 23 .. g
8 9 9 10 6
3 25 12 11 30
8 9 3 7 6
.. <0.10 0.35 1.50 <0.10 g
g
g
6 11 11 8 10 g
12 10 6 9 18
g
g
h
0.24 0.10 0.90 0.40 0.65 <0.10 2.00 .. 0.50 ..
<0.10 0.30 .. <0.10 0.15
h
h
h
h
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Undernourished people (as % of total population) 1998/2000 a
Children under weight for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Children under height for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Infants with low birthweight (%) 19952000 b
31 25 16 17 23
6 6 13 6 13
<0.10 <0.10 .. 0.11 0.60
People living with HIV/AIDS Adults Women Children (% age 15-49) (age 15-49) (age 0-14) 2001 c 2001 c 2001 c
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
.. .. .. 9 14
19 11 14 10 12
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
5 6 .. 18 3
11 6 3 33 13
15 18 10 36 21
7 7 7 9 6
<0.10 0.10 0.24 0.30 ..
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
.. 6 .. 23 21
12 26 .. 10 25
25 .. .. 26 39
.. 9 13 8 6
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. 42 8 25 4
.. 13 12 24 4
.. 25 21 46 19
.. 6 .. 12 10
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
29 .. .. 9 25
12 16 21 24 13
25 26 27 24 23
13 7 .. 15 11
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
7 24 .. 12 36
9 47 20 25 45
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
6 27 12 .. 24
36 35 10 25 40
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 26 21 35 32 23
19 16 17 48 14 25
g
g
g
g
g
g
23 46 19 26 45
g
g
g
g
9 26 7 9 9
g
g
g
g
Malaria cases (per 100,000 people) 2000 d
150 <100 .. 220,000 6,300
<100 .. .. 2,000 830
1 (.) .. 1 11
5,000 .. 1,200 35,000 ..
<200 .. .. 2,500 ..
27 2 .. 95 (.)
20.10 0.10 <0.10 0.10 1.60
2,700,000 27,000 <100 1,200 27,000
250,000 1,300 .. 160 3,000
143 920 303 378 541
3.38 <0.10 .. 1.00 <0.10
3,000 .. .. 27,000 780
420 .. .. 4,800 ..
2,744 .. 2,148 386 (.)
0.20 .. .. 22.50 38.80
1,500 .. .. 110,000 170,000
210 .. .. 30,000 28,000
0.08 0.79 .. 3.00 2.70
2,000 1,500,000 .. 170,000 74,000
h
63 88 188 107 36
501 .. .. 1,780 472
32 23 104 93 47
791 907 .. 1,084 1,223
237 321 83 116 46
941 1,388 .. .. 960
102 124 187 48 23
.. .. 506 553 1,201
402 .. 15,172 1,502 48,704
35 143 52 221 224
.. .. 620 .. ..
.. 170,000 .. 34,000 12,000
(.) 7 3,260 15,344 476
47 199 63 145 560
717 112 .. 164 ..
113 283 627 49 143
.. .. .. .. ..
114 277 142 211 122 114
.. .. .. 234 401 ..
96 135 178 291 289
.. 512 635 493 316
187 70 158 190 283
157 794 376 221 ..
37 .. 30 42 41
16 .. .. 18 ..
.. 0.65 33.44 .. <0.10
.. 4,100 89,000 .. 350
.. 500 14,000 .. <100
224 1,688 2,835 1,930 759
40 44 .. 45 19 22
15 .. .. 30 .. 13
<0.10 31.00 2.60 <0.10 7.15 6.00
.. 180,000 230,000 3,100 59,000 76,000
.. 27,000 30,000 310 15,000 15,000
285 0 13,934 40 5,880 7,701
11.83 0.49 0.11 33.73 15.01
500,000 14,000 16,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
69,000 1,500 2,200 240,000 220,000
2,900 33 58 5,410 545
5.00 0.12 0.29 6.10 1.60
280,000 1,500 12,000 120,000 4,400
110,000 .. 1,000 12,000 460
46 15,160 .. 15 17,340
g
TuberCigarette culosis consumption cases per adult (per (annual 100,000 average) people) 19922001 e 2000 f
h
i
j
h
j
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
25 19 19 38 44
21 48 38 13 23
35 51 .. 27 37
10 21 21 10 9
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
21 33 40 50 21
23 46 33 17 17
39 52 49 23 19
13 26 15 28 14
260
g
g
j
h
h j
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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7 Leading global health crises and challenges
HDI rank
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Undernourished people (as % of total population) 1998/2000 a
Children under weight for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Children under height for age (% under age 5) 19952001 b
Infants with low birthweight (%) 19952000 b
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
7 .. 12 58 25
27 18 32 44 18
46 26 35 38 19
9 .. .. 14 12
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
32 40 13 47 15
23 24 23 29 21
26 43 31 44 25
10 12 15 11 17
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
33 50 50 32 ..
25 25 .. 28 23
49 59 .. 28 28
13 11 .. 24 20
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
73 44 44 55 69
31 24 47 26 45
38 39 52 36 57
15 13 12 13 16
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
20 23 36 47
43 34 40 27
.. 37 40 34
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
18 38 13 .. 12 24 33 9 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
.. 15 31
High income Middle income Low income World
People living with HIV/AIDS Adults Women Children (% age 15-49) (age 15-49) (age 0-14) 2001 c 2001 c 2001 c
Malaria cases (per 100,000 people) 2000 d
5.80 .. .. 2.80 0.50
1,700,000 .. .. 30,000 14,000
270,000 .. .. 4,000 2,900
30 715 11,150 3,479 11,925
.. 8.88 3.61 7.83 9.65
.. 250,000 67,000 750,000 400,000
.. 65,000 12,000 170,000 84,000
75,386 6,510 10,697 1,207 12,152
15.00 21.52 5.50 3.61 2.81
440,000 590,000 190,000 76,000 9,300
65,000 150,000 37,000 18,000 1,500
25,948 34,204 8,773 197 2,421
4.90 12.90 6.41 13.00 8.30
670,000 130,000 1,100,000 630,000 190,000
170,000 25,000 230,000 80,000 55,000
2,960 2,207 556 18,115 48,098
h
16 18 12 22
1.65 6.50 .. 7.00
54,000 220,000 .. 90,000
13,000 61,000 .. 16,000
4,008 619 1,693 ..
j
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1.30 3.50 0.40 0.20 0.60 0.50 9.00 0.50 0.30 0.30
18,000,000 6,500,000 260,000 600,000 640,000 1,500,000 15,000,000 270,000 360,000 330,000
T 2,900,000 T T 1,400,000 T T 40,000 T T 40,000 T T 60,000 T T 170,000 T T 2,600,000 T T 15,000 T T 19,000 T T 16,000 T
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
0.30 0.70 5.90
.. 10 25
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
..
..
..
..
g
g
g
g
TuberCigarette culosis consumption cases per adult (per (annual 100,000 average) people) 19922001 e 2000 f
h
196 382 209 249 103
185 .. .. .. 330
k
134 188 36 212 207
.. .. .. 194 285
242 445 197 168 135
196 .. .. .. ..
184 255 179 125 170
109 .. .. .. ..
295 157 150 258
.. 199 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
144 192 57 137 41 188 198 66 11 9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
420,000 T 25,000 T 6,700,000 T 680,000 T 11,300,000 T 2,200,000 T
.. .. ..
12 137 188
.. .. ..
0.30 0.60 2.10
330,000 T 16,000 T 4,200,000 T 390,000 T 14,000,000 T 2,500,000 T
.. .. ..
9 85 197
.. .. ..
1.20
18,500,000 T 3,000,000 T
..
119
..
h
h
h h
l i
j
a. Data refer to the average for the years specified. b. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. c. Data refer to the end of 2001. Aggregates are rounded estimates; regional totals may not sum to the world total. d. Data refer to malaria cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) and may represent only a fraction of the true number in a country because of incomplete reporting systems, incomplete coverage by health services or both. Because of the diversity of case detection and reporting systems, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. e. Data refer to the prevalence of smear-positive cases of tuberculosis. f. Data refer to estimates of apparent consumption based on data on cigarette production, imports and exports. Such estimates may under- or overstate true consumption in countries where tobacco products are illegally imported or exported, where there is significant stockpiling of cigarettes or where there are large transient populations. Estimates of apparent consumption cannot provide insights into smoking patterns in a population. Data refer to the most recent three-year moving average available during the period specified. g. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country. h. Data refer to 1999. i. Data refer to 1995. j. Data refer to 1998. k. Data refer to 1997. l. Data refer to 1994. Source: Column 1: UN 2003a, based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization; columns 2-4: UNICEF 2003b, based on data from a joint effort by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the WHO; columns 5-7: UNAIDS 2002; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); columns 8 and 9: UN 2003a, based on data from the WHO; column 10: WHO 2003a.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO LEAD A LONG AND HEALTHY LIFE . . .
8 Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth (years) 1970-75 b 2000-05 b
HDI rank
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65 a Female Male (% of cohort) (% of cohort) 2000-05 b 2000-05 b
Maternal mortality ratio reported (per 100,000 live births) 1985-2001 c
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
74.4 74.3 74.7 71.7 74.0
78.9 79.8 80.1 79.2 78.3
13 13 11 17 13
4 3 3 6 5
15 14 15 20 15
4 4 3 6 6
90.8 90.7 91.6 90.7 89.7
83.5 85.9 86.1 83.8 83.5
6 .. 5 .. 7
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
71.4 71.5 73.2 73.3 73.8
78.8 77.1 79.3 81.6 79.1
21 20 19 14 15
5 7 5 3 5
29 26 23 21 18
6 8 7 5 6
90.4 86.4 90.1 93.0 91.0
82.5 78.1 83.9 85.0 82.9
.. 8 .. 8 5
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
73.6 71.3 72.0 70.7 70.7
76.6 77.0 78.2 78.0 78.4
14 20 18 13 19
4 6 6 4 5
19 27 23 16 26
4 6 7 5 5
86.5 89.0 89.4 91.1 89.8
79.8 82.0 83.2 79.9 82.7
10 6 7 6 0
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
70.6 72.4 71.0 72.9 71.7
78.5 79.0 78.3 79.3 78.3
26 18 22 27 17
5 4 4 4 6
33 24 26 34 20
5 6 5 6 6
90.7 91.0 90.2 92.2 88.3
81.6 80.2 81.7 82.3 82.6
.. 10 8 6 15
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
72.1 71.6 68.0 72.3 71.4
78.7 79.2 76.2 78.3 78.3
30 24 53 38 29
4 6 5 5 5
33 27 62 54 33
6 6 6 5 6
91.4 90.5 89.3 91.5 90.8
82.4 86.2 77.4 82.3 83.9
7 5 8 1 0
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
72.0 69.4 69.5 69.8 62.6
79.9 77.2 78.1 76.3 75.5
.. 40 22 25 43
.. 12 3 4 5
.. 54 27 29 54
.. 14 4 5 5
92.3 89.0 90.5 88.7 89.0
84.4 82.2 83.3 76.2 73.9
.. 0 6 11 20
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
68.3 70.1 70.6 67.1 70.5
76.3 75.4 78.4 74.2 73.9
58 21 25 59 32
6 4 5 16 8
78 24 32 71 36
6 5 5 19 9
87.9 88.3 90.2 85.3 86.5
84.8 74.8 85.5 72.3 68.8
0 9 .. 41 8
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. 63.3 69.3 70.0 68.7
.. 74.0 71.9 73.7 75.3
.. 55 36 25 48
13 13 8 8 14
.. 75 39 29 57
17 16 9 9 16
.. 84.8 82.6 86.5 85.8
.. 78.1 62.7 68.9 73.2
.. 46 15 9 26
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
70.5 67.8 63.4 62.1 71.3
71.7 78.1 76.1 72.2 72.7
21 62 78 45 23
11 9 10 11 8
26 83 98 65 28
12 11 12 16 9
83.7 88.3 86.3 80.3 84.9
59.9 81.1 76.8 72.8 62.8
52 29 23 10 18
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
67.0 69.6 62.2 66.5 70.1
76.6 74.2 74.7 67.1 71.0
49 34 61 38 21
9 7 8 13 17
59 42 83 49 26
10 8 9 16 21
87.2 86.3 86.6 69.6 82.8
82.3 71.1 80.0 56.8 59.2
5 6 3 .. 45
262
d
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8 Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth (years) 1970-75 b 2000-05 b
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65 a Female Male (% of cohort) (% of cohort) 2000-05 b 2000-05 b
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Maternal mortality ratio reported (per 100,000 live births) 1985-2001 c
.. 70.7 71.5 65.9 62.4
.. 76.7 70.1 71.3 73.4
.. 34 22 49 79
20 7 17 17 24
.. 43 27 57 110
24 9 20 20 29
.. 85.1 81.6 78.8 82.1
.. 79.1 56.4 67.5 71.5
130 33 20 70 55
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 71.0 63.0 66.2 67.5
.. 70.9 73.1 74.7 73.6
.. 28 46 46 85
12 14 8 19 22
.. 32 63 68 120
14 16 8 25 26
.. 83.2 83.9 85.1 84.1
.. 64.9 73.3 76.3 75.8
150 15 41 70 7
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
52.8 62.9 69.7 61.6 59.5
72.8 72.0 66.8 72.2 68.1
105 64 29 69 95
16 17 18 19 31
160 86 36 108 135
19 19 21 23 36
81.5 82.4 78.0 80.8 76.5
73.4 66.6 48.4 70.9 59.7
75 21 44 80 160
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
67.5 67.6 .. 65.7 56.1
74.0 71.4 .. 73.7 70.0
60 56 .. 47 106
15 34 14 19 20
82 77 .. 61 160
18 40 15 22 25
85.2 77.9 .. 83.5 78.2
74.1 72.5 .. 73.2 65.1
10 140 65 60 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
65.3 69.2 53.9 61.0 70.1
72.5 70.5 72.3 69.3 69.7
.. 46 118 74 22
17 19 23 24 17
.. 57 185 102 27
19 21 28 28 20
77.4 81.5 81.1 79.9 81.1
71.2 63.7 75.7 62.4 56.5
30 42 .. 44 25
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
64.4 64.0 69.0 52.1 61.6
66.3 71.1 75.7 72.4 74.1
.. 51 49 126 ..
61 26 17 12 22
.. 68 64 200 ..
76 32 20 13 25
76.7 79.6 85.4 82.4 84.2
53.1 68.4 78.9 75.4 78.6
65 110 95 14 43
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
60.6 55.4 65.0 65.9 58.1
69.8 69.8 73.5 70.9 70.0
50 115 45 57 60
18 30 28 26 29
61 178 54 76 90
21 39 32 30 38
75.1 77.0 83.6 79.8 78.0
67.3 68.0 77.2 71.4 69.9
38 190 100 190 170
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
51.4 60.7 69.2 69.0 56.5
67.4 67.1 73.6 72.2 71.0
157 .. 36 .. 77
58 76 24 74 27
255 .. 46 .. 107
77 99 29 105 33
69.5 74.2 85.6 81.3 77.3
69.5 60.6 69.2 68.0 71.2
350 65 50 80 41
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
55.6 60.0 .. 59.7 67.7
72.8 63.2 .. 66.7 73.7
135 81 .. 91 68
21 54 20 41 26
201 101 .. 128 82
27 72 25 47 30
84.6 67.1 .. 72.0 87.7
75.2 54.8 .. 62.3 80.1
70 110 1 230 ..
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
57.9 58.8 56.6 65.1 72.5
70.5 70.8 72.4 72.6 72.4
150 87 .. 65 ..
36 24 21 17 31
201 140 .. 100 ..
43 30 24 19 35
81.0 78.6 81.6 84.6 85.4
71.0 70.3 75.1 73.5 70.3
130 160 .. 90 35
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
f
f
f
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8 Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth (years) 1970-75 b 2000-05 b
HDI rank
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65 a Female Male (% of cohort) (% of cohort) 2000-05 b 2000-05 b
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Maternal mortality ratio reported (per 100,000 live births) 1985-2001 c
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
64.2 63.1 57.5 63.2 58.2
69.7 68.6 70.2 71.0 70.7
.. 111 .. 85 111
52 52 29 31 33
.. 146 .. 120 162
68 61 38 39 39
76.9 77.2 79.5 81.3 77.6
65.7 61.5 68.1 72.7 67.3
21 65 35 55 120
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
55.3 54.5 64.8 50.3 57.0
70.3 69.7 68.9 69.2 71.9
122 143 46 112 90
35 39 27 30 23
191 234 61 157 129
42 49 32 38 28
79.5 76.9 76.4 77.2 80.0
71.8 72.8 60.2 68.8 74.7
37 140 28 95 110
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
53.7 49.2 63.4 46.7 53.8
47.7 66.8 68.8 63.9 68.9
80 104 78 144 116
56 33 53 60 31
115 172 111 243 170
71 45 72 77 38
37.4 72.5 75.4 68.0 73.4
24.9 64.2 66.2 60.0 65.4
.. 380 65 390 110
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
40.5 53.8 48.7 53.7 52.1
49.1 63.9 56.6 65.8 68.8
165 .. .. 115 157
101 61 60 43 35
281 .. .. 168 235
153 76 90 58 41
44.2 67.4 52.0 70.5 78.0
39.2 57.6 48.6 59.0 67.9
.. 150 520 190 80
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
55.1 56.5 55.6 49.9 56.1
69.5 69.9 69.2 44.3 39.7
113 .. 71 104 99
36 57 20 55 80
165 .. 99 155 142
43 74 24 67 110
75.2 79.1 76.0 30.8 21.7
66.5 68.9 70.2 24.7 17.3
150 .. 553 270 330
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
52.9 50.3 54.0 49.9 40.3
68.7 63.9 68.8 57.9 57.4
119 127 107 112 ..
39 67 34 57 97
184 202 160 190 ..
44 93 42 100 138
77.1 67.5 73.1 55.8 56.9
69.4 61.9 66.3 50.1 47.6
230 540 .. 210 440
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
49.3 44.7 47.3 48.9 40.4
57.3 57.6 34.4 60.8 54.5
122 106 132 159 145
77 70 106 59 87
179 147 196 215 218
109 94 149 79 100
58.9 51.5 15.2 61.8 52.9
47.7 45.0 11.0 55.3 47.8
230 370 230 .. 650
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
43.2 49.5 43.6 45.2 55.0 45.5
63.2 35.1 55.6 61.4 48.2 49.7
156 125 104 145 100 128
74 91 65 51 81 79
267 190 172 239 160 216
95 132 107 77 108 141
66.1 19.2 54.6 61.1 37.5 42.6
61.1 8.5 48.3 57.9 31.1 36.9
380 .. 550 400 .. 480
e
e
f
f
f
f
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
45.7 43.3 49.0 56.0 50.9
46.2 59.9 61.0 33.1 44.6
127 165 117 86 96
96 66 84 76 78
215 250 181 138 156
155 91 109 123 122
36.8 57.6 61.9 8.3 30.6
31.7 56.4 60.0 9.2 26.1
430 540 .. 700 590
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
46.3 39.8 44.9 48.5 38.0
46.2 60.0 53.6 49.5 54.1
110 194 109 148 183
79 79 84 79 91
185 303 180 221 319
124 107 136 123 126
33.5 60.0 51.5 36.1 51.3
30.6 54.5 46.7 34.5 45.8
510 350 490 520 ..
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8 Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth (years) 1970-75 b 2000-05 b
HDI rank
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65 a Female Male (% of cohort) (% of cohort) 2000-05 b 2000-05 b
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 1970 2001
Maternal mortality ratio reported (per 100,000 live births) 1985-2001 c
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
44.0 41.0 43.4 44.3 41.8
51.5 45.7 52.5 52.7 52.9
120 160 150 .. 164
110 100 120 72 79
201 241 250 .. 279
183 143 183 111 138
44.5 37.1 50.5 43.7 52.5
42.0 33.2 44.4 35.4 40.0
.. .. 750 1,000 560
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
37.3 44.6 44.0 46.5 45.4
49.1 39.3 50.6 43.3 41.0
197 124 149 129 158
109 96 94 104 102
345 209 252 218 239
169 183 158 165 175
42.8 24.1 47.8 29.2 25.5
40.3 22.7 38.8 26.1 24.8
530 1,100 500 530 600
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
41.0 49.7 38.0 39.0 36.5
37.5 32.4 40.1 44.7 45.3
189 109 180 .. ..
114 112 154 117 130
330 181 300 .. ..
183 202 260 200 211
21.3 10.6 31.1 36.4 39.4
19.7 11.3 26.4 32.4 33.7
1,100 650 .. 830 910
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
45.8 43.0 41.8 41.1 43.9
41.8 39.5 45.5 38.1 40.9
148 149 160 163 138
129 115 116 125 114
245 248 239 278 233
205 180 172 197 190
31.4 24.0 35.8 26.3 26.6
27.9 21.0 32.3 19.8 25.1
950 1,100 870 1,100 ..
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
38.2 41.2 38.2 35.0
48.6 45.7 46.2 34.2
221 163 197 206
141 104 156 182
391 290 330 363
231 197 265 316
41.0 34.5 39.9 23.5
37.3 32.1 37.6 19.4
580 480 590 1,800
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
55.8 43.7 .. .. 61.0 49.6 43.9 68.7 70.4 71.5
65.1 51.4 .. .. 70.4 63.5 46.9 .. .. ..
109 150 128 87 86 129 136 34 40 22
61 99 49 32 28 69 107 18 11 5
167 244 197 125 123 206 223 43 53 28
89 156 65 42 34 95 172 22 14 7
69.2 44.7 72.5 79.0 78.7 66.4 36.1 80.6 88.1 89.5
62.0 40.7 65.6 70.0 66.5 61.4 32.0 58.8 78.7 80.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
70.2 56.9 43.5
.. 67.4 ..
32 102 139
9 45 104
42 155 226
11 61 162
88.3 74.4 41.7
78.8 65.3 39.1
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
71.5 62.3 48.7
.. 70.7 59.6
22 86 127
5 31 80
28 122 203
7 38 119
89.5 79.5 59.6
80.9 68.6 54.2
.. .. ..
World
58.4
66.6
96
56
147
81
72.9
64.4
..
e e e e
e
e
e e e e
e
e e
e
e
a. Data refer to the probability at birth of surviving to age 65, times 100. b. Data refer to estimates for the period specified. c. The maternal mortality data are those reported by national authorities. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) periodically evaluate these data and make adjustments to account for the well-documented problems of underreporting and misclassification of maternal deaths and to develop estimates for countries with no data (for the most recent estimates for 1995, see MDG indicator table 3). Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. d. For the World Bank estimate for 2001, see MDG indicator table 3. e. Estimate differs slightly from a more recent World Bank estimate in MDG indicator table 3. f. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country. Source: Columns 1, 2, 7 and 8: UN 2003d; columns 3 and 5: UNICEF 2003a; columns 4 and 6: UNICEF 2003b; column 9: UNICEF 2003b, based on data from a joint effort by UNICEF and the WHO.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE . . .
9 Commitment to education: public spending Public expenditure on education by level Public expenditure on education a (as % of all levels) b As % of total Pre-primary As % of GDP government expenditure and primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d
HDI rank High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway e Iceland e Sweden e Australia e Netherlands e
7.1 5.4 7.4 5.1 6.0
6.8 .. 7.8 4.7 4.8
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium e United States e Canada e Japan e Switzerland e
5.0 5.2 6.5 .. 5.1
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark e Ireland United Kingdom e Finland Luxembourg e
16 17 18 19 20
14.6 .. 13.8 14.8 14.8
16.2 .. 13.4 .. 10.7
39.5 59.5 47.7 2.2 21.5
.. .. .. 33.1 ..
24.7 25.6 19.6 57.4 37.7
.. .. .. 39.3 ..
15.2 14.9 13.2 32.0 32.1
.. .. .. 26.0 ..
5.9 4.8 5.5 3.5 5.5
.. 12.3 14.2 .. 18.7
11.6 .. .. 9.3 15.2
23.3 .. .. .. 49.9
.. .. .. .. ..
42.9 .. 62.2 .. 25.1
.. .. .. .. ..
16.5 .. 28.6 .. 19.7
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 5.2 4.9 5.6 3.0
8.2 4.4 4.5 6.1 3.7
.. 10.2 .. 11.9 10.4
15.3 13.2 11.4 12.5 8.5
.. 37.8 29.7 27.9 ..
.. .. 33.2 26.7 ..
.. 40.1 43.8 39.4 ..
.. .. 46.7 39.5 ..
.. 20.4 19.6 23.9 ..
.. .. 20.1 33.8 ..
Austria e France e Germany Spain e New Zealand e
5.4 5.4 .. 4.4 6.2
5.8 5.8 4.6 4.5 6.1
7.6 .. .. 9.4 ..
12.4 11.5 9.7 11.3 ..
23.7 27.3 .. 29.3 30.5
27.3 .. .. 33.9 ..
46.6 40.7 .. 45.0 25.3
44.1 .. .. 46.0 ..
19.1 13.8 .. 15.4 37.4
26.2 .. .. 20.1 ..
21 22 23 24 25
Italy e Israel Portugal e Greece Cyprus g
3.1 6.3 4.2 2.5 3.5
4.5 7.3 5.8 3.8 5.4
.. 11.3 .. .. 11.3
9.5 .. 13.1 7.0 ..
33.0 43.0 44.6 34.1 38.5
.. .. .. .. 34.7
63.2 31.3 32.5 45.1 50.3
.. .. .. .. 50.6
.. 16.2 16.3 19.5 3.8
.. .. .. .. 14.8
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of e
.. 7.8 .. .. 3.5
.. 7.1 3.7 .. 3.8
.. 22.2 .. .. 22.4
.. 18.5 23.6 .. 17.4
26.6 37.5 29.6 .. 44.4
.. 35.9 27.1 .. ..
38.8 37.6 36.5 .. 34.1
.. 32.8 28.1 .. ..
30.8 19.2 29.3 .. 7.4
.. 29.1 26.0 .. ..
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic e Malta Argentina e Poland e
.. .. 4.3 1.1 ..
4.8 4.4 4.9 4.0 5.0
.. .. 8.3 10.9 ..
9.1 9.7 .. 11.8 11.4
24.1 .. 25.1 3.4 42.8
.. .. 28.9 42.8 ..
26.1 .. 44.7 44.9 17.5
.. .. 42.8 36.9 ..
9.5 .. 14.6 46.7 22.0
.. .. 18.2 17.1 ..
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary e Slovakia e Uruguay e
7.8 4.2 5.8 5.1 3.0
7.6 3.0 5.0 4.2 2.8
14.8 14.6 7.8 .. 15.9
10.7 11.4 14.1 13.8 ..
28.2 .. 55.4 .. 37.5
23.1 30.1 .. .. ..
40.7 45.8 23.9 .. 30.3
40.8 34.5 .. .. ..
9.5 .. 15.2 .. 22.6
8.1 0.0 .. .. ..
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile e Qatar Lithuania
.. 4.4 2.5 3.5 4.6
7.5 4.4 4.2 3.6 6.4
.. 20.8 10.4 .. 13.8
.. .. 17.5 .. ..
.. .. 60.1 .. ..
44.5 51.8 50.2 .. ..
.. .. 17.3 .. ..
34.1 28.0 33.3 .. ..
.. .. 20.3 .. ..
16.8 19.4 16.5 .. ..
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
4.8 .. 1.9 4.0 3.8
.. 4.2 1.9 .. 5.9
3.4 .. 14.6 17.8 10.8
.. 10.4 .. .. ..
53.4 .. .. .. 11.2
.. .. 53.3 .. 33.3
13.6 .. .. .. 56.3
.. .. 45.1 .. 48.7
16.0 .. .. .. 11.6
.. .. 0.0 .. 16.3
266
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9 Commitment to education: public spending Public expenditure on education by level Public expenditure on education a (as % of all levels) b As % of total Pre-primary As % of GDP government expenditure and primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico e
2.7 .. 4.9 3.6 3.6
2.9 8.5 6.0 4.0 4.4
f
f
.. 12.3 .. 11.6 12.8
16.4 15.1 .. 16.7 22.6
f
f
.. 25.7 57.7 42.5 32.3
59.8 44.5 .. 59.6 ..
f
f
f
f
.. 39.0 16.2 36.8 29.6
32.3 36.7 .. 32.3 ..
f
.. .. 34.4 23.3 ..
37.3 43.9 32.9 33.9 ..
f
.. 36.4 .. 30.9 ..
.. .. .. .. 37.6
.. 20.2 .. 4.5 25.2
.. 36.5 30.1 .. ..
23.3 22.1 .. 21.6 15.0
28.9 .. .. 27.1 53.1
.. 14.5 33.2 37.0 ..
.. .. 40.0 50.7 29.5
.. .. .. 22.6 ..
43.9 26.6 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 62.4
.. .. .. .. 31.5
36.4 .. 31.7 .. ..
.. .. 23.8 .. ..
29.4 34.2 .. 84.3 ..
19.6 42.7 .. .. 78.1
f
f
.. 14.4 14.4 11.9 16.5
.. 18.5 .. 3.7 ..
.. 13.9 19.9 21.3 ..
15.1 14.4 31.9 25.3 ..
.. 16.6 .. 20.7 ..
.. .. .. .. 21.4
.. 8.1 .. 40.7 0.0
.. 4.9 0.0 .. ..
12.8 9.6 21.2 14.6 15.1
11.6 .. .. 24.1 19.9
.. 8.8 21.1 7.4 ..
.. .. 18.8 1.6 6.0
.. .. .. 25.8 ..
2.5 20.4 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 35.1
.. .. .. .. 33.0
18.5 .. 0.0 .. ..
.. .. 0.0 .. ..
.. 18.3 .. 13.4 ..
27.9 6.9 .. .. 11.1
f
f
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia e Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 5.2 5.2 4.7 ..
3.2 3.4 6.2 5.9 ..
.. .. 18.3 20.9 ..
.. .. 26.7 .. ..
.. 70.7 34.3 37.0 ..
36.9 41.7 31.8 40.8 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. 3.5 3.5 2.5 ..
.. 3.5 4.4 .. 4.7
.. 11.8 .. 16.0 ..
.. 12.1 .. .. 12.9
.. 37.7 .. 39.3 ..
.. .. .. .. 41.0
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 4.7 .. 3.0 3.4
.. 6.2 5.1 .. 4.2
.. 18.5 .. 12.0 10.7
.. 20.9 .. .. 13.3
.. 61.0 .. 23.5 52.6
.. 46.7 64.4 .. ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand e Ukraine
.. 2.8 6.5 3.5 5.2
5.8 3.5 9.5 5.4 4.4
.. 7.3 17.8 20.0 19.7
16.9 .. .. 31.0 15.7
48.2 52.1 78.8 56.2 54.9
40.1 .. .. 36.0 14.4
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica e Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
3.2 8.1 4.7 3.1 6.4
.. .. 6.3 3.9 9.3
17.6 .. 12.8 11.1 13.8
.. .. 11.1 .. ..
.. 60.5 37.4 54.1 ..
.. .. 40.4 39.1 56.6
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru e Lebanon Paraguay Philippines e
4.6 2.2 .. 1.1 2.9
5.2 3.3 3.0 5.0 4.2
f
.. .. .. 9.1 10.1
17.0 21.1 11.1 11.2 20.6
f
.. .. .. .. ..
53.4 41.3 .. .. ..
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan e
4.0 4.3 .. .. 8.4
3.9 .. .. 4.2 5.0
f
10.0 21.0 .. 23.5 17.1
11.2 .. .. 24.4 5.0
f
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 32.9
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia e Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
6.0 3.4 5.1 .. 5.8
6.8 4.1 4.2 2.5 ..
13.5 4.4 13.2 .. ..
17.4 .. .. 15.7 ..
39.8 .. 64.1 .. ..
.. .. 72.3 .. ..
Turkey e Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
2.2 2.8 .. 2.6 7.0
3.5 1.6 .. 3.1 2.9
.. 17.2 .. 8.1 20.5
.. 8.0 .. .. ..
58.1 34.4 .. .. ..
52.5 49.4 .. .. 7.2
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
f
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9 Commitment to education: public spending Public expenditure on education by level Public expenditure on education a (as % of all levels) b As % of total Pre-primary As % of GDP government expenditure and primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d
HDI rank 101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
.. 8.3 .. 2.3 1.9
.. 5.4 4.4 2.1 2.3
f
f
20.4 22.5 .. 12.8 16.6
.. .. .. .. 13.4
f
.. 8.5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 37.4 15.9
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
4.1 5.3 .. .. 4.1
4.4 .. 4.0 .. 4.1
22.4 21.1 .. 7.5 17.3
20.4 .. 15.0 .. 11.1
33.2 .. .. .. 38.5
26.7 .. 19.5 .. ..
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia e Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
6.2 1.0 9.7 2.3 ..
5.5 .. 2.1 5.5 4.0
.. .. 24.7 .. ..
25.8 .. 11.8 23.1 ..
75.6 .. 6.9 .. ..
47.2 .. .. 52.3 ..
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. 12.1 .. 1.4 3.7
0.6 2.3 3.9 1.7 ..
.. 17.6 .. 11.8 ..
.. 2.2 .. 11.4 ..
.. 13.9 .. 31.1 ..
39.1 22.0 35.6 67.2 ..
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
3.4 .. .. 7.6 6.7
5.0 .. 3.6 8.1 8.6
9.7 .. .. .. 17.0
13.8 .. 15.4 .. ..
f
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 58.5 53.2
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India e Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
5.3 3.9 4.6 3.2 ..
5.5 4.1 7.3 4.1 1.9
26.1 12.2 .. 24.3 ..
26.1 12.7 17.4 .. 10.1
f
34.8 38.9 59.8 29.2 ..
48.2 39.4 34.6 .. 65.2
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. .. 5.7 .. ..
0.5 2.3 1.5 3.8 2.3
.. .. 19.5 .. ..
9.0 17.5 .. .. 8.8
.. .. 31.2 42.4 ..
35.6 71.4 33.2 41.6 47.3
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
f
f
f
f f
f f
f
f f
.. 6.1 0.9 1.5 5.0 5.5
5.2 10.1 .. 2.5 4.2 4.8
.. 12.2 2.8 10.3 14.4 26.4
12.9 18.5 .. 15.7 12.6 23.2
.. .. .. 45.6 .. 30.4
26.9 48.6 .. 46.7 .. 51.0
19.6 8.5 7.4 .. 17.0
12.5 14.1 7.8 .. 22.5
70.5 48.2 .. 54.1 50.3
.. 60.0 .. 56.1 1.4
11.5 .. .. 20.0 14.6
.. 32.8 10.2 10.9 14.2
.. .. 49.1 53.1 41.6
.. .. .. 38.3 ..
f f
f
f
f f
f f f
f
f
f f
f
f
.. 57.9 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 32.2 75.1
.. 10.0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 15.6 8.8
39.2 .. .. .. 28.2
34.8 .. 69.0 .. ..
13.6 .. .. .. 21.3
19.4 .. 11.6 .. ..
.. .. 57.0 .. ..
31.3 .. .. 22.9 f ..
21.5 .. 9.1 .. ..
14.5 .. .. 23.8 ..
.. 48.8 .. 12.9 ..
30.7 60.1 38.9 32.8 ..
f
.. 14.5 .. 21.2 ..
30.1 18.0 25.5 0.0 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 27.3 23.8
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 12.0 18.6
48.9 27.0 26.6 34.3 ..
50.5 40.5 57.7 .. 23.6
16.2 14.9 3.4 11.0 ..
0.4 20.1 6.8 .. 4.9
.. .. 24.5 28.2 ..
19.7 24.3 26.9 41.2 20.5
.. .. 26.0 17.3 ..
34.3 4.3 32.1 3.3 19.8
.. .. .. 8.7 .. 29.0
19.6 16.7 .. 10.1 .. 18.2
29.5 23.3 .. 12.3 21.6
.. 11.9 .. 14.8 11.5
.. .. .. 9.1 17.8
.. .. .. 0.8 ..
.. .. .. 42.2 .. 25.8
47.9 27.7 .. 43.0 .. 30.8
.. 15.7 .. 28.6 18.8
.. 24.6 .. 29.2 0.7
.. .. 35.6 19.0 21.2
.. .. .. 61.0 ..
f
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f f f
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f
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe e Kenya
3.2 2.0 2.6 .. 6.7
3.2 3.7 1.8 10.4 6.4
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
1.5 .. 2.1 1.4 3.8
2.3 10.0 3.2 1.1 2.7
268
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9 Commitment to education: public spending Public expenditure on education by level Public expenditure on education a (as % of all levels) b As % of total Pre-primary As % of GDP government expenditure and primary Secondary Tertiary 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d 1990 c 1998-2000 d
HDI rank 152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
0.9 .. .. .. 3.9
.. 3.5 3.0 4.8 3.2
f f
f
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. .. .. 3.2 ..
1.9 2.8 3.2 2.1 4.6
f
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
3.3 2.4 3.9 .. ..
4.1 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.1
f
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
.. 2.2 3.4 3.9 3.4
.. 1.9 4.8 2.4 3.4
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
.. 2.7 3.2 ..
2.8 .. 2.7 1.0
f f f
f
f
f
f
.. 10.5 .. .. 26.9
.. .. 18.9 .. .. f
.. 58.0 33.3 .. 43.9
.. 65.9 .. .. 42.5
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 55.1 .. 42.4
.. .. .. 11.4 ..
25.6 .. .. .. 21.5
11.1 8.7 10.7 .. ..
24.6 17.6 .. .. 4.8
44.7 .. 96.3 .. ..
.. .. .. 57.5 ..
.. .. 9.4 12.0 16.7
.. .. 13.8 12.3 ..
.. .. 53.9 49.8 46.8
.. .. .. .. 38.0
.. .. 18.6 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
45.7 .. 51.6 39.5
f
f, i
h
f
f
f
f
f
.. 21.7 37.7 .. 25.7
.. .. .. .. 25.3
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 26.9 .. 32.5
13.1 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 25.9 ..
.. .. 28.1 15.7 29.1
.. .. .. .. 35.0
.. .. .. ..
39.7 .. 28.6 23.6
h
f
f
f
f
f
.. 11.5 24.9 .. 24.0
.. .. .. .. 23.1
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 18.0 .. 25.1
20.2 .. 3.7 .. ..
.. .. .. 16.6 ..
.. .. 12.1 9.9 22.0
.. .. .. .. 26.9
.. .. .. ..
14.6 .. 19.9 28.1
h
f
f
f
f
Note: As a result of limitations in the data and methodological changes, comparisons of education expenditure data across countries and over time must be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data, see UNESCO 1999 and http://www.uis.unesco.org/. a. Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditure. See the definitions of statistical terms. b. Data refer to current public expenditure on education. Data may not be strictly comparable between 1990 and 1998-2000 as a result of methodological changes. Expenditures by level may not sum to 100% as a result of rounding or the omission of the categories expenditures in postsecondary and expenditures not allocated by level. c. Data may not be comparable between countries as a result of differences in methods of data collection. d. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. e. All 1998-2000 data are preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates, subject to further revision. f. Data refer to a UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate where no national estimate is available. g. Data refer to the Office of Greek Education only. h. Data refer to a national estimate. i. Data refer to primary school expenditure only. Source: Columns 1-10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003c.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE . . .
10 Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 1990 2001
HDI rank
Youth literacy rate (% age 15-24) 1990 2001
Net primary enrolment ratio (%) a 1990-91 2000-01 c
Net secondary enrolment ratio (%) a, b 1990-91 2000-01 c
Tertiary students in science, math and Children engineering reaching (as % of grade 5 all tertiary (%) students) 1999-2000 c, d 1994-97 e
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
100 .. 100 99 95
101 f 102 f 102 f 96 f 100 f
88 .. 85 79 84
95 f 83 f 96 d, f 90 f 90 f
.. .. .. .. ..
18 20 31 32 20
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
97 96 97 100 84
101 f 95 f 99 d, f 101 f 99 f
88 86 89 97 80
.. 88 f 98 d, f 101 f 88 f
.. .. .. .. 101 f
.. .. .. 23 31
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
98 91 97 99 g ..
99 d, f 90 d, f 99 f 100 f 97 f
87 80 79 93 ..
89 d, f .. 94 f 95 f 78 f
.. 98 f .. 100 f 99 f
21 30 29 37 ..
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
.. .. .. 96.3 ..
.. .. .. 97.7 ..
.. .. .. 99.6 ..
.. .. .. 99.8 ..
90 g 101 84 g 103 101
91 f 100 f 87 d, f 102 f 99 f
.. .. .. .. 85
89 f 92 f 88 d, f 94 f 92 f
.. .. .. .. ..
28 25 31 31 21
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
97.7 91.4 87.2 94.9 94.3
98.5 95.1 92.5 97.3 97.2
99.8 98.7 99.5 99.5 99.7
99.8 99.5 99.8 99.8 99.8
.. .. 102 94 87
100 f 101 .. 97 f 95
.. .. .. 83 ..
91 f 88 85 f 87 f 88
.. .. .. .. 99
28 .. 31 .. 17
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
89.7 99.4 88.8 99.6 95.9
93.5 99.7 92.5 99.6 97.9
98.2 99.8 99.0 99.8 99.8
99.4 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8
.. 78 h .. .. 104
.. 105 .. 93 99 f
.. .. .. .. 86
.. 85 .. .. 91 f
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 21 .. 29 34
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
85.5 .. 88.4 95.7 99.6
91.6 .. 92.3 96.9 99.7
97.9 .. 97.5 98.2 99.8
99.4 .. 98.6 98.6 99.8
91 h .. 99 .. 97
.. 90 f 99 d 107 f 98 f
.. .. 80 .. 76
.. .. 79 i 79 f 91 f
92 .. 100 i 90 f 99 f
6 34 13 30 ..
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. 82.1 99.1 .. 96.5
.. 87.9 99.3 .. 97.6
.. 95.6 99.7 .. 98.7
.. 98.5 99.8 .. 99.1
.. 99 91 .. 91 h
.. 96 90 f 89 f 90 f
.. 85 75 .. ..
.. 92 87 d, f 75 f 70 f
.. 101 .. .. 91 f
.. .. 32 43 24
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
99.8 93.9 94.0 77.0 99.3
99.8 95.7 95.9 81.7 99.6
99.8 97.4 98.1 90.3 99.8
99.7 98.3 98.9 95.0 99.8
.. 86 88 87 ..
98 91 89 f 95 i 95
.. 36 55 67 ..
83 49 75 f 78 i 89
99 80 101 f .. ..
32 18 43 .. 38
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
76.7 96.9 71.0 94.4 99.8
82.4 98.4 76.7 95.5 99.8
87.5 99.6 84.7 96.5 99.8
92.7 99.8 91.0 97.3 99.8
45 h 79 94 96 h 83 g
66 d .. 87 83 d 92
.. 63 59 .. ..
50 i .. 67 72 d 74
.. .. 98 .. ..
23 38 27 .. 29
270
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10 Literacy and enrolment
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 1990 2001
Youth literacy rate (% age 15-24) 1990 2001
Net primary enrolment ratio (%) a 1990-91 2000-01 c
Net secondary enrolment ratio (%) a, b 1990-91 2000-01 c
Tertiary students in science, math and Children engineering reaching (as % of grade 5 all tertiary (%) students) 1999-2000 c, d 1994-97 e
.. 95.1 99.5 96.8 87.3
.. 96.8 99.7 98.4 91.4
.. 99.3 99.8 99.6 95.2
.. 99.8 99.8 99.8 97.2
.. 92 .. 91 100
.. 97 108 92 103 f
.. 69 .. .. 45
.. 82 76 71 60 f
.. 95 .. 100 88 f
.. 21 33 41 31
.. 94 98 f 100 92
.. 63 .. 51 ..
.. 88 70 f 62 81 d
.. .. .. 92 ..
.. 25 .. 27 38
.. 95 .. 89 97 f
.. .. .. .. 15
.. 64 .. 57 71 f
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 17 49 31 23
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 97.2 80.7 89.0 ..
.. 98.5 87.9 92.1 ..
.. 99.4 94.8 95.3 ..
.. 99.7 97.7 96.9 ..
.. 86 .. 91 94
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
68.1 79.8 99.2 88.4 82.0
80.8 84.8 99.6 91.9 87.3
91.0 91.1 99.8 94.9 91.8
96.7 94.0 99.8 97.0 95.5
97 g 95 .. .. 86
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 89.1 .. 88.9 98.0
.. 93.4 .. 92.8 98.7
.. 96.0 .. 96.0 99.0
.. 98.1 .. 98.1 99.4
.. 98 h .. 88 ..
.. 100 .. 88 97
.. 29 .. 19 ..
.. 63 .. 50 68
.. .. 86 91 i 83 i
.. .. .. .. ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 97.1 66.2 92.4 99.4
.. 98.2 77.1 95.7 99.6
.. 99.3 85.4 98.1 99.8
.. 99.6 93.1 99.0 99.9
.. 77 g 59 .. ..
100 93 58 85 f 72 i
.. .. 31 .. ..
80 80 51 .. ..
.. .. 94 97 f, i ..
.. 32 18 21 ..
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
98.8 .. 82.2 54.7 ..
99.4 .. 87.3 73.0 ..
99.8 .. 91.2 85.6 ..
99.8 .. 94.3 98.2 ..
.. .. 96 70 ..
89 92 95 f 65 ..
.. .. 64 .. ..
83 43 74 f 59 ..
.. .. 89 f 96 ..
42 .. 20 31 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
88.6 85.5 80.3 90.3 91.7
93.2 90.2 86.5 93.5 95.1
97.8 94.5 92.1 95.6 97.3
99.2 96.9 95.4 97.2 98.8
101 h .. .. 93 98 h
99 i 104 d, f 74 92 f 93 f
.. .. .. 26 ..
.. 61 f, i 70 i 47 f 53 f
.. 88 f, i 97 76 f ..
.. .. 17 22 ..
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
94.8 .. .. .. 81.5
97.0 .. .. .. 90.3
98.1 .. .. .. 96.7
99.1 .. .. .. 99.3
.. .. .. .. 66
99 .. 95 91 d 94 d, f
.. .. .. .. ..
31 d .. 73 i 78 i 76 d, f
.. .. .. .. 98 f, i
.. .. 48 .. 27
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
59.1 97.2 .. 79.4 77.0
72.1 98.6 .. 84.0 85.3
84.1 99.8 .. 87.5 94.8
93.8 99.8 .. 91.4 98.0
94 93 .. .. ..
99 f 98 d 84 93 98
.. 71 .. .. ..
70 f .. 46 40 74
93 f .. .. 75 i ..
27 25 .. 25 22
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
77.9 87.6 .. 88.7 97.5
85.5 91.8 .. 91.9 98.5
92.7 95.5 .. 95.1 99.5
96.7 97.3 .. 96.9 99.8
89 .. .. .. ..
.. 99 97 97 f, i 69
41 .. .. .. ..
.. 48 78 .. 64
.. 78 .. .. ..
22 .. 10 29 33
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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10 Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 1990 2001
HDI rank
Youth literacy rate (% age 15-24) 1990 2001
Net primary enrolment ratio (%) a 1990-91 2000-01 c
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
98.7 .. 63.8 78.3 72.4
99.2 .. 74.9 85.8 79.2
99.6 .. 81.5 95.3 83.8
99.7 .. 88.6 97.9 88.5
.. .. .. 97 75 g
.. 82 99 i 93 d, f 81 d
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
63.2 52.9 97.5 90.4 64.8
77.1 67.8 99.0 92.7 75.3
86.3 77.3 99.8 94.1 79.9
94.2 89.2 99.8 95.4 87.7
.. 93 .. .. 98
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
81.2 79.5 98.2 78.1 68.1
85.6 87.3 99.3 86.0 75.6
88.5 95.0 99.8 92.6 79.7
91.5 97.9 99.8 96.1 85.5
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
73.3 97.8 .. 61.0 47.1
84.2 98.5 .. 69.2 56.1
92.7 98.9 .. 73.4 61.3
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
62.7 .. .. 74.9 68.1
66.8 .. .. 82.7 78.1
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
38.7 49.3 .. 58.5 62.0
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
Net secondary enrolment ratio (%) a, b 1990-91 2000-01 c
Tertiary students in science, math and Children engineering reaching (as % of grade 5 all tertiary (%) students) 1999-2000 c, d 1994-97 e
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 39 i
.. .. .. .. 71 i
.. .. .. 53 20
74 98 78 95 96
.. 54 .. .. 46
.. 62 68 62 39
.. 97 .. .. ..
36 50 44 .. 31
103 h 98 .. 91 89 h
89 92 f 103 97 88
.. 38 .. 29 ..
57 48 d, f 76 68 ..
65 97 f .. 83 ..
18 28 23 .. 26
97.2 99.1 .. 79.6 70.5
.. .. .. .. ..
72 89 88 84 93 f
.. .. .. .. ..
26 i 58 .. 26 79 f
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 25 .. .. 15
68.2 .. .. 87.4 83.3
72.0 .. .. 91.9 88.7
72 .. .. 89 g 93
81 .. .. 82 84
.. .. .. .. 34
36 .. .. 38 70
48 .. .. 92 87
31 .. .. 4 27
49.8 58.0 .. 72.7 68.7
55.3 64.3 .. 81.8 73.5
68.4 73.3 .. 91.6 79.7
58 .. .. .. ..
78 .. 96 58 95
.. .. .. .. ..
30 d .. 23 i 31 17
80 68 f, i 101 i 66 63
29 25 .. .. 23
80.7 56.6 71.6 53.8 56.5
85.0 64.6 80.3 56.0 65.6
88.2 68.6 85.1 56.7 70.1
91.2 76.3 90.8 58.8 78.6
.. .. 88 .. ..
83 84 d 93 56 81
.. .. .. .. ..
37 21 d 44 d .. 30
.. .. 84 77 ..
37 .. 22 .. ..
.. 78.0 45.8 34.2 67.1 44.2
.. 83.9 58.8 40.6 81.8 58.4
.. 87.2 65.0 42.0 92.5 63.5
.. 90.8 78.1 49.1 97.6 76.5
.. 73 .. 64 .. 75
.. 78 46 d 89 .. 92
.. .. .. 18 .. 18
.. 21 .. 43 .. 23 i
90 75 87 i .. .. 74
.. 13 .. .. .. 11
.. 72 66 80 f 69
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 40 f 23
81 i .. .. .. 71 i
.. 14 .. 23 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
12 d 37 i 11 i .. 35
.. .. .. .. 69 i
15 6 20 .. ..
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
57.9 30.4 35.4 80.7 70.8
72.4 42.9 44.0 89.3 83.3
81.1 46.6 47.4 93.9 89.8
90.5 61.6 57.8 97.4 95.5
.. .. .. .. ..
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
56.1 32.7 58.0 39.7 25.6
68.0 47.7 67.3 50.8 37.8
70.1 50.0 72.2 54.8 42.2
79.4 66.5 80.8 65.3 58.6
.. .. .. 22 51 h
272
109 67 68 .. 69
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10 Literacy and enrolment
HDI rank
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 1990 2001
Youth literacy rate (% age 15-24) 1990 2001
Net primary enrolment ratio (%) a 1990-91 2000-01 c
Net secondary enrolment ratio (%) a, b 1990-91 2000-01 c
Tertiary students in science, math and Children engineering reaching (as % of grade 5 all tertiary (%) students) 1999-2000 c, d 1994-97 e
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
48.7 53.0 34.8 46.4 28.4
65.4 65.5 40.7 56.7 38.3
73.6 73.2 45.8 60.9 40.1
87.8 84.9 49.3 71.1 51.8
.. 32 .. .. 48 h
.. 33 64 41 63
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 14 22 ..
.. 77 i 61 .. 72
41 .. .. .. ..
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. 53.3 26.4 62.9 38.5
.. 68.0 38.6 76.0 49.7
.. 72.7 40.4 83.1 52.6
.. 84.2 54.3 91.1 62.4
.. 66 49 h 51 47
47 97 d 70 d 47 64
.. 7 .. .. ..
12 i .. 17 d 5 ..
84 39 84 82 91
42 .. 18 39 ..
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
51.8 68.2 .. 27.7 27.2
61.0 79.0 .. 44.2 39.6
63.2 81.2 .. 48.0 44.1
71.8 88.7 .. 68.3 59.5
50 .. .. .. ..
101 66 37 58 54 d
.. .. .. .. ..
25 19 .. 8d ..
49 81 .. 54 38 i
.. .. .. 14 ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
47.5 33.2 28.6 33.5 37.0
62.7 48.2 40.3 45.2 49.2
68.9 52.1 43.0 48.8 51.6
82.7 68.7 56.2 61.7 65.1
54 53 .. 47 52 g
33 i 55 47 54 54
.. .. .. .. ..
12 i .. 13 9 ..
.. .. 64 .. 58
.. .. 36 46 ..
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
18.8 16.3 11.4 ..
26.4 24.8 16.5 ..
27.6 24.9 17.0 ..
37.1 35.8 23.8 ..
21 27 25 ..
43 i 36 30 ..
5 .. 6 ..
.. 8 5 26
95 69 74 ..
.. 19 .. ..
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
67.2 43.7 50.0 80.2 85.0 47.7 50.3 98.8 .. ..
74.5 53.3 60.8 87.1 89.2 56.3 62.4 99.3 .. ..
81.1 56.5 66.5 95.2 92.7 61.7 67.4 99.7 .. ..
84.8 66.3 76.7 97.4 95.2 70.6 77.9 99.8 .. ..
80 54 73 96 87 73 56 88 97 97
82 60 77 93 97 79 59 91 98 97
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
.. 71.8 42.8
.. 78.1 55.0
.. 84.5 59.8
.. 87.8 71.5
97 86 50
98 88 59
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
.. 80.9 54.8
.. 86.6 63.0
.. 93.1 68.0
.. 95.4 75.9
97 92 69
97 93 74
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
..
..
..
..
82
84
..
..
..
..
World
a. Data refer to the 1990/91 or 2000/01 school year. The net enrolment ratio is the ratio of enrolled children of the official age for the education level indicated to the total population of that age. Net enrolment ratios exceeding 100% reflect discrepancies between these two data sets. b. Enrolment ratios are based on the new International Standard Classification of Education, adopted in 1997 (UNESCO 1997), and so may not be strictly comparable with those for earlier years. c. Data for some countries may refer to national or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates. For details, see http://www.uis.unesco.org/. Because data are from different sources, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. d. Data refer to the 1999/2000 school year. e. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. f. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision. g. Data refer to the 1992/93 school year. h. Data refer to the 1991/92 school year. i. Data refer to the 1998/99 school year. Source: Columns 1 and 2: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; columns 3 and 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a (for data as presented in World Bank 2003c, see MDG indicator table 1); columns 5 and 6: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003d (for data as presented in World Bank 2003c, see MDG indicator table 1); aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics; columns 7 and 8: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003d; column 9: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003d (for data as presented in World Bank 2003c, see MDG indicator table 1); column 10: calculated on the basis of data on tertiary students from UNESCO 1999.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE . . .
11 Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
HDI rank
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Receipts of royalties Research Scientists Patents and and and granted licence development engineers to residents fees (R&D) in R&D (per million (US$ per expenditures (per million people) person) (as % of GDP) people) 1999 2001 1996-2000 a 1996-2000 a
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
502 510 681 456 464
732 664 739 541 621
46 39 54 11 5
815 865 790 574 767
7.1 5.0 5.8 5.9 3.3
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
393 547 565 441 574
498 667 676 586 732
4 21 22 7 18
747 451 362 588 728
(.) 8.0 3.7 0.2 5.8
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
567 281 441 534 481
722 485 587 548 780
29 7 19 52 2
740 774 770 804 920
1.0 0.6 0.9 4.0 1.5
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
418 495 441 316 434
468 573 634 434 477
10 5 4 1 16
817 605 682 734 599
1.3 0.5 1.4 0.1 2.9
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
388 343 243 389 419
471 466 425 529 631
5 3 1 0 5
883 907 774 751 456
0.2 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.6
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
450 281 346 211 306
580 481 471 402 486
24 0 17 0 2
859 198 724 737 621
1.3 .. 1.6 .. 0.2
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
136 158 360 93 86
259 378 530 224 295
7 0 0 (.) 0
401 679 611 193 259
.. .. .. (.) 0.1
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
124 191 96 135 134
261 267 375 289 283
0 10 (.) 0 0
539 460 498 399 155
.. .. (.) .. ..
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
204 101 66 190 212
354 230 233 275 313
0 0 1 8 0
455 76 342 293 277
0.6 (.) 0.4 .. ..
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
188 172 206 274 234
208 383 340 400 307
12 (.) 17 8 0
386 377 616 197 279
.. .. .. .. ..
274
b
b
d
d
b b d b
b
d b
b
d d d
463.8 599.3 516.3 371.4 490.5
97 21 285 65 187
34.3 0.0 160.5 15.4 107.5
1.7 2.3 3.8 1.5 2.0
4,112 5,695 4,511 3,353 2,572
310.4 501.5 466.6 384.2 307.0
103 298 44 1,057 203
86.3 135.5 48.2 82.4 ..
2.0 2.7 1.8 3.0 2.6
2,953 4,099 2,985 5,095 3,592
429.5 233.1 329.6 430.3 359.8
67 66 76 1 158
.. 90.1 134.5 112.5 459.1
2.1 1.2 1.9 3.4 ..
3,476 2,184 2,666 5,059 ..
387.0 263.8 373.6 182.7 461.2
159 195 229 45 86
16.9 42.3 38.3 8.9 16.0
1.8 2.2 2.5 0.9 1.1
2,313 2,718 3,161 1,921 2,197
268.9 276.6 281.5 132.1 217.5
113 71 9 1 0
7.6 68.0 2.5 1.3 ..
1.0 3.6 0.7 0.7 0.2
1,128 1,563 1,576 1,400 358
386.8 55.9 411.5 300.8 521.1
4 0 12 98 931
16.0 0.9 .. 7.2 14.6
0.4 .. 1.9 1.5 2.7
93 .. 4,140 2,181 2,319
102.3 146.7 252.6 100.8 98.4
.. 22 26 4 26
.. 3.6 1.7 0.6 1.2
.. 1.4 .. 0.4 0.7
.. 1,349 96 713 1,429
109.9 203.4 148.4 125.3 119.0
.. .. 30 14 3
.. .. 9.4 3.0 (.)
.. .. 0.8 0.7 0.3
.. .. 1,445 1,844 219
300.5 93.4 201.4 65.6 67.9
4 0 1 .. 26
1.5 0.2 0.3 .. 0.1
0.8 0.2 0.5 .. ..
2,128 533 370 591 2,027
87.9 111.3 314.8 54.9 72.3
.. 14 0 .. 41
0.0 24.3 .. .. 1.1
0.2 1.0 .. .. 0.4
212 1,187 .. .. 1,078
c
c c
c
c
e
e
e
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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11 Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
237 31 154 141 65
491 51 288 240 137
0 0 0 0 1
46 1 14 197 217
.. .. .. .. 0.1
Receipts of royalties Research Scientists Patents and and and granted licence development engineers to residents fees (R&D) in R&D (per million (US$ per expenditures (per million people) person) (as % of GDP) people) 1999 2001 1996-2000 a 1996-2000 a
78.5 10.7 42.4 92.3 36.2
.. 4 39 0 1
0.0 .. 0.1 .. 0.4
d
90.4 74.6 273.1 41.4 34.2
0 25 .. .. 16
0.0 0.3 0.9 .. 1.6
d
3.6 131.6 29.3 27.0 46.6
.. .. 105 (.) 3
.. (.) 0.4 (.) 0.6
11.1 73.0 115.7 46.8 16.8
0 .. 0 .. ..
.. .. 0.0 0.0 ..
b
c
.. 0.5 .. 0.1 0.4
.. 480 1,893 145 225
.. 0.6 0.4 0.3 ..
.. 1,316 160 124 387
.. 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.8
361 360 3,481 101 323
.. .. .. 0.3 ..
.. .. .. 194 ..
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
253 242 89 93 148
481 359 198 130 263
0 0 5 0 0
323 191 314 164 109
.. .. (.) .. ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
48 52 140 69 65
109 256 243 172 218
0 2 0 0 (.)
9 227 53 76 167
.. .. (.) .. (.)
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
0 92 164 76 26
111 143 299 109 54
0 0 0 (.) 0
60 159 99 263 18
.. .. .. 0.1 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
129 102 77 24 136
317 184 145 99 212
0 0 1 1 0
17 172 113 123 44
.. .. .. 0.0 ..
82.4 44.7 13.4 57.7 11.9
0 41 (.) .. 12
0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1
c
.. 0.4 .. 0.1 0.9
.. 913 .. 74 2,118
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
80 92 45 60 124
121 176 205 90 227
0 0 0 2 0
36 198 244 124 65
.. .. .. .. ..
9.3 33.0 38.5 45.7 47.8
79 .. (.) .. ..
0.0 .. 2.3 .. 0.0
c
0.3 .. .. .. ..
716 .. 8 4 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
58 26 155 27 10
112 78 187 51 42
0 (.) 0 0 0
99 59 229 204 150
.. .. .. .. ..
18.3 76.6 77.6 10.6 25.6
.. (.) .. .. (.)
.. 0.0 .. 32.0 (.)
.. 0.1 .. .. ..
50 229 .. .. 156
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
29 60 99 86 72
99 80 174 120 129
0 0 0 0 (.)
69 2 61 94 167
0.0 .. .. .. ..
36.5 1.7 9.3 3.2 45.2
.. 7 38 0 ..
12.8 .. .. .. ..
.. .. 0.3 0.2 ..
.. .. 2,421 2,799 1,948
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
38 20 177 48 12
109 92 328 110 50
(.) 0 2 (.) 0
40 87 64 146 99
.. .. 0.0 .. ..
41.2 109.2 52.0 21.5 2.5
.. .. 0 .. 0
1.6 .. 0.0 .. ..
0.5 .. .. .. ..
336 .. .. .. ..
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
121 48 0 7 157
285 104 89 44 140
1 0 0 (.) 0
295 67 91 36 7
.. 0.1 .. .. ..
60.4 25.9 18.2 8.0 18.4
(.) (.) .. 0 46
0.0 .. .. .. ..
0.6 0.1 .. 0.2 ..
306 83 .. 191 1,313
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
b
d
d
c
c
c
c
e
e
e
e
275
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11 Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
HDI rank 101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
111 112 113 114 115
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Receipts of royalties Research Scientists Patents and and and granted licence development engineers to residents fees (R&D) in R&D (per million (US$ per expenditures (per million people) person) (as % of GDP) people) 1999 2001 1996-2000 a 1996-2000 a .. 0.2 .. 1.0 ..
1,754 581 .. 545 47
e
.. .. .. .. 0.2
590 .. 334 274 29
e
.. .. .. 0.3 ..
992 130 660 98 ..
e
.. 0.0 .. .. 0.7
.. .. .. .. 0.2
.. 531 .. 103 493
0 .. .. .. 0
.. 5.1 .. .. ..
0.1 .. .. .. ..
73 .. .. .. ..
13.7 6.8 27.4 1.9 0.7
0 1 .. 0 ..
0.8 0.1 .. .. ..
.. 1.2 .. .. ..
.. 157 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.2 9.4 13.7 3.4 1.9
.. .. 0 .. ..
(.) .. 0.2 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0 26 3 4 48 26
.. .. .. .. .. 0.0
7.4 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.3 32.2
.. 0 0 .. .. ..
.. 5.6 0.0 (.) .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 51 33 102
69 72 24 6 24
67 78 143 137 102
0 0 0 (.) 0
3 5 72 110 134
.. .. .. .. ..
6.0 30.2 27.5 25.7 23.4
20 13 .. 2 ..
.. 0.2 .. 0.1 0.2
40 32 106 1 41
169 61 146 38 103
0 (.) 0 0 0
32 3 51 15 12
.. .. .. .. 0.0
15.6 6.5 13.7 12.4 3.6
2 0 47 (.) ..
0.0 .. 0.3 .. ..
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
93 6 45 28 17
111 35 36 63 47
(.) (.) 0 0 0
242 31 (.) 94 36
0.1 .. .. .. ..
64.9 19.1 0.5 21.8 13.8
0 0 3 .. 1
1.2 .. .. 0.2 0.0
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
4 32 22 21 30
15 52 30 65 104
0 0 0 (.) (.)
32 81 205 97 43
.. .. .. .. ..
1.9 16.7 13.5 17.1 9.3
.. 44 .. (.) 1
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
13 19 15 39 21
29 36 17 64 85
0 0 0 0 0
30 0 2 55 188
.. .. .. .. 0.0
14.4 60.0 4.6 24.6 29.7
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
16 6 18 3 (.)
41 38 34 12 2
(.) 0 0 0 0
164 6 2 9 17
.. (.) .. .. ..
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
2 8 17 8 2
6 12 31 12 10
0 0 0 0 0
(.) 2 54 0 5
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
4 7 3 2 7 3
26 10 14 4 7 10
0 0 0 0 0 0
b
d
c
c
c
c c
e
e e
e e
e
e
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
3 3 8 13 8
7 13 23 22 10
0 0 (.) 0 0
20 1 6 29 19
.. 0.0 .. .. ..
2.9 2.6 3.4 8.7 16.0
.. .. .. 0 (.)
.. .. (.) .. 0.2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 69 .. ..
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
2 11 3 7 7
2 22 4 10 26
0 0 0 0 0
12 8 10 11 41
.. .. .. .. ..
2.5 0.9 2.3 3.6 13.5
0 .. (.) 0 0
.. .. (.) .. ..
0.8 .. .. .. ..
24 .. 12 .. ..
276
e
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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11 Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
HDI rank 152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
157 158 159 160 161
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Internet users (per 1,000 people) 1990 2001
Receipts of royalties Research Scientists Patents and and and granted licence development engineers to residents fees (R&D) in R&D (per million (US$ per expenditures (per million people) person) (as % of GDP) people) 1999 2001 1996-2000 a 1996-2000 a
3 11 3 0 6
5 15 10 8 25
0 0 0 0 0
3 5 43 0 31
.. .. .. .. ..
1.0 5.1 2.7 1.6 10.3
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
2 2 3 3 6
3 3 9 4 18
0 0 0 0 0
7 8 19 13 45
.. .. .. .. ..
2.0 2.5 3.9 3.0 4.3
.. 0 .. 0 ..
0.0 0.0 .. (.) (.)
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
3 8 8 1 6
5 8 6 1 10
0 0 0 0 0
5 11 6 3 0
.. .. .. .. ..
1.9 2.4 1.5 0.5 3.3
0 (.) .. .. 0
.. .. 1.2 .. ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
1 2 3 3 1
(.) 2 4 5 3
0 0 0 0 0
3 3 (.) 9 4
.. .. .. .. 0.0
0.1 0.8 0.4 1.7 0.9
.. .. 0 .. ..
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
1 2 1 3
5 5 2 5
0 0 0 0
4 6 (.) 5
.. .. .. ..
2.9 1.6 1.1 1.4
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
21 3 35 17 62 7 11 124 392 465
87 6 76 122 162 38 15 224 523 597
(.) 0 (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) 10 13
75 6 58 113 160 7 28 120 539 605
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.8 3.2
High human development Medium human development Low human development
382 26 4
511 102 10
10 (.) (.)
529 73 8
High income Middle income Low income
461 41 10
592 152 30
13 (.) (.)
98
169
2
World
e
.. .. .. .. (.)
15 .. .. .. 2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 30 174 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 47 .. .. 21
.. .. .. 0
.. .. .. ..
.. 0.2 .. ..
.. 16 .. ..
26.5 1.8 15.6 41.4 49.0 6.3 7.8 42.8 332.0 400.1
.. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 54 284 354
0.1 (.) 0.3 0.1 0.7 (.) 0.1 1.0 62.7 78.4
.. .. .. 1.5 .. .. .. 0.9 2.6 2.6
.. .. .. 619 .. 158 .. 2,554 2,324 3,305
2.6 .. ..
328.2 22.0 2.8
273 7 ..
60.2 0.2 (.)
2.6 .. ..
2,335 588 ..
g
608 128 10
3.2 .. ..
396.9 36.8 6.4
346 10 ..
76.4 0.4 (.)
2.6 .. ..
3,281 778 ..
h
153
..
79.6
68
11.9
..
..
c
c
c
e e
e
f
g h
f
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. b. Data refer to 1991. c. Data refer to 2000. d. Data refer to 1992. e. Data refer to a year before 1996. f. Data refer to 1996. g. Data refer to 1998. h. Data refer to 1997. Source: Columns 1-4: ITU 2003a; columns 5 and 6: UN 2003a, based on data from the International Telecommunication Union; column 7: WIPO 2003; column 8: World Bank 2003c, based on data from the International Monetary Fund; aggregates calculated on the basis of World Bank aggregates for receipts of royalties and licence fees and population; columns 9 and 10: World Bank 2003c, based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
277
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. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
12 Economic performance
GDP US$ PPP US$ billions billions 2001 2001
HDI rank
GDP per capita GDP per capita annual growth rate Highest (%) value during Year of 19751990- 1975-2001 highest 2001 2001 (PPP US$) value
GDP per capita US$ PPP US$ 2001 2001
Average annual change in consumer price index (%) 1990-2001 2000-01
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
166.1 7.7 209.8 368.7 380.1
133.7 8.5 215.1 491.8 436.2
36,815 27,312 23,591 19,019 23,701
29,620 29,990 24,180 25,370 27,190
2.6 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.9
2.9 2.1 1.7 2.7 2.3
29,620 29,990 24,180 25,370 27,190
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001
2.2 2.9 1.8 2.2 2.4
3.0 6.4 2.4 4.4 4.5
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
229.6 10,065.3 694.5 4,141.4 247.1
262.5 9,792.5 843.2 3,193.0 203.2
22,323 35,277 22,343 32,601 34,171
25,520 34,320 27,130 25,130 28,100
2.0 2.0 1.5 2.6 1.0
1.9 2.1 2.1 1.0 0.3
25,520 34,592 27,130 25,309 28,100
2001 2000 2001 2000 2001
1.9 2.7 1.7 0.6 1.5
2.5 2.8 2.5 -0.7 1.0
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
161.5 103.3 1,424.1 120.9 18.5
155.4 124.4 1,420.3 126.8 23.7
30,144 26,908 24,219 23,295 42,041
29,000 32,410 24,160 24,430 53,780
1.6 4.2 2.1 2.0 4.0
2.0 6.8 2.5 2.6 4.2
29,000 32,410 24,160 24,430 53,780
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001
2.1 2.4 2.8 1.6 2.0
2.4 4.9 1.8 2.6 2.7
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
188.5 1,309.8 1,846.1 581.8 50.4
217.4 1,420.0 2,086.8 828.4 73.7
23,186 22,129 22,422 14,150 13,101
26,730 23,990 25,350 20,150 19,160
2.1 1.7 1.8 2.2 0.9
1.8 1.5 1.2 2.2 2.0
26,730 23,990 25,350 20,150 19,160
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001
2.2 1.6 2.2 3.7 1.8
2.7 1.6 2.5 3.6 2.6
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
1,088.8 108.3 109.8 117.2 9.1
1,429.7 125.9 181.9 184.7 16.1
18,788 17,024 10,954 11,063 12,004
24,670 19,790 18,150 17,440 21,190
2.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 4.8
1.4 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.2
24,670 20,376 18,150 17,440 21,190
2001 2000 2001 2001 2001
3.5 8.9 4.3 8.3 3.5
2.8 1.1 4.4 3.4 2.0
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
161.9 2.8 85.6 18.8 422.2
167.1 4.2 93.7 34.1 714.2
24,074 10,281 20,733 9,443 8,917
24,850 15,560 22,680 17,130 15,090
4.5 1.3 5.1 .. 6.2
2.1 2.1 4.4 3.0 4.7
25,037 15,560 23,804 17,130 15,090
2000 2001 2000 2001 2001
4.9 2.5 1.6 22.0 4.9
-1.6 2.6 1.0 9.4 4.1
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. 56.8 3.6 268.6 176.3
.. 150.5 5.2 424.4 365.3
.. 5,554 9,172 7,166 4,561
.. 14,720 13,160 11,320 9,450
-2.2 .. 4.5 0.4 ..
.. 14,720 13,427 12,827 9,450
.. 2001 2000 1998 2001
.. 7.3 3.0 7.4 23.1
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
0.6 7.9 51.9 20.5 18.7
.. 10.5 125.7 64.6 28.2
6,912 12,189 5,097 3,786 5,554
.. 16,060 12,340 11,960 8,400
2.5 1.1 0.9 (.) 1.4
0.1 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1
.. 16,126 12,340 11,960 9,256
.. 2000 2001 2001 1998
2.1 0.8 19.2 8.5 30.2
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
5.5 16.1 66.5 16.5 12.0
13.9 36.7 141.6 .. 29.5
4,051 4,159 4,314 28,132 3,444
10,170 9,460 9,190 .. 8,470
-0.5 1.2 4.1 .. ..
c
1.6 2.8 4.7 .. -1.6
10,501 9,529 9,190 .. 11,031
1989 2000 2001 .. 1990
18.9 15.1 8.3 2.7 27.0
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
32.8 20.3 .. 4.8 7.5
-0.7 .. -3.7 1.5 -0.7
c
29,396 9,313 .. .. 10,243
1979 1990 .. .. 1989
2.0 72.1 .. 2.0 25.0
278
d
d
38.2 40.2 .. 5.0 18.2
a
b
b
b
16,048 4,625 .. 15,797 3,200
d
d
18,700 9,170 .. 16,270 7,730
a
b
b
b
c
c
c
c c
-0.7 1.3 3.8 2.3 4.4
-1.0 2.1 -1.6 0.1 -1.0
c
c
c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
.. 4.7 2.9 -1.1 5.5 6.0 .. 9.1 7.3 4.4 5.7 11.2 3.6 1.4 1.2 1.7 4.8 .. 2.0 2.5
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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12 Economic performance
GDP US$ PPP US$ billions billions 2001 2001
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
0.3 .. 12.2 8.8 617.8
0.5 .. 76.0 11.9 838.2
0.7 13.6 88.0 10.2 3.4
0.7 55.3 208.3 16.7 12.5
b
GDP per capita GDP per capita annual growth rate Highest (%) value during Year of 19751990- 1975-2001 highest 2001 2001 (PPP US$) value
GDP per capita US$ PPP US$ 2001 2001 7,609 .. 1,226 6,752 6,214
11,300 .. 7,620 9,100 8,430
9,961 1,690 3,699 3,511 1,676
10,170 6,890 8,750 5,750 6,110
b
5.4 .. .. 0.7 0.9
c
4.4 (.) 4.1 0.8 ..
c
3.9 3.7 -0.6 2.9 1.5
Average annual change in consumer price index (%) 1990-2001 2000-01 c
11,377 .. 8,078 9,100 8,581
2000 .. 1990 2001 2000
3.4 .. 294.7 5.7 18.6
2.7 -0.6 3.9 2.1 -0.9
10,223 8,012 8,996 5,821 6,990
2000 1988 1997 2000 1991
.. 105.3 3.4 1.1 8.0
.. 3.9 -3.5 0.8 1.4
.. 9,860 10,326 7,539 7,360
.. 2001 1989 1997 2001
.. 6.7 85.9 19.5 161.6
.. 5,690 5,756 7,619 6,180
.. 2001 2000 1977 2001
.. 1.8 1.8 45.9 3.6
.. 1.2 1.9 12.5 3.8
0.7 -0.1 -1.1 3.0 -7.4
5,529 7,325 23,294 6,763 9,303
1999 1987 1980 1996 1989
2.7 92.8 0.8 4.6 200.4
0.1 34.5 -0.5 1.7 ..
-1.9 2.6 -0.5 0.6 2.5
7,948 .. 4,174 .. 5,402
1989 .. 1975 .. 2000
54.8 88.0 21.4 (.) 2.2
4,961 5,310 4,244 6,052 3,946
1999 1981 1998 1981 1982
3.3 23.8 .. 12.5 8.0
4.3 2.0 .. 7.3 6.1
.. 7,626 8,404 4,036 4,698
.. 1988 1985 1992 1986
6.3 .. 20.6 134.5 3.3
0.6 .. 4.6 1.5 1.8
3.1 4.4 2.9 4.2 4.3
6,390 4,749 7,173 7,020 3,680
2001 1999 2000 2001 2001
4.2 6.0 2.3 8.5 24.2
1.7 -0.3 -3.0 3.6 -1.3
6,495 3,517 .. 3,273 3,828
1998 1997 .. 2000 1990
77.9 38.7 .. 9.9 55.8
c
c
.. .. 61.1 .. 6.4
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
d
b
.. 11.8 1,027.9 302.8 1,268.6
6,453 3,750 2,141 1,915 2,915
4.8 0.8 0.3 124.9 0.3
24.3 1.4 0.4 139.5 1.1
0.7 38.7 186.5 114.7 37.6
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
22.4 0.8 7.8 19.8 0.4
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
.. 9,860 7,100 7,040 7,360
.. 4.7 -1.2 1.5 0.8
1,175 3,258 3,661 5,073 1,465
5,970 5,690 5,520 5,670 6,180
.. 2.8 3.5 -0.9 0.4
0.8 130.7 285.3 391.7 213.3
4,222 1,728 8,711 1,874 766
5,260 5,830 13,330 6,400 4,350
4.1 -1.3 -2.1 5.4 -7.5
96.8 .. 9.6 29.0 0.6
1,503 1,803 3,005 8,226 3,047
6,500 .. 3,720 12,040 5,330
.. (.) 0.2 2.3 3.9
1.7 54.0 16.7 7.2 71.4
4.0 120.4 18.3 29.4 301.1
2,061 2,051 3,811 1,279 912
4,850 4,570 4,170 5,210 3,840
1.0 -0.7 4.0 0.6 0.1
0.6 6.0 3.1 5.6 8.8
.. 23.5 13.5 25.1 19.5
2,082 1,097 594 688 1,755
.. 4,320 2,560 3,090 3,870
.. -6.6 -5.5 .. 0.3
20.0 0.7 0.4 21.2 4.1
61.9 3.6 0.7 59.7 11.6
2,066 912 3,965 2,494 1,300
6,390 4,690 6,740 7,020 3,680
2.0 0.5 3.8 1.8 -0.5
147.7 18.0 4.0 15.9 2.1
390.3 42.3 .. 59.6 10.1
2,230 1,396 1,286 849 556
5,890 3,280 .. 3,180 2,650
2.0 0.2 .. 3.4 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
34.1 4.5 310.0 82.4 502.5
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
76 77 78 79 80
96 97 98 99 100
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
d
b
d
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
d
c
c
c
c c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
20.5 1.6 1.7 -0.6 2.0
c
c
1.7 2.4 3.6 -0.6 1.0 2.5 -6.1 -5.5 -1.3 0.9
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
c c
c c
c
c
.. 7.4 1.4 0.3 -0.7 .. 5.4 21.5 8.7 6.9
8.4 .. 7.0 -1.1 0.8
1.9 2.6 .. 8.9 3.1 54.4 37.7 .. 14.2 3.1
279
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12 Economic performance
HDI rank
GDP US$ PPP US$ billions billions 2001 2001
GDP per capita US$ PPP US$ 2001 2001
11.3 1.5 0.6 1,159.0 13.7
61.6 13.6 2.5 5,111.2 33.7
450 308 1,317 911 2,147
2,460 2,750 5,570 4,020 5,260
1,767 1,773 346 411 1,175
6,000 6,090 2,150 2,070 3,280
2,620 695 169 936 970
11,290 2,940 1,170 2,300 2,830
GDP per capita GDP per capita annual growth rate Highest (%) value during Year of 19751990- 1975-2001 highest 2001 2001 (PPP US$) value
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
114.1 54.7 1.5 32.7 19.5
387.2 187.9 9.2 164.5 54.4
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
113.3 145.3 1.1 8.0 6.4
488.2 615.2 7.3 19.6 18.6
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
1.8 1.0 4.3 20.5 98.5
.. 4.2 7.6 51.4 229.4
3,935 433 3,437 1,754 1,511
.. 1,740 5,990 4,400 3,520
11.1 -0.3 -1.5 0.1 2.8
c
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
.. (.) 0.3 3.1 5.2
.. .. 0.8 12.8 13.3
.. 311 614 1,730 3,066
.. .. 1,910 7,120 7,820
-4.0 -0.8 2.1 -0.1 5.3
c
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
34.2 477.3 0.2 5.3 3.4
105.0 2,930.0 0.6 44.3 22.8
1,173 462 1,058 269 278
3,600 2,840 3,190 2,250 1,860
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. 3.0 1.3 0.2 1.8
.. 13.5 4.6 1.1 8.8
.. 563 1,175 386 326
.. 2,570 4,330 1,870 1,620
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
0.5 0.8 12.5 46.7 2.8 1.3
.. 5.0 62.3 214.1 3.0 7.7
644 386 395 350 886 270
.. 2,420 1,970 1,610 970 1,650
8.5 5.6 58.7 9.1 11.4
25.6 30.9 266.7 29.3 30.1
559 236 415 706 371
1,680 1,310 1,890 2,280 980
5.7 9.3 4.6 3.7 0.4
33.9 14.3 13.3 15.1 2.7
249 514 288 460 291
1,490 790 830 1,860 2,050
b
b
b
b b
b b
b
b b
b
b
b
b
b b
b b
b
b b
b
-1.9 -4.1 3.0 8.2 0.1
c
101 102 103 104 105
-0.6 -0.2 -5.6 4.9 0.9 -0.7 4.3 -9.9 -0.4 0.1
1.3 3.2 (.) 0.2 2.1 1.8 0.5 1.9 -1.0 3.3 4.0 3.0 0.8 2.3 0.3 -1.2
Average annual change in consumer price index (%) 1990-2001 2000-01
c
-1.5 -3.9 3.5 8.8 2.4
2,950 4,392 5,570 4,020 5,850
1989 1990 2001 2001 1978
.. 21.2 5.2 7.6 7.8
c
2.0 0.1 -8.2 6.0 1.9
7,808 6,836 5,764 2,070 3,487
1976 1985 1989 2001 1998
24.7 15.5 19.3 3.2 5.9
0.2 2.3 -9.9 1.4 0.3
13,510 3,267 3,731 2,613 3,002
1981 1997 1988 1978 1979
8.3 13.9 .. 8.1 18.0
18.8 (.) -0.1 1.4 2.5
.. 2,067 11,633 4,522 3,520
.. 1989 1976 1980 2001
.. 39.0 4.6 9.7 8.1
.. .. 2,766 7,378 7,820
.. .. 1996 1980 2001
35.1 .. 10.8 9.5 10.0
0.7 4.0 -1.1 1.9 2.2
3,600 2,840 3,817 2,250 1,860
2001 2001 1991 2001 2001
3.5 8.7 2.7 28.1 5.3
5.7 1.0 0.1 -1.4 3.9
.. 3,108 4,367 2,359 1,620
.. 1994 1999 1984 2001
25.0 9.7 9.3 .. 29.8
3.5 2.1 3.2 3.1 -1.6 -0.6
.. 2,452 1,970 1,610 1,382 2,387
.. 1997 2001 2001 1984 1980
9.6 8.8 66.8 5.1 8.5 7.8
-0.3 2.4 1.2 -0.2 -0.6
2,463 1,310 1,890 2,780 1,079
1986 2001 2001 1998 1990
5.9 8.1 9.1 31.8 14.5
3.6 2.4 -0.6 -2.5 0.1
1,490 790 1,195 3,194 2,105
2001 2001 1975 1980 1984
9.5 32.6 17.5 20.8 4.0
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
-0.1 -0.6 -1.4 2.2 2.5
c
c
c c
.. 6.9 3.7 0.3 3.8 11.3 4.2 9.8 -0.4 0.4 4.8 11.5 .. 1.6 9.7
c
c
c
c
.. 8.0 .. 7.6 2.3 .. .. .. 9.5 6.6 0.6 3.7 3.7 32.9 -0.6 21.1 9.3 5.9 .. 7.8
c c c
c
.. -9.6 .. 1.1 0.1 3.9
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
280
b
b b
-0.6 2.2 2.7 0.2 0.3 b
b b
2.6 .. -1.6 -2.0 -0.2
c
4.5 2.8 3.1 76.7 5.7 c
2.0 .. 6.9 14.2 ..
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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12 Economic performance
GDP US$ PPP US$ billions billions 2001 2001
HDI rank 152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
41.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 4.6
110.6 1.5 5.5 4.3 14.7
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
3.0 1.7 2.4 9.3 10.4
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
GDP per capita GDP per capita annual growth rate Highest (%) value during Year of 19751990- 1975-2001 highest 2001 2001 (PPP US$) value
GDP per capita US$ PPP US$ 2001 2001 319 894 366 164 476
850 2,370 1,990 1,030 1,500
14.8 10.9 6.3 18.0 24.4
394 196 368 271 634
1,960 1,250 980 520 1,490
1.4 -1.2 0.5 0.3 -2.0
1.7 3.6 9.5 1.6 0.2
6.0 8.0 27.5 8.5 1.2
166 354 701 202 162
570 780 2,040 1,070 970
0.2 -2.2 -2.3 0.1 0.3
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
5.2 1.0 6.2 3.6 0.7
35.8 4.9 53.3 20.6 4.8
99 257 95 200 99
680 1,300 810 1,140 690
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
2.6 2.5 2.0 0.7
9.0 13.0 9.9 2.4
239 215 175 146
810 1,120 890 470
b
b b
b b
b b
b b
b
b b
b b
b b
b b
-0.7 -4.6 (.) .. -0.1
-5.2 -1.5 0.1 1.8 -0.8
1,084 4,436 2,010 1,149 1,525
1977 1987 1976 1998 1976
30.0 .. 5.9 .. 5.0
1.6 -1.3 1.9 0.4 0.1
1,960 1,643 980 520 2,581
2001 1983 2001 2001 1978
.. 14.7 7.9 19.3 6.7
c
1.5 -1.7 -1.1 -0.5 -1.3
593 1,345 2,694 1,194 1,265
1999 1976 1988 1977 1997
33.5 80.8 633.2 7.9 30.6
c
-7.7 -0.3 2.4 4.3 -4.3
2,804 1,825 811 1,140 1,034
1975 1977 1983 2001 1991
813.4 4.9 4.7 28.8 15.9
357.3 3.8 -8.1 9.1 9.2
1.6 2.0 -0.9 -6.6
907 1,120 1,473 1,070
1979 2001 1979 1982
4.8 5.2 5.7 27.0
5.2 5.0 4.0 2.1
2.9 1.2 0.7 5.5 1.5 3.2 -0.1 -1.6 1.7 1.8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
c
c
c
c
-0.4 1.3 -2.0 -3.3
-0.3 -3.6 1.2 2.5 1.1
Average annual change in consumer price index (%) 1990-2001 2000-01
c
13.0 .. 4.7 .. 3.1 c c
c
.. 3.3 4.0 5.1 4.3 27.2 .. 152.6 12.4 3.3
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
6,110.3 194.6 706.5 2,337.3 1,905.2 727.8 300.9 864.0 25,124.2 24,053.3
T 18,579.4 T T 859.3 T T 1,424.5 T T 7,962.5 T T 3,666.7 T T 3,937.6 T T 1,159.1 T T 2,706.9 T T 26,501.8 T T 24,567.1 T
1,270 280 2,341 1,267 3,752 508 475 2,094 22,149 26,601
3,850 1,274 5,038 4,233 7,050 2,730 1,831 6,598 23,363 27,169
2.3 0.4 0.3 5.9 0.7 2.4 -0.9 -2.5 2.0 2.1
High human development Medium human development Low human development
25,935.7 T 27,530.2 T 4,443.6 T 16,505.9 T 233.1 T 878.0 T
22,005 1,102 315
23,135 4,053 1,186
2.0 1.7 0.1
1.7 2.1 0.3
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
24,583.9 T 25,180.8 T 5,155.7 T 14,720.0 T 1,082.1 T 5,587.4 T
26,395 1,928 432
26,989 5,519 2,230
2.1 1.6 1.6
1.7 2.2 1.4
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
World
30,720.9 T 44,995.3 T
5,133
7,376
1.2
1.2
..
..
..
..
c
c
a. In theory, for the United States the value of GDP in PPP US dollars should be the same as that in US dollars, but practical issues arising in the calculation of the PPP US dollar GDP prevent this. b. Estimate based on regression. c. Data refer to a period shorter than that specified. d. Data refer to 2000. Source: Columns 1, 2 and 4: World Bank 2003c; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; column 3: calculated on the basis of GDP and population data from World Bank 2003c; columns 5 and 6: World Bank 2003a; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; columns 7 and 8: calculated on the basis of data on GDP at market prices (constant 1995 US$), population and GDP per capita (PPP US$) from World Bank 2003c; columns 9 and 10: calculated on the basis of data on the consumer price index from World Bank 2003c.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
13 Inequality in income or consumption
Survey year
HDI rank
Share of income or consumption (%) Poorest 10% Poorest 20% Richest 20% Richest 10%
Richest 10% to poorest 10% a
Inequality measures Richest 20% to poorest 20% a Gini index b
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
1995 .. 1995 1994 1994
c
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
1996 1997 1997 1993 1992
c
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
1997 1987 1995 1995 1998
c
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
1995 1995 1998 1990 1997
c
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
1998 1997 1997 1998 ..
c
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
1996 .. 1998 1998 1998
c
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. 1996 .. .. 1998
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay e
.. .. 1998 1996 1998
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica f Chile Qatar Lithuania
1998 1997 1998 .. 2000
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
.. 2001 .. .. 1998
282
c c c
c c c c
c c c c
c c c c
c c c
c c c
c
d
d c c c c c
d
d
c
4.1 .. 3.4 2.0 2.8
9.7 .. 9.1 5.9 7.3
35.8 .. 34.5 41.3 40.1
21.8 .. 20.1 25.4 25.1
5.3 .. 5.9 12.5 9.0
3.7 .. 3.8 7.0 5.5
25.8 .. 25.0 35.2 32.6
2.9 1.8 2.7 4.8 2.6
8.3 5.2 7.3 10.6 6.9
37.3 46.4 39.3 35.7 40.3
22.6 30.5 23.9 21.7 25.2
7.8 16.6 9.0 4.5 9.9
4.5 9.0 5.4 3.4 5.8
25.0 40.8 31.5 24.9 33.1
2.6 2.5 2.1 4.1 3.2
8.3 6.7 6.1 10.1 8.0
35.8 42.9 43.2 35.0 39.7
21.3 27.4 27.5 20.9 24.7
8.1 11.0 13.4 5.1 7.7
4.3 6.4 7.1 3.5 4.9
24.7 35.9 36.0 25.6 30.8
2.3 2.8 2.0 2.8 2.2
7.0 7.2 5.7 7.5 6.4
37.9 40.2 44.7 40.3 43.8
22.4 25.1 28.0 25.2 27.8
9.8 9.1 14.2 9.0 12.5
5.5 5.6 7.9 5.4 6.8
30.5 32.7 38.2 32.5 36.2
1.9 2.4 2.0 2.9 ..
6.0 6.9 5.8 7.1 ..
42.6 44.3 45.9 43.6 ..
27.4 28.2 29.8 28.5 ..
14.5 11.7 15.0 10.0 ..
7.1 6.4 8.0 6.2 ..
36.0 35.5 38.5 35.4 ..
2.0 .. 1.9 3.9 2.9
5.3 .. 5.0 9.1 7.9
50.7 .. 49.0 37.7 37.5
34.9 .. 32.8 23.0 22.5
17.8 .. 17.7 5.8 7.8
9.7 .. 9.7 4.1 4.7
43.4 .. 42.5 28.4 31.6
.. 4.3 .. .. 3.2
.. 10.3 .. .. 7.8
.. 35.9 .. .. 39.7
.. 22.4 .. .. 24.7
.. 5.2 .. .. 7.8
.. 3.5 .. .. 5.1
.. 25.4 .. .. 31.6
.. .. 4.1 3.1 1.6
.. .. 10.0 8.8 4.5
.. .. 34.4 34.8 50.4
.. .. 20.5 20.9 33.8
.. .. 5.0 6.7 21.6
.. .. 3.5 4.0 11.2
.. .. 24.4 25.8 44.8
3.0 1.7 1.1 .. 3.2
7.0 4.5 3.2 .. 7.9
45.1 51.0 61.3 .. 40.0
29.8 34.6 45.4 .. 24.9
10.0 20.7 43.2 .. 7.9
6.5 11.5 19.3 .. 5.1
37.6 45.9 57.5 .. 36.3
.. 3.4 .. .. 2.9
.. 8.3 .. .. 7.6
.. 39.6 .. .. 40.3
.. 24.5 .. .. 25.9
.. 7.3 .. .. 8.9
.. 4.8 .. .. 5.3
.. 29.0 .. .. 32.4
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13 Inequality in income or consumption
Survey year
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
.. .. 2000 1992 1998
d c c
Share of income or consumption (%) Poorest 10% Poorest 20% Richest 20% Richest 10%
Richest 10% to poorest 10% a
Inequality measures Richest 20% to poorest 20% a Gini index b
.. .. 3.5 2.1 1.2
.. .. 8.4 5.5 3.4
.. .. 39.1 45.9 57.6
.. .. 24.1 29.9 41.6
.. .. 6.9 14.4 34.6
.. .. 4.6 8.3 17.0
.. .. 30.4 40.3 51.9
.. 2.4 1.7 1.2 3.3
.. 6.7 4.4 3.6 8.4
.. 38.9 54.3 52.8 36.7
.. 23.7 38.4 35.7 22.1
.. 9.9 22.1 29.8 6.8
.. 5.8 12.4 14.7 4.4
.. 31.9 49.2 48.5 28.2
.. .. 1.8 1.1 0.7
.. .. 4.9 3.0 2.2
.. .. 51.3 60.9 64.1
.. .. 36.0 46.1 48.0
.. .. 20.3 42.7 65.8
.. .. 10.5 20.3 29.7
.. .. 45.6 57.1 60.7
.. .. .. 0.8 ..
.. .. .. 3.0 ..
.. .. .. 53.2 ..
.. .. .. 36.5 ..
.. .. .. 44.0 ..
.. .. .. 17.7 ..
.. .. .. 49.5 ..
2.0 3.3 .. 2.5 3.7
5.2 8.2 .. 6.1 8.8
48.3 38.4 .. 50.0 37.8
32.5 23.6 .. 33.8 23.2
16.2 7.2 .. 13.4 6.4
9.2 4.7 .. 8.3 4.3
42.6 30.3 .. 43.2 29.0
3.4 .. 2.7 .. ..
8.2 .. 6.7 .. ..
39.6 .. 46.0 .. ..
24.2 .. 30.3 .. ..
7.1 .. 11.4 .. ..
4.8 .. 6.9 .. ..
31.2 .. 37.9 .. ..
.. 1.6 .. 0.5 2.2
.. 4.4 .. 1.9 5.4
.. 51.2 .. 60.7 52.3
.. 35.4 .. 43.8 36.3
.. 22.3 .. 91.1 16.5
.. 11.7 .. 31.8 9.7
.. 46.2 .. 57.7 46.1
.. 2.6 2.2 3.1 3.3
.. 6.1 6.0 7.4 7.6
.. 47.5 45.2 44.5 44.4
.. 31.7 29.3 29.5 29.8
.. 12.3 13.4 9.7 9.1
.. 7.7 7.6 6.0 5.9
.. 40.8 38.9 36.5 36.4
2.3 1.3 .. 2.1 ..
5.7 4.5 .. 5.1 ..
47.9 49.7 .. 53.3 ..
31.8 33.8 .. 37.9 ..
13.8 25.9 .. 17.7 ..
8.5 11.1 .. 10.5 ..
41.7 44.6 .. 47.4 ..
2.3 2.2 .. 3.5 2.6
6.1 5.4 .. 8.0 6.7
46.7 49.7 .. 42.8 45.1
30.7 33.8 .. 28.0 29.7
13.3 15.4 .. 7.9 11.5
7.7 9.2 .. 5.3 6.8
40.0 43.7 .. 34.4 37.9
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 2001 1997 1997 1998
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia f Brazil f
.. .. 2000 1996 1998
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela f Samoa (Western)
.. .. .. 1998 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
1995 2000 .. 2000 1999
c
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
2001 .. 2000 .. ..
d
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
.. 1996 .. 1998 2000
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. 1998 2000 2001 1997
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
1995 1999 .. 1998 ..
d
Turkey Ecuador f Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
2000 1995 .. 1995 1998
d
96 97 98 99 100
c c d d
d c c
c
d
d d
d
c
c d
d d d d
d
c
d
d d
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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13 Inequality in income or consumption
Survey year
HDI rank 101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
2000 2001 .. 1998 1998
d
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
1998 1995 2001 1998 ..
d
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
1995 2000 1998 1999 1998
d
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala f Egypt
.. 1998 .. 1998 1999
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
1998 .. .. 1993 1993
d
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
1998-99 1997 .. 1999 1997
d
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. 1996 1994 .. 1997
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 1995 .. 2000 .. ..
d
c c
d d d
d d d c
d
c d
c d
d
d d
d c
d
d
d
Share of income or consumption (%) Poorest 10% Poorest 20% Richest 20% Richest 10%
Richest 10% to poorest 10% a
Inequality measures Richest 20% to poorest 20% a Gini index b
3.6 3.9 .. 2.4 1.2
9.2 9.1 .. 5.9 3.3
36.3 38.3 .. 46.6 56.4
22.0 23.3 .. 30.4 39.4
6.1 6.0 .. 12.7 33.6
4.0 4.2 .. 8.0 17.3
26.8 29.0 .. 40.3 50.8
2.0 2.8 2.8 3.6 ..
5.1 7.0 7.1 8.0 ..
49.9 42.6 43.7 44.5 ..
33.7 26.8 28.4 29.9 ..
17.2 9.6 10.2 8.4 ..
9.7 6.1 6.2 5.6 ..
43.0 35.3 36.2 36.1 ..
0.7 3.6 3.2 1.3 0.5
2.0 8.4 8.0 4.0 2.0
66.5 43.3 40.0 49.1 61.0
46.9 28.5 25.2 32.0 44.4
65.1 7.8 8.0 24.6 91.8
33.6 5.2 5.0 12.3 30.3
59.3 30.3 34.7 44.7 59.0
.. 2.1 .. 1.6 3.7
.. 5.6 .. 3.8 8.6
.. 51.2 .. 60.6 43.6
.. 37.0 .. 46.0 29.5
.. 17.8 .. 29.1 8.0
.. 9.1 .. 15.8 5.1
.. 44.0 .. 55.8 34.4
0.7 .. .. 0.5 0.7
2.3 .. .. 1.4 2.2
63.6 .. .. 78.7 70.3
48.8 .. .. 64.5 56.6
70.7 .. .. 128.8 77.6
27.9 .. .. 56.1 31.5
60.3 .. .. 70.7 63.0
2.6 3.5 .. 2.1 2.9
6.5 8.1 .. 5.6 6.9
46.6 46.1 .. 46.6 47.6
30.9 33.5 .. 30.0 33.8
11.7 9.5 .. 14.1 11.6
7.2 5.7 .. 8.4 6.9
39.5 37.8 .. 39.6 40.4
.. 1.7 1.0 .. 3.2
.. 4.5 2.7 .. 7.6
.. 56.5 64.4 .. 45.0
.. 40.5 50.2 .. 30.6
.. 23.8 49.7 .. 9.7
.. 12.6 23.8 .. 6.0
.. 50.9 60.9 .. 37.0
.. 0.5 .. 3.9 .. ..
.. 1.4 .. 9.0 .. ..
.. 70.7 .. 41.3 .. ..
.. 53.6 .. 26.7 .. ..
.. 117.8 .. 6.8 .. ..
.. 50.0 .. 4.6 .. ..
.. 56.0 .. 31.8 .. ..
1.8 3.2 3.7 1.8 2.3
4.6 7.6 8.8 4.6 5.6
53.0 44.8 42.3 55.7 51.2
36.5 29.8 28.3 40.3 36.1
20.0 9.3 7.6 22.0 15.6
11.4 5.9 4.8 12.0 9.1
47.7 36.7 33.0 56.8 44.5
3.0 3.0 2.5 .. 1.5
7.1 7.4 6.4 .. 4.0
44.9 41.2 44.8 .. 55.2
29.8 25.9 28.6 .. 38.0
9.9 8.6 11.4 .. 25.4
6.4 5.6 7.0 .. 13.8
37.4 33.4 46.0 .. 47.8
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
284
1996 1995-96 1998-99 1995 1997
d
1996 1998 1999 .. 1998
d
d d d d
d d
d
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13 Inequality in income or consumption
Survey year
HDI rank 152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
1996-97 .. 1995 .. 1995
d
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
1994 1983-85 .. 1993 1995
d
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
1997 1998 .. .. 1993
d
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
.. 1993 2000 1996-97 1998 1994 1998 1995 1989
d
d
d
d d
d
d
d c d d d d d d
Share of income or consumption (%) Poorest 10% Poorest 20% Richest 20% Richest 10%
Richest 10% to poorest 10% a
Inequality measures Richest 20% to poorest 20% a Gini index b
1.6 .. 2.5 .. 2.6
4.4 .. 6.4 .. 6.4
55.7 .. 44.1 .. 48.2
40.8 .. 28.4 .. 33.5
24.9 .. 11.2 .. 12.8
12.8 .. 6.9 .. 7.5
50.6 .. 37.3 .. 41.3
2.6 4.2 .. 2.8 3.1
6.4 9.7 .. 6.8 7.1
47.2 39.1 .. 45.5 44.3
32.0 24.2 .. 30.1 28.8
12.3 5.8 .. 10.8 9.4
7.3 4.0 .. 6.7 6.2
40.3 28.9 .. 38.2 36.7
1.9 1.1 .. .. 2.1
4.9 3.3 .. .. 5.2
56.1 56.6 .. .. 53.4
42.2 41.0 .. .. 39.3
22.7 36.6 .. .. 19.0
11.6 17.3 .. .. 10.3
50.3 52.6 .. .. 47.0
.. 0.7 0.7 2.5 1.7
.. 2.0 2.4 6.5 5.1
.. 65.0 60.8 46.5 48.0
.. 47.7 43.8 31.7 32.8
.. 69.2 59.7 12.5 19.3
.. 32.7 24.8 7.2 9.5
.. 61.3 57.2 39.6 33.3
1.8 1.8 0.8 0.5
4.6 4.5 2.6 1.1
56.2 60.7 53.3 63.4
40.4 46.3 35.4 43.6
23.1 26.2 46.0 87.2
12.2 13.6 20.7 57.6
50.5 48.2 50.5 62.9
Note: Because the underlying household surveys differ in method and in the type of data collected, the distribution data are not strictly comparable across countries. a. Data show the ratio of the income or consumption share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Because of rounding, results may differ from ratios calculated using the income or consumption shares in columns 2-5. b. The Gini index measures inequality over the entire distribution of income or consumption. A value of 0 represents perfect equality, and a value of 100 perfect inequality. c. Survey based on income. d. Survey based on consumption. e. Data refer to urban areas only. f. World Bank 2002. Source: Columns 1-5 and 8: unless otherwise noted, World Bank 2003c; columns 6 and 7: unless otherwise noted, calculated on the basis of income or consumption data from World Bank 2003c.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
14 The structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP) 1990 2001
HDI rank
High-technology Exports of Primary exports Manufactured exports exports goods and services (as % of (as % of (as % of Terms of trade (as % of GDP) merchandise exports) merchandise exports) manufactured exports) (1980 = 100) a 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 2000
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
34 33 29 17 51
30 41 41 23 60
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
69 11 26 9 36
81 15 39 10 41
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
31 52 27 24 109
39 80 29 32 135
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
38 22 25 20 27
53 26 33 31 35
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
20 45 39 28 57
27 47 41 33 48
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
126 52 177 .. 30
139 52 152 63 41
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. 43 99 5 22
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
286
b
41 34 30 17 54
47 40 46 23 65
71 10 26 10 36
84 11 44 10 45
36 57 24 23 112
46 95 27 40 156
40 21 29 16 27
52 28 35 30 37
20 35 33 18 52
28 40 32 25 45
134 49 184 .. 29
144 48 174 59 43
.. 74 92 10 33
.. 45 85 10 29
67 95 29 36 18
113 59 63 82 20
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
.. 41 31 .. 61
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
58 .. 40 .. 49
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
67 91 16 73 37 19 22 36 3 6 35 26 19 17 ..
75 86 10 65 29 c
d
17 14 31 3 8 29 8 17 14 ..
12 23 10 24 75
13 16 9 21 67
11 13 19 46 45
10 6 14 47 47
4 55 27 .. 6
.. 71 88 11 29
62 116 31 27 24
94 45 33 .. 56 37 53 .. .. 54
b
b
b e
b
33 8 83 24 59 c
d
77 74 59 96 94 60 70 79 83 ..
21 13 84 28 70 c
d
79 82 62 93 92 65 88 80 86 ..
c
d
8 3 13 5 16
12 3 18 10 32
86 .. 94 121 96
.. 32 12 24 15
10 32 15 26 21
.. 91 108 53 ..
15 41 23 7 ..
21 48 31 23 17
90 102 100 91 ..
8 16 12 7 3
14 23 18 8 8
.. .. 96 84 91
8 11 4 2 6
10 25 6 8 3
88 77 89 75 23
82 82 86 78 29
88 87 80 54 55
88 94 85 52 53
4 47 11 10 9
95 43 72 .. 94
95 51 85 90 91
0 0 39 .. 18
20 21 60 5 29
100 82 76 .. 86
100 .. 4 71 36
.. 10 4 66 19
(.) .. 96 29 59
.. 89 96 33 79
0 .. 44 0 0
.. 10 62 9 3
115 .. .. 82 36
85 81 60 74 19
.. 91 35 .. 61
.. 87 12 16 58
(.) 9 63 .. 39
.. 13 85 84 42
0 0 0 .. 0
.. 0 23 4 2
.. 35 35 .. 52
91 43 35 .. 50
.. 66 87 84 ..
25 38 80 93 41
.. 27 11 16 ..
75 62 18 7 58
.. 0 1 0 ..
19 36 1 0 5
45 .. 65 .. 48
55 47 .. .. 46
94 .. 54 .. ..
80 27 .. 71 40
6 .. 46 .. ..
20 73 .. 29 59
4 .. 0 .. ..
1 10 .. .. 3
b
b
b e
b
b b
e
b b
e
b b
b b
b
82 .. .. 133 78
.. .. 117 .. 101 .. 123 41 83 ..
e
117 .. 59 .. ..
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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14 The structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP) 1990 2001
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
83 .. 44 29 20
73 18 71 43 30
b
High-technology Exports of Primary exports Manufactured exports exports goods and services (as % of (as % of (as % of Terms of trade (as % of GDP) merchandise exports) merchandise exports) manufactured exports) (1980 = 100) a 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 2000 52 .. 46 45 19
44 16 68 55 28
89 33 75 38 26
69 56 116 33 40
40 64 18 21 8
36 64 37 19 13
.. 64 55 39 ..
27 55 51 23 33
b
.. .. .. 73 56
27 .. 30 54 15
.. .. .. 27 43
73 .. 69 46 85
.. .. 46 78 ..
.. 37 19 87 30
.. .. 54 21 ..
74 57 80 13 70
95 34 .. 74 47
.. 25 66 61 44
5 66 .. 25 52
.. 74 22 39 54
.. .. .. 90 ..
.. .. .. 89 ..
.. 15 32 10 4
.. 11 57 11 ..
28 73 7 63 ..
21 81 9 74 ..
.. 74 69 5 ..
20 78 73 12 13
b
36 18 .. 10 38
52 22 69 16 91
b
.. .. .. .. 51
42 7 .. 4 66
69 .. 20 .. ..
77 .. 51 .. 84
68 2 .. 54 ..
82 12 .. 77 43
b
.. .. .. 0 7
1 .. 8 1 22
.. .. 36 0 ..
.. 2 57 1 1
0 1 .. 0 6
.. 1 8 7 18
.. 0 0 2 0
.. 0 6 2 ..
0 3 0 21 ..
5 6 (.) 31 ..
.. 0 0 11 ..
4 (.) (.) 3 0
b
12 0 .. (.) 0
(.) 2 3 4 70
b
.. .. .. .. 2
0 5 .. 8 7
2 .. 0 .. ..
3 .. 0 .. 1
b
1 (.) .. 1 ..
5 4 .. 3 4
b
b
.. 75 .. 84 33
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
87 37 72 34 36
79 63 98 35 56
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
31 71 18 15 7
15 63 24 19 14
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 62 81 20 ..
54 74 64 18 82
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
84 26 36 42 29
61 42 24 60 54
73 17 46 34 28
48 34 42 66 56
.. 26 93 36 ..
79 18 91 22 ..
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
.. 27 52 31 77
49 85 56 .. 62
.. 28 48 53 66
46 68 41 .. 46
.. 26 31 94 ..
80 22 27 87 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
b
b
b
64 16 18 33 28
69 16 12 23 49
76 47 38 38 69
24 .. 40 44 62
51 80 63 44 23
52 111 70 32 42
18 27 .. 38 46
31 34 71 44 46
66 14 100 39 33
63 17 42 38 47
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
64 .. 46 39 93
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
b
b
b
63 82 .. .. 31
.. 78 31 84 9
93 47 22 42 44
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 92 .. 95 34
44 63 42 34 15
48 95 59 24 19
31 .. .. .. ..
23 .. .. .. 16
13 33 .. 29 35
34 31 14 37 26
32 98 .. 42 ..
17 88 .. 23 52
b
b b b
b
b
b
e b
b
b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
e
b
b b b b
b
e
e b
.. .. 48 86 .. 82 97 .. 88 135 .. .. .. 65 .. .. .. 67 67 .. .. 64 73 120 .. 81 40 81 148 109 .. .. .. .. 109 82 69 .. 57 .. .. 47 .. 114 ..
287
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14 The structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP) 1990 2001
HDI rank
High-technology Exports of Primary exports Manufactured exports exports goods and services (as % of (as % of (as % of Terms of trade (as % of GDP) merchandise exports) merchandise exports) manufactured exports) (1980 = 100) a 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 2000
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
48 50 44 14 31
28 37 57 23 43
29 29 13 18 19
28 37 26 26 29
.. .. .. 27 62
.. 40 .. 11 44
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
24 25 51 45 28
21 21 74 57 31
22 23 49 36 28
28 37 50 55 38
.. 97 .. .. 64
90 98 66 .. 90 f
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
19 24 35 24 40
25 33 76 24 55
24 25 28 23 36
28 41 64 18 38
30 65 .. 95 91
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
70 53 31 25 33
.. 80 41 28 23
32 24 46 21 20
.. 64 60 19 18
.. .. .. 76 57
.. 74 98 62 60
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
46 72 73 57 50
.. 86 .. 66 35
25 14 47 44 55
.. 38 .. 54 51
92 .. .. .. ..
87 .. .. .. ..
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
32 10 77 26 13
36 15 .. 70 61
26 7 46 17 6
30 14 .. 52 53
48 28 .. .. ..
36 21 86 84 ..
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
5 49 74 35 25
.. 43 81 29 ..
3 41 75 14 11
(.) 47 69 16 ..
e
.. 89 .. .. ..
.. 98 .. .. ..
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
32 121 .. 14 46 45
60 86 16 22 50 50
28 17 .. 6 54 33
30 34 13 15 84 33
b
e
b
e
.. .. .. .. .. 89
g
g
g
b
b
28 44 .. 78 72
111 112 113 114 115
g
e
60 .. .. .. .. 50
.. .. .. 72 38
.. 20 96 89 55
.. 3 .. .. 36
10 2 34 .. 8
22 35 .. 5 9 b b
b b b
b
e
f
.. 26 2 38 33
8 .. .. .. ..
13 .. .. .. ..
g
52 71 13 .. ..
64 77 8 16 ..
.. 10 .. .. ..
.. 2 .. 8 ..
.. .. .. 77 .. 9
g
g
b
b
59 56 .. 22 27
.. .. .. 24 42
g
e
40 .. .. .. .. 50
b b
b b b
b
b
e
.. .. .. 0 0
.. 5 .. 20 7
.. 0 .. .. 0
2 4 3 .. 1
0 1 .. 0 0
5 13 .. 10 1
.. .. .. 0 0
.. .. .. 8 1
.. .. 33 75 47
0 .. .. .. ..
3 .. .. .. ..
61 .. .. .. ..
0 4 20 .. ..
11 6 1 1 ..
.. 0 .. .. ..
.. 19 .. 1 ..
.. .. .. 1 .. 0
0 .. .. .. .. 1
1 0 (.) 0 4
(.) 0 (.) 0 4
.. .. 8 14 ..
22 .. 3 .. 3
e
b b
b
b
b e b
b
b
e
.. .. 100 104 107 54 59 .. .. 77 .. 53 .. 53 89
111 140 .. 49 .. 26 .. 106 59 .. .. 59 107 89 121 87
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
17 21 23 23 31
29 32 19 21 35
20 11 16 23 26
32 22 18 22 26
91 .. 21 68 71
95 23 15 72 79
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
19 20 28 20 72
26 37 32 33 71
7 14 17 18 60
12 38 29 13 54
.. .. 85 15 ..
93 .. 48 .. 82
288
e
b b
e
b
9 83 79 31 29
5 67 85 28 21
.. .. 14 85 ..
7 .. 50 .. 17
b
b b
e
b
b
b b b
e
b
119 .. 82 108 97 25 .. 99 44 55
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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14 The structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP) 1990 2001
HDI rank
High-technology Exports of Primary exports Manufactured exports exports goods and services (as % of (as % of (as % of Terms of trade (as % of GDP) merchandise exports) merchandise exports) manufactured exports) (1980 = 100) a 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001 2000
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
29 .. 61 .. 30
49 63 51 76 38
.. 44 .. .. 77
100 .. .. .. 71
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
31 14 26 37 27
29 26 28 24 32
.. .. .. .. ..
72 .. 94 84 85
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
33 37 21 28 37
38 37 62 53 74
24 36 39 13 10
26 27 74 14 41
95 .. 100 .. ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
29 28 12 36 28
17 15 31 44 18
30 15 8 8 8
18 12 15 22 6
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
34 26 22 24
42 26 25 37
17 13 15 22
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
25 23 39 39 12 15 26 25 18 18
32 30 29 49 19 18 33 40 23 23
High human development Medium human development Low human development
19 19 26
25 27 30
b
b
h
High income Middle income Low income
20 19 21
24 28 28
World
20
28
b
h
b b
43 .. 46 .. 25
48 45 38 21 30
31 6 14 13 32
28 9 15 16 39
b
.. 8 .. .. 23
(.) .. .. .. 29
.. .. .. .. ..
28 .. 6 15 14
.. 87 .. .. ..
5 .. (.) .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 91 ..
31 10 17 17
.. .. .. ..
26 14 40 40 14 11 27 25 18 18
34 21 37 54 18 17 32 43 23 23
20 20 22
24 29 26
b
20 21 18
24 30 28
b
20
29
h
b
h
b b
b
b
.. 0 .. .. 0
1 .. .. .. 5
.. .. .. .. ..
(.) .. .. 6 3
.. 13 .. .. ..
(.) .. 0 .. ..
.. 1 .. .. ..
61 49 182 68 74
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 10 8 (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. (.) (.) 0
77 38 .. 57 43
.. .. 95 ..
2 .. .. ..
.. .. 3 ..
0 .. .. ..
.. .. 8 ..
84 153 38 99
.. .. .. .. 65 .. .. .. 20 19
.. .. .. .. 40 .. .. .. 16 16
60 .. 20 75 34 71 .. .. 78 79
73 .. 19 86 49 55 33 55 81 81
8 .. 1 14 4 .. .. .. 18 18
27 .. 2 32 15 4 4 8 22 23
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
20 .. ..
17 .. ..
78 48 ..
81 58 29
17 5 ..
23 19 1
19 .. ..
16 .. ..
79 47 ..
82 61 52
18 5 ..
24 22 7
..
..
73
78
16
23
e b
e b
b
b
e
b b
b
b
e b
b
b
b
e b b
b b
e
55 .. 146 .. 91 .. 175 101 44 84
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
a. The ratio of the export price index to the import price index measured relative to the base year 1980. A value of more than 100 means that the price of exports has risen relative to the price of imports. b. Data refer to 2000. c. Includes Luxembourg. d. Included in the data for Belgium. e. Data refer to 1999. f. Data refer to the South African Customs Union, which comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. g. Included in the data for South Africa. h. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. Source: Columns 1-4 and 7-10: World Bank 2003c; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; columns 5 and 6: calculated on the basis of data on merchandise trade and exports of food, agricultural raw materials, fuels and ores and metals from World Bank 2003c; column 11: calculated on the basis of data on terms of trade from World Bank 2003c.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
289
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Side 290
. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
15 Flows of aid from DAC member countries Net official development assistance (ODA) disbursed Total (US$ millions) a As % of GNI 2001 1990 d 2001
HDI rank 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 DAC
Norway Sweden Australia Netherlands Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand Italy Portugal Greece
ODA per capita of donor country (2000 US$) 1990 2001
ODA to least developed countries (as % of total) b 1990 2001
Net grants by NGOs (as % of GNI) c 1990 2001
1,346 1,666 873 3,172 867 11,429 1,533 9,847 908 1,634 287 4,579 389 141 533 4,198 4,990 1,737 112 1,627 268 202
1.17 0.91 0.34 0.92 0.46 0.21 0.44 0.31 0.32 0.94 0.16 0.27 0.65 0.21 0.25 0.60 0.42 0.20 0.23 0.31 0.24 ..
0.83 0.81 0.25 0.82 0.37 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.34 1.03 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.82 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.30 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.17
285 189 49 160 83 57 83 100 108 218 16 53 121 65 47 113 93 21 25 50 16 ..
299 207 49 195 85 39 51 89 123 306 74 80 75 325 66 72 62 43 30 28 26 19
44 39 18 33 41 19 30 19 43 39 37 32 38 39 27 32 28 20 19 41 70 ..
33 27 20 31 34 15 15 18 28 33 50 36 29 32 20 26 24 11 26 30 45 11
0.13 0.06 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.05 (.) 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.00 (.) ..
0.13 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.03 (.) (.) 0.00
52,336 T
0.33
0.22
75
63
28
23
0.03
0.03
Note: DAC is the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). a. Some non-DAC countries and areas also provide ODA. According to the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (2003a), net ODA disbursed in 2001 by the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Israel, the Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates totalled $1,176 million. China also provides aid but does not disclose the amount. b. Includes imputed multilateral flows that make allowance for contributions through multilateral organizations. These are calculated using the geographic distribution of disbursements for the year specified. c. Does not include disbursements from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that originate from official sources and are already included in ODA. d. Data for individual countries (but not the DAC average) include forgiveness of non-ODA claims. Source: Columns 1-9: OECD, Development Assistance Committee 2003a.
290
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . . Official development assistance (ODA) received (net disbursements) a Total (US$ millions) 2001
HDI rank
13:55
Per capita (US$) 2001
As % of GDP 1990 2001
Net foreign direct investment inflows Other private flows (as % of GDP) b (as % of GDP) b, c 1990 2001 1990 2001
Total debt service As % of exports of As % of GDP goods and services 1990 2001 1990 2001
High human development 22 23 24 25
Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
172.4 .. .. 49.7
d
d
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
3.6 -1.2 1.0 125.6 -111.1
d
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
0.4 313.9 1.7 151.4 965.9
d
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
13.5 17.9 417.8 164.3 15.5
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
68.5 2.2 57.6 1.0 130.3
d
d
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
3.6 112.5 3.0 8.5 106.2
51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
10.6 50.7 39.2 -1.7 74.8
d
d
d
d
d d
d d
d d d
d
27.9 .. .. 63.0
d
0.5 -4.3 0.2 63.2 -2.4
d
1.0 30.6 4.4 4.0 25.0
d
169.7 25.8 41.9 30.5 4.6
d
d
d
d
d
d d
50.6 0.5 3.7 1.7 37.4
d
1.5 25.3 1.0 27.5 45.2
d
253.0 4.5 3.9 -1.3 0.7
d d
d d d
d
2.6 .. .. 0.7
0.2 .. .. 0.5
d
0.1 0.2 (.) .. (.)
(.) (.) (.) 0.7 (.)
d
0.1 (.) 0.2 0.1 2.2 9.8 3.2 0.2 (.) 0.6
d
d
d d
.. 0.6 (.) 0.1 0.5 2.4 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.1
d
d
d
d
d
d d
.. 4.0 0.3 (.) ..
1.2 (.) 0.1 .. 1.1
d
(.) .. (.) 0.1 ..
(.) 0.6 .. .. 1.4
d
5.1 .. .. 0.4 0.1
3.1 .. 0.3 (.) (.)
d
d
d
0.3 3.7 1.2 2.3
3.0 5.4 1.4 1.8
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 0.7 15.2 .. 0.3
14.1 0.6 10.1 2.7 0.8
.. -0.8 .. .. 0.1
.. 5.6 .. .. 1.4
.. 8.2 .. .. 3.3
.. 2.5 .. .. 6.2
.. 14.6 .. .. 6.3
.. 4.3 .. .. 7.1
.. 0.2 2.0 1.3 0.2
.. 8.7 8.1 1.2 3.2
.. 1.9 0.0 -1.4 (.)
.. 0.5 2.4 -2.6 2.2
.. 3.0 2.0 4.4 1.6
.. 8.4 3.8 9.0 8.7
.. .. 0.4 34.7 4.4
.. 4.4 2.6 48.6 11.5
5.5 .. 0.9 0.0 0.0
10.4 .. 4.7 7.2 1.7
-1.7 .. -0.9 1.8 -2.1
-0.6 .. 2.9 -5.7 2.6
5.9 .. 12.8 2.1 10.6
2.4 .. 26.4 12.8 8.0
7.8 .. 33.4 .. 35.2
2.1 .. 8.5 6.2 30.3
.. 2.8 2.2 .. ..
9.8 2.8 6.7 .. 3.7
.. -2.5 5.1 .. ..
1.5 1.1 1.9 .. 0.6
.. 8.8 9.1 .. ..
6.9 4.3 10.0 .. 16.1
(.) 22.0 18.1 .. ..
.. .. .. -0.6 ..
-0.1 7.5 .. 5.2 2.3
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 3.6 .. .. 9.3
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 14.6 .. .. 6.8
.. .. .. .. (.)
30.7 .. .. 2.2 1.0
24.2 .. 0.8 9.4 4.0
-0.3 .. .. -3.5 2.7
7.9 .. -0.1 -0.1 0.5
1.9 .. .. 8.9 4.3
6.0 .. 1.9 2.6 7.9
3.4 .. .. 15.6 18.3
13.5 .. 2.7 3.8 14.1
.. (.) 5.3 2.6 ..
.. 5.1 0.6 5.0 12.9
.. -0.2 -3.2 -0.1 ..
.. 2.6 0.3 12.7 0.7
.. 6.6 9.8 6.5 ..
.. 10.1 7.1 11.6 5.7
.. 18.6 10.6 4.1 ..
.. 15.5 3.6 11.2 10.3
.. 1.7 0.0 1.2 0.2
.. -1.1 0.8 2.8 4.5
.. 1.9 1.0 -0.4 -0.1
.. -0.6 -0.3 1.5 0.1
.. 6.5 2.0 9.7 1.8
.. 4.5 5.6 7.6 10.8
.. 7.3 .. 34.5 18.5
.. 4.7 12.0 28.1 28.6
.. 4.3 7.8 0.9 0.0
4.7 4.2 4.5 2.8 0.5
.. 1.4 -0.1 -1.2 0.0
0.1 11.3 4.5 -0.6 0.0
.. 5.0 3.5 10.3 2.7
6.3 12.1 6.0 6.0 2.9
.. 7.0 6.0 19.6 10.6
18.3 24.5 11.9 20.9 7.1
e
f
f
e
0.9 8.2 5.2 .. 5.9 .. 13.7 .. .. 2.9
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
8.6 346.0 26.7 28.1 247.7
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
10.0 21.7 1,109.8 379.8 348.9
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
639.2 21.4 19.9 44.7 43.1
d
d
d
118.9 43.1 1.1 9.3 121.7 1.9 18.1 7.7 8.9 2.0 157.2 87.1 254.5 1.8 246.6
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
d
d
d
1.2 0.1 1.1 1.9 .. 0.1 3.7 (.) 0.2 (.) .. 7.6 11.9 0.2 23.7
d
d
1.3 2.6 (.) 0.3 7.2 .. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 13.4 2.7 7.6 (.) 16.9
d
d
g
e
291
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16 Flows of aid, private capital and
Side 292
Official development assistance (ODA) received (net disbursements) a Total (US$ millions) 2001
HDI rank
13:55
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
7.7 3.0 .. 3.3 2.1
-0.2 (.) .. 2.3 ..
1.1 3.8 .. -6.0 -1.0
1.6 (.) .. 6.2 ..
3.7 6.7 .. 17.5 6.0
2.1 0.0 .. 11.4 ..
6.9 13.7 .. 7.9 6.5
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan 148.2 Suriname 23.2 Jamaica 54.0 Oman 1.6 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 8.6
9.5 54.1 20.7 0.6 73.0
.. 19.4 5.9 0.6 7.8
0.7 3.1 0.7 .. 2.4
.. .. 3.0 1.4 3.9
12.3 .. 7.9 0.4 10.1
.. .. -1.0 -3.8 0.0
9.8 .. 9.9 0.1 -0.1
.. .. 14.4 7.0 2.2
14.9 .. 8.3 4.4 3.9
.. .. 27.0 12.0 3.1
4.7 .. 16.8 6.8 6.9
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
26.0 451.2 240.8 61.4 576.9
31.6 17.1 68.1 11.0 7.5
3.7 1.5 9.1 1.1 2.9
1.5 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.8
6.7 0.2 0.2 1.5 1.2
-0.2 2.0 1.5 1.1 2.5
-1.1 0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.6
-0.4 0.6 15.0 -1.3 0.4
7.7 1.8 3.5 6.2 8.1
1.5 4.1 8.7 5.0 10.9
9.0 7.3 3.2 11.5 25.6
1.5 20.8 40.5 8.3 13.3
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
25.0 71.8 289.7 226.2 431.5
83.2 15.2 55.5 27.5 83.3
9.8 .. .. .. 22.1
4.3 1.2 9.2 4.1 4.9
2.6 .. .. .. 0.9
2.0 2.5 5.1 4.1 1.1
0.5 .. .. .. 5.3
0.1 -4.7 0.4 -0.2 -2.4
4.1 .. .. .. 15.6
3.7 .. 2.5 2.4 7.6
4.0 0.0 .. .. 22.1
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
377.7 101.8 11.5 105.4 268.9
39.2 133.6 142.6 12.4 86.1
3.2 42.6 6.3 1.4 0.5
1.9 14.6 2.9 0.5 6.5
0.6 2.0 5.8 1.9 0.0
2.3 8.0 8.6 5.6 5.0
-1.6 -4.1 0.1 (.) 1.5
3.3 -0.1 -1.0 2.5 -0.1
11.6 74.5 1.5 3.3 0.1
6.8 6.3 4.1 2.9 0.9
25.6 20.6 3.1 10.7 0.9
96 97 98 99 100
Turkey 166.9 Ecuador 171.0 Occupied Palestinian Territories 865.1 Sri Lanka 330.2 Armenia 212.2
2.4 13.6 261.3 17.6 68.7
0.8 1.5 .. 9.1 ..
0.1 1.0 21.8 2.1 10.0
0.5 1.2 .. 0.5 ..
2.2 7.4 .. 1.1 3.3
0.8 0.5 .. 0.1 ..
-1.6 0.6 .. 0.4 0.2
4.9 10.1 .. 4.8 ..
15.2 8.6 .. 4.5 2.6
29.9 31.0 .. 14.8 ..
24.6 22.0 .. 9.2 8.1
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
153.2 188.1 76.5 1,459.9 234.5
6.1 37.7 171.9 1.1 37.1
.. .. 31.8 0.6 7.2
1.4 12.3 13.0 0.1 1.7
.. .. 0.1 1.0 (.)
0.6 0.3 0.1 3.8 1.9
.. .. (.) 1.3 0.1
-0.2 -5.1 1.2 -0.1 3.0
.. .. 1.7 2.0 4.3
7.4 11.6 2.4 2.1 2.8
.. .. 8.9 10.6 18.2
20.6 12.0 7.0 4.2 7.4
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
114.8 182.0 119.2 1,434.5 152.9
1.7 5.9 27.9 18.1 9.0
0.1 0.4 .. 2.9 5.6
0.1 0.3 8.1 4.4 0.8
-0.3 (.) .. 0.2 0.6
(.) 2.2 6.3 4.0 1.1
(.) -0.7 .. 0.0 -0.1
0.9 -1.7 -1.6 -1.8 (.)
0.5 14.2 .. 2.7 9.7
1.1 8.0 12.8 3.7 1.4
1.3 63.7 .. .. 20.3
4.1 19.5 15.3 6.5 2.1
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
428.5 1,500.9 159.2 728.5 677.7
9.6 7.0 25.9 85.9 102.4
.. 1.5 .. 11.2 14.7
0.4 1.0 15.1 9.1 10.6
.. 1.0 .. 0.6 1.4
6.3 -2.3 2.1 8.3 3.1
.. 2.0 .. -0.5 1.0
-0.5 -2.8 1.6 -0.3 -1.1
.. 8.7 .. 7.9 12.8
3.8 10.7 7.6 6.8 5.3
0.0 25.6 0.0 33.5 33.0
6.8 13.8 6.3 16.1 5.7
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
13.3 212.1 8.6 225.2 1,255.2
28.3 83.9 6.7 19.2 18.2
46.0 .. 2.2 2.6 12.6
0.7 20.2 0.2 1.1 1.3
8.4 .. 1.2 0.6 1.7
4.8 6.0 4.6 2.2 0.5
0.0 .. 0.5 -0.1 -0.2
0.0 -0.1 -0.7 -0.3 1.6
3.9 .. 3.0 2.8 7.1
0.2 4.3 10.5 2.2 2.0
11.5 0.3 4.8 11.6 25.7
d
d
d
3.1 0.6 (.) 0.9 0.3
d
d
2.5 1.7 (.) 0.2 1.4
Total debt service As % of exports of As % of GDP goods and services 1990 2001 1990 2001
11.3 0.0 .. 2.9 ..
d
110.5 28.9 1.2 4.6 10.5
Net foreign direct investment inflows Other private flows (as % of GDP) b (as % of GDP) b, c 1990 2001 1990 2001
As % of GDP 1990 2001
71 72 73 74 75
292
16.2 647.7 27.1 281.1 519.2
Per capita (US$) 2001
d
d
e
e
e
h
f
f i i
4.3 .. 8.1 4.7 14.7 13.4 8.0 5.4 6.6 3.1
e
i i
0.1 7.9 13.6 8.5 8.8
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
Side 293
Official development assistance (ODA) received (net disbursements) a Total (US$ millions) 2001
HDI rank
13:55
Per capita (US$) 2001
As % of GDP 1990 2001
Net foreign direct investment inflows Other private flows (as % of GDP) b (as % of GDP) b, c 1990 2001 1990 2001
Total debt service As % of exports of As % of GDP goods and services 1990 2001 1990 2001 i
178.4 248.2 130.7 56.5 16.6
32.9 95.0 21.7 4.4 3.9
.. 80.8 22.2 3.5 0.6
0.0 0.0 4.9 .. 2.5
.. 11.7 -1.9 .. 1.1
2.0 -0.2 -1.5 .. -0.5
.. 0.0 -1.3 .. (.)
1.6 4.9 5.5 .. 2.8
.. 8.5 .. .. 1.0
2.3 28.7 11.3 .. 4.4
516.5 1,705.4 31.6 651.8 408.7
17.5 1.7 156.5 32.5 30.3
4.1 0.4 32.6 9.6 3.7
1.5 0.4 14.8 12.3 12.0
0.6 0.1 8.6 0.3 0.0
7.8 0.7 8.5 1.7 3.3
0.7 0.5 -0.1 -0.3 0.0
-0.1 (.) 0.0 2.9 0.0
6.9 2.6 1.6 6.3 2.7
7.7 1.9 0.8 6.0 0.6
27.9 29.2 1.6 34.9 3.8
126.8 203.1 29.3 27.7 243.3
2.6 37.2 27.6 38.1 45.0
.. 12.8 6.1 17.3 17.3
.. 6.9 2.3 12.5 13.8
.. 4.8 3.4 0.2 0.7
.. 2.1 1.7 0.7 1.4
.. 1.5 -0.2 0.0 0.0
.. -2.1 1.1 0.0 0.0
.. 17.2 5.3 0.4 1.1
.. 9.1 2.2 1.0 2.5
8.8 18.4 5.6 2.4 8.5
2.8 7.1 2.5 5.6 9.0
59.2 54.0 171.8 1,023.9 74.8 46.6
27.9 30.1 5.3 7.3 21.1 9.9
16.5 22.8 6.2 7.0 7.8 16.0
11.1 6.8 1.4 2.2 2.7 3.7
0.6 2.7 0.0 (.) 0.2 1.1
0.0 14.7 4.6 0.2 2.1 5.3
-0.9 (.) 0.0 0.2 -3.6 (.)
0.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
1.8 3.7 0.4 2.5 19.0 5.3
1.2 8.6 0.4 1.4 3.4 2.6
5.3 4.2 4.8 37.5 32.2 11.5
3.3 12.4 3.2 9.0 3.3 5.9
397.7 388.1 1,938.2 159.0 452.6
25.8 16.1 13.2 12.5 14.6
4.0 11.7 2.8 3.9 13.9
4.7 7.0 3.3 1.8 4.0
-1.0 0.2 0.6 -0.1 0.7
0.9 0.3 0.7 0.1 (.)
-0.1 -0.4 -0.2 1.1 0.8
-1.1 (.) -1.2 -0.4 -0.4
4.7 1.9 4.8 5.4 9.3
4.0 1.6 5.0 1.5 4.1
14.7 14.7 25.1 19.4 28.6
i
9.9 6.2 21.3 3.4 11.4
i
i
9.7 6.3 3.4 4.5 13.8
i
i f
22.2 21.3 2.7 .. 1.7
i
928.3 37.9 58.8 109.1 29.1
21.9 12.6 1.1 8.9 1.1
e
i
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
782.6 425.9 353.9 165.8 50.9
32.3 22.8 21.5 20.4 37.7
15.5 8.4 12.9 5.9 31.3
13.8 4.6 7.7 4.4 13.0
0.0 -2.7 0.7 0.0 0.0
2.5 -2.2 0.2 0.1 9.1
0.4 3.3 -0.5 0.0 -2.4
(.) -0.1 (.) 0.0 0.0
3.4 3.5 7.2 1.2 11.9
0.9 3.1 1.5 0.7 2.7
56.9 7.1 44.4 7.1 21.8
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
184.8 55.1 261.8 280.1 418.9
1.6 80.9 96.1 72.8 43.5
0.9 46.4 23.3 .. 14.4
0.4 9.6 26.0 40.7 9.0
2.1 (.) 0.7 .. 1.0
2.7 0.6 3.0 5.0 2.7
-0.4 -0.1 -0.1 .. -0.3
-0.4 0.0 -0.3 0.0 0.9
11.7 3.6 14.3 .. 5.7
6.2 1.8 8.9 1.0 4.6
22.3 4.4 28.8 0.0 18.3
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
272.3 290.5 273.2 1,233.4 187.0
33.0 36.0 42.8 34.7 11.6
10.4 11.3 14.5 27.5 6.4
9.1 17.1 11.5 13.2 1.8
0.6 0.3 3.4 0.0 0.4
0.1 0.3 5.5 2.4 2.4
-0.7 -0.1 (.) 0.1 0.1
(.) 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -1.0
6.0 0.8 2.1 4.2 11.7
401.5 373.5 268.4 179.0 58.6
34.5 35.3 21.0 22.1 41.7
26.8 14.6 2.6 18.0 52.7
23.0 10.3 2.8 11.2 29.4
1.2 6.2 -3.3 0.5 0.8
3.3 2.0 11.8 5.0 15.1
0.1 -0.3 5.6 (.) (.)
0.0 1.5 -2.3 (.) 0.0
7.1 6.2 3.2 0.7 3.4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
k
3.5 1.1 2.1 1.6 5.9 2.2 3.6 19.7 1.5 11.7
k
i h i
f i, j f i
19.6 10.6 9.2 31.3 19.1
i
28.0 14.6 7.1 3.8 22.1
i
i i i, k
i
i i
11.5 5.4 16.5 4.5 9.3
i
i
e i, j
i
9.2 7.6 10.0 7.3 8.1
i
15.5 13.4 26.0 10.0 0.7
i
i i i, k
i
i i
293
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16 Flows of aid, private capital and
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
Side 294
Official development assistance (ODA) received (net disbursements) a Total (US$ millions) 2001
HDI rank
13:55
Per capita (US$) 2001
As % of GDP 1990 2001
Net foreign direct investment inflows Other private flows (as % of GDP) b (as % of GDP) b, c 1990 2001 1990 2001
Total debt service As % of exports of As % of GDP goods and services 1990 2001 1990 2001
250.9 76.0 1,079.8 934.8 130.8
5.0 20.2 16.1 51.3 20.4
9.6 16.8 14.8 40.7 23.3
4.8 7.9 17.3 25.9 19.0
-0.2 (.) 0.2 0.4 0.1
0.6 0.8 0.3 13.3 0.0
-0.1 (.) -0.8 1.0 -0.5
0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.8 (.)
3.7 2.0 3.4 3.2 3.7
0.3 1.4 2.9 2.4 3.3
12.7 12.5 33.7 17.3 41.7
349.9 389.0 248.6 333.7
28.6 31.7 22.3 73.0
19.9 12.0 16.0 9.4
13.2 15.6 12.7 44.5
0.2 0.0 1.6 5.0
3.9 1.0 0.7 0.5
(.) (.) 0.4 0.6
0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.0
2.8 1.2 4.0 3.3
3.0 1.5 1.3 12.8
14.7 7.8 6.6 10.1
9.7 19.8 17.9 3.9 11.4 4.2 20.6 11.3 .. ..
1.6 11.9 3.6 .. 0.4 1.1 .. .. .. ..
0.6 7.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.8 .. .. .. ..
0.9 0.1 0.8 1.7 0.7 (.) .. 0.1 1.0 1.0
3.0 2.2 1.2 3.6 3.7 0.6 4.1 3.2 2.3 2.2
0.5 0.5 .. 0.9 0.5 0.3 .. .. .. ..
(.) (.) .. -0.3 0.1 0.1 .. .. .. ..
4.3 3.1 .. .. 4.0 2.3 .. .. .. ..
6.1 2.9 .. .. 8.4 2.1 .. .. .. ..
15.3 16.1 13.8 12.0 20.4 17.9 11.3 13.7 .. ..
11.0 9.5 8.6 6.4 19.7 11.0 9.0 9.5 .. ..
Developing countries 43,811.3 Least developed countries 13,383.9 Arab States 5,049.9 East Asia and the Pacific 7,332.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 5,934.1 South Asia 6,032.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 13,018.7 Central & Eastern Europe & CIS 4,626.5 OECD .. High-income OECD ..
T T T T T T T T
l l
l l
i i
i i, j i i
(.) 11.5 20.6 2.7 36.3 4.5 11.0 6.6 74.3
High human development Medium human development Low human development
630.9 T 23,263.1 T 13,646.1 T
1.9 5.7 18.4
.. 1.3 8.3
.. 0.5 5.7
1.0 0.6 0.4
l
2.4 2.6 1.9
l
.. 0.5 0.3
.. -0.1 -0.6
.. 3.7 6.0
.. 5.6 4.7
.. 15.3 19.7
.. 10.2 12.9
High income Middle income Low income
143.5 T 15,181.2 T 24,823.2 T
1.9 5.7 9.9
.. 1.0 3.5
.. 0.3 2.2
1.0 0.7 0.4
l
2.4 3.3 0.8
l
.. 0.6 0.7
.. 0.1 -0.6
.. 3.8 4.7
.. 6.9 4.0
.. 15.0 23.4
.. 11.1 11.4
World
51,439.5 T
9.8
..
..
1.0
l
2.5
l
..
..
..
..
..
..
i i
i i, j i i
Note: This table presents data for countries included in parts I and II of the Development Assistance Committee’s (DAC) list of aid recipients (OECD, Development Assistance Committee 2003b). The denominator conventionally used when comparing official development assistance and total debt service to the size of the economy is gross national income (GNI), not GDP (see the definitions of statistical terms). GDP is used here, however, to allow comparability throughout the table. With few exceptions the denominators produce similar results. a. ODA receipts are total net ODA flows from DAC countries, other OECD countries, multilateral organizations and Arab countries as well as Estonia and Israel. A negative value indicates that the repayment of ODA loans exceeds the amount of ODA received. Aggregates do not include net official aid. See the definitions of statistical terms. b. A negative value indicates that the capital flowing out of the country exceeds that flowing in. c. Other private flows combine non-debt-creating portfolio equity investment flows, portfolio debt flows and bank and trade-related lending. See the definitions of statistical terms. d. Data refer to net official aid. See the definitions of statistical terms. e. Data refer to 2000. f. Data refer to 1992. g. Data refer to the debt of the former Soviet Union on the assumption that 100% of all outstanding external debt as of December 1991 has become a liability of the Russian Federation. h. Data refer to 1991. i. Data are from debt sustainability analyses undertaken as part of the Debt Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs). Present value estimates for these countries are for public and publicly guaranteed debt only, and export figures exclude workers’ remittances. j. Estimates reflecting assistance under the enhanced HIPC initiative will be presented in World Bank forthcoming. k. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. l. Data used to calculate the aggregate include countries not shown in the table. Source: Column 1: OECD, Development Assistance Committee 2003b; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); column 2: calculated on the basis of data on ODA from OECD, Development Assistance Committee 2003b and data on population from UN 2003d; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the OECD; columns 3 and 4: calculated on the basis of data on ODA from OECD, Development Assistance Committee 2003b and data on GDP from World Bank 2003c; columns 5 and 6: World Bank 2003c; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; columns 7 and 8: calculated on the basis of data on portfolio investment (bonds and equity), bank and trade-related lending and GDP from World Bank 2003c; columns 9 and 10: calculated on the basis of data on total debt service and GDP from World Bank 2003c; columns 11 and 12: World Bank 2003c, based on data from a joint effort by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Office by the World Bank.
294
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Side 295
. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
Public expenditure on education (as % of GDP) a 1990 e 1998-2000 f
HDI rank
Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP) b 1990 2000
Military expenditure (as % of GDP) c 1990 2001
Total debt service (as % of GDP) d 1990 2001
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
7.1 5.4 7.4 5.1 6.0
6.8 .. 7.8 4.7 4.8
g
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
5.0 5.2 6.5 .. 5.1
5.9 4.8 5.5 3.5 5.5
g
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
.. 5.2 4.9 5.6 3.0
8.2 4.4 4.5 6.1 3.7
g
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
5.4 5.4 .. 4.4 6.2
5.8 5.8 4.6 4.5 6.1
g
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
3.1 6.3 4.2 2.5 3.5
4.5 7.3 5.8 3.8 5.4
g
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
.. 7.8 .. .. 3.5
.. 7.1 3.7 .. 3.8
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. .. 4.3 1.1 ..
4.8 4.4 4.9 4.0 5.0
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
7.8 4.2 5.8 5.1 3.0
7.6 3.0 5.0 4.2 2.8
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
.. 4.4 2.5 3.5 4.6
7.5 4.4 4.2 3.6 6.4
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
4.8 .. 1.9 4.0 3.8
.. 4.2 1.9 .. 5.9
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
j
g g, h g
g g g g
g
g, h
g
g g
g
j
g
g h g g h
g g g
g m
h
6.4 6.8 7.6 5.3 5.7
6.6 7.5 6.5 6.0 5.5
2.9 0.0 2.7 2.2 2.5
1.8 0.0 2.0 1.7 1.6
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6.6 4.7 6.8 4.6 5.7
6.2 5.8 6.6 6.0 5.9
2.4 5.3 2.0 0.9 1.8
1.3 3.1 1.2 1.0 1.1
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
7.0 4.8 5.1 6.4 5.7
6.8 5.1 5.9 5.0 5.3
2.0 1.2 3.9 1.6 0.9
1.6 0.7 2.5 1.2 0.8
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
5.2 6.7 5.9 5.2 5.8
5.6 7.2 8.0 5.4 6.2
1.0 3.5 2.8 1.8 1.9
0.8 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
6.3 3.8 4.1 4.7 ..
6.0 8.3 5.8 4.6 4.3
(.) 12.2 2.7 4.7 5.0
2.0 7.7 2.1 4.6 3.1
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
1.6 5.0 1.0 .. 1.8
.. 4.1 1.2 6.8 2.6
.. .. 4.8 .. 3.7
.. .. 5.0 1.4 2.8
.. 8.2 .. .. 3.3
.. 2.5 .. .. 6.2
1.6 4.8 .. 4.2 4.8
2.5 6.6 6.0 4.7 4.2
6.7 .. 0.9 1.3 2.7
.. 3.0 2.0 4.4 1.6
.. 8.4 3.8 9.0 8.7
3.6 .. .. 5.0 2.0
4.1 2.8 5.1 5.3 5.1
4.0 5.1 2.8 .. 2.1
1.8 4.1 1.8 1.9 1.3
5.9 .. 12.8 2.1 10.6
2.4 .. 26.4 12.8 8.0
1.9 6.7 2.2 .. 3.0
4.7 4.4 3.1 2.5 4.3
.. 0.0 3.7 .. ..
1.7 0.0 2.9 .. 1.8
.. 8.8 9.1 .. ..
6.9 4.3 10.0 .. 16.1
4.0 9.5 0.8 2.8 2.7
2.6 8.0 2.5 4.4 3.5
48.5 .. 4.7 .. ..
11.3 2.6 2.5 .. 1.2
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 14.6 .. .. 6.8
i
k
6.1 2.1 0.8 1.4 1.9
l
295
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17 Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on education (as % of GDP) a 1990 e 1998-2000 f
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
2.7 .. 4.9 3.6 3.6
2.9 8.5 6.0 4.0 4.4
h
h g
Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP) b 1990 2000
Military expenditure (as % of GDP) c 1990 2001
Total debt service (as % of GDP) d 1990 2001
2.7 4.9 2.5 2.5 1.8
3.1 6.1 4.7 2.6 2.5
.. .. .. .. 0.4
.. .. 1.4 .. 0.5
1.9 .. .. 8.9 4.3
6.0 .. 1.9 2.6 7.9
2.8 4.1 1.5 4.6 9.2
3.3 3.0 1.5 5.3 5.1
.. 3.5 2.6 1.4 ..
.. 2.7 2.2 1.2 7.0
.. 6.6 9.8 6.5 ..
.. 10.1 7.1 11.6 5.7
.. 0.2 3.8 3.8 1.5
.. 6.5 2.0 9.7 1.8
.. 4.5 5.6 7.6 10.8
9.5 .. .. 1.5 ..
.. 5.0 3.5 10.3 2.7
6.3 12.1 6.0 6.0 2.9
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 5.2 5.2 4.7 ..
3.2 3.4 6.2 5.9 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. 3.5 3.5 2.5 ..
.. 3.5 4.4 .. 4.7
.. .. 2.5 1.2 3.0
1.6 1.9 3.8 5.4 3.4
.. 0.3 12.3 2.2 1.9
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 4.7 .. 3.0 3.4
.. 6.2 5.1 .. 4.2
.. 2.2 3.9 2.5 2.8
3.1 2.1 4.3 2.7 3.9
.. 1.2 .. 1.8 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 2.8 6.5 3.5 5.2
5.8 3.5 9.5 5.4 4.4
2.1 2.8 .. 0.9 3.0
2.7 1.9 4.2 2.1 2.9
.. 4.6 12.8 2.3 ..
.. 2.5 11.3 1.4 2.7
1.6 (.) .. 6.2 ..
3.7 6.7 .. 17.5 6.0
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
3.2 8.1 4.7 3.1 6.4
.. .. 6.3 3.9 9.3
3.2 3.5 2.6 2.0 4.4
2.7 5.5 2.6 2.3 4.1
.. .. .. 18.3 ..
1.0 .. .. 12.2 ..
.. .. 14.4 7.0 2.2
14.9 .. 8.3 4.4 3.9
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
4.6 2.2 .. 1.1 2.9
5.2 3.3 3.0 5.0 4.2
h
2.0 1.3 .. 0.7 1.5
2.5 2.8 .. 3.0 1.6
2.3 2.4 7.6 1.2 1.4
2.2 1.7 5.5 0.9 1.0
7.7 1.8 3.5 6.2 8.1
1.5 4.1 8.7 5.0 10.9
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
4.0 4.3 .. .. 8.4
3.9 .. .. 4.2 5.0
h
3.6 4.0 3.0 2.7 3.6
6.3 4.6 0.7 0.6 4.2
.. .. .. .. 9.9
.. 3.8 0.7 2.6 8.6
4.1 .. .. .. 15.6
3.7 7.6 2.5 2.4 7.6
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
6.0 3.4 5.1 .. 5.8
6.8 4.1 4.2 2.5 ..
g
3.0 2.9 3.3 1.6 3.3
.. 4.2 3.4 1.8 2.1
2.0 0.9 .. .. 5.9
1.6 .. .. .. 1.2
11.6 74.5 1.5 3.3 0.1
6.8 6.3 4.1 2.9 0.9
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
2.2 2.8 .. 2.6 7.0
3.5 1.6 .. 3.1 2.9
g
2.2 1.5 .. 1.5 ..
3.6 1.2 .. 1.8 3.2
3.5 1.9 .. 2.1 ..
4.9 2.1 .. 3.9 3.1
4.9 10.1 .. 4.8 ..
15.2 8.6 .. 4.5 2.6
96 97 98 99 100
296
g
h
h
h
g
g
g
g
g
h h
o
k
n
l
n
p
l
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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17 Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on education (as % of GDP) a 1990 e 1998-2000 f
HDI rank 101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
.. 8.3 .. 2.3 1.9
.. 5.4 4.4 2.1 2.3
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
4.1 5.3 .. .. 4.1
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
121 122 123 124 125
Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP) b 1990 2000
Military expenditure (as % of GDP) c 1990 2001
4.6 4.7 .. 2.2 1.4
2.6 2.2 1.8 1.9 3.8
.. .. .. 2.7 2.7
1.1 1.7 0.8 2.3 0.8
4.4 .. 4.0 .. 4.1
1.5 3.0 4.4 0.9 0.4
2.5 3.0 2.9 1.3 1.6
2.7 1.5 .. 7.9 6.9
4.8 3.5 0.4 .. 6.2
6.2 1.0 9.7 2.3 ..
5.5 .. 2.1 5.5 4.0
3.1 0.6 4.9 2.1 3.3
3.7 0.6 0.9 4.9 4.3
3.8 1.8 .. 2.4 ..
.. 12.1 .. 1.4 3.7
0.6 2.3 3.9 1.7 ..
h
1.0 6.4 2.0 1.8 1.8
2.3 4.6 2.1 2.3 1.8
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
3.4 .. .. 7.6 6.7
5.0 .. 3.6 8.1 8.6
h
7.0 .. 5.0 3.7 1.7
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
5.3 3.9 4.6 3.2 ..
5.5 4.1 7.3 4.1 1.9
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. .. 5.7 .. ..
0.5 2.3 1.5 3.8 2.3
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 6.1 0.9 1.5 5.0 5.5
Total debt service (as % of GDP) d 1990 2001 .. .. 1.7 2.0 4.3
7.4 11.6 2.4 2.1 2.8
0.5 14.2 .. 2.7 9.7
1.1 8.0 12.8 3.7 1.4
1.6 1.1 1.2 1.6 ..
.. 8.7 .. 7.9 12.8
3.8 10.7 7.6 6.8 5.3
.. 5.7 .. 1.5 3.9
.. 2.3 .. 1.0 2.6
3.9 .. 3.0 2.8 7.1
0.2 4.3 10.5 2.2 2.0
2.3 1.6 5.6 4.2 3.8
2.1 .. .. 5.6 4.1
1.1 .. .. 2.8 3.5
1.6 4.9 5.5 .. 2.8
.. 8.5 2.7 .. 1.0
0.9 0.9 2.6 1.3 ..
1.3 0.9 2.4 2.2 2.0
4.1 2.7 .. 0.4 3.1
4.1 2.5 .. 0.6 3.0
6.9 2.6 1.6 6.3 2.7
7.7 1.9 0.8 6.0 0.6
1.0 3.1 1.9 2.9 0.0
0.4 3.6 3.0 3.2 1.3
3.4 2.1 1.5 .. ..
2.3 0.8 1.5 .. 2.1
.. 17.2 5.3 0.4 1.1
.. 9.1 2.2 1.0 2.5
5.2 10.1 .. 2.5 4.2 4.8
1.7 2.6 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.4
3.7 5.2 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5
.. 3.9 3.6 1.0 .. 3.2
.. 3.1 3.0 1.3 .. ..
1.8 3.7 0.4 2.5 19.0 5.3
1.2 8.6 0.4 1.4 3.4 2.6
0.9 0.8 1.1 3.2 2.4
1.1 0.9 0.9 3.1 1.8
1.5 0.9 5.8 4.5 2.9
1.4 1.1 4.5 3.2 1.8
4.7 1.9 4.8 5.4 9.3
4.0 1.6 5.0 1.5 4.1
.. 1.1 .. 1.2 2.2
1.5 .. 2.5 2.4 3.4
3.0 8.5 1.2 .. 1.1
2.1 6.1 1.2 .. 1.0
3.4 3.5 7.2 1.2 11.9
0.9 3.1 1.5 0.7 2.7
h
h
h
h h g h h
h
k
l
l l
l l
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
3.2 2.0 2.6 .. 6.7
3.2 3.7 1.8 10.4 6.4
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
1.5 .. 2.1 1.4 3.8
2.3 10.0 3.2 1.1 2.7
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
h g, h
h
h h
l
297
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17 Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on education (as % of GDP) a 1990 e 1998-2000 f
HDI rank 152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
0.9 .. .. ..
.. 3.5 3.0 4.8
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
3.9 .. .. .. 3.2
3.2 1.9 2.8 3.2 2.1
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
.. 3.3 2.4 3.9 ..
4.6 4.1 2.3 2.7 2.0
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
.. .. 2.2 3.4 3.9
2.1 .. 1.9 4.8 2.4
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
3.4 .. 2.7 3.2 ..
3.4 2.8 .. 2.7 1.0
h h
h h h h h
h
h
h
h
h
Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP) b 1990 2000
Military expenditure (as % of GDP) c 1990 2001
1.0 .. .. ..
0.5 .. 3.4 2.8
0.9 6.3 3.8 ..
1.1 .. 2.1 27.5
0.7 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6
2.6 1.9 2.7 1.6 2.8
2.0 2.4 3.7 1.8 2.0
1.5 .. 2.6 1.4 ..
1.0 3.6 3.5 2.0 2.5
1.5 1.3 3.7 5.8 ..
.. 0.8 0.6 3.1 1.5
1.1 .. .. 0.9 3.6
2.6 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.7
.. .. 1.6 8.5 10.1
1.1 1.6 1.0 .. ..
1.6 2.2 3.0 1.8 2.6
3.4 2.1 3.0 .. 0.9
k
k
k
1.5 1.7 3.9 .. 1.3
Total debt service (as % of GDP) d 1990 2001
n n
n
11.7 3.6 14.3 ..
6.2 1.8 8.9 1.0
5.7 6.0 0.8 2.1 4.2
4.6 3.5 1.1 2.1 1.6
q
11.7 7.1 6.2 3.2 0.7
5.9 2.2 3.6 19.7 1.5
3.1 .. .. 6.2 2.3
3.4 3.7 2.0 3.4 3.2
11.7 0.3 1.4 2.9 2.4
8.1 2.0 1.6 1.1 3.6
3.7 2.8 1.2 4.0 3.3
3.3 3.0 1.5 1.3 12.8
l
l l
q
a. Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditure. See the definitions of statistical terms. b. Data for some countries may differ slightly from the data in table 6 (from WHO 2003b). c. As a result of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data, see SIPRI 2001. d. For aggregates, see table 16. e. Data may not be comparable between countries as a result of differences in methods of data collection. f. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. g. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision. h. Data refer to a UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate where no national estimate is available. i. Data refer to the Federal Republic of Germany before reunification. j. Data refer to the Office of Greek Education only. k. Data refer to 1991. l. Data refer to 2000. m. Data refer to a national estimate. n. Data refer to 1999. o. Data refer to the former Soviet Union. p. Data refer to the debt of the former Soviet Union on the assumption that 100% of all outstanding external debt as of December 1991 has become a liability of the Russian Federation. q. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. Source: Column 1: calculated on the basis of GDP and public expenditure data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003c; column 2: UNESCO 2003c; columns 3 and 4: World Bank 2003c; columns 5 and 6: SIPRI 2003a; columns 7 and 8: calculated on the basis of data on total debt service and GDP from World Bank 2003c.
298
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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. . . TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES NEEDED FOR A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING . . .
Unemployed people (thousands) 2001
HDI rank
Side 299
Unemployment Average Rate annual rate (% of (% of labour force) labour force) 2001 1991-2001
Female rate as % of male rate 2001
Youth unemployment Rate Female (% of labour rate as % force aged of male 15-24) b rate 2001 2001
Long-term unemployment a (as % of total unemployment) Female Male 2001 2001
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
83.8 3.7 175.7 664.5 145.9
3.5 2.3 4.0 6.7 2.0
3.9 2.8 4.0 6.3 2.7
96 118 86 91 154
10.5 4.8 11.8 12.7 5.8
97 80 85 90 111
3.9 13.8 20.0 17.9 40.4
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
296.4 6,779.3 1,172.6 3,396.2 67.2
6.6 4.8 7.2 5.0 1.9
6.9 5.8 7.6 5.5 2.7
123 96 90 95 198
15.3 10.6 12.8 9.7 5.6
116 85 76 82 95
50.8 5.7 8.2 18.3 35.5
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
121.9 70.8 1,512.0 237.7 4.9
4.3 3.9 5.1 9.2 2.6
4.3 4.4 5.2 9.3 3.0
132 92 79 112 137
8.3 6.2 10.5 19.9 6.7
127 91 73 103 70
18.8 47.5 19.5 22.6 23.1
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
206.5 2,321.4 3,074.0 1,869.1 102.5
4.9 8.7 7.3 10.5 5.3
5.6 9.0 7.8 11.2 5.1
105 151 104 204 98
6.0 18.7 8.4 20.8 11.8
93 135 82 168 95
23.0 37.6 53.1 48.6 13.4
21 23 24 30 32
Italy Portugal Greece Korea, Rep. of Czech Republic
2,267.0 211.8 456.1 819.2 421.0
9.6 4.1 10.4 3.7 8.2
9.2 4.7 10.1 2.9 7.4
177 158 228 73 146
27.0 9.2 28.0 9.7 16.6
139 165 170 67 108
63.1 39.9 56.6 1.2 53.4
63.7 35.7 47.0 2.8 52.0
35 38 39 55
Poland Hungary Slovakia Mexico
3,169.8 233.3 508.0 496.2
18.2 5.8 19.3 2.5
19.7 5.5 19.0 2.8
117 79 95 117
41.0 10.8 39.1 4.1
105 85 85 138
46.2 44.1 47.8 1.0
39.9 48.4 48.4 1.1
1,902.0
8.5
8.5
90
19.9
88
32.3
20.1
32,790.3 T
6.4
6.6
111
12.4
97
31.4
28.7
f f g h
c
6.8 11.2 24.2 24.1 47.7
c
52.5 6.3 10.5 32.1 20.6 c
d
e
26.2 59.5 33.0 30.0 31.6 23.8 37.6 50.1 37.9 19.6
c
d
e
Medium human development 96 Turkey OECD i
j
a. Data refer to unemployment lasting 12 months or longer. b. The age range for the labour force may be 16-24 for some countries. c. Data refer to 1999. d. Data are based on a small sample and must be treated with caution. e. Data refer to 2000. f. Data refer to the average annual rate in 1993-2001. g. Data refer to the average annual rate in 1992-2001. h. Data refer to the average annual rate in 1994-2001. i. Aggregates are from OECD 2002a and 2002b. j. OECD average does not include the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Source: Columns 1 and 2: OECD 2002a; column 3: calculated on the basis of data on unemployment rates from OECD 2002a; columns 4 and 6: calculated on the basis of data on male and female unemployment rates from OECD 2002b; columns 5, 7 and 8: OECD 2002b.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
299
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. . . WHILE PRESERVING IT FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS . . .
19 Energy and the environment Traditional fuel consumption (as % of total energy use) 1997
HDI rank
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours) 1980 2000
Carbon dioxide emissions Share of world Per capita total (metric tons) (%) 1980 1999 1999
GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent) 1980 2000
Ratification of environmental treaties a Kyoto Protocol to the Cartagena Framework Framework Convention Protocol Convention Convention on on on Climate on Climate Biological Biosafety Change Change b Diversity
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
1.1 .. 17.9 4.4 1.1
18,289 12,553 10,216 5,393 4,057
24,422 24,779 14,471 9,006 6,152
2.3 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.3
5.1 2.4 4.4 4.3 5.7
9.5 8.2 8.6 13.8 10.8
8.7 7.4 5.3 18.2 8.5
0.2 (.) 0.2 1.5 0.6
● ● ●
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
1.6 3.8 4.7 1.6 6.0
4,402 8,914 12,329 4,395 5,579
7,564 12,331 15,620 7,628 7,294
2.2 1.6 1.4 3.1 4.4
4.4 4.2 3.3 6.1 7.5
13.3 20.4 17.1 7.9 6.5
10.2 19.7 14.4 9.1 5.7
0.4 23.2 1.9 4.9 0.2
●
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
5.9 0.2 3.3 6.5 ..
4,222 2,528 4,160 7,779 9,803
6,079 5,324 5,601 14,588 13,050
3.0 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.1
7.9 7.9 6.0 3.8 6.4
12.3 7.4 10.3 11.9 28.9
9.3 10.8 9.2 11.3 18.6
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
4.7 5.7 1.3 1.3 0.8
4,371 3,881 5,005 2,401 6,269
6,457 6,539 5,963 4,653 8,813
3.4 2.8 2.2 3.8 2.7
7.5 5.4 6.1 6.4 3.7
6.9 9.0 .. 5.3 5.6
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
1.0 0.0 0.9 4.5 ..
2,831 2,826 1,469 2,064 1,494
4,732 6,188 3,834 4,086 3,958
3.9 3.7 5.5 4.7 3.3
8.2 6.5 7.2 6.3 6.3
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
0.7 .. 0.0 1.5 2.4
2,167 .. 2,280 .. 859
5,447 .. 6,948 5,290 5,607
6.2 .. 2.2 .. 2.3
10.9 .. 3.9 5.0 3.6
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. 1.6 .. 4.0 0.8
1,523 3,701 1,363 1,170 2,390
7,263 4,807 4,018 2,038 2,511
.. .. 2.9 4.4 ..
3.0 3.6 6.7 7.2 4.0
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. .. 1.6 0.5 21.0
.. 4,970 2,389 3,817 948
.. 8,507 2,909 4,075 1,924
.. 0.9 2.0 .. 4.8
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
13.8 54.2 11.3 .. 6.3
.. 860 876 9,489 ..
3,628 1,630 2,406 14,994 1,768
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
0.0 3.2 .. .. 26.2
5,793 .. 5,320 .. ..
13,995 2,695 10,725 .. 1,887
300
● ● ● ● ●
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● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
0.2 0.2 2.3 0.2 (.)
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
7.6 6.1 9.7 6.8 8.1
0.3 1.5 3.3 1.2 0.1
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
6.6 5.4 2.8 5.4 5.2
7.3 10.0 6.0 8.2 8.0
1.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 (.)
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
3.2 2.7 12.5 .. 3.3
6.2 7.6 13.7 7.3 8.4
0.2 (.) 0.2 0.1 1.7
– ●
– ● ● ● ●
– ● ● ●
– ● ● ● ●
35.5 .. 2.7 3.8 12.8
14.2 10.6 8.8 3.8 8.1
(.) 0.5 (.) 0.6 1.3
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
.. 1.6 4.9 3.6 9.4
1.5 23.4 7.7 .. 2.0
2.7 29.4 5.6 7.2 2.0
(.) 0.1 0.2 0.2 (.)
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
.. 6.6 3.0 .. ..
2.9 11.7 5.6 .. 3.9
.. 1.1 2.5 56.3 ..
11.7 1.6 4.2 91.5 3.8
0.1 (.) 0.3 0.2 0.1
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
1.4 .. 4.9 .. 19.8
1.8 4.9 2.0 .. 4.6
18.0 .. 34.8 38.0 ..
24.9 4.8 31.3 6.0 2.8
0.2 0.1 0.4 (.) (.)
c
c
●
●
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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19 Energy and the environment Traditional fuel consumption (as % of total energy use) 1997
HDI rank
51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours) 1980 2000
GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent) 1980 2000
Carbon dioxide emissions Share of world Per capita total (metric tons) (%) 1980 1999 1999
Ratification of environmental treaties a Kyoto Protocol to the Cartagena Framework Framework Convention Protocol Convention Convention on on on Climate on Climate Biological Biosafety Change Change b Diversity
.. 30.2 0.8 0.8 4.5
.. 823 .. 1,584 846
.. 1,049 2,678 3,692 1,655
.. .. .. 1.2 2.9
.. .. 3.0 1.3 5.5
.. 3.2 .. 15.4 3.7
2.4 2.3 5.7 19.4 3.9
(.) 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.6
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 1.3 5.5 14.4 6.1
.. 3,349 631 820 ..
.. 2,962 2,628 1,331 ..
.. 1.0 2.6 4.1 ..
.. 2.8 4.3 6.5 ..
2.3 8.5 2.0 1.8 ..
5.2 5.1 5.4 2.9 5.6
(.) 0.2 0.5 (.) (.)
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
0.9 36.1 0.8 17.7 28.7
1,588 .. .. 561 975
3,921 .. 4,181 788 1,878
.. .. .. 4.7 4.2
.. .. 1.6 10.3 6.7
8.8 0.6 .. 1.4 1.5
8.3 2.1 9.8 1.5 1.8
0.2 (.) 6.1 0.3 1.3
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
10.1 .. .. 0.7 ..
.. .. .. 1,823 ..
1,473 .. .. 2,533 ..
.. .. .. 1.6 ..
5.2 .. .. 2.3 ..
.. 1.3 0.5 6.0 0.6
1.2 2.7 1.1 5.3 0.8
(.) (.) (.) 0.5 (.)
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 5.7 0.0 24.6 0.5
.. 2,434 1,356 279 ..
.. 1,513 4,912 1,448 2,293
.. .. 4.0 2.9 ..
.. 3.4 2.6 5.1 1.4
1.0 8.6 14.0 0.9 ..
2.1 3.6 11.7 3.3 7.5
(.) 0.3 1.0 0.8 1.6
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan 0.2 Suriname .. Jamaica 6.0 Oman .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines ..
.. .. 482 614 ..
2,622 .. 2,328 2,952 ..
.. .. 1.8 4.5 ..
2.2 .. 2.4 3.0 ..
.. 6.7 4.0 5.3 0.4
7.4 5.2 4.0 8.5 1.4
0.5 (.) (.) 0.1 (.)
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
.. 24.6 2.5 49.6 26.9
.. 502 789 245 355
.. 668 1,814 838 477
.. 4.4 .. 4.8 5.3
.. 9.5 3.5 7.2 6.8
1.2 1.4 2.1 0.5 0.8
0.9 1.2 4.0 0.8 1.0
(.) 0.1 0.1 (.) 0.3
● ●
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. .. 1.0 0.0 0.0
.. .. .. .. 387
.. 1,071 1,212 1,852 1,236
.. .. 4.6 .. 3.1
.. 1.4 4.5 1.9 3.6
0.3 .. .. .. 2.2
1.7 6.4 1.0 4.2 3.1
(.) 0.1 (.) 0.1 0.1
●
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
12.4 .. .. 14.3 7.3
379 .. .. 433 1,083
939 .. .. 788 1,073
3.8 .. .. 4.1 ..
7.4 .. .. 7.4 6.7
1.5 2.3 0.5 1.1 1.8
1.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 0.5
0.1 (.) (.) 0.1 (.)
Turkey 3.1 Ecuador 17.5 Occupied Palestinian Territories .. Sri Lanka 46.5 Armenia 0.0
439 361 .. 96 ..
1,468 624 .. 293 944
3.2 2.8 .. 3.1 ..
5.3 4.9 .. 7.8 4.5
1.7 1.7 .. 0.2 ..
3.1 1.9 .. 0.5 0.8
0.8 0.1 .. (.) (.)
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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301
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19 Energy and the environment Traditional fuel consumption (as % of total energy use) 1997
HDI rank
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours) 1980 2000
Carbon dioxide emissions Share of world Per capita total (metric tons) (%) 1980 1999 1999
GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent) 1980 2000
Ratification of environmental treaties a Kyoto Protocol to the Cartagena Framework Framework Convention Protocol Convention Convention on on on Climate on Climate Biological Biosafety Change Change b Diversity
● ● ● ● ●
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
0.0 0.0 .. 5.7 34.5
.. .. .. 253 274
1,612 1,606 .. 827 587
.. .. .. 0.7 5.0
1.2 5.4 .. 4.1 8.1
.. .. 0.4 1.5 0.5
4.8 1.0 0.3 2.3 0.9
0.5 (.) (.) 11.9 (.)
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
0.7 1.5 0.5 37.8 0.0
495 265 .. 50 354
1,474 612 720 286 900
2.7 5.5 .. .. 2.6
3.2 6.4 3.1 4.2 2.9
3.0 3.5 .. 0.3 2.2
4.8 3.0 1.5 0.6 3.4
1.3 0.4 (.) 0.2 0.2
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
43.4 29.3 .. 14.0 54.8
3,213 44 .. 226 215
3,745 384 2,137 387 499
3.1 2.0 .. 3.0 3.2
4.4 4.2 2.3 3.9 6.0
7.7 0.6 .. 0.8 0.6
7.9 1.2 0.8 1.4 0.8
1.4 1.0 (.) (.) (.)
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. 4.3 32.9 62.0 3.2
.. .. 617 240 380
.. .. 697 335 976
.. .. 1.8 4.6 3.3
.. .. 4.7 7.1 4.8
0.3 4.1 8.9 0.7 1.1
1.5 3.2 3.0 0.9 2.0
(.) (.) (.) (.) 0.5
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
42.2 .. .. .. ..
303 .. .. .. ..
267 .. .. .. ..
4.0 .. .. .. ..
4.6 .. .. 12.0 ..
0.7 0.5 0.4 .. 1.1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.1 2.4
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.)
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
4.0 20.7 .. 78.1 89.3
223 130 .. 424 ..
447 355 .. 288 ..
6.4 2.2 .. 3.1 ..
9.5 5.5 .. 5.5 ..
0.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 (.)
1.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.1
0.2 4.6 (.) (.) (.)
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
60.5 62.5 .. .. 88.7
31 .. .. .. ..
69 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.1 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.)
●
● ● ● ● ●
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. .. 75.1 46.0 53.0 71.9
.. .. 34 16 83 ..
.. .. 66 96 86 ..
.. .. 1.6 5.4 0.8 4.9
.. .. 3.8 10.8 3.2 4.9
(.) .. 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
0.5 .. 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.3
(.) .. (.) 0.1 (.) (.)
● ●
c
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
69.2 89.6 29.5 25.2 80.3
154 11 125 973 92
183 56 352 845 106
2.7 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.0
3.8 3.7 4.0 3.1 1.9
0.4 (.) 0.4 1.3 0.4
0.3 0.1 0.7 1.4 0.3
(.) (.) 0.4 0.1 (.)
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
89.7 1.4 84.3 74.7 78.6
.. 59 .. 41 ..
.. 107 .. 37 ..
.. .. .. 4.7 ..
.. 4.0 .. 7.5 ..
0.1 .. 0.2 0.1 0.2
0.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
(.) 0.1 (.) (.) (.)
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
302
● ● ●
●
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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19 Energy and the environment Traditional fuel consumption (as % of total energy use) 1997
HDI rank
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours) 1980 2000
GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent) 1980 2000
Carbon dioxide emissions Share of world Per capita total (metric tons) (%) 1980 1999 1999
Ratification of environmental treaties a Kyoto Protocol to the Cartagena Framework Framework Convention Protocol Convention Convention on on on Climate on Climate Biological Biosafety Change Change b Diversity
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
67.8 .. 0.0 96.0 56.2
68 .. .. .. 96
81 .. .. .. 121
0.8 .. .. .. 2.2
1.2 .. .. .. 4.5
1.0 1.0 0.4 .. 0.5
0.3 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.4
0.2 (.) (.) (.) (.)
● ●
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
74.2 88.3 89.2 91.4 91.5
.. .. 30 37 ..
.. .. 64 56 ..
.. .. 1.2 .. 2.7
.. .. 2.5 1.1 3.6
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6
0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8
(.) (.) (.) (.) 0.1
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
88.6 72.7 69.7 97.6 57.1
.. 1,016 67 .. ..
.. 556 88 .. ..
.. 0.8 .. .. ..
.. 1.2 3.6 .. ..
0.1 0.6 0.8 (.) 0.7
0.1 0.2 0.8 (.) 0.2
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.)
●
● ● ● ● ●
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
91.7 87.5 95.9 91.4 94.2
148 .. 16 34 ..
40 .. 22 53 ..
3.8 .. .. 0.7 ..
2.5 .. 2.6 2.5 ..
0.1 (.) (.) 0.3 (.)
(.) 0.1 0.1 0.1 (.)
.. (.) (.) (.) (.)
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
88.9 87.1 80.6 86.1
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
(.) 0.1 0.1 0.1
(.) (.) (.) (.)
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
16.7 75.1 5.6 9.4 15.7 20.3 62.9 1.2 3.3 3.4
318 59 518 253 845 132 463 .. 4,916 5,687
810 77 1,406 918 1,528 376 457 2,977 7,336 8,688
2.1 .. 3.6 .. 3.6 2.3 .. .. 2.2 2.1
4.6 .. 3.8 .. 6.1 5.2 2.9 2.2 4.9 4.9
1.3 0.1 3.0 1.4 2.4 0.5 1.0 .. 11.0 12.2
1.9 0.2 3.7 2.3 2.5 1.1 0.8 7.2 10.8 12.3
36.6 0.5 4.0 17.9 5.4 6.4 2.0 12.5 51.0 46.4
– – – – – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – – –
High human development Medium human development Low human development
3.3 10.8 63.3
4,871 322 116
7,245 939 162
2.2 2.1 ..
4.9 4.0 4.0
10.9 1.3 0.4
10.8 2.3 0.4
53.5 38.3 1.0
– – –
– – –
– – –
– – –
High income Middle income Low income
3.4 7.3 29.8
5,637 578 106
8,651 1,391 352
2.2 2.0 ..
4.9 4.0 2.5
12.2 2.3 0.5
12.4 3.2 1.0
48.2 35.9 10.3
– – –
– – –
– – –
– – –
8.2
1,442
2,156
2.1
4.5
3.4
3.8
100.0
–
–
–
–
World
●
●
● ● ●
d
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● Ratification, acceptance, approval, accession or succession. ● Signature. a. Information is as of 10 February 2003. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was signed in Cartagena in 2000, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in New York in 1992, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto in 1997 and the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. b. Has not yet entered into force. c. Data refer to 1998. d. Aggregate from CDIAC 2003. Data refer to total carbon dioxide emissions, including those of countries not shown in the main indicator tables as well as emissions not included in national totals, such as those from bunker fuels and oxidation of non-fuel hydrocarbon products. Source: Column 1: World Bank 2003c; columns 2 and 3: World Bank 2003c; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; columns 4 and 5: World Bank 2003c, based on data from a joint effort by the International Energy Agency and the World Bank; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; columns 6 and 7: World Bank 2003c, based on data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the World Bank; column 8: calculated on the basis of data on carbon dioxide emissions from CDIAC 2003; columns 9-12: UN 2003b.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . PROTECTING PERSONAL SECURITY . . .
20 Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands) 2001 a, c
HDI rank
Refugees a By country By country of asylum of origin (thousands) (thousands) d 2001 2001
Conventional arms transfers (1990 prices) b Exports Imports US$ Share (US$ millions) millions (%) e 1992 2002 2002 1998-2002
Total armed forces Index Thousands (1985 = 100) 2001 2001
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
– – – – –
50 (.) 146 55 152
.. .. .. .. ..
317 (.) 47 250 143
82 .. 45 614 236
203 .. 120 30 260
0.4 .. 1.2 0.4 1.6
27 .. 34 51 50
72 .. 52 72 47
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
– – – – –
12 516 129 3 58
.. .. .. .. ..
64 198 344 1,523 170
29 346 359 154 36
14 3,941 318 .. 11
0.1 40.8 0.8 (.) 0.2
39 1,414 52 240 4
43 66 63 99 18
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
– – – – –
73 4 149 13 1
.. .. .. .. ..
42 (.) 1,166 441 ..
7 20 575 24 ..
9 (.) 719 12 ..
(.) (.) 5.2 0.1 ..
23 10 210 32 1
77 76 63 87 129
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
– – – – –
14 132 903 7 5
.. .. .. .. ..
2 387 969 187 61
79 22 .. 132 17
124 1,617 .. 65 ..
0.2 9.0 5.4 0.3 (.)
35 260 296 178 9
63 56 62 56 70
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
– – – – –
9 4 (.) 7 (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
42 1,330 6 1,994 36
308 226 103 567 (.)
490 178 .. (.) ..
1.9 1.0 .. (.) ..
217 162 44 178 10
56 114 60 88 100
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
– – – – –
1 .. (.) 2 (.)
.. .. .. 1 ..
.. .. 100 (.) 497
.. .. 227 (.) 229
.. .. 2 .. 22
.. .. (.) .. 0.3
.. 1 61 9 686
.. 61 110 .. 115
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
– – – – –
.. 1 (.) 2 1
.. 1 .. .. 3
(.) (.) .. 16 20
(.) 53 (.) 210 258
.. 85 .. (.) 43
.. 0.4 .. (.) 0.3
7 49 2 70 163
171 24 268 65 51
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
– – – – –
.. (.) 5 (.) (.)
.. .. 1 .. ..
.. 35 (.) (.) 37
.. 51 (.) 27 2
.. (.) .. 40 ..
.. (.) (.) 0.4 (.)
(.) 11 33 26 24
38 382 32 .. 75
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
– – – – –
(.) 8 (.) (.) (.)
.. .. 1 .. ..
1 .. 182 73 74
1 .. 56 8 7
.. .. 1 .. 3
.. .. (.) (.) (.)
6 .. 81 12 14
.. .. 80 207 ..
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
– 23 – – –
1 22 1 (.) (.)
.. 289 .. .. ..
897 24 204 (.) ..
27 2 452 .. 3
.. .. .. .. ..
0.1 (.) (.) .. ..
16 51 42 1 6
129 .. 97 172 ..
304
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20 Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands) 2001 a, c
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Refugees a By country By country of asylum of origin (thousands) (thousands) d 2001 2001
Conventional arms transfers (1990 prices) b Exports Imports US$ Share (US$ millions) millions (%) e 1992 2002 2002 1998-2002
Total armed forces Index Thousands (1985 = 100) 2001 2001
– – – – –
.. 1 1 .. 15
.. 19 .. .. ..
.. (.) (.) .. 12
.. .. .. (.) 19
.. .. (.) .. ..
.. .. 1.2 .. ..
.. 46 80 3 193
.. 28 .. 129 149
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
– – – – 16
.. 3 50 1 4
.. .. .. .. 12
.. 44 16 2 (.)
.. .. 213 .. (.)
.. 20 .. .. ..
.. 0.3 (.) .. ..
(.) 68 100 .. 12
170 46 91 .. ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
– – 443 720 –
12 (.) 18 (.) 3
.. .. 45 18 ..
(.) .. 86 32 66
(.) .. 170 119 154
11 .. 5,941 .. 18
(.) .. 22.4 .. (.)
76 .. 988 158 288
104 .. 19 239 104
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
438 – – – –
33 1 .. (.) ..
450 .. .. .. ..
(.) .. .. 48 ..
.. .. .. 50 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
20 1 .. 82 ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
– – – – –
0 2 245 111 3
.. 6 .. .. 27
.. 160 1,198 395 ..
.. 186 478 150 ..
.. .. .. .. 270
.. (.) .. .. 2.9
.. 99 125 306 302
.. 52 199 130 ..
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
– – – – –
20 0 0 .. ..
3 .. .. .. ..
(.) .. .. 20 ..
69 .. .. 48 ..
(.) .. .. .. ..
0.2 .. .. .. ..
60 2 3 42 ..
.. 92 135 143 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
– – – – –
0 1 3 (.) (.)
.. 7 9 .. 45
.. 132 38 1 59
.. 4 .. (.) 17
.. 5 (.) .. ..
.. (.) (.) .. ..
4 110 72 19 106
130 86 413 129 92
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
– – 264 573 –
.. 14 8 (.) 1
.. .. 18 269 ..
.. .. (.) 64 (.)
.. .. (.) .. 149
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 0.2 .. (.)
.. 18 18 72 100
.. .. .. .. 143
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
– – – – –
(.) 0 .. 0 (.)
.. .. .. .. 8
32 .. .. (.) (.)
7 (.) .. .. (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
35 2 .. 25 27
100 24 .. 110 67
– – – 683 –
3 2 .. (.) 264
47 .. 349 122 7
1,347 (.) .. 21 (.)
721 1 .. 9 ..
29 .. .. .. ..
0.1 .. .. .. ..
515 60 29 158 45
82 140 .. 731 ..
96 97 98 99 100
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
f
g
.. 175 .. 168 ..
305
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20 Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands) 2001 a, c
HDI rank
Refugees a By country By country of asylum of origin (thousands) (thousands) d 2001 2001
Conventional arms transfers (1990 prices) b Exports Imports US$ Share (US$ millions) millions (%) e 1992 2002 2002 1998-2002
Total armed forces Index Thousands (1985 = 100) 2001 2001 h
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
– – – – –
40 9 0 295 (.)
3 1 .. 117 7
.. .. .. 1,163 3
5 .. .. 2,307 ..
170 .. .. 818 ..
0.2 .. .. 1.7 ..
50-55 11 1 2,270 17
.. .. 16 58 40
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
– – 1 – –
1,868 169 (.) 16 3
92 8 4 353 5
386 16 .. (.) 317
298 464 .. 69 162
.. .. (.) .. ..
(.) .. (.) .. (.)
520 137 7 484 319
85 80 .. 47 79
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
– – – – –
19 74 15 (.) (.)
(.) 9 56 .. ..
140 47 .. 24 (.)
(.) 51 .. .. ..
34 70 .. .. ..
0.1 0.2 .. .. ..
60 297 6 32 8
56 107 .. 114 50
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
– – – – –
.. .. 16 1 7
.. .. .. 17 ..
.. (.) (.) (.) 995
(.) .. .. .. 638
.. .. .. .. (.)
.. .. .. .. (.)
1 9 5 31 443
60 28 196 99 100
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
– – – – –
(.) .. 0 31 4
4 .. .. .. ..
(.) .. .. .. 3
.. .. .. 11 (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
14 .. .. 9 9
22 .. .. .. 225
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
– – – – –
2 170 .. 12 (.)
.. 12 .. 15 35
30 871 .. (.) (.)
169 1,668 .. (.) ..
.. (.) .. .. ..
.. (.) .. .. ..
196 1,298 .. 7 125
132 103 .. 46 357
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
– – – – –
.. 5 1 (.) 0
146 .. .. .. 13
52 10 .. .. (.)
208 .. (.) .. (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
44 3 .. .. 29
24 97 .. .. 54
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
– – – – – –
.. (.) 349 22 119 12
111 .. 490 6 24 4
.. .. 5 63 (.) (.)
.. (.) (.) 21 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. 2 117 137 10 9
.. 100 207 150 115 263 316 204 128 88 178
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
– – – – –
41 131 2,199 9 239
.. .. 12 .. 3
3 .. 261 57 3
(.) 8 1,278 (.) ..
.. .. 8 .. ..
.. .. (.) .. ..
23 51 620 36 24
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
– – – – –
200 69 (.) .. 8
40 .. .. 7 ..
(.) (.) (.) .. ..
.. 496 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
50-60 67 14 .. 1
306
h
275 104 64 .. 160
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20 Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands) 2001 a, c
HDI rank
Refugees a By country By country of asylum of origin (thousands) (thousands) d 2001 2001
Conventional arms transfers (1990 prices) b Exports Imports US$ Share (US$ millions) millions (%) e 1992 2002 2002 1998-2002
Total armed forces Index Thousands (1985 = 100) 2001 2001
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
– – – – –
7 23 (.) 2 21
6 (.) 30 333 9
56 18 (.) (.) (.)
2 (.) .. 180 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
79 10 16 172 9
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
– – – – –
178 35 5 647 126
.. 85 .. .. ..
(.) 2 .. 20 1
(.) .. .. .. 7
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
10 60-75 5 27 17
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
– – 202 – –
6 284 12 13 7
.. .. 471 46 1
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.)
.. .. 5 (.) ..
.. .. 1 .. ..
(.) .. (.) .. ..
5 22 100 30 9
100 133 202 249 108
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
3 – – – 20
362 49 153 (.) 28
392 29 59 (.) 554
2 .. (.) (.) ..
14 .. 20 .. (.)
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
81 3 253 10-11 46
170 111 116 66 875
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
– – – –
8 (.) (.) 11
(.) .. (.) 179
(.) (.) (.) 1
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
7 10 5 13-14
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8,716 2,692 1,015 552 36 4,389 2,719 865 2,465 2,439
T T T T T T T T T T
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13,702 1,578 2,236 5,613 1,267 2,784 1,277 2,297 5,068 4,088
T T T T T T T T T T
88 135 83 75 94 110 151 35 70 70
High human development Medium human development Low human development
.. .. ..
2,506 T 4,061 T 4,874 T
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
5,263 T 10,845 T 1,897 T
72 65 150
High income Middle income Low income
.. .. ..
2,449 T 3,551 T 6,024 T
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
4,417 T 9,064 T 6,083 T
72 57 114
World
..
12,030 T i
..
..
19,564 T
71
20,454 T j
16,492 T j
16,496 T j
84 328 185 .. 93 h
h
h
98 1,298 101 67 129
150 255 241 435
a. Data refer to the end of 2001. They do not include Palestinian refugees. b. Data are as of 25 February 2003. Figures are trend indicator values, which are an indicator only of the volume of international arms transfers, not of the actual financial value of such transfers. Published reports of arms transfers provide partial information, as not all transfers are fully reported. The estimates presented are conservative and may understate actual transfers of conventional weapons. Zero values are shown as (.). c. Data refer to persons who are displaced within their country and to whom the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) extends protection or assistance, generally pursuant to a special request by a competent organ of the United Nations. d. The country of origin for many refugees is unavailable or unreported. These data may therefore be underestimates. e. Calculated using the 1998-2002 totals for all countries and non-state actors with exports of major conventional weapons as defined in SIPRI 2003b. f. In accordance with the Dayton Peace Accords (signed 14 December 1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The two entities are subject to ceilings on arms. The armed forces of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina number some 13,200, and those of the Republika Srpska some 6,600. g. Includes paramilitary forces. h. The mid-point value was used for calculating aggregates. i. Aggregate from UNHCR 2002. j. Aggregate from SIPRI 2003b. It includes all countries and non-state actors with transfers of major conventional weapons as defined in SIPRI 2003b. Source: Columns 1-3: UNHCR 2002; columns 4-6: SIPRI 2003b; column 7: calculated on the basis of data on weapons transfers from SIPRI 2003b; column 8: IISS 2002; column 9: calculated on the basis of data on armed forces from IISS 2002.
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. . . PROTECTING PERSONAL SECURITY . . .
21 Victims of crime
People victimized by crime (as % of total population) a Robbery Sexual assault e
Year b
Total crime c
Property crime d
Assault
Bribery (corruption) f
Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark
1999 1995 1999 1999 1999
30.1 18.8 21.4 23.8 23.0
13.9 3.1 7.7 10.4 7.6
1.2 0.2 1.0 0.9 0.7
1.0 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.4
2.4 0.8 1.2 2.3 1.4
0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3
England and Wales Finland France Italy Japan
1999 1999 1999 1991 1999
26.4 19.1 21.4 24.6 15.2
12.2 4.4 8.7 12.7 3.4
1.2 0.6 1.1 1.3 0.1
0.9 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.1
2.8 2.1 1.4 0.2 0.1
0.1 0.2 1.3 .. (.)
Malta Netherlands New Zealand Northern Ireland Poland
1996 1999 1991 1999 1999
23.1 25.2 29.4 15.0 22.7
10.9 7.4 14.8 6.2 9.0
0.4 0.8 0.7 0.1 1.8
0.1 0.8 1.3 0.1 0.2
1.1 1.0 2.4 2.1 1.1
4.0 0.4 .. 0.2 5.1
Portugal Scotland Slovenia Sweden Switzerland United States
1999 1999 2000 1999 1999 1999
15.5 23.2 21.2 24.7 18.2 21.1
7.5 7.6 7.7 8.4 4.5 10.0
1.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6
0.2 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.4
0.4 3.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2
1.4 .. 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Asunción (Paraguay) Baku (Azerbaijan) Beijing (China) Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Bogotá (Colombia)
1995 1999 1991 1995 1996
34.4 8.3 19.0 27.8 54.6
16.7 2.4 2.2 11.3 27.0
6.3 1.6 0.5 1.6 11.5
1.7 0.0 0.6 2.2 4.8
0.9 0.4 0.6 2.1 2.5
13.3 20.8 .. 19.3 19.5
Bratislava (Slovakia) Bucharest (Romania) Budapest (Hungary) Buenos Aires (Argentina) Cairo (Egypt)
1996 1999 1999 1995 1991
36.0 25.4 32.1 61.1 28.7
20.8 10.8 15.6 30.8 12.1
1.2 1.8 1.8 6.4 2.2
0.4 0.4 9.0 6.4 1.8
0.5 0.6 0.8 2.3 1.1
13.5 19.2 9.8 30.2 ..
Dar es Salaam (Tanzania, U. Rep. of) Gaborone (Botswana) Jakarta (Indonesia) Johannesburg (South Africa) Kampala (Uganda)
1991 1996 1995 1995 1995
.. 31.7 20.9 38.0 40.9
23.1 19.7 9.4 18.3 20.6
8.2 2.0 0.7 4.7 2.3
6.1 0.7 1.3 2.7 5.1
1.7 3.2 0.5 4.6 1.7
.. 2.8 29.9 6.9 19.5
Kiev (Ukraine) La Paz (Bolivia) Manila (Philippines) Minsk (Belarus) Moscow (Russian Federation)
1999 1995 1995 1999 1999
29.1 39.8 10.6 23.6 26.3
8.9 18.1 3.3 11.1 10.9
2.5 5.8 1.5 1.4 2.4
1.2 1.5 0.1 1.4 1.2
1.5 2.0 0.1 1.3 1.1
16.2 24.4 4.3 20.6 16.6
Mumbai (India) New Delhi (India) Prague (Czech Republic) Rïga (Latvia) Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
1995 1995 1999 1999 1995
31.8 30.5 34.1 26.5 44.0
6.7 6.1 21.6 9.4 14.7
1.3 1.0 0.5 2.8 12.2
3.5 1.7 0.9 0.5 7.5
0.8 0.8 1.1 1.9 3.4
22.9 21.0 5.7 14.3 17.1
National
g
Major city
308
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21 Victims of crime
People victimized by crime (as % of total population) a Robbery Sexual assault e
Year b
Total crime c
Property crime d
San José (Costa Rica) Skopje (Macedonia, TFYR) Sofia (Bulgaria) Tallinn (Estonia) Tbilisi (Georgia)
1995 1995 1999 1999 1999
40.4 21.1 27.2 41.2 23.6
21.7 9.4 16.1 22.5 11.1
8.9 1.1 1.5 6.3 1.8
3.5 0.3 0.1 3.3 0.4
1.7 0.7 0.6 3.7 0.9
9.2 7.4 16.4 9.3 16.6
Tirana (Albania) Tunis (Tunisia) Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) Vilnius (Lithuania) Zagreb (Croatia)
1999 1991 1999 1999 1999
31.7 37.5 41.8 31.0 14.3
11.2 20.1 20.0 17.8 4.4
2.9 5.4 4.5 3.2 0.5
1.2 1.5 1.4 2.0 0.8
0.7 0.4 2.1 1.4 0.5
59.1 .. 21.3 22.9 9.5
Assault
Bribery (corruption) f
a. Data refer to victimization as reported in the International Crime Victims Survey. b. Surveys were conducted in 1992, 1995, 1996-97 and 2000-01. Data refer to the year preceding the survey. c. Data refer to people victimized by one or more of 11 crimes recorded in the survey: robbery, burglary, attempted burglary, car theft, car vandalism, bicycle theft, sexual assault, theft from car, theft of personal property, assault and threats and theft of motorcycle or moped. d. Includes car theft, theft from car, burglary with entry and attempted burglary. e. Data refer to female population only. f. Data refer to people who have been asked or expected to pay a bribe by a government official. g. Data refer to 1995. Source: Columns 1-7: UNICRI 2002.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
309
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
22 Genderrelated development Gender-related development index (GDI) Rank Value
HDI rank
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001 Female Male
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 2001 Female Male
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary Estimated gross enrolment ratio earned income (%) (PPP US$) 2000-01 a 2001 b Female Male Female Male
HDI rank minus GDI rank c
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
1 2 3 4 7
0.941 0.940 0.940 0.938 0.934
81.7 81.8 82.4 81.9 80.9
75.8 77.5 77.4 76.3 75.5
.. .. .. .. ..
d
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
8 5 6 13 12
0.931 0.935 0.934 0.926 0.927
81.7 79.7 81.8 84.7 82.2
75.4 74.0 76.5 77.7 75.8
.. .. .. .. ..
d
d d d d
d d d d
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
9 16 11 10 18
0.928 0.923 0.928 0.928 0.920
78.9 79.4 80.4 81.3 81.2
74.0 74.1 75.4 74.1 74.8
.. .. .. .. ..
d
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
14 17 15 20 19
0.924 0.923 0.924 0.912 0.914
81.3 82.6 81.0 82.6 80.6
75.1 74.9 74.9 75.6 75.6
.. .. .. 96.9 ..
d
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
21 22 23 24 25
0.910 0.900 0.892 0.886 0.886
81.8 80.8 79.4 80.8 80.4
75.4 76.9 72.3 75.6 75.8
98.1 93.1 90.3 96.1 95.7
d
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
26 27 28 29 30
0.886 0.885 0.880 0.879 0.873
82.6 79.3 80.0 79.5 79.0
77.1 74.3 75.7 72.2 71.4
89.6 99.7 88.7 99.6 96.6
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
31 32 33 34 35
0.867 0.857 0.844 0.839 0.839
78.7 78.4 80.4 77.4 77.8
74.0 71.7 75.6 70.3 69.4
88.1 .. 93.0 96.9 99.7
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. 40 36 37 39
.. 0.829 0.834 0.834 0.830
.. 75.7 75.7 77.2 78.6
.. 72.1 67.3 69.3 71.3
.. 83.2 99.2 .. 98.1
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
38 41 43 .. 42
0.831 0.824 0.821 .. 0.823
76.5 80.3 78.8 75.0 77.3
65.9 75.6 72.8 70.1 67.1
99.8 95.8 95.7 83.7 99.5
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
45 44 49 46 47
0.813 0.814 0.802 0.811 0.810
78.8 77.9 77.1 70.6 75.8
74.7 70.0 73.0 63.8 65.0
80.3 97.4 79.8 96.3 99.8
310
d d d d
d d d d
d d
d
d d
d
d
d d
d
d
d
.. .. .. .. ..
d
.. .. .. .. ..
d
.. .. .. .. ..
d
.. .. .. 98.6 ..
d
98.9 97.1 95.0 98.5 98.8
d
96.9 99.7 96.4 99.7 99.2 94.6 .. 91.5 96.9 99.8 .. 91.1 99.5 .. 97.2 99.8 95.6 96.1 80.8 99.7 84.3 99.4 75.2 94.6 99.8
d d d d
d d d d
d d d d
d d d d
d d
d
d d
d
d
d d
d
d
d
d
102 96 123 117 99
e, f
111 97 96 82 86
e, f, h
102 93 119 108 74
e, f
93 93 93 95 104
f
84 92 97 81 75
f
66 94 75 85 84
i
84 77 76 94 91 .. 84 83 74 89 93 66 71 85 88 57 69 74 77 91
f e, f e, f f
f f, h f f
i e, f e, i f, h, j
f i f e, f
f i h
i i f
f h f, h f
m f, h f f
f
m i f i
94 87 103 112 100
f
104 90 91 84 90
e, f, h
95 89 105 99 72
f
91 90 95 90 94
f
81 88 90 80 74
f
61 84 76 80 97
i
81 76 75 85 86 .. 78 80 72 79 85 65 81 78 83 52 68 64 72 82
f e, f e, f e, f
f f, h f f
i e, f i f, h, j
f i f f
f i h
i i f
f h f, h f
m f, h f f
f
m i f i
23,317 23,130 19,636 20,830 18,846 15,835 26,389 20,990 15,617 18,782 24,086 18,701 18,180 20,234 29,569
g
g
g g
g
17,940 18,607 18,474 12,331 15,524
g
15,452 13,726 12,782 10,833 13,513
g
18,028 11,852 14,992 13,152 9,529 11,716 10,555 6,787 6,064 7,253 .. 7,578 9,183 9,468 5,774
g
g
g
g
g
g, l
g g
g g
7,993 5,189 5,055 .. 6,843
g
8,605 6,612 6,041 12,783 6,470
g
g
g g, l g, n
36,043 36,799 28,817 29,945 35,675 35,601 42,540 33,391 35,061 37,619 34,011 46,280 30,476 28,831 78,723
g
g
g g
g
k
35,923 29,657 32,557 28,275 22,900
g
34,460 26,011 23,940 24,235 28,899
g
31,883 19,496 30,262 21,338 20,578 26,122 19,113 19,647 16,786 11,777 .. 22,305 15,803 14,595 11,190
g
g
g
g
g
g, l
g g
g g
12,720 13,589 13,409 .. 10,326
g
25,333 11,929 28,223 19,857 9,215
g
g
g g, l g, n
0 0 0 0 -2 -2 2 2 -4 -2 2 -4 2 4 -3 2 0 3 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -4 1 1 0 2 0 -1 .. 1 -1 1 -3 1 1
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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22 Gender-related development index Gender-related development index (GDI) Rank Value
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001 Female Male
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 2001 Female Male
.. .. 48 50 52
.. .. 0.803 0.796 0.790
.. 78.5 75.0 74.6 76.1
.. 74.6 64.3 68.6 70.1
.. 96.7 99.6 97.8 89.5
d
.. 96.9 99.8 99.0 93.5
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary Estimated gross enrolment ratio earned income (%) (PPP US$) 2000-01 a 2001 b Female Male Female Male
d
.. 77 87 68 74
f
.. 75 84 65 74
f
.. .. 6,084 5,645 4,637
g g
.. .. 9,358 12,614 12,358
HDI rank minus GDI rank c
g g
.. .. 1 0 -1
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 51 53 54 ..
.. 0.794 0.784 0.781 ..
.. 74.6 75.3 77.1 75.5
.. 67.4 70.4 72.0 71.2
.. 98.0 84.0 91.4 ..
.. 99.0 91.7 92.7 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. 59 56 55 58
.. 0.770 0.774 0.774 0.770
75.0 75.5 72.9 75.0 72.3
70.4 68.0 60.6 68.6 63.7
69.3 81.7 99.4 91.9 87.2
91.3 88.0 99.7 91.9 87.4
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 64 .. 60 ..
.. 0.756 .. 0.767 ..
76.5 73.4 .. 76.4 73.0
71.1 70.2 .. 70.6 66.5
.. 93.3 .. 92.4 98.4
.. 93.6 .. 93.3 98.9
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 57 68 61 63
.. 0.771 0.743 0.766 0.761
73.8 74.2 73.3 73.2 74.4
70.5 67.0 70.7 64.9 64.1
.. 97.4 68.2 94.1 99.5
.. 99.1 83.5 97.3 99.8
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
62 .. 65 71 ..
0.763 .. 0.750 0.736 ..
71.5 73.4 77.5 74.1 75.3
60.3 68.2 73.5 70.8 72.4
99.2 .. 91.0 63.5 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
67 72 70 69 66
0.743 0.734 0.737 0.739 0.748
71.1 72.0 74.8 72.8 71.6
67.7 66.9 71.7 68.3 67.6
91.2 85.7 81.0 92.5 95.0
95.2 94.8 92.4 94.5 95.3
75 78 77 64 81
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. .. .. .. 75
.. .. .. .. 0.729
66.3 70.0 77.4 75.2 72.1
67.4 63.3 69.2 68.3 69.3
96.9 .. .. .. 85.1
97.1 .. .. .. 95.2
79 81 70 69 78
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
d
d d
99.7 .. 83.4 80.9 ..
d
d
.. 79 74 78 70 91 68 82 72 97 .. 76 .. 70 72
d
d d
81 70 57 69 79 78 79 71 56 ..
f h
f
i
f
f
m
h f m
f f, h m
f, m f, m
i f
i
h f, h
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
76 74 .. 77 73
0.727 0.730 .. 0.727 0.732
74.5 66.5 .. 69.3 76.5
70.5 60.1 .. 64.4 70.6
61.9 98.2 .. 84.0 77.8
82.3 99.0 .. 84.0 92.5
76 84 .. 77 70
f
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
81 84 .. 80 78
0.726 0.716 .. 0.726 0.727
72.8 73.2 73.7 75.5 75.3
67.6 68.0 70.5 69.6 68.7
77.2 90.3 .. 89.3 97.8
93.7 93.4 .. 94.5 99.3
54 71 78 64 63
f, h
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
d
f, h
f
f h f, m
.. 76 71 73 70 87 70 75 69 93 .. 75 .. 65 70 83 67 60 75 83 77 75 67 59 .. 77 89 75 64 79 78 81 69 69 76
f h
f
i
f
f
m
h f m
f f, h m
f, m f, m
i f
i
h f, h
76 85 .. 71 67
f
65 73 76 63 57
f, h
f, h
f
f h f, m
.. 5,484 5,557 3,399 .. .. 5,273 5,609 4,534 4,391 .. 2,188 .. 3,288 .. .. 4,313 4,222 4,875 3,071 5,039 .. 2,969 3,919 .. 2,507 1,903 1,963 2,548 2,838
g g
g g g
g
g
.. 8,378 11,845 8,056 .. .. 14,497 8,795 9,608 10,410 .. 9,100 .. 8,021 ..
g
.. 7,416 21,141 7,975 5,826
g
8,077 .. 4,492 17,960 ..
g
g, n
g
g
.. .. 1,507 .. 1,771
7,113 7,206 6,472 7,832 4,829
g g
g g g
g
g
g
3,717 1,504 .. 2,095 2,175
g
g
g g
g
g
.. -4 0 2 0 .. -5 .. 0 ..
g
.. 4 -6 2 1
g
3 .. 1 -4 ..
g
g, n
g
g
.. .. 3,712 .. 5,800
3,377 2,658 .. 3,663 2,608
.. 1 0 0 ..
1 -3 0 2 6 .. .. .. .. -2
9,359 6,844 .. 10,278 4,705
g
8,028 5,040 .. 4,189 3,152
g
g
g g
g
g
-2 1 .. -1 4 -3 -5 .. 0 3
311
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22 Gender-related development index Gender-related development index (GDI) Rank Value
HDI rank
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001 Female Male
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 2001 Female Male
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
79 .. 82 83 85
0.727 .. 0.719 0.718 0.707
72.1 71.9 72.4 72.9 73.3
66.4 64.2 66.6 68.6 67.3
98.9 .. 67.0 78.7 76.6
99.6 .. 84.9 92.5 81.9
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
86 88 87 89 93
0.702 0.687 0.697 0.687 0.668
71.3 70.7 71.8 71.0 72.7
68.5 67.7 64.9 66.3 70.2
70.2 58.3 98.4 90.9 61.6
83.8 77.1 99.6 94.5 88.8
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary Estimated gross enrolment ratio earned income (%) (PPP US$) 2000-01 a 2001 b Female Male Female Male d
d
74 80 79 62 63 63 69 63 61 61
f f, h m
f
i
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
90 91 92 94 96
0.678 0.677 0.673 0.663 0.656
54.4 68.2 71.0 65.4 71.3
47.7 64.3 65.6 61.3 66.4
85.0 82.6 98.9 79.9 75.7
86.3 92.1 99.6 92.3 75.4
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. 95 .. 97 99
.. 0.659 .. 0.638 0.634
50.4 65.3 57.7 68.4 70.4
47.6 61.3 55.6 62.5 66.3
76.0 98.3 .. 61.8 44.8
92.8 98.6 .. 76.6 67.2
49 69 81 54 72
h
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
98 .. .. 100 101
0.636 .. .. 0.622 0.611
71.5 72.4 70.1 49.2 46.0
66.8 66.6 67.5 45.5 43.3
67.1 .. .. 81.9 80.6
66.5 .. .. 83.4 75.3
66 .. .. 75 81
f, h
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
102 103 .. 104 105
0.590 0.574 .. 0.564 0.551
69.9 64.0 70.1 59.3 59.4
66.2 62.8 67.1 56.2 55.2
37.2 46.4 .. 64.5 58.2
62.6 69.0 .. 81.1 80.5
46 49 54 42 49
h
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
.. 106 107 108 109
.. 0.544 0.536 0.521 0.518
59.8 58.1 39.9 61.6 55.2
54.4 56.2 36.5 58.8 52.7
81.0 57.7 79.4 48.8 54.4
89.1 71.1 81.3 63.3 76.8
48 39 75 36 51
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 110 116 112 111 118
.. 0.497 0.483 0.495 0.496 0.483
63.8 41.7 56.9 60.9 50.3 52.0
61.3 35.4 54.0 60.1 46.7 48.6
.. 93.9 47.7 30.8 75.9 44.0
.. 73.3 70.0 49.9 88.2 73.4
.. 65 32 54 53 53
d
78 63 65 80 61
i
f
f f
f f i
h
f, h m
m h h
m
f m
79 79 80 65 63 66 73 60 67 65 78 65 78 88 64
i
f f, h m
f
i
f
f f
68 58 85 61 80
h
63 .. .. 72 79
f, h
56 63 54 49 60
h
47 43 78 44 63 .. 61 36 54 61 80
f f i
h
f, h m
m h h
m
f m
1,951 .. 3,557 3,169 2,771
g
2,599 2,784 1,714 1,696 1,423
g
7,047 1,987 891 1,427 1,509
g
.. 1,398 .. 2,144 1,970
g g
g g g g
g g g g
g
g
1,494 .. .. 4,833 5,888
g, l
2,057 1,531 .. 1,924 1,621
g
.. 1,865 2,395 1,340 1,278 .. 1,375 935 1,153 695 1,058
g g
g
g g
g g g g
g g g g g
HDI rank minus GDI rank c
2,976 .. 7,781 4,825 7,846
g
9,301 9,329 2,626 2,447 5,109
g
15,712 3,893 1,451 3,181 4,131
g
.. 2,082 .. 6,620 5,075
g g
g g g g
g g g g
g
g
3,415 .. .. 9,511 9,826
g, l
5,139 4,070 .. 2,579 2,113
g
.. 3,231 6,453 2,395 1,962 .. 3,620 2,992 2,044 1,253 2,254
g g
g
g g
g g g g
g g g g g
3 .. 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 -3 1 1 1 0 -1 .. 1 .. 0 -1 1 .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 -5 0 2 -4
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
114 119 120 113 115
0.488 0.479 0.469 0.489 0.488
49.4 58.9 60.3 35.4 47.9
46.6 59.4 60.6 35.5 44.9
65.1 25.2 28.8 85.5 77.3
79.9 60.5 58.2 93.3 89.5
43 57 27 58 52
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
117 127 121 122 123
0.483 0.424 0.467 0.462 0.457
45.4 60.5 54.2 49.8 55.2
43.9 58.3 51.9 48.5 52.2
58.0 26.9 60.6 48.9 30.9
78.1 68.5 74.2 52.9 45.0
66 34 43 51 43
312
f, h
f f, h
m f i f
52 70 45 62 53 75 70 45 53 51
f, h
f f, h
m f i f
1,032 867 909 1,667 930
g
1,185 365 616 1,339 1,530
g
g g g
g g g g
2,338 1,734 2,824 2,905 1,031
g
1,799 1,201 1,046 2,396 2,581
g
g g g
g g g g
1 -3 -3 5 4 3 -6 1 1 1
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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22 Gender-related development index Gender-related development index (GDI) Rank Value
HDI rank
Life expectancy at birth (years) 2001 Female Male
Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above) 2001 Female Male
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary Estimated gross enrolment ratio earned income (%) (PPP US$) 2000-01 a 2001 b Female Male Female Male
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
124 .. 125 126 128
0.450 .. 0.445 0.434 0.420
52.3 47.3 53.5 54.1 54.5
51.3 44.9 50.3 50.9 50.2
57.7 55.5 30.7 45.6 28.7
73.3 76.1 51.1 68.2 48.1
41 19 40 29 34
i
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. 129 131 130 134
.. 0.416 0.395 0.396 0.376
48.9 38.7 53.2 45.0 42.1
48.1 37.6 48.6 43.0 41.2
.. 61.9 24.6 67.9 38.4
.. 74.5 53.5 84.5 60.3
26 51 38 31 31
f
h
f
f f
m
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
132 133 .. 135 137
0.378 0.376 .. 0.366 0.353
39.1 33.4 41.6 45.7 46.7
37.9 33.3 38.8 43.5 43.5
47.6 72.7 .. 35.8 24.7
75.0 85.8 .. 53.0 55.2
70 43 26 24 34
f
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
136 138 139 140 141
0.353 0.352 0.347 0.341 0.331
41.7 41.8 46.7 40.9 41.0
39.6 39.1 44.6 37.4 39.9
51.8 36.6 32.4 30.0 42.0
74.2 60.8 48.1 61.2 56.9
24 20 27 32 28
f, m
26 18 14 44
f
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
142 143 144 ..
0.327 0.317 0.279 ..
48.9 46.4 45.9 35.8
47.8 45.0 45.3 33.2
16.6 14.9 8.9 ..
36.7 34.9 24.4 ..
h h h
i
f
49 23 45 38 41
i
41 52 60 31 46
f
74 47 31 43 52
f
30 29 41 42 35
f, m
38 27 21 57
f
h
f
f f
m
h h h
i
f
505 .. 1,429 703 1,065 .. 965 803 432 792
g
g
g
g g g g
464 554 .. 796 636
g
486 987 550 916 573
g
615 927 646 ..
g
g
g g
g g g g
g g
1,191 .. 2,566 1,361 1,941 .. 1,567 1,163 610 2,160
HDI rank minus GDI rank c g
g
g
g g g g
679 1,009 .. 1,350 1,313
g
879 1,632 1,074 1,382 814
g
1,009 1,323 1,129 ..
g
g
g g
g g g g
g g
1 .. 1 1 0 .. 0 -1 1 -2 1 1 .. 0 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..
a. Data refer to the 2000/01 school year. Data for some countries may refer to national or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates. For details, see http://www.uis.unesco.org/. Because data are from different sources, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. b. Because of the lack of gender-disaggregated income data, female and male earned income are crudely estimated on the basis of data on the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male non-agricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, the total female and male population and GDP per capita (PPP US$) (see technical note 1). Unless otherwise specified, estimates are based on data for the most recent year available during 1991-2000. c. The HDI ranks used in this column are those recalculated for the 144 countries with a GDI value. A positive figure indicates that the GDI rank is higher than the HDI rank, a negative the opposite. d. For purposes of calculating the GDI, a value of 99% was applied. e. For purposes of calculating the GDI, a value of 100% was applied. f. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision. g. No wage data available. For purposes of calculating the estimated female and male earned income, an estimate of 75% was used for the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male non-agricultural wage. h. Data refer to the 1999/2000 school year. i. Data refer to the 1999/2000 school year. They were provided by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for Human Development Report 2001 (see UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2001). j. The ratio is an underestimate, as many secondary and tertiary students pursue their studies in nearby countries. k. For purposes of calculating the GDI, a value of $40,000 (PPP US$) was applied. l. Calculated on the basis of GDP per capita (PPP US$) for 1998. m. Data refer to the 1998/99 school year. n. Calculated on the basis of GDP per capita (PPP US$) for 2000. Source: Column 1: determined on the basis of the GDI values in column 2; column 2: calculated on the basis of data in columns 3-10; see technical note 1 for details; columns 3 and 4: UN 2003d; columns 5 and 6: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; columns 7 and 8: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003b; columns 9 and 10: unless otherwise noted, calculated on the basis of data on GDP per capita (PPP US$) from World Bank 2003c, data on wages from ILO 2003b, data on the economically active population from ILO 2002a and data on population from UN 2003d; column 11: determined on the basis of the recalculated HDI ranks and the GDI ranks in column 1.
GDI ranks for 144 countries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia United States Canada Netherlands Belgium Denmark Finland United Kingdom Switzerland Japan Austria Germany Ireland France Luxembourg New Zealand Spain Italy Israel
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Portugal Greece Cyprus Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland Hungary Slovakia Estonia Uruguay Bahrain Costa Rica Lithuania Chile Croatia Kuwait Bahamas Latvia
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Belarus United Arab Emirates Trinidad and Tobago Bulgaria Mexico Malaysia Panama Colombia Russian Federation Romania Brazil Mauritius Venezuela Thailand Kazakhstan Ukraine Belize Jamaica Philippines Fiji Saudi Arabia Paraguay Lebanon Oman Peru
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Albania Guyana Jordan Tunisia Dominican Republic Armenia Uzbekistan Sri Lanka Turkey Cape Verde China Ecuador El Salvador Iran, Islamic Rep. of Moldova, Rep. of Algeria Viet Nam South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Syrian Arab Republic Bolivia Mongolia Honduras Guatemala
98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Nicaragua Egypt Namibia Botswana Morocco India Ghana Cambodia Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Lesotho Congo Bangladesh Zimbabwe Cameroon Kenya Sudan Uganda Togo Nepal Pakistan Madagascar Haiti
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
Gambia Nigeria Mauritania Eritrea Yemen Senegal Rwanda Tanzania, U. Rep. of Benin Malawi Zambia Côte d’Ivoire Chad Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger
313
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
23 Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Rank Value
HDI rank
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) a
Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total) b
Female professional and technical workers (as % of total) b
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income c
48 55 49 45 48
0.65 0.63 0.68 0.70 0.53
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
2 1 3 11 6
0.837 0.847 0.831 0.754 0.794
36.4 34.9 45.3 26.5 33.3
26 31 30 25 26
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
15 10 9 44 13
0.695 0.760 0.771 0.515 0.720
24.9 14.0 23.6 10.0 22.4
19 46 35 9 24
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
4 16 17 5 ..
0.825 0.683 0.675 0.801 ..
38.0 14.2 17.1 36.5 16.7
21 28 30 28 ..
51 49 43 57 ..
0.71 0.40 0.60 0.70 ..
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
7 .. 8 14 12
0.782 .. 0.776 0.709 0.750
30.6 11.7 31.4 26.6 29.2
29 .. 27 32 38
48 .. 50 45 53
0.50 .. 0.57 0.44 0.68
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
32 23 21 40 34
0.561 0.612 0.647 0.519 0.542
10.3 15.0 19.1 8.7 10.7
19 27 32 25 18
44 54 50 47 43
0.45 0.53 0.53 0.45 0.47
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
.. 20 26 27 63
.. 0.659 0.594 0.582 0.363
.. 20.4 11.8 12.2 5.9
25 40 24 31 5
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
.. 28 .. .. 25
.. 0.579 .. .. 0.594
– 15.7 9.2 31.3 20.7
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. .. 41 24 43
.. .. 0.518 0.598 0.516
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
33 19 52 .. 48
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
.. 36 65 18 30
314
e
d d
d
d
50 54 53 45 43
38 55 43 54 34
d d
d
d
0.44 0.62 0.63 0.45 0.50
.. 0.61 0.50 0.62 0.46
.. 26 .. .. 32
.. 53 .. .. 60
.. 0.55 .. .. 0.62
29.4 6.3 9.8 19.3 11.5
.. .. 34 31 37
.. .. 61 61 52
.. .. 0.58 0.65 0.52
0.560 0.670 0.467 .. 0.499
17.8 35.1 10.1 – 10.6
35 53 24 .. 47
70 28 50 .. 69
0.63 0.38 0.38 .. 0.66
.. 0.534 0.315 0.671 0.576
0.0 16.2 0.0 23.2 21.0
e
f
.. 25 8 31 38
d
.. 50 25 56 68
d
.. 0.55 0.21 0.64 0.70
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23 Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Rank Value
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) a
Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total) b
Female professional and technical workers (as % of total) b
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income c
.. .. .. 22 42
.. .. .. 0.642 0.516
13.3 36.0 18.4 25.4 15.9
.. .. .. 40 25
.. .. .. 51 40
.. .. .. 0.45 0.38
.. .. 45 46 ..
.. .. 0.47 0.42 ..
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. .. 45 50 ..
.. .. 0.503 0.471 ..
8.3 26.3 14.5 9.9 18.3
.. .. 20 33 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
.. .. 57 46 ..
.. .. 0.440 0.501 ..
.. 5.7 6.4 10.8 9.1
.. .. 37 38 ..
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 47 .. 56 ..
.. 0.501 .. 0.441 ..
12.3 13.5 18.8 9.7 6.1
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 53 .. 55 61
.. 0.460 .. 0.457 0.406
20.7 9.9 – 9.6 5.3
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
8.6 17.6 13.6 – 22.7
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
.. 39 .. 59 35
.. 0.521 .. 0.412 0.539
5.7 18.3 2.3 8.0 17.2
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
.. .. 62 .. ..
.. .. 0.381 .. ..
6.0 26.0 7.2 10.5 3.3
15 .. 23 .. ..
40 .. 60 .. ..
.. .. 0.41 .. ..
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
.. .. .. 37 ..
.. .. .. 0.529 ..
11.5 20.0 17.9 15.4 5.7
.. .. .. 31 ..
.. .. .. 49 ..
.. .. .. 0.36 ..
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
66 49 .. 67 ..
0.290 0.489 .. 0.272 ..
4.4 16.0 .. 4.4 3.1
8 25 11 4 ..
31 44 32 49 ..
0.46 0.30 .. 0.50 ..
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
f
e
e
f
.. 33 .. 24 .. .. 29 .. 27 37 .. 28 .. .. .. .. 27 .. 23 58
d d
d
d
d
d
d
.. .. 64 49 62 .. 53 .. 58 .. .. 57 .. 55 63 .. 51 .. .. .. .. 44 .. 54 62
d d
d d
d
d
d
d
.. .. 0.64 0.47 .. .. 0.24 .. 0.41 .. .. 0.58 .. 0.61 0.53 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.26 .. 0.33 0.59
315
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23 Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Rank Value
HDI rank
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) a
Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total) b
Female professional and technical workers (as % of total) b
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income c
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
.. .. .. .. 54
.. .. .. .. 0.459
7.2 6.7 11.1 21.8 9.5
.. .. .. .. 33
.. .. .. .. 47
.. .. .. .. 0.35
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
.. .. 51 .. ..
.. .. 0.468 .. ..
4.1 6.0 12.9 27.3 10.4
.. .. 37 .. ..
.. .. 66 .. ..
.. .. 0.65 .. ..
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
.. .. .. 38 60
.. .. .. 0.522 0.408
30.0 8.0 12.4 17.8 5.5
.. .. .. 36 36
.. .. .. 40 51
.. .. .. 0.45 0.37
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
.. .. .. .. 68
.. .. .. .. 0.253
5.0 10.5 11.0 8.8 2.4
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
.. .. .. 29 31
.. .. .. 0.578 0.564
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
.. .. .. .. 64
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
g
d
d
.. .. .. .. 10
.. .. .. .. 29
.. .. .. .. 0.39
20.7 9.1 0.0 21.4 17.0
.. .. .. 30 35
.. .. .. 55 52
.. .. .. 0.51 0.60
.. .. .. .. 0.347
6.1 9.3 1.9 9.0 9.3
.. .. .. .. 14
.. .. .. .. 33
.. .. .. .. 0.77
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
– 0.9 6.3 – 22.9
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 69 .. ..
.. .. .. 0.218 .. ..
9.3 17.0 9.7 2.0 11.1 7.4
.. .. .. 8 .. ..
.. .. .. 25 .. ..
.. .. .. 0.56 .. ..
f
h
i
d
d
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
.. .. 58 .. ..
.. .. 0.414 .. ..
8.9 7.9 20.6 10.0 7.1
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
.. 70 .. .. ..
.. 0.127 .. .. ..
24.7 0.7 6.4 9.1 13.2
316
f
.. .. 9 .. .. .. 4 .. .. ..
d
.. .. 26 .. .. .. 15 .. .. ..
d
.. .. 0.32 .. .. .. 0.30 .. .. ..
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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23 Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Rank Value
HDI rank
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) a
Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total) b .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
Female professional and technical workers (as % of total) b
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income c
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
3.3 10.8 3.0 22.0 19.2
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
19.3 25.7 6.0 22.3 8.5
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
9.3 12.0 15.5 5.8 7.8
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
– 7.3 7.8 30.0 18.5
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
10.2 11.7 1.2 14.5
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
f
i
a. Data are as of 1 March 2003. Where there are lower and upper houses, data refer to the weighted average of women’s shares of seats in both houses. b. Data refer to the most recent year available during 1992-2001. Estimates for countries that have implemented the recent International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-68). c. Calculated on the basis of data in columns 9 and 10 in table 22. Estimates are based on data for the most recent year available during 1991-2001. d. Data are based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-68) as defined in ILO 2002c. e. The country has never had a parliament. f. Information for the most recent elections was not available in time for publication; data are based on previous elections. g. Calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats (that is, excluding the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis). h. The parliament elected in 1990 has never been convened nor authorized to sit, and many of its members were detained or forced into exile. i. The parliament has been dissolved or suspended for an indefinite period. Source: Column 1: determined on the basis of the GEM values in column 2; column 2: calculated on the basis of data in columns 3-6; see technical note 1 for details; column 3: calculated on the basis of data on parliamentary seats from IPU 2003b; columns 4 and 5: calculated on the basis of occupational data from ILO 2003b; column 6: calculated on the basis of data in columns 9 and 10 in table 22.
GEM ranks for 70 countries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Iceland Norway Sweden Denmark Finland Netherlands Austria Germany Canada United States Australia New Zealand Switzerland Spain Belgium Ireland
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
United Kingdom Bahamas Costa Rica Barbados Portugal Trinidad and Tobago Israel Slovakia Poland Singapore Slovenia Czech Republic Namibia Latvia Botswana Italy Estonia Cyprus Philippines
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Croatia Dominican Republic Bolivia Peru Greece Hungary Uruguay Mexico Japan Malaysia Colombia Belize Lithuania Ecuador Panama Chile Moldova, Rep. of Romania El Salvador
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Thailand Venezuela Russian Federation Pakistan Paraguay Honduras Ukraine Georgia Korea, Rep. of Cambodia United Arab Emirates Turkey Sri Lanka Egypt Bangladesh Yemen
317
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
24 Gender inequality in education Adult literacy Female Female rate rate (% age 15 as % of and above) male rate 2001 2001
HDI rank
Youth literacy Female Female rate rate (% age as % of 15-24) male rate 2001 2001
Net primary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
Net secondary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
Gross tertiary enrolment b, c Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
102 102 102 96 99
e
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
100 96 99 101 99
e
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
e e e
e e, f e e
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
99 90 99 100 97
e, f
.. .. .. 96.9 ..
.. .. .. 98 ..
.. .. .. 99.8 ..
.. .. .. 100 ..
92 100 87 103 99
e
e
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
98.1 93.1 90.3 96.1 95.7
99 96 95 97 97
99.8 99.3 99.8 99.8 99.8
100 100 100 100 100
100 101 .. 97 95
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
89.6 99.7 88.7 99.6 96.6
92 100 92 100 97
99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8
101 100 100 100 100
.. 105 .. 93 100
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
88.1 .. 93.0 96.9 99.7
93 .. 102 100 100
99.8 .. 99.8 98.8 99.8
101 .. 102 100 100
.. 90 100 107 98
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. 83.2 99.2 .. 98.1
.. 91 100 .. 101
.. 98.7 99.8 .. 99.4
.. 100 100 .. 101
.. 97 90 90 91
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
99.8 95.8 95.7 83.7 99.5
100 100 100 104 100
99.8 98.6 99.1 97.3 99.8
100 101 100 105 100
97 91 88 96 94
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
80.3 97.4 79.8 96.3 99.8
95 98 106 102 100
93.6 99.8 94.7 98.3 99.8
102 100 108 102 100
65 .. 87 79 92
318
e
e, f e e e
e e, f e e
e
e
e f e e
e e e
e h
f
f
1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.99
e
1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.99
e
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01
e, f
1.01 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.00
e
1.00 1.00 .. 1.00 1.01
e
.. 1.01 .. 0.99 1.01 .. 1.00 1.02 0.99 1.00 .. 1.01 0.99 1.01 1.01 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.99 0.95 .. 1.02 0.92 1.00
e e e e
e e, f e e
e, f e e e
e e, f e e
e
e
e f e e
e e e
e h
f
f
95 86 98 91 90 .. 89 98 101 85
e e e, f e e
e e, f e, f e
91 .. 95 95 81
e, f
88 93 88 95 93
e
91 89 89 89 89
e
.. 84 .. .. 91 .. .. 77 82 92 .. 95 88 75 74 84 52 64 82 89 50 .. 72 71 77
e e e
e e, f e e
e e
e
h e e
e, f e e
e h
h
f
1.01 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.00 .. 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.95
e e e, f e e
e e, f e, f e
1.03 .. 1.02 1.02 1.08
e, f
0.99 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.02
e
1.01 1.01 1.08 1.03 1.02
e
.. 0.97 .. .. 1.00 .. .. 0.95 1.06 1.03 .. 1.07 1.01 1.01 1.11 1.03 1.11 0.76 1.10 1.01 1.02 .. 1.13 0.99 1.08
e e e
e e, f e e
e e
e
h e e
e, f e e
e h
h
f
85 62 85 70 57
e
61 83 69 44 37
e, f
68 53 67 .. 10
e
62 59 45 64 84
e
57 62 58 .. 22
e
.. 55 .. 70 57 19 31 24 60 66 .. 31 45 32 47 70 18 36 38 63 30 .. .. .. 79
e e e e
e e, f e e
e e
e, f, g
e e, h e e
e
f, i
e
e f e, f e
h e e e
e
h
1.52 1.74 1.52 1.24 1.07
e
1.13 1.32 1.33 0.85 0.78
e, f
1.35 1.27 1.27 .. 1.24
e
1.14 1.23 0.96 1.15 1.52
e
1.32 1.39 1.37 .. 1.29
e
.. 2.45 .. 1.35 0.59 1.96 1.05 1.22 1.64 1.44 .. 1.59 1.27 1.09 1.83 1.55 1.21 0.92 2.97 1.51 2.31 .. .. .. 1.65
e e e e
e e, f e e
e e
e, f, g
e e, h e e
e
f, i
e
e f e, f e
h e e e
e
h
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24 Gender inequality in education Adult literacy Female Female rate rate (% age 15 as % of and above) male rate 2001 2001
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Youth literacy Female Female rate rate (% age as % of 15-24) male rate 2001 2001
Net primary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
.. 96.7 99.6 97.8 89.5
.. 100 100 99 96
.. 99.8 99.8 99.8 96.8
.. 100 100 100 99
.. 97 107 92 104
e
.. 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01
e
Net secondary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01 .. 84 76 73 62
e
.. 1.05 1.01 1.07 1.08
e
Gross tertiary enrolment b, c Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01 .. 26 63 8 20
e
.. 1.16 1.29 1.53 0.96
e
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 98.0 84.0 91.4 ..
.. 99 92 99 ..
.. 99.6 97.8 96.5 ..
.. 100 100 99 ..
.. 93 99 100 92
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
69.3 81.7 99.4 91.9 87.2
76 93 100 100 100
93.5 94.5 99.8 97.7 96.9
94 101 100 101 103
.. 95 .. 88 94
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 93.3 .. 92.4 98.4
.. 100 .. 99 99
.. 98.8 .. 98.8 99.5
.. 101 .. 101 100
.. 102 .. 89 95
.. 1.04 .. 1.02 0.97
.. 66 .. 55 71
.. 1.07 .. 1.20 1.08
.. .. .. 34 11
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 97.4 68.2 94.1 99.5
.. 98 82 97 100
.. 99.7 91.0 98.4 99.9
.. 100 96 99 100
100 93 56 84 71
1.01 0.99 0.92 0.97 0.99
90 81 50 .. ..
1.28 1.02 0.95 .. ..
24 30 25 32 46
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
99.2 .. 91.0 63.5 ..
100 .. 109 78 ..
99.8 .. 97.6 96.8 ..
100 .. 107 97 ..
88 90 95 64 ..
82 46 76 60 ..
0.98 1.13 1.04 1.01 ..
34 .. 22 10 ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
91.2 85.7 81.0 92.5 95.0
96 90 88 98 100
99.1 95.5 93.3 97.2 99.0
100 97 96 100 100
100 104 74 92 93
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
96.9 .. .. .. 85.1
100 .. .. .. 89
99.2 .. .. .. 99.4
100 .. .. .. 100
99 .. 95 93 94
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
61.9 98.2 .. 84.0 77.8
75 99 .. 100 84
89.8 99.8 .. 92.2 96.7
92 100 .. 102 97
99 97 .. 93 97
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
77.2 90.3 .. 89.3 97.8
82 97 .. 94 98
94.4 97.1 .. 96.8 99.7
95 99 .. 100 100
.. 100 98 97 70
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
e
e
e h
e
h e, f
e e
f e, f e f
e, h
.. 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 .. 1.00 .. 1.00 0.93
0.99 0.96 1.00 0.99 .. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 .. 1.00 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97 .. 1.02 1.00 .. 1.01 1.02 1.00 1.02
e
e
e h
e
h e, f
e e
f e, f e f
e, h
.. 87 74 65 80 .. 65 .. 59 74
.. 61 73 48 57
e
f
e
e
e, h h e e
33 .. 73 78 78
f
72 .. .. 45 75
e
.. 49 81 .. 65
h h e, f
.. 0.98 1.11 1.09 0.98 .. 1.04 .. 1.10 1.08
.. 0.98 1.09 1.06 1.18
e
f
e
e
e, h h e e
1.13 .. 1.02 1.01 1.07
f
1.05 .. .. 1.28 1.03
e
.. 1.04 1.08 .. 1.06
h h e, f
.. 47 29 44 28 48 13 .. 24 19
.. 15 44 .. 33 .. .. 34 21 31
e f
e
.. 1.35 1.08 1.67 1.32 0.96 1.36 .. 1.09 1.29
e f
e
.. .. .. 1.46 1.05 h
f e h
e
e, h
e
f e, f
0.87 1.20 1.29 0.82 1.14 1.19 .. 1.89 1.40 .. .. 0.34 1.09 .. 1.10 .. .. 0.99 0.93 1.14
h
f e h
e
e, h
e
f e, f
21 .. .. .. 19
e
0.97 .. .. .. 1.69
e
12 .. 28 .. 22
e, f
0.70 .. 0.96 .. 1.25
e, f
319
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24 Gender inequality in education Adult literacy Female Female rate rate (% age 15 as % of and above) male rate 2001 2001
HDI rank
Youth literacy Female Female rate rate (% age as % of 15-24) male rate 2001 2001
Net primary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
98.9 .. 67.0 78.7 76.6
99 .. 79 85 93
99.6 .. 85.5 96.9 87.7
100 .. 93 98 98
.. 81 99 95 87
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
70.2 58.3 98.4 90.9 61.6
84 76 99 96 69
91.9 84.6 99.8 95.6 79.7
95 90 100 101 83
73 97 78 92 94
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
85.0 82.6 98.9 79.9 75.7
98 90 99 87 100
91.5 97.3 99.8 94.0 87.1
100 99 100 96 104
88 92 98 97 88
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
76.0 98.3 .. 61.8 44.8
82 100 .. 81 67
95.7 99.4 .. 73.2 63.7
97 101 .. 85 83
68 91 87 82 90
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
67.1 .. .. 81.9 80.6
101 .. .. 98 107
72.6 .. .. 93.7 92.4
102 .. .. 104 109
81 .. .. 84 86
1.01 .. .. 1.07 1.04
38 .. .. 44 74
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
37.2 46.4 .. 64.5 58.2
59 67 .. 80 72
59.7 65.8 .. 89.4 75.2
78 82 .. 95 89
74 .. 100 57 90
0.91 .. 1.10 0.95 0.90
27 .. 25 28 12
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
81.0 57.7 79.4 48.8 54.4
91 81 98 77 71
90.8 72.1 91.6 52.0 71.8
99 90 102 79 84
83 80 94 52 78
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
.. 93.9 47.7 30.8 75.9 44.0
.. 128 68 62 86 60
.. 98.6 72.9 40.4 97.0 65.2
.. 119 87 71 99 74
.. 82 42 90 .. 83
h e, f f
.. 0.97 1.01 1.03 1.17
Net secondary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
h e, f f
0.98 0.97 1.00 0.94 0.95 e
e
f
f
0.98 0.99 0.92 1.00 1.02 0.89 1.04 0.98 0.95 0.95
0.99 0.91 1.02 0.87 0.92 .. 1.09 0.83 1.02 .. 0.82
.. .. .. .. 39
h
.. 63 69 .. 37 e
e
f
f
60 46 69 67 .. 14 64 .. 25 77
35 18 47 .. 27 .. 25 .. 44 .. 14
.. .. .. .. 0.99
h
.. 1.05 1.03 .. 0.90 e, f
h
e
1.12 0.96 0.84 0.98 .. 0.36 1.21 .. 0.94 0.96
e, f
h
e
1.18 .. .. 1.38 1.14 f
h
f f
h
0.83 .. 1.20 0.86 0.59 0.95 0.77 1.17 .. 0.81 .. 1.54 .. 1.05 .. 0.44
Gross tertiary enrolment b, c Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01 .. 42 .. .. 19
.. 1.04 .. .. 1.24
10 .. 31 8 ..
0.93 .. 1.29 0.74 ..
17 13 7 .. 17 2 42 6 .. .. .. .. .. 7 4
f
h
f f
h
9 8 (.) 2 2 15 2 5 1 2 .. 3 7 5 1 1
e
f
h
f
e, f h
h
f
h
f
1.23 0.77 0.32 .. 1.31 0.43 1.74 0.55 .. .. .. .. .. 1.24 0.89 0.80 0.66 0.62 0.40 0.38 1.75 0.66 0.87 0.73 0.59 .. 1.76 0.92 0.55 0.13 0.20
e
f
h
f
e, f h
h
f
h
f
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
65.1 25.2 28.8 85.5 77.3
82 42 49 92 86
88.7 44.4 43.1 96.0 94.7
96 57 60 97 98
.. 67 56 80 69
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
58.0 26.9 60.6 48.9 30.9
74 39 82 93 69
73.0 48.5 77.4 65.5 50.8
85 58 92 101 76
106 49 68 .. 66
320
e
.. 0.87 0.74 1.00 1.02 0.94 0.58 1.01 .. 0.93
e
.. .. .. 39 23 10 21 12 .. 29
e
f h h
.. .. .. 0.92 0.97 0.72 0.40 1.03 .. 0.70
e
f h h
1 2 .. 3 3 2 5 2 .. ..
f
e
h
0.17 0.27 .. 0.60 0.77 0.52 0.28 0.84 .. ..
f
e
h
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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24 Gender inequality in education Adult literacy Female Female rate rate (% age 15 as % of and above) male rate 2001 2001
HDI rank
Youth literacy Female Female rate rate (% age as % of 15-24) male rate 2001 2001
Net primary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
57.7 55.5 30.7 45.6 28.7
79 73 60 67 60
85.4 80.6 41.2 61.5 43.2
95 90 72 76 71
.. 28 62 38 60
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
.. 61.9 24.6 67.9 38.4
.. 83 46 80 64
.. 82.6 37.3 88.6 53.6
.. 96 52 95 75
41 97 57 48 55
.. 0.77 0.93 0.86 0.90 f f
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
47.6 72.7 .. 35.8 24.7
63 85 .. 67 45
61.9 86.2 .. 62.0 45.5
76 95 .. 83 62
104 65 35 47 45
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
51.8 36.6 32.4 30.0 42.0
70 60 67 49 74
76.4 60.8 50.2 47.7 63.6
86 79 81 63 96
32 45 41 50 49
h
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
16.6 14.9 8.9 ..
45 43 36 ..
26.0 24.5 14.5 ..
54 52 44 ..
36 29 24 ..
h
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
67.1 43.8 48.8 81.3 88.2 44.8 54.5 99.1 .. ..
82 70 68 88 98 67 77 99 .. ..
80.9 59.3 69.6 96.6 95.4 62.4 73.2 99.8 .. ..
91 81 83 98 101 80 89 100 .. ..
79 57 73 93 96 72 56 91 98 98
High human development Medium human development Low human development
.. 71.6 44.4
.. 85 68
.. 84.8 63.9
.. 94 81
High income Middle income Low income
.. 81.8 53.9
.. 90 75
.. 94.9 69.8
..
..
..
World
f
0.79 1.00 0.69 1.04 0.75 1.07 0.99 0.91 0.67 0.71
Net secondary enrolment a, b Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01 .. .. 13 19 ..
f f
f
0.95 0.70 0.77 0.85 0.83
h
0.71 0.71 0.67 ..
h
6 .. 11 5 .. 23 18 .. 4 .. 9 .. 10 8 ..
.. .. 0.78 0.74 .. h
f
f
h
0.38 .. 0.46 0.94 .. 0.85 0.87 .. 0.31 .. 0.58 .. 0.68 0.68 ..
h
f
f
h
Gross tertiary enrolment b, c Female Ratio of ratio females (%) to males d 2000-01 2000-01 .. 1 1 (.) ..
.. 0.70 0.20 0.15 ..
.. 1 1 (.) 4
.. 0.50 0.24 0.31 0.36
(.) 2 1 (.) (.) .. 1 1 (.) 1
f
h h
f f f
f
0.39 0.47 0.63 0.17 0.18 .. 0.19 0.27 0.79 0.36
.. 6 4 24
.. 0.65 0.67 0.83
.. .. 1 1
.. .. 0.34 0.40
0.93 0.90 0.90 1.01 0.99 0.84 0.92 1.02 1.00 1.01
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
98 85 54
1.01 0.95 0.86
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 98 85
97 93 69
1.01 1.00 0.87
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
..
81
0.94
..
..
..
..
f
h h
f f f
f
a. The net enrolment ratio is the ratio of enrolled children of the official age for the education level indicated to the total population of that age. Net enrolment ratios exceeding 100% reflect discrepancies between these two data sets. b. Data refer to the 2000/01 school year. Data for some countries may refer to national or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates. For details, see http://www.uis.unesco.org/. Because data are from different sources, comparisons across countries should be made with caution. c. Tertiary enrolment is generally calculated as a gross ratio. d. Calculated as the ratio of the female enrolment ratio to the male enrolment ratio. e. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision. f. Data refer to the 1998/99 school year. g. The ratio is an underestimate, as many students pursue their studies in nearby countries. h. Data refer to the 1999/2000 school year. i. Excludes Turkish students. Source: Columns 1 and 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; column 2: calculated on the basis of data on adult literacy rates from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; column 4: calculated on the basis of data on youth literacy rates from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a (for data as presented in World Bank 2003c, as the ratio of literate females to males, see MDG indicator table 2); columns 5 and 6: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003d; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics; columns 7-10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003d.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
321
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
25 Gender inequality in economic activity Female economic activity rate (age 15 and above) Rate Index As % of (%) (1990 = 100) male rate 2001 2001 2001
HDI rank
Employment by economic activity (%) Agriculture Industry Services Female Male Female Male Female Male 1995199519951995199519952001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a
Contributing family workers Female Male (as % (as % of total) of total) 199519952000 a 2000 a
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
59.5 66.7 62.6 56.1 45.6
109 101 102 107 106
85 83 89 77 67
2 5 1 3 2
6 12 4 6 4
9 15 12 10 9
33 34 38 31 31
88 80 87 86 84
61 53 59 63 63
63 67 54 59 78
38 33 46 41 22
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
39.9 59.1 60.3 50.9 50.8
106 106 104 103 104
66 82 82 67 66
2 1 2 6 4
3 4 5 5 5
13 12 11 22 13
37 32 32 38 36
86 86 87 73 83
60 64 63 57 59
85 62 69 82 ..
15 38 31 18 ..
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
61.7 37.5 53.0 56.9 38.1
100 117 105 98 104
84 53 74 87 58
2 2 1 4 ..
5 12 2 8 ..
15 15 12 14 ..
37 38 36 40 ..
83 83 87 82 ..
58 50 61 52 ..
.. 59 66 47 ..
.. 41 34 53 ..
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
44.0 48.8 47.9 37.8 57.6
102 107 100 112 109
65 77 70 57 80
7 .. 2 5 6
6 2 3 8 11
14 13 19 14 12
43 35 46 41 32
79 86 79 81 81
52 63 50 51 56
67 .. 75 64 68
33 .. 25 36 32
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
38.6 48.8 51.4 38.2 49.1
107 114 105 108 103
59 68 72 59 62
5 1 14 20 10
6 3 11 16 11
21 13 24 12 18
39 35 44 29 30
74 86 62 67 71
55 61 45 54 58
55 77 66 69 87
45 23 34 31 13
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
50.9 62.0 50.1 54.5 53.6
105 107 99 98 111
65 79 64 81 70
.. 3 .. 11 13
.. 5 .. 11 10
12 11 23 28 19
28 31 33 46 34
88 85 77 61 68
71 64 67 42 56
.. .. 70 63 88
.. .. 30 37 12
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
50.4 61.2 26.1 36.2 57.1
112 100 112 124 100
63 83 37 47 80
.. 4 .. .. 19
.. 6 .. 1 19
.. 28 .. 10 21
.. 49 .. 34 41
.. 69 .. 89 60
.. 48 .. 65 39
.. 78 .. 64 60
.. 22 .. 36 40
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
.. 33.8 48.5 62.7 48.3
.. 119 102 99 109
.. 39 71 84 67
.. .. 4 5 1
.. .. 9 10 6
.. .. 25 26 14
.. .. 42 49 34
.. .. 71 69 85
.. .. 48 42 61
.. .. 67 68 68
.. .. 33 32 32
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
60.7 37.4 38.1 41.6 57.6
95 113 119 126 97
82 46 49 46 80
7 4 5 .. 16
11 22 19 .. 24
23 17 14 .. 40
40 27 31 .. 33
70 79 82 .. 63
49 51 49 .. 43
59 41 .. .. 61
41 59 .. .. 39
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
36.5 48.8 31.8 66.8 59.6
96 102 109 104 95
48 73 37 84 80
.. 17 .. 1 14
.. 16 .. 6 17
.. 22 .. 5 18
.. 38 .. 24 35
.. 61 .. 93 69
.. 46 .. 69 49
.. 76 .. .. 52
.. 24 .. .. 48
322
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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25 Gender inequality in economic activity Female economic activity rate (age 15 and above) Rate Index As % of (%) (1990 = 100) male rate 2001 2001 2001
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Employment by economic activity (%) Agriculture Industry Services Female Male Female Male Female Male 1995199519951995199519952001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a
Contributing family workers Female Male (as % (as % of total) of total) 199519952000 a 2000 a
.. 50.2 59.2 44.5 39.8
.. 119 98 114 117
.. 65 82 59 48
.. .. .. 3 7
.. .. .. 11 23
.. .. .. 13 22
.. .. .. 37 29
.. .. .. 83 71
.. .. .. 52 47
.. .. .. 70 49
.. .. .. 30 51
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
.. 56.4 48.7 43.7 49.8
.. 94 109 113 103
.. 86 61 55 72
.. .. 13 2 ..
.. .. 21 25 ..
.. .. 29 10 ..
.. .. 33 22 ..
.. .. 58 88 ..
.. .. 46 52 ..
.. .. .. 27 ..
.. .. .. 73 ..
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
25.3 38.2 59.2 48.5 43.8
123 110 98 114 98
34 48 82 61 52
.. 13 8 .. 19
.. 15 15 2 26
.. 43 23 20 10
.. 39 36 30 27
.. 45 69 80 71
.. 46 49 68 47
.. .. 42 69 ..
.. .. 58 31 ..
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
43.1 27.3 .. 43.5 ..
99 114 .. 115 ..
60 32 .. 54 ..
.. 6 14 2 ..
.. 37 31 16 ..
.. 12 10 13 ..
.. 19 24 29 ..
.. 81 72 85 ..
.. 44 40 55 ..
.. 30 .. .. ..
.. 70 .. .. ..
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
.. 50.6 21.6 73.1 55.5
.. 97 145 98 98
.. 76 28 85 80
16 45 .. 47 ..
27 39 .. 50 ..
14 22 .. 17 ..
24 33 .. 20 ..
71 33 .. 36 ..
49 29 .. 31 ..
.. 71 .. 66 64
.. 29 .. 34 36
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
61.1 36.6 67.2 19.6 ..
101 123 101 154 ..
82 49 86 26 ..
.. 3 10 .. ..
.. 7 30 .. ..
.. 10 9 .. ..
.. 32 26 .. ..
.. 86 81 .. ..
.. 56 45 .. ..
.. .. 66 .. ..
.. .. 34 .. ..
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
37.9 34.9 29.9 37.1 49.7
143 119 123 110 106
46 44 39 43 61
.. 3 .. 3 27
.. 8 .. 7 47
.. 11 .. 10 13
.. 25 .. 31 18
.. 86 .. 87 61
.. 67 .. 62 36
.. 62 .. .. ..
.. 38 .. .. ..
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
65.4 62.3 55.7 54.8 27.1
100 105 100 106 160
80 81 78 75 35
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
57 .. 60 .. ..
43 .. 40 .. ..
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
37.2 41.1 .. 40.4 59.9
113 115 .. 118 103
48 50 .. 48 73
.. .. 10 3 ..
.. .. 17 24 ..
.. .. 12 20 ..
.. .. 32 27 ..
.. .. 77 77 ..
.. .. 46 49 ..
.. .. .. 23 ..
.. .. .. 77 ..
Turkey Ecuador Occupied Palestinian Territories Sri Lanka Armenia
50.3 33.0 9.3 43.1 62.4
115 119 148 107 100
62 39 13 55 88
72 2 .. 49 ..
34 11 .. 38 ..
10 14 .. 22 ..
25 26 .. 23 ..
18 84 .. 27 ..
41 63 .. 37 ..
65 66 54 56 ..
35 34 46 44 ..
96 97 98 99 100
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
323
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25 Gender inequality in economic activity Female economic activity rate (age 15 and above) Rate Index As % of (%) (1990 = 100) male rate 2001 2001 2001
HDI rank
Employment by economic activity (%) Agriculture Industry Services Female Male Female Male Female Male 1995199519951995199519952001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a
Contributing family workers Female Male (as % (as % of total) of total) 199519952000 a 2000 a
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
62.5 61.0 46.4 72.6 46.5
106 104 109 98 125
85 84 53 86 55
.. 53 .. .. 6
.. 52 .. .. 37
.. 8 .. .. 25
.. 14 .. .. 24
.. 38 .. .. 69
.. 34 .. .. 38
.. .. .. .. 42
.. .. .. .. 58
106 107 108 109 110
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
29.5 30.2 60.3 73.7 28.9
137 158 98 96 122
38 40 84 91 37
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. 62 .. ..
.. .. 38 .. ..
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
47.2 55.6 58.1 48.2 40.8
102 110 112 106 120
59 68 80 58 48
.. 42 .. 2 9
.. 41 .. 2 50
.. 16 .. 16 25
.. 21 .. 40 21
.. 42 .. 82 67
.. 39 .. 58 30
.. .. .. 63 40
.. .. .. 37 60
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
45.7 73.6 63.2 36.6 35.4
101 103 101 131 117
52 88 76 42 45
.. .. .. 14 35
.. .. .. 37 29
.. .. .. 19 9
.. .. .. 26 25
.. .. .. 68 56
.. .. .. 38 46
.. .. .. .. 43
.. .. .. .. 57
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
47.7 .. 81.1 53.7 62.8
118 .. 97 101 96
56 .. 92 67 77
.. .. .. 39 ..
.. .. .. 38 ..
.. .. .. 8 ..
.. .. .. 19 ..
.. .. .. 52 ..
.. .. .. 43 ..
.. .. .. .. 45
.. .. .. .. 55
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
41.6 42.2 .. 80.0 80.3
107 105 .. 98 98
52 50 .. 98 97
6 .. .. .. ..
6 .. .. .. ..
40 .. .. .. ..
32 .. .. .. ..
54 .. .. .. ..
63 .. .. .. ..
22 .. .. .. 71
78 .. .. .. 29
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
65.8 67.6 41.7 62.4 74.5
100 100 106 99 101
75 79 52 73 85
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
57.1 47.5 35.1 66.4 58.4 53.5
100 102 114 101 100 101
65 56 41 76 71 62
.. .. .. 78 .. ..
.. .. .. 54 .. ..
.. .. .. 8 .. ..
.. .. .. 11 .. ..
.. .. .. 11 .. ..
.. .. .. 34 .. ..
.. .. .. 81 .. ..
.. .. .. 19 .. ..
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
49.4 56.8 35.8 65.1 74.7
105 101 125 98 100
58 66 43 78 85
.. .. 66 .. 16
.. .. 41 .. 20
.. .. 11 .. 10
.. .. 20 .. 23
.. .. 23 .. 75
.. .. 39 .. 57
.. .. 33 .. ..
.. .. 67 .. ..
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
79.4 30.6 69.0 55.9 69.7
98 109 99 97 101
88 37 78 70 78
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 26 .. .. ..
.. 74 .. .. ..
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25 Gender inequality in economic activity Female economic activity rate (age 15 and above) Rate Index As % of (%) (1990 = 100) male rate 2001 2001 2001
HDI rank
Employment by economic activity (%) Agriculture Industry Services Female Male Female Male Female Male 1995199519951995199519952001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a 2001 a
Contributing family workers Female Male (as % (as % of total) of total) 199519952000 a 2000 a
152 153 154 155 156
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea Senegal
47.7 .. 63.3 74.6 61.7
102 .. 98 99 101
56 .. 74 87 72
2 .. .. .. ..
4 .. .. .. ..
11 .. .. .. ..
30 .. .. .. ..
87 .. .. .. ..
67 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
157 158 159 160 161
Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire
77.2 82.5 73.4 81.6 43.9
98 99 96 98 102
89 88 90 93 51
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
162 163 164 165 166
Malawi Zambia Angola Chad Guinea-Bissau
77.8 64.1 72.7 67.3 57.0
98 98 98 101 100
90 75 82 77 63
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
167 168 169 170 171
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique Burundi
60.5 67.5 57.3 82.7 81.9
97 96 98 99 99
72 79 67 92 89
.. .. 88 .. ..
.. .. 89 .. ..
.. .. 2 .. ..
.. .. 2 .. ..
.. .. 11 .. ..
.. .. 9 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
172 173 174 175
Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
69.9 74.8 69.4 44.8
97 97 99 106
79 85 75 54
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
Developing countries Least developed countries Arab States East Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Central & Eastern Europe & CIS OECD High-income OECD
55.7 64.2 32.7 68.8 42.2 43.6 62.2 57.5 51.3 52.0
101 99 117 99 109 106 99 99 106 106
67 74 41 82 52 52 73 81 71 73
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
High human development Medium human development Low human development
50.7 56.7 56.7
106 100 102
70 69 66
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
High income Middle income Low income
51.9 59.1 51.9
106 100 103
73 73 62
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
World
55.2
102
68
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Note: As a result of limitations in the data, comparisons of labour statistics over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data, see ILO 2002a, 2002b and 2003b. The percentage shares of employment by economic activity may not sum to 100 because of rounding or the omission of activities not classified. a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Source: Columns 1-3: calculated on the basis of data on the economically active population and total population from ILO 2002a; columns 4-9: ILO 2002b; columns 10 and 11: calculated on the basis of data on contributing family workers from ILO 2003b.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
26 Gender, work burden and time allocation Burden of work
Year
Total work time (minutes per day) Females Males
Female work time as % of male
Time allocation (%) Total work time Time spent by females Time spent by males Market Non-market Market Non-market Market Non-market activities activities activities activities activities activities
Selected developing countries Urban areas Colombia Indonesia Kenya Nepal Venezuela
1983 1992 1986 1978 1983
399 398 590 579 440
356 366 572 554 416
112 109 103 105 106
49 60 46 58 59
51 40 54 42 41
24 35 41 25 30
76 65 59 75 70
77 86 79 67 87
23 14 21 33 13
–
481
453
107
54
46
31
69
79
21
1990 1977 1988
545 678 676
496 579 500
110 117 135
52 59 56
48 41 44
35 37 42
65 63 58
70 84 76
30 16 24
1978 1978 1978 1978 1975-77
641 692 649 583 546
547 586 534 520 452
117 118 122 112 121
56 59 56 52 73
44 41 44 48 27
46 52 48 37 29
54 48 52 63 71
67 66 65 70 84
33 34 35 30 16
–
617
515
120
59
41
38
62
76
24
2000 2000 2000
457 545 332
391 501 273
117 109 122
61 61 51
39 39 49
35 49 35
65 51 65
92 75 70
8 25 30
–
445
388
116
58
42
40
60
79
21
Australia Austria d Canada Denmark d Finland d
1997 1992 1998 1987 1987-88
435 438 420 449 430
418 393 429 458 410
104 111 98 98 105
46 49 53 68 51
54 51 47 32 49
30 31 41 58 39
70 69 59 42 61
62 71 65 79 64
38 29 35 21 36
France Germany d Hungary Israel d Italy d
1999 1991-92 1999 1991-92 1988-89
391 440 432 375 470
363 441 445 377 367
108 100 97 99 128
46 44 51 51 45
54 56 49 49 55
33 30 41 29 22
67 70 59 71 78
60 61 60 74 77
40 39 40 26 23
1996 1999 1996 1995 1999
393 431 535 308 420
363 373 481 315 417
108 116 111 98 101
66 64 46 48 46
34 36 54 52 54
43 45 35 27 32
57 55 65 73 68
93 88 58 69 60
7 12 42 31 40
1990-91 1985 1985
445 413 453
412 411 428
108 100 106
50 51 50
50 49 50
38 37 37
62 63 63
64 68 63
36 32 37
–
423
403
105
52
48
37
64
69
31
Average
a
Rural areas Bangladesh Guatemala Kenya Nepal Highlands Mountains Rural hills Philippines Average
a
National b India Mongolia South Africa Average
a
Selected OECD countries c
Japan Korea, Rep. of Latvia Netherlands New Zealand Norway d United Kingdom d United States d Average
e
Note: Data are estimates based on time use surveys available in time for publication. Time use data are also being collected in other countries, including Benin, Chad, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Market activities refer to market-oriented production activities as defined by the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts; surveys before 1993 are not strictly comparable with those for later years. a. Refers to the unweighted average for the countries or areas shown above. b. Classifications of market and non-market activities are not strictly based on the 1993 revised UN System of National Accounts, so comparisons between countries and areas must be made with caution. c. Israel and Latvia are included here, although they are not OECD countries. d. Harvey 1995. e. Refers to the unweighted average for the OECD countries shown above (that is, excluding Israel and Latvia). Source: For urban and rural areas in developing countries, Goldschmidt-Clermont and Pagnossin Aligisakis 1995 and Harvey 1995; for national studies in developing countries, UN 2002a; for OECD countries and Latvia, unless otherwise noted, Harvey 2001.
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. . . AND ACHIEVING EQUALITY FOR ALL WOMEN AND MEN
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament
Year women received right a To stand for To vote election
HDI rank
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total) b 2000
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) c Lower or single Upper house house or senate
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
1907, 1913 1915 1861, 1921 1902, 1962 1919
1907, 1913 1915 1907, 1921 1902, 1962 1917
1911 1922 1921 1943 1918
A E E E E
42.1 33.3 55.0 19.5 31.0
36.4 34.9 45.3 25.3 36.7
– – – 28.9 26.7
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
1919, 1948 1920, 1960 1917, 1950 1945, 1947 1971
1921, 1948 1788 1920, 1960 1945, 1947 1971
1921 1917 1921 1946 1971
A E E E E
18.5 31.8 24.3 5.7 28.6
23.3 14.3 20.6 7.3 23.0
28.2 13.0 32.4 15.4 19.6
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
1915 1918, 1928 1918, 1928 1906 1919
1915 1918, 1928 1918, 1928 1906 1919
1918 1918 1918 1907 1919
E E E E E
45.0 18.8 33.3 44.4 28.6
38.0 13.3 17.9 36.5 16.7
– 16.7 16.4 – –
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
1918 1944 1918 1931 1893
1918 1944 1918 1931 1919
1919 1945 1919 1931 1933
E E E E E
31.3 37.9 35.7 17.6 44.0
33.9 12.2 32.2 28.3 29.2
21.0 10.9 24.6 24.3 –
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
1945 1948 1931, 1976 1927, 1952 1960
1945 1948 1931, 1976 1927, 1952 1960
1946 1949 1934 1952 1963
E E E E E
17.6 6.1 9.7 7.1 ..
11.5 15.0 19.1 8.7 10.7
8.1 – – – –
26 27 28 29 30
Hong Kong, China (SAR) Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of
.. 1950 1947 1945 1948
.. 1950 1947 1945 1948
.. 1966 1963 1992 1948
A E Ee E
.. 14.3 5.7 15.0 6.5
.. 10.7 11.8 12.2 5.9
.. 33.3 – – –
31 32 33 34 35
Brunei Darussalam Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland
– 1920 1947 1947 1918
0.0 .. 5.3 7.3 18.7
– 17.0 9.2 30.7 20.2
36 37 38 39 40
Seychelles Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay
1948 1973 1918 1920 1932
23.1 .. 35.9 19.0 ..
29.4 0.0 9.8 19.3 12.1
– 12.5 – – 9.7
41 42 43 44 45
Estonia Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania
1918 1949 1931, 1949 – 1921
14.3 28.6 25.6 0.0 18.9
17.8 35.1 12.5 – 10.6
– – 4.1 – –
46 47 48 49 50
Kuwait Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia
– 1945 – 1961, 1964 1918
0.0 16.2 .. 16.7 6.7
0.0 20.5 0.0 20.0 21.0
f
f
f
f
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
d
– 1992 1966 1951 1919
f
1948 1973 1918 1920 1932
1976 – 1920 1992 1942
E+A
1918 1949 1931, 1949 – 1921
1919 1953 1951 – 1920
– 1920 1947 1947 1918
– 1945 – 1961, 1964 1918
f
f
f
f
Ee E E E
E Ee E E E E f
A
–f 1992 E e –f 1977 A ..
f
f
– 12.3 – 33.3 23.0
f
f
– 6.2 – .. –
327
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27 Women’s political participation
Year women received right a To stand for To vote election
HDI rank 51 52 53 54 55
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament
Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total) b 2000
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) c Lower or single Upper house house or senate
1951 1934 1919 1946 1947
1951 1934 1919 1946 1953
1984 1940 1990 1962 1952
E E Ee E+A A
0.0 10.7 25.7 8.7 11.1
13.3 36.0 10.3 19.4 16.0
– – 31.1 32.3 15.6
1951 1937 1957 1941, 1946 1946
1951 1944 1957 1941, 1946 1946
1984 1945 1959 1946 1990
A E E E Ee
0.0 18.8 .. 20.0 10.9
5.3 26.3 10.4 9.9 18.3
11.8 – 26.1 – –
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
1964 1956 1918 1954 1934
1964 1956 1918 1954 1934
.. 1976 1993 1954 1933
E Ee A E
12.5 9.1 .. 47.4 0.0
.. 5.7 7.6 12.0 8.6
– – 3.4 8.8 12.3
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
.. 1954 1951 1946 1990
.. 1954 1951 1946 1990
.. 1984 1980 1948 1976
E+A E E A
.. 11.1 0.0 0.0 7.7
16.7 6.9 18.8 9.7 6.1
0.0 .. – – –
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
1924 1929, 1946 – 1932 1919
1924 1929, 1946 – 1932 1919
1979 1946 – 1948 1990
18.2 20.0 .. 5.7 ..
11.1 10.7 – 9.2 5.3
36.4 7.9 – 10.5 –
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan 1924, 1993 Suriname 1948 Jamaica 1944 Oman – St. Vincent & the Grenadines 1951
10.4 17.6 11.7 – 22.7
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
328
f
f
A E f
A Ee Ee E E
f
E
17.5 .. 12.5 .. 0.0
1963 1955 1952 1961 1937
1963 1955 1952 1961 1937
1970 1956 1991 1963 1941
A E A E E
20.7 16.2 0.0 .. ..
5.7 18.3 2.3 2.5 17.8
.. – – 17.8 12.5
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
1932 1927 1918, 1921 1921 1974
1932 1927 1918, 1921 1921 1974
1979 1990 1992 1990 1989
E Ee Ee Ee A
.. .. 9.7 2.6 0.0
6.0 26.0 7.2 10.5 1.3
– – – – 7.5
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
1957, 1959 1953 1951 1942 1920
1957, 1959 1945 1951 1942 1920
1959 1968 1976 1942 1945
E E E+A E E
10.0 .. 25.0 .. 15.0
11.5 20.0 26.7 17.3 5.7
– – 7.7 6.3 –
Turkey 1930 Ecuador 1929, 1967 Occupied Palestinian Territories .. Sri Lanka 1931 Armenia 1921
1934 1929, 1967 .. 1931 1921
1935 1956 .. 1947 1990
A E
0.0 20.0 .. .. ..
4.4 16.0 .. 4.4 3.1
– – .. – –
f
1924, 1993 1948 1944 – 1951
f
1990 1975 1944 – 1979
f
E Ee
f
5.1 – 19.0 – –
f
f
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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27 Women’s political participation
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament
Year women received right a To stand for To vote election
HDI rank
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total) b 2000
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) c Lower or single Upper house house or senate
1938 1918 1975 1949 1939
1938 1918 1975 1949 1961
1990 1990 1975 1954 1961
Ee Ee E E E
4.4 .. 35.0 5.1 15.4
7.2 10.0 11.1 21.8 9.5
– 2.2 – – –
Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic
1963 1962 1978, 1993 1946 1949, 1953
1963 1962 1978, 1993 1946 1953
1963 1962 1990 1976 1973
E+A A E E E
9.4 0.0 .. .. 11.1
4.1 6.2 12.9 27.3 10.4
– 5.6 – – –
111 112 113 114 115
South Africa Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras
1930, 1994 1945 1924 1938, 1952 1955
1930, 1994 1945 1924 1938, 1952 1955
1933 1950 1990 1966 1957
E A Ee E
38.1 5.9 .. .. 33.3
29.8 8.0 12.7 18.5 5.5
31.5 – 11.8 14.8 –
116 117 118 119 120
Equatorial Guinea Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt
1963 1924 1956 1946 1956
1963 1924 1956 1946 1956
1968 1951 1961 1956 1957
E E E E E
.. 10.0 12.1 7.1 6.1
5.0 10.5 9.2 8.8 2.4
– – .. – –
121 122 123 124 125
Nicaragua São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana
1955 1975 1974 1989 1965
1955 1975 1974 1989 1965
1972 1975 1993 1989 1979
E E E E E
23.1 .. .. 16.3 26.7
20.7 9.1 0.0 26.4 17.0
– – – 7.7 –
126 127 128 129 130
Morocco India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia
1963 1950 1975, 1980 1954 1955
1963 1950 1975, 1980 1954 1955
1993 1952 1987 1960 1958
E E E Ah E
4.9 10.1 .. 8.6 7.1
10.8 8.8 1.9 9.0 7.4
0.4 10.3 – – 13.1
131 132 133 134 135
Myanmar Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep.
1935 1964 1968 1956 1958
1946 1963 1968 1956 1958
1947 1977 1972 1993 1958
E E E+A E E
.. 0.0 12.5 .. 10.2
– 0.9 3.1 – 22.9
136 137 138 139 140 141
Bhutan Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
1953 1965 1964 1972 1963 1945
1953 1965 1964 1972 1963 1945
1975 1965 1964 1973 1963 1961
E A E E E E
.. .. 5.1 9.5 .. 7.4
9.3 11.7 9.7 2.0 9.3 7.4
– 36.4 – – 15.0 –
1946 1951 1947 1957 1919, 1963
1946 1951 1947 1978 1919, 1963
1960 1952 1973 1980 1969
E A E E+A E+A
5.8 14.8 .. 36.0 1.4
8.9 5.9 21.6 10.0 7.1
– .. 17.0 – –
1962 1990 1965 1961 1982
A Eh E E E
27.1 .. 12.5 18.2 30.8
24.7 0.7 3.8 3.6 13.2
– – 11.1 25.9 –
101 102 103 104 105
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador
106 107 108 109 110
h
i
j
– – 13.3 – –
g
i
j
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
1962 1967 1959 1950 1960
k
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
1962 1967 1959 1950 1960
k
329
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27 Women’s political participation
Year women received right a To stand for To vote election
HDI rank
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total) b 2000
Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) c Lower or single Upper house house or senate
152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
1958 1946 1961 1955
1958 1986 1961 1955
.. 2003 E 1975 E 1994 E
22.6 5.0 13.6 11.8
3.4 10.8 .. 22.0
2.8 – .. –
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
1945 1958 1961 1956 1959
1945 1958 1961 1956 1959
1963 E 1963 E 1965 h 1979 E ..
15.6 11.1 13.0 10.5 ..
19.2 19.3 25.7 6.0 22.3
– – – .. –
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
1952 1961 1962 1975 1958
1952 1961 1962 1975 1958
1965 1964 1964 1980 1962
E E E+A E E
9.1 11.8 6.2 14.7 ..
8.5 9.3 12.0 15.5 5.8
– – – – –
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
1977 1967 1986 1955 1975
1977 1970 1986 1955 1975
1972 1970 1987 1957 1977
A E E E E
8.3 .. .. 22.2 ..
7.8 – 7.3 7.7 30.0
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
1961 1956 1958 1948 1961
1961 1956 1958 1948 1961
1982 1964 1978 1989 ..
E E E E
4.5 33.3 8.6 10.0 8.1
18.4 10.2 11.7 1.2 14.5
j
– – – 8.3 –
j
18.9 – – – –
a. Data refer to the year in which the right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognized. Where two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election. b. Data were provided by states based on their definition of national executive and may therefore include women serving as ministers and vice ministers and those holding other ministerial positions, including parliamentary secretaries. c. Data are as of 1 March 2003. The percentage was calculated using as a reference the number of total seats currently filled in parliament. d. No information is available on the year all women received the right to stand for election. However, the constitution does not mention gender with regard to this right. e. Refers to the year women were elected to the current parliamentary system. f. Women’s right to vote and to stand for election has not been recognized. Brunei Darussalam, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia have never had a parliament. g. The figures on the distribution of seats do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis; the percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. h. No information or confirmation available. i. The parliament elected in 1990 has never been convened nor authorized to sit, and many of its members were detained or forced into exile. j. The parliament has been dissolved or suspended for an indefinite period. k. Refers to the former People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. Source: Columns 1, 2 and 3: IPU 1995 and 2003a; column 4: IPU 2001; columns 5 and 6: IPU 2003b.
330
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
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28 Status of major international human rights instruments
HDI rank
26/05/03
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Side 331
HUMAN AND LABOUR RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
27 28 29 30 31
Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of Brunei Darussalam
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
32 33 34 35 36
Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland Seychelles
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
37 38 39 40 41
Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay Estonia
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
42 43 44 45 46
Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania Kuwait
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
47 48 49 50 51
Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia Saint Kitts and Nevis
● ● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
● ● ● ● ●
331
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Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 ● ● ● ●
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
● ●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
Turkey Ecuador Sri Lanka Armenia Uzbekistan
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
96 97 99 100 101
332
●
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
102 103 104 105 106
Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador Iran, Islamic Rep. of
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
107 108 109 110 111
Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic South Africa
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
112 113 114 115 116
Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras Equatorial Guinea
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
117 118 119 120 121
Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt Nicaragua
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
122 123 124 125 126
São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana Morocco
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
127 128 129 130 131
India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia Myanmar
●
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
132 133 134 135 136
Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Bhutan
● ● ● ● ●
137 138 139 140 141
Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
● ● ●
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965
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Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
● ● ●
●
●
● ● ● ●
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
Others
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
a
Afghanistan Andorra Cook Islands Holy See Iraq Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. of Liberia Liechtenstein Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Monaco Nauru Niue Palau San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Somalia Tonga Tuvalu
Total states parties b 167 Signatures not yet followed by participation 8
●
●
● ●
●
146 7
170 3
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
132 12
191 2
● 149 8
● ● ● ● ●
● Ratification, accession or succession. ● Signature not yet followed by ratification. Note: The table includes states that have signed or ratified at least one of the six human rights instruments. Information is as of 12 February 2003. a. States not included in the human development index. b. States that have ratified, acceded or succeeded to the instrument. Source: Columns 1-6: UN 2003b.
334
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HUMAN AND LABOUR RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS
Freedom of association and collective bargaining Convention Convention 87 a 98 b
HDI rank
Elimination of forced and compulsory labour Convention Convention 29 c 105 d
Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation Convention Convention 100 e 111 f
Abolition of child labour Convention Convention 138 g 182 h
High human development 1 2 3 4 5
Norway Iceland Sweden Australia Netherlands
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●
6 7 8 9 10
Belgium United States Canada Japan Switzerland
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
●
● ● ●
●
● ●
●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
11 12 13 14 15
Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Finland Luxembourg
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
16 17 18 19 20
Austria France Germany Spain New Zealand
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
21 22 23 24 25
Italy Israel Portugal Greece Cyprus
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
27 28 29 30 31
Barbados Singapore Slovenia Korea, Rep. of Brunei Darussalam
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
●
●
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
32 33 34 35 36
Czech Republic Malta Argentina Poland Seychelles
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
37 38 39 40 41
Bahrain Hungary Slovakia Uruguay Estonia
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
42 43 44 45 46
Costa Rica Chile Qatar Lithuania Kuwait
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
●
47 48 49 50 51
Croatia United Arab Emirates Bahamas Latvia Saint Kitts and Nevis
●
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
335
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29 Status of fundamental labour rights conventions Freedom of association and collective bargaining Convention Convention 87 a 98 b
HDI rank 52 53 54 55
Cuba Belarus Trinidad and Tobago Mexico
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
Elimination of forced and compulsory labour Convention Convention 29 c 105 d ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation Convention Convention 100 e 111 f ● ● ● ●
Abolition of child labour Convention Convention 138 g 182 h
● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
Medium human development 56 57 58 59 60
Antigua and Barbuda Bulgaria Malaysia Panama Macedonia, TFYR
● ●
61 62 63 64 65
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mauritius Russian Federation Colombia Brazil
●
66 67 68 69 70
Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize Dominica Venezuela Samoa (Western)
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
71 72 73 74 75
Saint Lucia Romania Saudi Arabia Thailand Ukraine
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
76 77 78 79 80
Kazakhstan Suriname Jamaica Oman St. Vincent & the Grenadines
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●
81 82 83 84 85
Fiji Peru Lebanon Paraguay Philippines
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
86 87 88 89 90
Maldives Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Jordan
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
91 92 93 94 95
Tunisia Guyana Grenada Dominican Republic Albania
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
Turkey Ecuador Sri Lanka Armenia Uzbekistan
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
96 97 99 100 101
336
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
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29 Status of fundamental labour rights conventions Freedom of association and collective bargaining Convention Convention 87 a 98 b
HDI rank 102 103 104 105 106
Kyrgyzstan Cape Verde China El Salvador Iran, Islamic Rep. of
● ●
107 108 109 110 111
Algeria Moldova, Rep. of Viet Nam Syrian Arab Republic South Africa
● ●
112 113 114 115 116
● ●
Elimination of forced and compulsory labour Convention Convention 29 c 105 d ● ●
● ●
Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation Convention Convention 100 e 111 f ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
Indonesia Tajikistan Bolivia Honduras Equatorial Guinea
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
117 118 119 120 121
Mongolia Gabon Guatemala Egypt Nicaragua
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
122 123 124 125 126
São Tomé and Principe Solomon Islands Namibia Botswana Morocco
●
●
●
●
127 128 129 130 131
India Vanuatu Ghana Cambodia Myanmar
132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
● ●
● ● ●
Abolition of child labour Convention Convention 138 g 182 h
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●
Papua New Guinea Swaziland Comoros Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Bhutan
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
Lesotho Sudan Bangladesh Congo Togo
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
●
●
● ● ●
●
Low human development 142 143 144 145 146
Cameroon Nepal Pakistan Zimbabwe Kenya
147 148 149 150 151
Uganda Yemen Madagascar Haiti Gambia
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
337
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29 Status of fundamental labour rights conventions Freedom of association and collective bargaining Convention Convention 87 a 98 b
HDI rank
Elimination of forced and compulsory labour Convention Convention 29 c 105 d
Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation Convention Convention 100 e 111 f
Abolition of child labour Convention Convention 138 g 182 h
152 153 154 155
Nigeria Djibouti Mauritania Eritrea
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
●
●
●
● ●
● ●
●
156 157 158 159 160
Senegal Guinea Rwanda Benin Tanzania, U. Rep. of
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
161 162 163 164 165
Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Zambia Angola Chad
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
166 167 168 169 170
Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Central African Republic Ethiopia Mozambique
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
171 172 173 174 175
Burundi Mali Burkina Faso Niger Sierra Leone
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
●
●
●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
●
160
157
121
131
Others
i
Afghanistan Iraq Kiribati Liberia San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Somalia Total ratifications
141
152
161
● 157
● Convention ratified. ● Ratification denounced. Note: The table includes states that have ratified at least one of the eight fundamental labour rights conventions. Information is as of 12 February 2003. a. Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention (1948). b. Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949). c. Forced Labour Convention (1930). d. Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (1957). e. Equal Remuneration Convention (1951). f. Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958). g. Minimum Age Convention (1973). h. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999). i. States not included in the human development index. Source: Columns 1-8: ILO 2003a.
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Human development index components Combined Population with primary, sustainable secondary Adults Underaccess Adult and tertiary Total Infant Under-five living nourished to an Life literacy gross GDP per fertility mortality mortality with people improved expectancy rate enrolment capita Total rate rate rate HIV/AIDS (as % of water at birth (% age 15 ratio (PPP population (per (per 1,000 (per 1,000 (% ages total source (years) and above) (%) US$) (thousands) woman) live births) live births) 15-49) population) (%) 2000-05 a 2001 2000-01 b 2001 2001 2000-05 a 2001 2001 2001 c 1998/2000 d 2000
Afghanistan Andorra Iraq Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. of
43.1 .. 60.7 .. 63.1
36.0 .. 39.7 100.0 100.0
30 .. 58 .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
22,083 67 23,860 85 22,409
6.8 .. 4.8 .. 2.0
165 6 107 51 42
257 7 133 69 55
.. .. <0.10 .. ..
70 .. 27 .. 34
13 100 85 48 100
Liberia Liechtenstein Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Monaco
41.4 .. .. 68.6 ..
54.8 100.0 91.0 81.0 ..
16 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
3,099 33 52 107 34
6.8 .. .. 3.8 ..
157 10 54 20 4
235 11 66 24 5
.. .. .. .. ..
39 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. 100
Nauru Palau San Marino Serbia and Montenegro Somalia
.. .. .. 73.2 47.9
95.0 98.0 .. 98.0 24.0
55 .. .. 52 7
.. .. .. .. ..
12 20 27 10,545 9,088
.. .. .. 1.7 7.3
25 24 4 17 133
30 29 6 19 225
.. .. .. 0.19 1.00
.. .. .. .. 71
.. 79 .. 98 ..
Timor-Leste Tonga Tuvalu
49.5 68.6 ..
.. 99.0 98.0
.. 81 67
.. .. ..
711 102 10
3.8 3.7 ..
85 17 38
124 20 52
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 100 ..
Note: This table presents data for UN member countries not included in the main indicator tables. a. Data refer to estimates for the period specified. b. Data refer to the 2000/01 school year. c. Data refer to the end of 2001. d. Data refer to the average for the years specified. Source: Columns 1, 5 and 6: UN 2003d; column 2: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003a; column 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003b; column 4: World Bank 2003c; columns 7 and 8: UNICEF 2003b; column 9: UNAIDS 2002; column 10: UN 2003a, based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization; column 11: UN 2003a, based on data from a joint effort by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
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