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c0 = 1 ± ∆w f0 = e−|t|/τ c1 = ±(1 − 2w) f1 = e−|t|/τ · cos(∆m · t)

Ê[rRYFXBg_… u&… Ui… d]V\FQe`lmg8^aQ*ltQ*O[WFQZuBe`OBW‰}qS¤g?]V\3WFd,ů]fg8X[o9d3eaYZdY*^Ÿ]kdFdDe`O8XRQ*\3e`W3e`O8b¤Uj\FSkl v?]kdFQ,Y*^Ÿ]kdFd ª8«y«kÑ[ÒRÓVÑyÛpÍ'U[«$ÛyÝ[Ô[ÕyÖ 3W X?]VW°e`lmg8^aQ*ltQ*OyWŠYZS9Qƒ„Y*eaQ*OyWFd c ]VORuLu8QZY*^Ÿ]V\FQW3XRQz]kdFdFS9Y*eŸ]VWFQZu¾v?]kd3ead0U"r8ORY*W3eaSkORd f  ]VORuL]‚\FQZd97Í ?RÓ[Ó[­kÍ$۔Ð8Ì9Óc«y#Î ?[®?­$«kÛ /M:‰Öp< Í .2®8«kBÐ =1U3ZÜpÌ .k#Í =;@,@‹Õ9<Ì .$#Í = $#× L5G 13K® I‹®8#Í ?VI>97Í ?RÓ['Ó ^8«cÕ9Ì[2Î @,@‹#× L5G 1iV® I‹Ò­kÍ92Ó ENH,J2I‹Ð8Ì9Óc«ybÎ G EGUJQ6\I¼Üp7« ?yÒpÎ[ÌyØ8­¯Õ9ÌcQÕ 6<376i8 sBsVU[«kÛ[Ýp«[# Î ?y®­k«$Û «cÖ Üp<Ì .$#Í =p/­¯'® WLÕ97« ?yÒ8ÎyÌ F >97Í ?RÓyÓ9­kÍ$۔Ð8Ì9Ó$«[#Î ?[®?­k«$Û /M:‰Öp< Í .2®8«kBÐ =1U3ZÜpÌ .k#Í =;@,@‹Õ9<Ì .$#Í = $#× LQra13K® I‹®8#Í ?VI Ñ[Õ[Õ ^8«cÕ9Ì[aÎ 1 [c#× L5G^I>p#Í ??Óy'Ó ^R«$ÕpÌy2Î @B@‰7× Lbra13K® I¼Ò?­kÍpaÓ I¼ÐpÌ9Óc«yBÎ rKEPtJQ6`]SI¼ÖyÐpÍ .SENHV:tJQ6\I¼Üp7« ?yÒpÎ[ÌyØ8­¯Õ9ÌcQÕ 6<376i8 ª8«y«cÔ9Îy«$ ® ÉÖcÐ8 Í L?j Ì h_/M@,@(;® :‰ÖyÐp Í L?aÌ 1FBGUH2IG Hb698 /M@,@‹Õ9< Ì .$#Í = k7® L :$-8Îy«k® dk2Û 13ÖcÐ8 Í L?Ì 698 /M@,@‹Õ9< Ì .$#Í = $#× L5G5:N-pÎy«$<® d$Û 13ÖyÐp*Í LRSÌ IiàR­¯ÛpÌyØ$,® =8ÎyaÌ 1+yÜ8Í9ZÓ W8Ì$ Õ 6,6R8 /M@,@‹Õ9< Ì .$#Í = $#× LQr2:N-pÎy«$<® d$Û 13ÖyÐp*Í LRSÌ IiàR­¯ÛpÌyØ$,® =8ÎyaÌ 1+yÜ8«k®y®8Ì$ Õ 6,6R8 ÖyÐp*Í LRÌ F#fkÜ[Ðp*Í /K1(6 ‘e`b$r8\FQ„¥$… d3XRS{} d¤W3XRQn]VvSkr8WPSVUW3X8ead QšR]Vlmg8^aQ$… k

k

k

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·7

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Projection of decay_tm

A RooPlot of "t"

0.06

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0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 t

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 9







H(x, y) = F (x) · G(y)



H(~x) =

Y i

Fi (xi )

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 9^ µPd3e`O8bhlBr8^`W3e£¢‰upe`ltQ*ORd3eaSkO?]V^~ltS9u8Q*^adTe`O±PS[S$‘e`WTead‡ORSkW‡\FQ{]V^`^`o•upe£€&Q*\FQ*OyW‡Uj\FSkl rRdFe`O8bhSkORQ¢‰upe`ltQ*ORdFeaSkO?]V^ltS[u8Q*^ad2]kd ead‡e`^`^`rRd3W3\<]VWFQZuzvyoz]VOzQš8]Vlmg8^aQ v@Q*^aS{} W3X?]VWbcQ*ORQ*\<]VWFQZdWFS{ouR]VW<]sU"\FSklÂW3XRQt]Vv@S{wcQt·¯¢‰upe`ltQ*ORd3eaSkO?]V^—æ]VrRdFd3eŸ]VO_ RWFd W3XRQg_… u&… Ui…RWFS W3X?]VW¤uR]VW<] sBs_>9ÌkÛ8ÌkÐ8Ík®p͖̾®p7 « =LÕ9Ík®8Í9ÓcÌk®¾Ü 1CKIP=]6 ª8«y«$ÜpÍk®8ÍyØ[Ìk ® ÉÕpÍk®p_ Í h_/;@B@‰,× C,=A:‹×9Ì$ÛpÌkÐ8Ík®8aÌ 1iª8«y«$ÑyÐ[×pØyÌ$® 1/M@,@NCKIN/M@,@N= 6\I(GUHBH,H,HQ6„8 sBs”¬R­2[ ® -;:‰VÕ :‹[ Ö >S1DCVIP=]6´®8«–Ü 1DCVIP=]6 /M@,@‹ × C,=;:‰Ö?­2,® e8a« 1, VÕ9Í$®pbÍ 6R8 ¶•S$d3WnSVUqW3XRQtupe£€&Q*\FQ*ORYZQZd]V\FQ e`Ozg8^aSkW3W3e`O8b•]kd]0W‹},SV¢‰upe`ltQ*ORd3eaSkO?]V^qltS[u8Q*^adY{]VOzvQ.w9ead3r?]V^`e`“{QZuze`Ozlr8^`W3e`g8^aQt}q]Zopd{… ›qQ*^aS2} },QY*\FQ{]VWFQ‡W‹},SmSkORQ¢‰upe`ltQ*ORd3eaSkO?]V^g8^aSkWFdf}—e`W3X°g8\FSV§iQZY*W3eaSkORd¤SkO0W3XRQ x ]VORu y ]¯š9ead—S2wcQ*\3^Ÿ]Veau˜SkO°uR]VW<]pR]kdf},Q*^`^ ]kd¤] W‰}qSV¢‰upe`ltQ*ORd3eaSkO?]V^g8^aSkW¤SVUW3XRQng_… u&… Ui… sBs”Ô9Îy«$[ ® -yÐp'« Q[Ì .2®?­$«kÛ?Ӗ«cp Ö -A:‰AÕ :‰AÖ :°Í$Û[Õ¾Õ9Í$®pÍ «k[ Û CÍkÛ9_ Õ = ª8«y«cÔ9Îy«$ ® ÉÖcÐ8 Í L?#Ì Ckh_/;@,@NCA:‹ÖcÐp*Í LRÌ 1(698 ÕpÍk®8Í F*f7-pÎ[«k<® d$Û 1FÖcÐp*Í LR7Ì C 698 /;@,@‹× CB= F*f7-pÎ[«k<® d$Û 1FÖcÐp*Í LR7Ì C 6R8 





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xy

x

Histogram of gxy__x_y

Events / ( 0.2 )

A RooPlot of "y"

Events / ( 0.2 )

A RooPlot of "x" 300

y

Events / ( 0.4 x 0.4 )

800

250

0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 10 y8

700 600

200 500 150

400 300

100

200 50 100 0 -10 -8

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6

8

10 y

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8 10 x 4 6 0 2 -6 -2 -8 -6 -4 -8 -10 -10

G(x, y) = G(x) · G(y)

ÅŽ|\FSV§iQZY*W3eaSkOzSkO

x

"^aQUjW6’

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 9 







F (x; p) → F (x, p(y, q)) → F (x, y, q)

†fX8ead ]Vg8g8\FSc]kY
0

0

true 0

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g(x, y)dxdy ≡ 1

Z

g(x, y)dx ≡ 1 for each value of y

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      "!# $%$& %'(

A RooPlot of "y"

0.02 0.018 0.016 0.014

Histogram of g__x_y

0.01 0.0035

Events / ( 0.4 x 0.4 )

Projection of g

Projection of g

A RooPlot of "x"

0.008

0.003

0.0025

0.012

0.006

0.002

0.0015

0.01 0.008

0.004

0.001

0.0005 0.006 0.004

0 10 y8

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0.002 0 -10 -8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 x

0 -10 -8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

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0 8 10 x -2 4 6 -4 0 2 -6 -4 -2 -8 -6 -10 -10 -8

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x

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data

i

f · S(x|y) + (1 − f ) · B(x|y)

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”YZSkORupe`W3eaSkO?]V^g8\FS[uprRY*W~SVUW3X8eadU Sk\3l eadORSk\3l„]V^`e`“{QZutv[o.YZSkORd3W3\3rRY*W3eaSkO_ye£U G(x|y) ]VORu F (y) ]V\FQ$…c†fXRQ¨ YZSkORupe`W3eaSkO?]V^ g8\FS[uprRY*W{¨?UjSk\3lÈead v@SkW3X•Q{]kd3o°WFS„}—\3e`WFQB]VORu•WFS„Q{]kd3ohrRdFQ$… PQ*\FQ},QBQš9WFQ*ORu•W3XRQSk\3e`b$e`O?]V^Qš8]Vlmg8^aQB}—e`W3X gxy WFSs] YZSkORupe`W3eaSkO?]V^Dg8\FS9uprRY*W—UjSk\3l /;@B@‰Ö9 Í .2®8«k,Ð =21U3{Ôc<ª d$AÜ @B@‰× CB=
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 !   A RooPlot of "x"

A RooPlot of "y"

Histogram of g2__x_y

0.03

0.022

0.025

0.018

Events / ( 0.4 x 0.4 )

Projection of g2

Projection of g2

0.024

0.02

0.007 0.006 0.005

0.016

0.02

0.014

0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001

0.012

0.015

0.01 0.008

0.01

0 10 y8

0.006 0.004

0.005

0.002 0 -10 -8

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-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 x

0 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 y

6

4

2

0 -2 -4

8 10 x 4 6 0 2 -6 -4 -2 -8 -6 -10 -10 -8

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t

F (t) = D(t, τ ) ⊗ R(t, µ, σ)

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0

0

0

M (t, δt) = fsig · S1 (t|δt ) · S2 (δt) + (1 − fsig ) · B1 (t|δt ) · B2 (δt)

: ;  G  G Á A.|ÃFE >.Ä M E3 A.E  CD@ —½  K G ½ ÃF  c¤^`^quR]VW<]˜ltS9u8Q*^adBu8QZd
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E(c|x, α ~ ) = δ(c = accept) · (x, α ~ ) + δ(c = reject) · (1 − (x, α ~ ))

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1000

800

600

1

0.8

0.6

400

0.4

200

0.2

0 -10 -8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 x

0 -10 -8

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Fitted efficiency Efficiency of cut=accept

Events / ( 1 )

Data (all, accepted)

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 x

D a ,X Pead
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F1 (x; a, b), D1 (x)

and F2 (x, a, c), D2 (x)

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2

1,2

1

2

0 +9;D;8FJ+ F H FJ;<+ O #O \O









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2

12

F12 (x, k; a, b, c) = δ(k − 1)F1 (x; a, b) + δ(k − 2)F2 (x, a, c),

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A RooPlot of "p"

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-log(L) scan vs m0, problematic regions masked

Projection of nll

-log(L) scan vs m0 Projection of nll

Events / ( 0.0025 )

Argus model and data

14 12 10

30

20

8

8

6

6

4

4

2

2

10

0 5.2 5.215.225.235.245.255.265.27 5.285.29 5.3 m

0 5.288 5.2885 5.289 5.2895 5.29 5.2905 5.291 5.2915 5.292 5.2925 5.293 m0

0 5.288 5.2885 5.289 5.2895 5.295.2905 5.291 5.2915 5.292 5.2925 5.293 m0

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