11thGlobal Meeting of the NTA Network DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND & AFRICA DEVELOPMENT
Counting Women’s Work: The gendered economy in the market and at home Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi Lan Huong MA. Pham Ngoc Toan MA. Pham Minh Thu 2016, Senegal
8/18/2016
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Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Introduction Data & method Demographic transition Women in labor market NTA gender perspective (2010–2014) NTTA results in Vietnam (2014–2016) Conclusion Policy recommendations NTTA future in Vietnam
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1. Introduction • Joined NTA network in 2010 • Training in NTA method, 2010 (Thailand); NTA training, 2016 to finalize the NTA Vietnam profile (Malaysia) • A paper prepared on first demographic dividend prepared, 2012 • A paper prepared on first demographic dividend from gender perspective, 2014 • Participated in CWW project, 2014: attended NTTA training in Hawaii, 2014 • Attended NTA workshops in Thailand, China 8/18/2016
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2. Data and Method 1. Data • Macro data: o Input-output table in 2012, GSO o Population data from GSO (2012) and GSO population projection (2014–2049) • Micro data: o Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, 2014 (9,399 HH; 40,000 individuals); weighted; every 2 years o Labor Force Survey (LFS) (quarterly): 2008–2014 • Primary data: Time-use survey 2. Method Follows the NTA manual (2013); NTTA training course in Hanoi and Hawaii 8/18/2016
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3. Demographic transition (1) Population & growth 100
2.19
80 60
52.74
2.10
76.32
85.85
1.5
1.70 1.18
20 1979
2.5 2.0
64.38
40
0
90.49
1989 1999 2009 Population DS (triệu) Tỷ lệ tăng Growth rate(%) (%)
1.06
2014
1.0 0.5 0.0
(mil.)
Vietnam’s population ranks 14th in the world Population growth rate sharply declines Population density is 273 people per km 2 8/18/2016
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3. Demographic transition (2) TFR in Vietnam, 2001-2014 2.5 National
Toànlevel quốc
2.3 Replacement level
2.1
Mức sinh thay thế fertility
1.9
1.7
1.5
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
TFR tends to decrease
2009–2014: TFR decline tends to slowdown 8/18/2016
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3. Demographic transition (3) Population share by age groups (%), 1989–2014 100 90
4.7
5.8
6.4
7.1
69.1
69.4
24.5
23.5
2009
2014
80 70 60
56.1
61.1
50 40 30
39.2
33.1
20 10 0
1989
1999
0-14
15-64
65+
Proportion of children declined while proportion at working age and the elderly increased 8/18/2016
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3. Demographic transition (4) Proportion of Population by age, 2014 (%)
Proportion of Population by age, 1989 (%) 65+ 5%
65+ 7.1%
0-14 39%
0-14 23.5%
15-64 69.4%
15-64 56%
Ratio
1989
1999
2009
2014
Young dependency ratio (age 0–14)
69.8
54.2
35.4
33.8
8.4
9.4
9.3
10.2
78.2
63.6
44.7
44.0
Old dependency ratio (age 65+) Dependency ratio 8/18/2016
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3. Demographic transition (5) Proportion of population forecast by age (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 65+ 15-64 0-14
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2009
2014
2019
2024
2029
2034
2039
2044
2049
6.4 69.1 24.5
6.2 70.4 23.4
6.9 70.0 23.1
8.7 69.0 22.3
10.9 68.5 20.7
12.9 68.1 19.0
14.7 67.3 18.0
16.2 66.1 17.6
18.0 64.4 17.6
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4. Women in labor market (1) In 2014, LFPR of women in Vietnam reached 73.2 percent compared to the 39.9 percent globally and 23.1 percent for the Asia-Pacific region For the period of 2004–2014, LFPR of women tended to increase, but remains lower than that of men Labor force participation, 2004–2014 Year
2004
2005 2006
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2013
2014
General
71.4
71.08 70.26 73.78 75.63 76.53 77.37 77.07 76.80
76.69
77.51
Male
75.5
75.50 74.69 79.76 80.35 81.00 81.98 81.69 81.25
82.30
82.10
Female
67.6
66.95 66.11 68.32 71.31 72.31 73.02 72.60 72.53
73.20
73.20
Gender Difference (female-male), %
-7.9
-8.55 -8.58 -11.44 -9.04 -8.69 -8.96 -9.09
-8.72
-8.90
-8.90
Gender gap index, (female/male) 8/18/2016
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
2007
0.86
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
10
4. Women in labor market (2) LFPR of women is lower than that of men throughout the lifecycle, from entering to leaving the labor market The gap is larger after age 45 Labor force participation rate by age and sex, 2014
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4. Women in labor market (3) Women are less educated Technical and professional qualifications of females are low and lower than those of male workers Percentage of skilled labor force by sex, 2008–2014
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4. Women in labor market (4) The employment growth rate was slightly higher for females than for males during the period 2004–2014 (2.2% vs. 2.26% per annum) The share of female employment in total employment is increasing Employed people by sex, 2004–2014 1. Total (1000) Male Female 2. Share, % Male Female
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2004 42,316 21,750 20,566 100.00 51.4 48.6
2006 2011 2012 44,549 50,679 51,422 22,898 26,252 26,585 21,651 24,427 24,837 100.00 100.00 100.00 51.4 51.8 51.7 48.6 48.2 48.3
2013 51,640 26,646 24,994 100.00 51.6 48.4
2014 52,745 27,026 25,719 100.00 51.2 48.8
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4. Women in labor market (5) Women often do jobs that are less secure and more vulnerable than those of men In 2014, 22.6% of women were doing unpaid household work, compared to 12.1% of men Employment composition by sexes, 2014 (%)
Male
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Female
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4. Women in labor market (6) • Women earn less than men: Gender Wage Gap (GWG) (30%) • GWG tends to increase from middle age (35–44), becoming largest in the 55–60 age group (women earn 62% of men), followed by the 60+ age group (women earn 64% of men) Gender wage gap by age, 2014
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5. NTA gender perspective (1) Gender income gap: Wage income by sex , 2012 Compensation of employees per capita 70000000
60000000
50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
• Women of all ages were paid less than men (wage nu/total women population) • Women earned on average only 51.6 per cent of men’s wage • The widest gender gap was among those at the age of 31
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 Male
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Female
16
5. NTA gender perspective (2) Gender income gap: Labor income from self-employment by sex, 2012 Self-employment income per capita 7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
• There were no gender gaps in income from self-employment • Women’s income from self-employment was insignificantly lower than men’s. Among those age 31–38, women earned more than men
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 Male
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Female
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5. NTA gender perspective (3) Total labor income by gender
• On average, women earned 16.5 million dong while men earned 29.6 million dong (only 55.8% of men’s income) • Women earned less than men at all ages, with the largest gap from age 29 to 64
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
1 4 7 10131619222528313437404346495255586164677073767982858891 Male_income
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Female_income
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5. NTA gender perspective (4) Consumption by gender
• There are no big differences between men’s and women’s consumption until age 49 • In 2012, average consumption per capita was 25.9 million dong for men and 24.9 million dong for women
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
-
1
6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 Male_Exp
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Female_Exp
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5. NTA gender perspective (5) Total income and consumption per capita by gender in 2012 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 Male_income
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Female_income
Male_Exp
Female_Exp
20
5. NTA gender perspective (6) Life cycle deficit
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91
-10,000,000
-20,000,000
-30,000,000 Male
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• “Lifecycle surplus” starts at age 23 and ends at 53 • “Lifecycle deficit” occurs from age 0 to 22 years old and 54 and older • For women, the lifecycle surplus is smaller
Female
21
5. NTA gender perspective (7) First Demographic Dividend 0.400
0.200
0.000 2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
-0.200
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
-1.000 female
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male
22
6. Vietnam time use survey (2014–2016)
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6.1 Introduction of Vietnam time-use survey (2015) • ILSSA participated in the CWW project under NTA with financial support from IDRC, cooperation with the University Cape Town South Africa • Sample based on Vietnam HH survey (Danish project) in 4 provinces (Hà Tây, Phú Thọ, Quảng Nam, Long An), to utilize all demographic, economic, employment and other information from this survey • Collected information on time use by two sexes from household production activities • Collected information on income of two sexes from household production incomes • Collected information on time use during week day and weekend day • In each interview, one person from each of three age groups: <15; 15– 59; >60 8/18/2016 24
6.2 Total sample T T
Total number
<15
15–59
>60
1 Hà Tây
82
3
50
29
2 Phú Thọ
103
1
53
49
3 Quảng Nam
134
15
62
57
4 Long An
151
19
90
42
Total
585
40
367
178
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Provinces
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6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (1)
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6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (2) Time spent on household work by age group and sex (minutes/day) Men TT
1 2
Main activities Cleaning and fixing the house
under <15
15-59
Women Above >60
under <15
Above >60
15-59
6.20
26.17
49.33
20.50
42.66
65.16
0.50
1.56
3.01
1.00
20.54
17.68
3
Shopping Cooking and preparing food
17.75
17.8
34.5
50.75
75.34
79.15
4
Caring for children
82.50
39.40
53.43
130.25
130.88
86.59
5
Caring for the elderly
-
0.33
0.66
1.50
0.63
9.74
6
Medical treatment
-
1.71
-
-
-
1.26
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Social activities
27
-
3.53
0.84
-
1.17
8.29
6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (3) Time Use, Female - Male Differences 15
10
Hours Per Week
5
-
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
(5)
(10)
(15)
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NTTA - care
NTTA - housework
Edu
NTA work
Leisure & Self-Care
28
6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (4) • Women spent more time on unpaid jobs (elderly care and childcare, household chores) than men at all ages • On average, women spent 38.8 hours per week while men spent 29 hours per week on unpaid jobs NTTA - Time 50 45 40
Hours per week
35 30 25
YL Female
20
YL Male
15 10 5 -
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Age
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6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (4) • Men spent more time than women on market activities • Women spent more time than men on total market and household activities NTA - Time 50 45 40
Hours per week
35 30 25
YL Female
20
YL Male
15 10 5 -10
10
30
50
70
90
Age
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6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (5) • The monetary value of unpaid jobs was higher for women than for men • On average, the value for women was 11.7 million dong per year compared to 7.5 million dong for men (1.6 time higher) Income from unpaid job by gender NTTA - Money 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 YL Female
8,000,000
YL Male
6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 -
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Age
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6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (6): Gender income gap: Impact of unpaid labor
Market income (mil. VND/year) Unpaid (mil. VND/year) Total income Unpaid /total income, %
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Women
Men
Women/men, %
16.5
29.6
55.74
11.7
7.5
156.00
28.2
37.1
76.01
41.49
20.22 32
6.3 NTTA results in Vietnam (7): NTA and NTTA by sex Women
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Men
33
6.3 NTTA Results in Vietnam: Average income calculated from NTA and NTTA (8) (VNĐ per year)
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7. Conclusions •
Income from unpaid jobs accounted for 41% of women’s income and 22% of men’s income; roughly 32.4% of total income (from market and household activities)
•
GDP calculation only includes 75.5% of total real income (market and household production activities), underestimates by 30% (international trend)
•
Unpaid jobs take significant time for women, which prevents them from engaging in the labor market. Omitting data on unpaid jobs underestimates the economic wealth of the nation as well as the true economic contribution of women and the income of families
•
Gender inequalities in labor income are significantly reduced if we taken unpaid labor into account
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8. Recommendations (1) Recognize, reduce, and redistribute •
Provide infrastructure and basic social services for families to reduce women’s strenuous household chores
•
Advocate and improve awareness of issues related to gender equality, gender justice
•
Help women develop production and business, improve income, increase their influence within families, and thus become less dependent on their husbands
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8. Recommendations (2) •
Diversify jobs related or unrelated to key occupations for women
•
Design special programs to help women look for new employment such as wage workers or entrepreneurs
•
Help women have access to credit, enhance their occupational skills, and seek better opportunities in the labor market
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9. NTTA future in Vietnam • NTA: Need to update macro data to calculate NTA and NTTA results for 2016 • NTTA: – Consolidate results: Need validation workshop (NTA and Vietnam) – Compare results with Action Aid Vietnam (also conducting time-use survey, with much larger sample, but not finished yet) – Prepare policy paper to submitted to MOLISA and Population General Department highlighting policy implications – Work with UNFPA in Vietnam to provide NTTA training?? 8/18/2016
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Q&A
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